DOCSLIB.ORG

“Especially in This Free Country:” Webs of Empire, Slavery and the Fur Trade

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
“Especially in This Free Country:” Webs of Empire, Slavery and the Fur Trade “especially in this free Country:” Webs of Empire, Slavery and the Fur Trade by [Margaret] Anne Lindsay A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of the University of Manitoba in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of History University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba Copyright © 2021 [Margaret] Anne Lindsay Table of Contents Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................................. iv Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................................ v Abstract .................................................................................................................................................... vi Historical Language Note ....................................................................................................................... vii Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 1 The Historiography of erasure .............................................................................................................. 5 Slavery and the HBC’s Committee to 1799 ........................................................................................ 19 Figure 1: HBC London Committee and Major Early Shareholders Relationship Map. ......................... 28 Overview of Chapters ......................................................................................................................... 29 Chapter One: “In the possession of the French and Canadians to who they belong:” Slavery and the fur trade in the east ....................................................................................................................................... 35 Gaps, lacunae, and language, challenges in documenting slavery in the fur trade in Northern North America ............................................................................................................................................... 35 Fur trade and slavery in New France .................................................................................................. 36 Fur trade and slavery in the east after 1760 ........................................................................................ 50 Figure 2: Original Beaver Club Members’ identified connections with slavery .................................... 62 Conclusions ......................................................................................................................................... 66 Chapter Two: “Which, on my refusal, Poitras purchased:” Slavery, unfreedom, and the fur trade in the pays d’en haut ......................................................................................................................................... 67 Being Black in the pays d’en haut: Challenges in recognition ........................................................... 67 The Bonga Family: Degrees of Freedom ............................................................................................ 70 Fur trade slavery across the Canadian shield, over the prairies, and into the parklands ..................... 84 Conclusions ......................................................................................................................................... 94 Chapter Three: “Ye Compies Slaves:” Slavery in Northern North America under the Hudson’s Bay Company ................................................................................................................................................. 96 The HBC and Imperial Narratives of Benevolence ............................................................................ 96 Power, politics, and slavery along the Bay ....................................................................................... 100 Slave, Slavey, and Slavery: More linguistic challenges ................................................................... 103 “For the use of ye factory:” Accounts of slavery along Hudson Bay ............................................... 105 Moving Inland: “A useful Servant to ye Company,” the life of John Easter .................................... 112 “At least at such a cheap rate:” Freedom, unfreedom, ambiguities and instabilities in women’s lives in the early nineteenth century fur trade ........................................................................................... 120 i The HBC and Slavery in the Pacific Northwest in the nineteenth century ....................................... 129 Opposing positions: Herbert Beaver and William A. Slacum .......................................................... 129 “Enquire about these things and write me what you know:” Slavery in the Pacific Northwest beyond Beaver and Slacum ........................................................................................................................... 138 “Making affection the only bond that supports the immoral system:” The HBC’s ongoing intersections with slavery .................................................................................................................. 147 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................................... 149 Chapter Four: “The grounds and walks are joined to ours by a bridge:” Spiders’ webs of relationship in the triangular trade ................................................................................................................................ 151 From Scotland to Jamaica to Timiskaming: Aeneas Cameron’s networks and connections ............ 151 Slavery, relationship, and the Phyn, Ellice, Inglis, Richardson and Forsyth families ...................... 152 Figure 3: A survey of Phyn and Ellice and some of their family/business relationships ...................... 157 George Sutherland, Richard Neaves, and Matthew Raikes: HBC employees and investors with Jamaican connections ........................................................................................................................ 158 The Wedderburn Family ................................................................................................................... 