The Median Logos of Herodotus and the Persians' Legitimate Rule of Asia1
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Waiting for Solon: Audience Expectations in Herodotus ∗
Histos () – WAITING FOR SOLON: AUDIENCE EXPECTATIONS IN HERODOTUS ∗ Abstract: In this article, I focus not so much on what Solon actually says and does in his conversation with Croesus, but on what Herodotus’ readers, as well as Croesus himself, think Solon might say or do. I argue that Herodotus uses analogous episodes, those of Gyges, Candaules, and Candaules’ wife, of Arion and Periander, and of Bias/Pittacus and Croesus, to shape readers’ expectations of Solon’s conversation with Croesus, but he then subverts many of those expectations within the conversation itself. In so doing, Herodotus emphasises the programmatic function for the Histories of much of what Solon tells Croesus. Keywords: Herodotus, Arion, artistic patronage, audience expectations, Candaules, Croesus, Seven Sages, Solon cholars have long recognised the programmatic quality that the encounter between Solon and Croesus (.– ) has for Herodotus’ S Histories .1 Croesus’ importance alone for Herodotus’ work cannot be underestimated. In a sense, Herodotus begins the Histories with Croesus; he follows the story of Croesus and the Lydian Mermnad dynasty from its beginning with Gyges’ murder of Candaules all the way to its conclusion with Croesus’ defeat by the Persian king Cyrus. Croesus also occupies a primary position in the Histories as the first in the line of great eastern imperialists that culminates with the Persian Xerxes. On the one hand, the Solon–Croesus episode foreshadows Croesus’ impending downfall. On the other hand, the episode reflects many of Herodotus’ chief thematic concerns: the conflict between East and West and the clash between different cultures in general; the mutability of human fortune and the gods’ jealousy of human excess; the wise advisor motif and the challenge of acquiring knowledge. -
Media and the Medes
Media and the Medes Medesmēdz; MEDIA mēdē-ə [Heb māḏî, māḏay; II. History Aram māḏay; Assyr Madai; Old Pers Māda; Gk Mēdoi, Mēdia]; AV also MEDIAN (Dnl. 5:31 [MT From the 9th cent b.c., Assyrian inscriptions record 6:1]). An ancient people and land SW of the attacks on Median settlements in northern Iran Caspian Sea, between the Zagros Mountains and (ARAB, I, § 581, Shalmaneser III; § 739, Adad- the Salt Desert (Dasht-i-Kavir), including Azerbai- nirari III). At that time there was no single Me- jan in the north (Media Atropatene). Most of this dian state but instead numerous tribal groups that area is mountainous, with fertile valleys and some often fought each other and raided the neighbor- broad plains where horses were raised. ing states of Mannai and Urartu. Tiglath-pileser III established control over some Median territory, I. Culture and Religion claiming capture of 65,000 men, ca 740 b.c.; Sargon II fought against Medes, Manneans, and Urartians, So little excavation has been done in the Median with numbers of chieftains submitting to him. One homeland that there is only scattered material evi- leader, Dayaukku, was deported to Syria, and Is- dence for cultural and religious history. The Medes raelite citizens were settled in Media were Aryans (cf. Gen. 10:2), closely akin to the Persians, and entered Iran as nomads ca 1000 b.c. Apparently Media posed little threat to Assyria for Their religion may have begun as a form of nature the next two decades. Cimmerian and Scythian worship with animal sacrifices, the Magi tribe hav- invasions, however, ousted Assyria from Mannai ing a privileged role. -
Cutting the Gordian Knot. the Iconography of Megaron 2 at Gordion
Cutting the Gordian knot. The iconography of Megaron 2 at Gordion Berndt Ersöz, Susanne Published in: Opuscula: Annual of the Swedish Institutes At Athens and Rome 2015 Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Berndt Ersöz, S. (2015). Cutting the Gordian knot. The iconography of Megaron 2 at Gordion. Opuscula: Annual of the Swedish Institutes At Athens and Rome, 8, 85-108. Total number of authors: 1 General rights Unless other specific re-use rights are stated the following general rights apply: Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Read more about Creative commons licenses: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 SVENSKA INSTITUTEN I ATHEN OCH ROM INSTITUTUM ATHENIENSE ATQUE INSTITUTUM ROMANUM REGNI SUECIAE Opuscula Annual of the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome 8 2015 STOCKHOLM SUSANNE BERNDT Cutting the Gordian knot The iconography of Megaron 2 at Gordion Abstract* and other iconographic material. -
Notes Du Mont Royal ←
