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THE SYNTHESIS and UTILIZATION of LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT OZONIDES for AIR REVITALIZATION PURPOSES P by A

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THE SYNTHESIS and UTILIZATION of LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT OZONIDES for AIR REVITALIZATION PURPOSES P by A -- Ill e ‘ THE SYNTHESIS AND UTILIZATION OF LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT OZONIDES FOR AIR REVITALIZATION PURPOSES P by A. W. Petrocelli und A. Capotosto, Prepared under Contract No. NASw-559 by GENERAL DYNAMICS/ELECTRIC BOAT Groton, Conn. fir NATlONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION WASHINGTON, D. C. NOVEMBER 1964 . NASA CR-135 THE SYNTHESIS AND UTILIZATION OF LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT OZONIDES FOR AIR REVITALIZATION PURPOSES By A. W. Petrocelli and A. Capotosto, Jr. Distribution of this report is provided in the interest of information exchange. Responsibility for the contents resides in the author or organization that prepared it. Prepared under Contract No. NASw-559 by GENERAL DYNAMICS/ELECTRIC BOAT Groton, Connecticut for NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION For sale by the Office of Technical Services, Department of Commerce, Woshington, D.C. 20230 -- Price $2.25 TABLE OF CONTENTS --Section Title Page OBJECTIVE viii ABSTRACT ix I INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 General 1 1.2 The Theoretical Potential of Alkali Metal Ozonides as Air Revitalization Materials 2 1.3 Brief Summary of Soviet Activity in the Area of Unfamiliar Oxidation State C hem i s try 10 I1 RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES 13 2.1 The Syntnesis of Alkali Metal Ozonides 13 2.1.1 Gas-solid Reactions 13 2.1.1.1 Theoretical Considerations 13 2.1.1.2 Synthesis of Potassium Ozonide 18 2.1.1.3 Synthesis of Sodium and Lithium Ozonides 29 2.1.2 The Study of Novel Reaction Paths for the Synthesis of Alkali Metal Ozonides 31 2.1.2.1 Wactinns in L,iquid Ammonia 31 2.1.2.2 Potassium Hydroxide Dispersions in Freon 34 2.1.2.3 Ozonization of an Alkali ,Metal t -But oxide 2.2 Analysis of Alkali Metal Ozonides 2.3 The Chemistry of Potassium Ozonide 2.3.1 Thermal Stability 40 2.3.2 Reaction with Water Vapor 58 2.3.3 Reaction with Carbon Dioxide 63 I11 SUMMARY 71 IV CONCLUSIONS 76 V RECOMMENDATIONS 77 VI REFERENCES 78 iii i f C LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURE NO. TITLE I POUNDS OF MIXTURE OF INORGANIC AIR REVITALIZATION COMPOUND PLUS AUXILIARY CARBON DIOXIDE SCRUBBER I1 VOLUME PERCENT OF CARBON DIOXIDE BUILD-UP IN TKE BREATHING ATMOSPHERE OF A SPACE CABIN ASSUMED TO HAVE A VOLUME OF 200 CU FT AND A TWO-MAN CREW I11 POUNDS OF OXYGEN EVOLVED PER POUND OF ALKALI METAL OZONIDE - HYDROXIDE MIXTURES AS A FUNCTION OF MIXTURE COMPOSITION IV DIAGRAMATIC SKETCH OF A LABORATORY OZONATOR V REACTION CELL FOR GAS-SOLID REACTIONS AND COLLEC- TION VESSEL FOR SOLVENT EXTRACTIONS VI EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP FOR THE OZONIZATION OF SOLID ALKALI METAL HYDROXIDES OR OXIDES VI1 PERCENT CONVERSION OF POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE TO POTASSIUM OZONIDE AT O°C AS A FUNCTION OF THE TOTAL AMOUNT OF OZONE PASSED THROUGH THE REACTION SYSTEM IN 225 MIN. VI11 EXIT OZONE CONCENTRATION AS A FUNCTION OF OZONIZATION TIME AT A CONSTANT INLET OZONE CONCENTRATION IX APPARATUS USED FOR THE STUDIES OF NOVEL REACTION PATHS IN NON-AQUEOUS SOLVENTS FOR THE SYNTHESES OF ALKALI METAL OZONIDES iv i LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Cont.) FIGURE NO. TITLE X APPARATUS USED FOR