161 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................................... 178 Chapter Five: “The plan I have laid for you:” Women, Webs of Relationship and Jean Wedderburn Douglas ................................................................................................................................................. 179 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 179 Family, Connection, and the Fur Trade ............................................................................................ 186 North America, New Challenges, New Relationships ...................................................................... 193 Direct Interventions .......................................................................................................................... 196 New Relationships ............................................................................................................................ 202 Figure 4: Jean Wedderburn Douglas Relationship Map ...................................................................... 217 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................................... 218 Chapter Six: “An appearance of regularity and civilization” :The Red River Settlement .................... 224 Early attempts at Civilization and Regularization in the Red River Settlement: The Buffalo Wool Company, Race, Class and Gender ................................................................................................... 224 Family, business, sugar and fur: George Simpson ............................................................................ 245 Figure 5: Relationship map of some of George Simpson’s key relationships. ..................................... 252 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................................... 262 Conclusions: “Fortune, cunning, and Prudence” .................................................................................. 264 From Culloden to the West Indies: The Wedderburn Family’s Paths of Violence through the British Empire ............................................................................................................................................... 264 From Culloden to the Fur Trade ....................................................................................................... 273 ii Conclusions ....................................................................................................................................... 276 Appendix A: Descriptions of Joseph Lewis in Fur Trade Records ....................................................... 285 Appendix B: John [Jack] Easter Chronology ........................................................................................ 297 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Bourgeois De La Compagnie
    LES BOURGEOIS DE LA COMPAGNIE NORD-OUEST RÉCITS DE VOYAGES, LETTRES ET RAPPORTS INÉDITS RELATIFS AU NORD-OUEST CANADIEN PUBLIES AVEC UNE ESQUISSE HISTORIQUE et des Annotations 1A, R. MASSOtf Deuxième Série ' QUÉBEC DE L'IMPRIMERIE GÉNÉRALE A. COTÉ ET <i 1890 RÉCITS DE VOYAGES LETTRES ET RAPPORTS INÉDITS RELATIFS AU NORD-OUEST CANADIEN DEUXIÈME SÉRIE 1. M. John McDonald, Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest. " Autobiographical Notes", 1*791-1816. 2. M. George Keith, Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord- Ouest. Lettres à l'honorable E. McKenzie: 1807- 1817.—Les départements de la Rivière Mackenzie et du " Lac d'Ours "—Great Bear Lake.—Légendes. 8. M. John Johnston, traiteur libre, du Sault Ste-Marie. " An account of Lake Superior ", 1792-1807. 4. M. Samuel H. "Wilcocke. Narrative of circumstances attending the death of the late Benjamin Frobisher, Esq., a Partner of the North-West Company", 1819. — Luttes contre Lord Selkirk et la Compagnie de la Baie d'Hud- son. 5. M. Duncan Cameron, Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest. " A sketch of the customs, manners and way of living of the Natives in the barren Country àbout Nipi- gon " :—Extraits de son journal, 1804-1805.—La traite avec les sauvages. 6. M. Peter G-xant, Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord- Ouest. " The Sauteux Indians ", vers 1804. — ri — 7. M. James McKenzie, Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest. Extraits de son journal de 1199. — Le département d'Atkabasca. 8. M. James McKenzie. " Some account of the King's Posts, the Labrador Coast and the Island of Anticosti, by an Indian Trader residing there several years ; with a Descrip­ tion of the Natives, and the Journal of a trip through those Countries, in 1808, by the same Person." 9.
    [Show full text]
  • Reconstituting Tbc Fur Trade Community of the Assiniboine Basin
    Reconstituting tbc Fur Trade Community of the Assiniboine Basin, 1793 to 1812. by Margaret L. Clarke a thesis presented to The University of Winnipeg / The University of Manitoba in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History Winnipeg, Manitoba MARCH 1997 National Library Bibliothèque nationale du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services seMces bibliographiques 395 WdtïSûeet 395, nn, Wellingtwi WONK1AW WONK1AON4 Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Ll'brary of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, disbi'bute or sefl reproduire, prêter, disbiiuer ou copies of this thesis iu microfo~a, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic fomiats. la fome de microfiche/nlm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format eectronicpe. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur consewe la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. THE UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA COPYRIGHT PERMISSION PAGE A TksW/Pnicticw ribmitteà to the Faculty of Gruluate Studies of The University of Manitoba in parail fntfülment of the reqaifements of the degrce of brgarct 1. Clarke 1997 (a Permission hm been grantd to the Library of Tbe Univenity of Manitoba to lend or sen copies of this thcsis/practicam, to the National Librory of Canada to micronlm tbb thesis and to lend or seU copies of the mm, and to Dissertritions Abstmcts Intemationai to publish an abtract of this thcsidpracticam.
