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Effects of Metal Catalysed Peroxide Decomposition on the Bleaching of Mechanical Pulp

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Effects of Metal Catalysed Peroxide Decomposition on the Bleaching of Mechanical Pulp Effects of Metal Catalysed Peroxide Decomposition on the Bleaching of Mechanical Pulp by Douglas George Brown, B.Sc. (Hons.) Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Chemistry University of Tasmania September, 1993 II This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other higher degree or graduate diploma in any other tertiary institution, and to the best of my knowledge and belief, contains no material previously published or written by another person, except where due reference is made in the text. Abstract Hydrogen peroxide is widely used as an industrial bleaching agent, particularly for the bleaching of mechanical pulps. Under the alkaline conditions required for effective bleaching a number of transition metal ions, including iron, copper and manganese, catalytically decompose peroxide resulting in a loss in the concentration of active bleaching reagent, with a subsequent reduction in the bleaching efficiency. In this study the effects of transition metal ions on the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide have been studied, both in the presence and absence of pulp. The influence of various additives, including sodium silicate and magnesium, on the rates of metal catalysed peroxide decomposition have also been studied. The results of studies of the stability of alkaline hydrogen peroxide solutions in the absence of pulp have demonstrated that the behaviour of transition metal ions towards decomposition depends on the hydrolysis species of the metal present. Changes in the rate of decomposition over the course of the reaction can be attributed to changes in the catalytically active species present. The addition of a number of additives to peroxide solutions containing added transition metal ions can also lead to changes in the observed catalytic activity, either accelerating the rate of decomposition or stabilizing the systems. In the presence of these additives a correlation was observed between the catalytic activity of the transition metals and the formation of transition metal-additive complexes, which could be monitored by UV-visible spectroscopy. This implies that a direct interaction between the metal ions and additives is responsible for the observed changes in the catalytic activity. It is proposed that the mechanism by which the additives operate is by the formation mixed hydrolysis species with the transition metal ions, with the resulting species having altered catalytic properties. Studies of the effects of metal catalysed decomposition in the presence of pulp were iv conducted using a P. radiata TMP. The addition of the desired metal ions to pre- chelated pulp enabled their catalytic activities to be determined individually. The effects of sodium silicate and magnesium on the rates of metal catalysed decomposition were also determined in the presence of pulp. Comparison of the behaviour of these systems in the presence and absence of pulp reveals that the inclusion of pulp can have a significant influence on the catalytic activities. These results demonstrate that it is not possible to predict the peroxide decomposition behaviour during bleaching from studies conducted in the absence of pulp. V Dedication This thesis is dedicated to my wife Melissa and my son Benjamin, for their constant love, support and unfailing trust. Without them this work would not have been possible. vi Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincere thanks to my supervisor, Dr. John Abbot, for the interest he has taken in this work and for the support and guidance that he offered. His dedication to duty, especially when severely inconvenienced with a back injury, was greatly appreciated. To my fellow students, Graham, Kelvin, Ash, Felix, Phil, Karen, Rhitu, Vicky, Bimo, Zai and Yos, who provided a terrific atmosphere for both work and play, I offer my thanks, and look forward to maintaining the friendships that we have made for many years to come. Thanks must also be extended to the entire staff of the chemistry department, both academic and technical, for their friendship as well as their contributions to this work. To Darren and Yvonne, thanks for enduring many years of my partial presence and my fickle homemaking ways. Your friendship and support was greatly appreciated. To my parents, thank you for the wonderful support you have provided over the years. To Jim, Val and Ashley Manson, thank you for your "adoption" of me as your son and brother. You truly did gain a son instead of losing a daughter. Finally, I must express my sincere gratitude to Australian Newsprint Mills Pty. Ltd. and Interox Chemicals Pty. Ltd. for their generous financial support of this work. vii Table of Contents Title