THE PREPARATION AND OZONIZATION OF POTASSIUM t-BUTOXIDE IN t-BUTYL ALCOHOL XI APPARATUS USED FOR THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS OF ALKALI METAL OZONIDES XI1 VOLUME OF OXYGEN EVOLVED AT S.T.P. (ml) PER GRAM OF PELLETED POTASSIUM 0 Q DE AS A FUNCTION OF TIME AT 19OC RUSSIAN DATA B 3 XI11 APPARATUS USED FOR KINETIC STUDIES OF THE THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF ALKALI METAL OZONIDES XIV VOLUME OF OXYGEN EVOLVED AT S.T.P. PER GRAM OF POWDERED POTASSIUM OZONIDE AS A FUNCTION OF TIME AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES xv TYPICAL FIRST-ORDER KINETIC PLOTS FOR THE ISOTHERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF POWDERED POTASSIUM OZONIDE AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES XVI VOLUME OF OXYGEN EVOLVED AT S.T.P. (ml) PER GRAM OF PELLETED POTASSIUM OZONIDE AS A FUNCTION OF TIME AT 3OoC, ( N2 DRY) XVII FIRST-ORDER KINETIC PLOTS FOR THE ISOTHERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF PELLETED POTASSIUM OZONIDE AT 30% (N2 DRY) XVIII VOLUME OF OXYGEN EVOLVED AT S.T.P. (ml) PER GRAM OF PELLETED POTASSIUM OZONIDE AS A FUNCTION OF TIME AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES (P205 DRY) XIX FIRST-ORDER KINETIC PLOTS FOR THE DECOMPOSITION OF PELLETED POTASSIUM OZONIDE (P205 DRY) xx PLOT OF THE LOGARITHM OF THE FIRST-ORDER RATE CONSTANT AS A FUNCTION OF 1/T FOR THE THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF POWDERED POTASSIUM OZONIDE xx I DIFFERENTIAL CALORIMETRIC RECORDING OBTAINED FOR A 10.56 mg SAMPLE OF POTASSIUM OZONIDE (86.6% PUF33) ON A PERKIN-ELMER DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETER (MODEL DSC-1) V LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Cont.) FIGURE NO. TITLE XXI I APPARATUS USED FOR THE KINETIC STUDY OF THE REACTION OF ALKALI METAL OZONIDES WITH WATER VAPOR AT-CONTROLLED HUMIDITE S XXIII VOLUME OF OXYGEN EVOLVED AT S.T.P. (ml) PER GRAM OF PELLETED POTASSIUM OZONIDE DURING REACTION WITH WATER VAPOR AT 24OC XXIV VOLUME OF OXYGEN EVOLVED AT S.T.P. (ml) PER GRAM OF PELLETED POTASSIUM OZONIDE DURING REACTION WITH WATER VAPOR AT 31oC XXV EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP USED FOR THE KINETIC STUDY OF THE REACTION OF ALKALI METAL OZONIDES WITH GASEOUS CARBON DIOXIDE AND WATER VAPOR AT CONTROLLED HUMIDITIES XXVI VOLUME OF CARBON DIOXIDE ABSORBED AT S.T.P. PER GRAM OF POWDERED POTASSIUM OZONIDE DURING REACTION WITH CARBON DIOXIDE AND WATER VAPOR AT VARIOUS HUMIDITIES XXVII VOLUME OF OXYGEN EVOLVED AT S.T.P. PER GRAM OF POWDERED POTASSIUM OZONIDE DURING REACTION WITH CARBON DIOXIDE AND WATER VAPOR AT VARIOUS HUMIDITIES vi LIST OF TABLES TABLE NO. TITLE -PAGE I SUMMARY OF IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS INORGANIC AIR REVITALIZATION MATERIALS 6 I1 SELECTED THERMODYNAMIC QUANTITIES FORo PERTINENT MOLECULAR SPECIES AT 298.16 K 14 111 SUMMARY OF THERMODYNAMIC FTJNCTIONS OF PERTINENT CHEMICAL REACTIONS AT 298.16'K 16 IV SUMMARY OF KINETIC DATA FOR THE THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF POTASSIUM OZONIDE 41 V SUMMARY OF KINETIC DATA FOR THE REACTION OF PELLETED POTASSIUM OZONIDE WITH WATER VAPOR AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES AND HUMIDITIES 62 VI SUMMARY OF KINETIC DATA FOR THE REACTION OF POWDEFED POTASSIUM OZONIDE WITH GASEOUS CARBON DIOXIDE AT VARIOUS HUMIDITIES 69 vii OBJECTIVE The objective of this program was to conduct a research and development study for the synthesis and evaluation of the low molecular weight alkali metal ozonides for air revitalization purposes. viii ABSTRACT The chemistry of alkali metal ozonides has been studied from