    [Show full text]
  • The Beaver Club (1785-1827): Behind Closed Doors Bella Silverman
    The Beaver Club (1785-1827): Behind Closed Doors Bella Silverman Montreal’s infamous Beaver Club (1785-1827) was a social group that brought together retired merchants and acted as a platform where young fur traders could enter Montreal’s bourgeois society.1 The rules and social values governing the club reveal the violent, racist, and misogynistic underpinnings of the group; its membership was exclusively white and male, and the club admitted members who participated in morally grotesque and violent activities, such as murder and slavery. Further, the club’s mandate encouraged the systematic “othering” of those believed to be “savage” and unlike themselves.2 Indeed, the Beaver Club’s exploitive, exclusive, and violent character was cultivated in private gatherings held at its Beaver Hall Hill mansion.3 (fig. 1) Subjected to specific rules and regulations, the club allowed members to collude economically, often through their participation in the institution of slavery, and idealize the strength of white men who wintered in the North American interior or “Indian Country.”4 Up until 1821, Montreal was a mercantile city which relied upon the fur trade and international import-exports as its economic engine.5 Following the British Conquest of New France in 1759, the fur trading merchants’ influence was especially strong.6 Increasing affluence and opportunities for leisure led to the establishment of social organizations, the Beaver Club being one among many.7 The Beaver Club was founded in 1785 by the same group of men who founded the North West Company (NWC), a fur trading organization established in 1775. 9 Some of the company’s founding partners were James McGill, the Frobisher brothers, and later, Alexander Henry.10 These men were also some of the Beaver Club’s original members.11 (figs.
    [Show full text]
  • Basque Presence in the St. Lawrence Estuary Dominique Lalande
    Northeast Historical Archaeology Volume 18 Article 3 1989 Archaeological Excavations at Bon-Désir: Basque Presence in the St. Lawrence Estuary Dominique Lalande Follow this and additional works at: http://orb.binghamton.edu/neha Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Lalande, Dominique (1989) "Archaeological Excavations at Bon-Désir: Basque Presence in the St. Lawrence Estuary," Northeast Historical Archaeology: Vol. 18 18, Article 3. https://doi.org/10.22191/neha/vol18/iss1/3 Available at: http://orb.binghamton.edu/neha/vol18/iss1/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by The Open Repository @ Binghamton (The ORB). It has been accepted for inclusion in Northeast Historical Archaeology by an authorized editor of The Open Repository @ Binghamton (The ORB). For more information, please contact [email protected]. Archaeological Excavations at Bon-Désir: Basque Presence in the St. Lawrence Estuary Cover Page Footnote The er search work presented in this article is part of a project undertaken by the research group on native peroples and fishermen in eastern North America in the 16th and 17th centuries. This multidisciplinary project, directed by Laurier Turgeon of the Célat at Laval University, consists of historical, archaeological, literary, and ethnological studies. Under the supervision of Marcel Moussette, I had the opportunity to supervise the archaeological work, which was focused on finding traces of previous European occupations in the St. Lawrence estuary. I would like to express my gratitude to Laurier Turgeon, Marcel Moussette, Pierre Drouin, and Pierre Beaduet for their comments. The final drawings were prepared by Danielle Filion, the maps by Jean-Yves Pintal, and the artifact photographs by Paul Laliberté.
    [Show full text]
  • William Penn a Charter for the Colony of Pennsylvania
    When the Dutch se*led the area, they called it New Netherland and New York City was called New Amsterdam. When the Dutch se*led the area, they called it New Netherland and New York City was called New Amsterdam. *Hudson explored the area in 1611 for the Dutch East India Company, giving the Netherlands its claim to the territory. Biography of Henry Hudson Video Dutch East India Company Crash Course Video *To promote settlement, Dutch landholders were given huge tracks of land that they could rent out to tenant famers. *They were able to keep their land even when the British gained control. New Netherlands Video *1652-1674 - The Dutch and British fought 3 naval wars 3 Minute History: Anglo-Dutch Wars Video *1664 - the British sent a naval fleet to seize New Netherland and the Dutch surrendered it without a fight. *The territory was renamed for the Duke of York, the brother of King Charles II who received a charter for the territory. *1673 - The Dutch briefly captured the area, but it was quickly returned to British control. Brief History of New Netherland and New York * 1660 - Bergen became New Jersey’s first European settlement. *New Jersey was part of New Netherland until 1664 when the British took control. *In 1664, the Duke of York gave the land between the Hudson and Delaware Rivers to two friends, Sir George Carteret and Lord John Berkley, and the area was re-named New Jersey. *In 1673, Berkley sold his share of western New Jersey to the Quakers. *Between 1674-1702, New Jersey was divided into 2 provinces: East and West Jersey.