Notes du mont Royal www.notesdumontroyal.com 쐰 Cette œuvre est hébergée sur « No- tes du mont Royal » dans le cadre d’un exposé gratuit sur la littérature. SOURCE DES IMAGES Google Livres HERODOTI HISTORIARUM’LIBRI 1X; GRAECE ET LATINE. T O M U S V. I Adnotationes ad lib. I -- IV. ARGENTORATI TYPIS PHILIPPI IACOBI DANNBACII. HERODOTI MUSAE i 8173 HISTORIARUM LIBRI’ 1X. AD VETERUM CODICUM PIDEM DENUO RECENSUIT LECTITONISlVARIETATE CONTINUA INTERPŒETATIONE LATINA ADlN’OTATIONIBUS WESSELINGII ET VALCKENARII ALIORUMQUE ET SUIS ILLUSTRAVIT IOHANNES SCHWEIGHAEUSER IN ACAD. ARGENT. ET SEMa PROT. LITERAR- GRAEC- PROF. ACADEMIAE BEC. INSCRIPT. ET HUM. LITEBAI. ADSCR. - TOMUS QUINTUS. ARGENTOBATI ET PARISIIS Arma TREUTTEL ET wÜRTz, ExanloroLAs. MDCCCXVL I muer :u’ HERODOTIIflSTORlAR ï T. v. P. 1. ADN’OTATIONES A!) LIB. LET 11. 8 ADNOTATIONES MWA-D HERODOTI LIBRUM PRIMUM. P RODE M Lin. l. ’Hçûo’rw iANæupnwïoç) Ariatotdù cente [in nonnullîs cette Historiarum Herodoti npographis] ’Hpoîo’rou Bouffon il? implnç dædîtëlç legebatur, lutter. lib. HI. 9. [aliis cap. 5. sect. x. sic in cd. Oxon.] neque deinoepo dei’uerunt, qui, inducto ’ANnœyanluç titulo, 0mm ml- luerunt apud Plutarchum de Eril. p. 604. et de Molign. He- rodoti p. 868. Addidernt se Hercdotus colonis, qui Thu- rîos in magnum Graeciam obier-ont: qua in urbe ouin hoc opus nbœlverit. 9.69... nominale se potuit, lieuti baud pouci ndpellnrunt , Strabon: teste lib. XIV. p. 970. [p. 656. cd. Canaub.] In bis lmp. Iuliaruu, ouin: Maud: 8min», [i. e. Hùtoriarum Scriptorem Thurium] Oratoran Thurimn ouin inprudenter Bourdelotiua explicuisset, poenu doctio viris dedit ad Lucian. Quom. Scrib. Histor. e. -
Nakedness and Sanctity
nakedness and sanctity 1 nakedness and sanctity The Gartel by Shoshana Brombacher "Men see with the eyes, but Hashem sees into the heart." I Sam 16:7 The prophet Achiah of Shilo used to visit young Israel ben Eliezer -- later known as the Baal Shem Tov, "Master of the Good Name" -- to teach him the secrets of Torah. And one time Israel used the kabbalistic knowledge he had learned to cross the river Dniester: he threw his gartel (belt) on the water, uttered a secret Name, and crossed dry and safe. But all his life he repented for having used the holy Name of G-d for his own convenience. After years, the Master of the Name stood in front of a river again. But this time Jew- haters were at his heels, ready to maim and kill him. Again he threw his belt on the water and he crossed safe and dry. But he didn't use a Name, just his absolute trust in G-d. And that was enough. The Chassidic explanation for donning a gartel goes along the following lines: the very thought that a soul garbed in physicality and corporeality would consider entreating the Omnipresent, Omnipotent and Unlimited is inconceivable. As a basic prerequisite to prayer, one must first leave one's own boundaries and free oneself from all existing limitations. While throughout the various stages of davening, one ascends the different rungs on the ladder of spirituality, the sine-qua-non of davening is the act of shtellen zich davenen (getting into davening mode). Gearing up for prayer is represented by the gartel - the classical davening gear. -
The Origin of Social Classes, Profession and Colour in the Indo- European Societies and Ancient Persia
Journal of Anthropology and Archaeology June 2014, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 109-127 ISSN: 2334-2420 (Print), 2334-2439 (Online) Copyright © The Author(s). 2014. All Rights Reserved. Published by American Research Institute for Policy Development The Origin of Social Classes, Profession and Colour in the Indo- European Societies and Ancient Persia Dr. Behzad Moeini Sam1 and Babak Aryanpour2 Abstract The ancient Persian society was traditionally divided into three or four different classes. Experts believe that this shared legacy went back to the Indo-European periods with its foot print, in turn, traceable in the Indo-European societies’ belief system. The important question, however, is whether these classifications were the results of such religious beliefs and their gods, or attributable to some other social factors. What role did the colours play in this classification? The Sasanian period constitutes the cardinal source of our information. We are, however, trying to find out: The origins of this classification, The nature of influence, and the role that, the element of colour played in this classification, Whether such classification was identical and uniform amongst all ancient Persian dynasties. Keyword:Ancient Iran, Colour, Class, Indo-European, Profession Introduction Some scholars study an individual’s social standings both vertically and horizontally.Vertically speaking, a person is positioned within the family, clan or tribal unit. 1 Assistan Professor at History, Azad University of Najaf Abad, Isafahan, Iran 2 PhD Candidate at History, Azad University of Najaf Abad, Isafahan, Iran 110 Journal of Anthropology and Archaeology, Vol. 2(1), June 2014 An individual can also be studied from a horizontal point of view which is the person’s work, profession and production. -