Declaration II Abstract Dedication Acknowledgements vi Table of Contents vii CHAPTER 1: Literature Review and Research Proposal 1.1 Use of Hydrogen Peroxide in the Pulp and Paper Industry 1 1.2 Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide 2 1.2.1 Alkali Induced Decomposition 3 1.2.2 Metal Catalysed Peroxide Decomposition 7 1.2.2.1 Iron 9 1.2.2.2 Copper 12 1.2.2.3 Manganese 13 1.2.3 Formation of Radicals 15 1.2.4 Stabilization of Hydrogen Peroxide 16 1.2.4.1 Chelating Agents 17 1.2.4.2 Sodium Silicate 18 1.2.4.3 Magnesium 21 1.3 Hydrogen Peroxide Bleaching of Mechanical Pulps 23 1.3.1 Variables in Raw Materials 24 1.3.2 Pulping Variables 25 1.3.3 Bleaching Variables 26 1.3.3.1 Peroxide Charge 26 viii 1.3.3.2 Pulp Consistency 27 1.3.3.3 Alkalinity 27 1.3.3.4 Temperature 29 1.3.3.5 Retention Time 30 1.3.4 Effects of Transition Metal Ions 30 1.3.4.1 Effects of Radicals 32 1.3.5 Stabilization of Peroxide During Bleaching 34 1.3.5.1 Chelating Agents 34 1.3.5.2 Sodium Silicate 36 1.3.5.3 Magnesium 38 1.4 Research Proposal 39 CHAPTER 2: Mechanisms of Metal Catalysed Peroxide Decomposition and Stabilization by Additives 2.1 Introduction 41 2.2 Peroxide Decomposition in the Absence of Added Metal Ions 42 2.3 Iron-Catalysed Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide 44 2.3.1 Effects of Magnesium 48 2.3.3.1 Aging Phenomena and the Iron-Magnesium Complex 52 2.3.2 Effects of Sodium Silicate and Aluminium 55 2.3.3 Effects of Sodium and Zinc 59 2.3.4 Summary of Decomposition in Presence of Iron 61 2.4 Copper Catalysed Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide 62 2.4.1 Effects of Magnesium 65 2.4.2 Effects of Sodium Silicate 67 2.4.3 Effects of Aluminium and Zinc 69 2.4.4 Effects of Sodium 72 2.4.5 Summary of Decomposition in Presence of Copper 72 2.5 Manganese Catalysed Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide 74 2.5.1 Effects of Additives 75 2.6 Formation of Mixed Complexes 76 2.7 Conclusions 81 CHAPTER 3: Solubility of Transition Metal Species and Stabilizers 3.1 Introduction 84 3.2 Solubility of Additives 86 3.3 Solubility of Added lion 88 3.4 Solubility of Added Copper 91 3.5 Solubility of Added Manganese 94 3.6 Solubility of Naturally Occurring Transition Metals During the Bleaching of TMP 97 3.6.1 Effects of Chelation on the Transition Metal Content of 'TMP 98 3.6.2 Solubility of Naturally Occurring Iron 100 3.6.3 Solubility of Naturally Occurring Copper 103 3.6.4 Solubility of Naturally Occurring Manganese 103 3.7 Summary and Conclusions 105 CHAPTER 4: Metal Catalysed Peroxide Decomposition under Bleaching Conditions 4.1 Introduction 108 4.2 Use of Constant pH Conditions 110 4.3 Determination of Peroxide Decomposition Rates 111 4.3.1 Mathematical Models for Peroxide Consumption During Bleaching 112 4.3.2 Application of the Proposed Mathematical Models 114 4.4 Peroxide Decomposition in the Absence of Added Transition Metal Ions 118 4.4.1 Effects of Sodium Silicate in the Absence of Added Metal Ions 118 4.4.2 Effects of Magnesium in the Absence of Added Metal Ions 120 4.5 Peroxide Decomposition in the Presence of Added Iron 122 4.5.1 Iron Catalysed Peroxide Decomposition in the Presence of Bleached Kraft Pulp 127 4.5.2 Iron Catalysed Peroxide Decomposition in the Presence of Model Compounds 129 4.5.3 Effects of Sodium Silicate on Iron Catalysed Peroxide Decomposition 133 4.5.4 Effects of Magnesium on Iron Catalysed Peroxide Decomposition 135 4.6 Peroxide Decomposition in the Presence of Added Copper 136 4.6.1 Effects of Sodium Silicate on Copper Catalysed Peroxide Decomposition 137 4.6.1.1 Effects of Kraft Pulp on Peroxide Decomposition in the Presence of Copper and Sodium Silicate 139 4.6.1.2 Effects of Model Compounds on Peroxide Decomposition in the Presence of Copper and Sodium Silicate 141 4.6.2 Effects of Magnesium on Copper Catalysed Peroxide Decomposition 143 4.7 Peroxide Decomposition in the Presence of Added Manganese 144 4.7.1 Effects of Sodium Silicate on Manganese Catalysed Peroxide Decomposition 145 4.7.2 Effects of Magnesium on Manganese Catalysed Peroxide Decomposition 146 4.7.2.1 Effects of Kraft Pulp on Peroxide Decomposition in the Presence of Manganese and Magnesium 151 4.7.2.2 Effects of Model Compounds on Peroxide Decomposition in the Presence of Manganese and Magnesium 152 xi 4.7.2.3 Influence of Vanillin on Peroxide Decomposition in the Presence of Manganese and Magnesium 157 4.8 Summary of Transition Metal Catalysed Peroxide Decomposition 161 4.9 Conclusions 164 CHAPTER 5: Effects of Peroxide Decomposition Catalysts on the Bleaching Response of P. Radiata TMP 5.1 Introduction 167 5.2 Bleaching Under Controlled pH Conditions 169 5.3 Effects of Naturally Occurring Transition Metals on Bleaching 170 5.4 Effects of Added Transition Metal Ions on Bleaching Chelated TMP 174 5.5 Sodium Silicate as an Additive in the Bleaching of Mechanical Pulp 177 5.5.1 Effects of Sodium Silicate on Bleaching P.
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