    [Show full text]
  • The Beginnings of Wheeled Transport in Western Canada
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Great Plains Quarterly Great Plains Studies, Center for Spring 1984 The Beginnings Of Wheeled Transport In Western Canada John Alwin Montana State University Barry Kaye University of Manitoba Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsquarterly Part of the Other International and Area Studies Commons Alwin, John and Kaye, Barry, "The Beginnings Of Wheeled Transport In Western Canada" (1984). Great Plains Quarterly. 1766. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsquarterly/1766 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Great Plains Studies, Center for at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Great Plains Quarterly by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. THE BEGINNINGS OF WHEELED TRANSPORT IN WESTERN CANADA BARRY KAYE and JOHN ALWIN Water transport has played a major part in the the prairie-parkland, such as the North Sas­ economic development of Canada. It has been katchewan, the Red, and the Assiniboine, was claimed that a series of east-west water routes complemented by travel along a network of were essential to Canada's evolution as a trans­ carting trails that stretched from St. Paul, continental nation. The many connecting rivers Minnesota, in the southeast to Fort Edmonton and lakes formed the lines of least resistance on the North Saskatchewan River in the north­ through the environment, so that in most re­ west. The use of two-wheeled carts pulled by an gions of Canada, water transport was almost ox or horse eventually spread west as far as invariably the earliest and most important form Montana and south as far as Colorado.1 of transport.
    [Show full text]
  • The London Background of the Radisson Problem
    THE LONDON BACKGROUND OF THE RADISSON PROBLEM^ Something can be done toward Illuminating the Radisson problem by approaching it from the angle of London and the conditions that obtained there in the years soon after the Restoration. For the purpose of testing the credibility of the last portion of Radisson's narrative, some sentences from It need to be analyzed. I A beginning may be made with the following: "But y" Hollanders being come to y" River of Thames had stopp'd y° passage, soe wee lost that opportunity." Here Radis­ son speaks the truth, although at first sight it may not ap­ pear so. It is generally known that the Dutch were in the Thames In 1665. It Is not so well known that on June 1, 1666, the Dutch fleet appeared off the North Foreland. George Monk, Duke of Albemarle, the English admiral, attacked. The North Foreland is the eastward projecting tip of the shire of Kent that guards the entrance to the Thames basin from the south. Major naval engagements took place In this theater of war on June 1, 2, and 3. Thus there was fighting at the very door of London. Naturally, then, Radisson is justified In writing: "So wee were put off till y" next yeare." A short time later the ship In which he and his partner were to have gone out to Hudson Bay " was sent to Virginia and other places to know some news of y" Barbadoes, and to be Informed If that Island was not In danger." ^ ^This article is based upon materials collected in 1934 while the writer was studying in London as a fellow of the John Simon Guggen­ heim Memorial Foundation.
    [Show full text]
  • B 46 - Commission of Inquiry Into the Red River Disturbances
    B 46 - Commission of inquiry into the Red River Disturbances. Lower Canada RG4-B46 Finding aid no MSS0568 vols. 620 to 621 R14518 Instrument de recherche no MSS0568 Pages Access Mikan no Media Title Label no code Scope and content Extent Names Language Place of creation Vol. Ecopy Dates No Mikan Support Titre Étiquette No de Code Portée et contenu Étendue Noms Langue Lieu de création pages d'accès B 46 - Commission of inquiry into the Red River Disturbances. Lower Canada File consists of correspondence and documents related to the resistance to the settlement of Red River; the territories of Cree and Saulteaux and Sioux communities; the impact of the Red River settlement on the fur trade; carrying places (portage routes) between Bathurst, Henry Bathurst, Earl, 1762-1834 ; Montréal, Lake Huron, Lake Superior, Lake Drummond, Gordon, Sir, 1772-1854 of the Woods, and Red River. File also (Correspondent) ; Harvey, John, Sir, 1778- consists of statements by the servants of 1 folder of 1 -- 1852(Correspondent) ; Loring, Robert Roberts, ca. 5103234 Textual Correspondence 620 RG4 A 1 Open the Hudson's Bay Company and statements textual e011310123 English Manitoba 1815 137 by the agents of the North West Company records. 1789-1848(Correspondent) ; McGillivray, William, related to the founding of the colony at 1764?-1825(Correspondent) ; McNab, John, 1755- Red River. Correspondents in file include ca. 1820(Correspondent) ; Selkirk, Thomas Lord Bathurst; Lord Selkirk; Joseph Douglas, Earl of, 1771-1820(Correspondent) Berens; J. Harvey; William McGillivray; Alexander McDonell; Miles McDonell; Duncan Cameron; Sir Gordon Drummond; John McNab; Major Loring; John McLeod; William Robinsnon, and the firm of Maitland, Garden & Auldjo.