Negotiating Femininity As Spectacle Within the Victorian Cultural Sphere
CRACKED MIRRORS AND PETRIFYING VISION: NEGOTIATING FEMININITY AS SPECTACLE WITHIN THE VICTORIAN CULTURAL SPHERE by LUCINDA IRESON A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of English College of Arts and Law University of Birmingham November 2013 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT Taking as it basis the longstanding alignment of men with an active, eroticised gaze and women with visual spectacle within Western culture, this thesis demonstrates the prevalence of this model during the Victorian era, adopting an interdisciplinary approach so as to convey the varied means by which the gendering of vision was propagated and encouraged. Chapter One provides an overview of gender and visual politics in the Victorian age, subsequently analysing a selection of texts that highlight this gendered dichotomy of vision. Chapter Two focuses on the theoretical and developmental underpinnings of this dichotomy, drawing upon both Freudian and object relations theory. Chapters Three and Four centre on women’s poetic responses to this imbalance, beginning by discussing texts that convey awareness and discontent before moving on to examine more complex portrayals of psychological trauma. -
ANNICK PAYNE Hesychius' Lydian Glosses I
DOI: https://doi.org/10.13130/1972-9901/15416 ANNICK PAYNE Hesychius’ Lydian Glosses I ABSTRACT: The historical distance between Hesychius, whose life dates (approx. AD 500) are only a rough estimate, and the Lydian Empire amounts to over a millennium, and a similar distance separates his work from the oldest surviving manuscript at the Marciana Library in Venice. The Hesychian lexicon contains a number of glosses referring to the Lydians which have been particularly badly understood, and therefore have been subject to emendation throughout their reception history. This unpromising situation is slowly improving due to continued work on the Lydian language and surviving inscriptions. The present article addresses a selection of Lydian glosses preserved in the Marciana manuscript. KEYWORDS: Hesychius, Lexicon, glosses, Lydian, Anatolia. 1. Introduction The work entitled Ἡσυχίου γραμματικοῦ Ἀλεξανδρέως συναγωγὴ πασῶν λέξεων κατὰ στοιχεῖον ἐκ τῶν Ἀριστάρχου καὶ Ἀπίωνος καὶ Ἡλιοδώρου was based mainly on an earlier lexicon by Diogenianus, a second century AD grammarian from Heraclea Pontia, as stated in the dedicatory letter to Eulogius. Hesychius’ lexicon survives in a sole manuscript of 439 folios from the 15th century AD, conserved in the Libreria Marciana in Venice.1 The mention of a second manuscript, thought to have existed in the Laurentian Library, Florence, is circumstantial. Alter (1796: 293) cites as evidence a handwritten note from the 1521 Hagenau edition, formerly the property of the historian and Greek scholar Peter Lambeck (1628–1680) from Hamburg.2 According * The author would like to thank Ettore Cingano for help with access to the MS, Geraldina Rozzi for procuring additional pictures. -
Herodotus: the Greek Struggle for Freedom
Herodotus: The Greek Struggle for Freedom by Margaret Eda Penner B.A. (Humanities), Simon Fraser University, 2008 M.A. (English Literature), University of Toronto, 1986 M.A. (History), McMaster University, 1982 B.A. (History), Simon Fraser University, 1975 Thesis in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Humanities Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences © Margaret Eda Penner 2014 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Fall 2014 Approval Name: Margaret Eda Penner Degree: Master of Arts (Humanities) Title: Herodotus: The Greek Struggle for Freedom Examining Committee: Chair: Anne-Marie Feenberg-Dibon Professor and Graduate Chair David Mirhady Senior Supervisor Professor Department of Humanities Paul Dutton Supervisor Professor Department of Humanities Dimitris Krallis External Examiner Associate Professor Hellenic Studies & History Date Defended/Approved: December 12, 2014 ii Partial Copyright Licence iii Ethics Statement The author, whose name appears on the title page of this work, has obtained, for the research described in this work, either: a. human research ethics approval from the Simon Fraser University Office of Research Ethics, or b. advance approval of the animal care protocol from the University Animal Care Committee of Simon Fraser University; or has conducted the research: c. as a co-investigator, collaborator or research assistant in a research project approved in advance, or d. as a member of a course approved in advance for minimal risk human research, by the Office of Research Ethics. A copy of the approval letter has been filed at the Theses Office of the University Library at the time of submission of this thesis or project. -
Some Legal Systems That Have Disappeared John H