thk point of view of their use in non-regenerative air revitalization systems. Various methods have been explored for the synthesis of potassium, sodium, and lithium ozonides. The physical and chemical properties of potassium ozonide, which could be readily prepared in pure form (88- 97%), have been characterized by studies of the compound’s thermal stability, its reaction with water vapor, and its reaction with carbon dioxide. The handling and storage characteristics of potassium ozo- nide have also been determined. Theoretical discussions of chemical non-regenerative air revitalization systems in general, and of the synthesis and chemistry of alkali metal ozonides in particular, are presented in this report. ix I I NTRODUCT ION 1.1 GENERAL The complexity of the problems associated with the exploration of outer space by the use of manned vehicles is gradually and systematically being overcome to the extent that at the present time the goals set for this extensive exploration are in sight. One of the major objectives still to be achieved is the development of reliable and safe air revital- ization systems. During the years of study devoted to such a develop- ment, there has appeared to evolve a subtle feeling on the part of many investigators that a search for a panacea; i.e., one system to meet the requirements of all space missions, should constitute our main effort in this area. In effect, such thinking spells out the requirements for the development of a reliable, completely regenerative, air revitaliza- tion system. Such a philosophy, on the part of those who espouse it, is valuable and should be encouraged. The experience accumulated to date, however, dictates that this thinking must not predominate to the extent that the importance of fundamental research studies necessary to develop non-regenerative air revitalization systems be minimized. Also, such systems should not be simply viewed as stopgap measures taken to fill the void until all manned space missions can be met with a regenerative system. In fact, it appears to be quite clearly established that non-regenerative air revitalization system should, for many years to come, provide the most economical and reliable means of maintaining a habitable atmosphere for space missions which will last for at least one man-month. Among the missions adaptable to such systems are: 1. Shuttle trips to manned space stations. 2. Near-earth scientific space explorations. 1 3. Near-earth military reconnaissance missions. 4. Orbital space station excursion vehicles. 5. Extravehicular manned space equipment. 6. Emergency back-up systems for long-term space missions requiring a regenerative technique as the primary life support system. The requirements of such missions emphasize the importance of continuing the search for efficient, safe, light-weight, small-volume air revital- ization materials. An important phase of this search has been the work carried out on unfamiliar oxidation state inorganic chemicals such as peroxides, superoxides, and ozonides. The most spectacular results in this area have come from Russian researchers, due in great measure to their patient and extensive investigations of fundamental problems, the solution of which are so necessary. if successful life support sys- tems and engineering studies are to be obtained. This report presents the results of the first Government -sponsored proj- ect devoted specifically to the investigation of the air revitalization potential of one of the most promising groups of unfamiliar oxidation state inorganic chemicals, the alkali metal ozonides.
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