Louisiana Law Review Volume 2 | Number 1 November 1939 Some Legal Systems That Have Disappeared John H. Wigmore Repository Citation John H. Wigmore, Some Legal Systems That Have Disappeared, 2 La. L. Rev. (1939) Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/lalrev/vol2/iss1/14 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Reviews and Journals at LSU Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Louisiana Law Review by an authorized editor of LSU Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Some Legal Systems That Have Disappeared* JoImr H. WIGMOREI I. THE IRANIAN LEGAL SYSTEM This is the story of a legal system crushed in its semi- maturity by external invasion and forcible displacement. 1. On the vast tableland of Iran, ringed with lofty mountain ranges, there lived originally some primitive folk who played no part in history. The precocious Semitic peoples, below on the west in the rich river-lands of the Euphrates and the Tigris (B. C. 3500-500), were building populous cities, creating a varied literature in cuneiform script, and developing an advanced sys- tem of commercial law. But at various periods before B. C. 1000 there drifted in to the tableland, from the wide prairie regions north of the Black and east of the Caspian seas, many tribal groups of a different stock-the "Aryans" or Indo-Iranians, owning a common stock of language-roots and observing the nomadic customs of horse- men and herdsmen ("Ariana" is the name on some of the older maps). -
The Country Early History
Historical Site of Mirhadi Hoseini http://m-hosseini.ir ……………………………………………………………………………………… Media (Old Persian Mâda): old, tribal kingdom in the west of modern Iran; capital Ecbatana (modern Hamadan). Media poses a problem to the scholar who tries to describe this ancient empire: the evidence is unreliable. It consists of the archaeological record, several references in Assyrian and Babylonian cuneiform texts, the Persian Behistun inscription, the Histories by the Greek researcher Herodotus of Halicarnassus, the Persian history by Ctesias of Cnidus, and a couple of chapters in the Bible. The trouble is that the archaeological record is unclear, that the oriental texts offer not much information, that the Greek authors are unreliable, and that several Biblical books appear to have been influenced by Herodotus. But let's start with a description of the landscape itself. The country Although the boundaries of Media were never completely fixed, it is more or less identical to the northwest of modern Iran. Its capital Ecbatana is modern Hamadan; its western part is dominated by the Zagros mountains and border on Assyria; to the south are Elam and Persis; in the arid east, the Caspian Gate is the boundary with Parthia; and Media is separated from the Caspian Sea and Armenia by the Elburz mountains. The country was (and is) dominated by the east-west route that was, in the Middle Ages, known as the Silk road; it connected Media to Babylonia, Assyria, Armenia, and the Mediterranean in the west, and to Parthia, Aria, Bactria, Sogdia, and China in the east. Another important road connected Ecbatana with the capitals of Persis, like Persepolis Pasargadae. -
The Median 'Empire', the End of Urartu and Cyrus the Great's Campaign in 547 Bc (Nabonidus Chronicle Ii 16)*
doi: 10.2143/AWE.7.0.2033252 AWE 7 (2008) 51-65 THE MEDIAN ‘EMPIRE', THE END OF URARTU AND CYRUS 51 THE MEDIAN ‘EMPIRE’, THE END OF URARTU AND CYRUS THE GREAT’S CAMPAIGN IN 547 BC (NABONIDUS CHRONICLE II 16)* Robert ROLLINGER Abstract The focus of this paper is, first, the reading of the toponym in Nabonidus Chronicle II 16 of which only the first character is preserved, and, second, an historical reassessment accord- ing to which the territory loosely controlled by a Median ‘confederation’ cannot be called an ‘empire’. Contrary to the generally held view the first character cannot be read as ‘LU’ which would require us to restore the text as lu-[ud-di], i.e. Lydia. Collation shows beyond doubt the character represents ‘Ú’ and the only plausible restoration is ú-[ras-†u], i.e. Urartu. Urartu was therefore not destroyed by the Medes at the end of the 7th century BC but continued to exist as an independent political entity until the mid-6th century BC. Thus Nabonidus Chronicle II 16 shows that it was the conquest by Cyrus the Great which brought about the end of Urartu. Introduction In 1988, 1994 and 1995, the late Heleen Sancisi-Weerdenburg questioned with arguments of considerable weight, the existence of a Median ‘empire’ as a political entity with structures comparable with those of the so called Neo-Assyrian, Neo- Babylonian or the Achaemenid ‘empires’.1 She called for a methodologically fresh approach, cast doubt on the general validity of our most important source, i.e. Herodotus’ Medikos Logos, and pointed out gaps in the non-classical sources, pri- marily for the first half of the 6th century BC.