    [Show full text]
  • Whm 2015 News
    TAIGH-TASGAIDH NA GAIDHEALTACHD AN IAR NEWSLETTER DECEMBER 2015 Message Message from the Manager You will be pleased to know we have had a good year so far from the at the Museum. Our visitor numbers, shop sales and donations from visitors are all up slightly on last year’s figures. This was partly achieved by opening 8 Sundays Chairman during the summer. We opened from 11am to 3pm and had over 1000 visitors over the 8 weeks we opened. We plan to do the same next year. No matter what we might think of our We have had an eventful year here at West Highland own endeavours, it’s how we affect Museum. The two most memorable events for me were our others and how we appear to them members and friends visit to Roshven House; and my first visit to an auction house with that’s important. “To see oursels as Sally Archibald. ithers see us”, is Burns’ oft-quoted In May, Angus MacDonald very kindly opened his house to our members and their friends. It was a grand day out and raised £813 for museum funds. There is more about line. We live in the time of peer- this event in the newsletter. review; and for us achieving Full Also in May, Sally Archibald and I Accreditation from Museum Galleries attended the Jacobite, Stuart & Scotland in October was certainly a Scottish Applied Arts auction at Lyon ringing endorsement from our sector. and Turnbull’s auction house in Edinburgh. This was my first visit to Less formal, though just as important, an auction house and I found it really are our regular excellent reviews on good fun.
    [Show full text]
  • Reviews/Revues Three Recent Books on Early New France
    Reviews/Revues Acadiensis 97 Three Recent Books on Early New France Since 1971. the already considerable corpus of historical writing on early New France has been increased by the addition of three notable works.1 The credentials of the two authors are sufficiently awesome to dazzle any reviewer. Winner of the first Balzan Foundation Award in History, of the gold medal of the American Academy of Arts and Letters for biography and history, of the Emerson-Thoreau medal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences for literature, of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, of the Pulitzer Prize on two occasions. Professor Emeritus at Harvard University. Rear Admiral USNR (ret.), author of some twenty-five historical works, Samuel Eliot Morison is without doubt the most prolific and most honoured American historian of this century. Marcel Trudel does not occupy such an Everest of distinction but with his score of books on French Canada, one of which earned him a Governor-General's Award in 1967, he ranks high on the list of Canada's leading historians. The European discovery of America was a topic admirably suited for a scholar of Professor Morison's training and temperament. Himself a seafarer. he has an intimate knowledge and great love of the sea and ships. Better than anyone, he can bring out the hazards that faced the sixteenth-century navigators as they sailed along unknown coasts in their unwieldly square- rigged vessels. His research technique, like that of fellow Bostonian Francis Parkman's. consists of supplementing the study of printed and manuscript sources with on-the-spot investigations.
    [Show full text]
  • The Conquest of the Great Northwest Piled Criss-Cross Below Higher Than
    The Conquest of the Great Northwest festooned by a mist-like moss that hung from tree to tree in loops, with the windfall of untold centuries piled criss-cross below higher than a house. The men grumbled.They had not bargained on this kind of voyaging. Once down on the west side of the Great Divide, there were the Forks.MacKenzie's instincts told him the northbranch looked the better way, but the old guide had said only the south branch would lead to the Great River beyond the mountains, and they turned up Parsnip River through a marsh of beaver meadows, which MacKenzie noted for future trade. It was now the 3rd of June.MacKenzie ascended a. mountain to look along the forward path. When he came down with McKay and the Indian Cancre, no canoe was to be found.MacKenzie sent broken branches drifting down stream as a signal and fired gunshot after gunshot, but no answer!Had the men deserted with boat and provisions?Genuinely alarmed, MacKenzie ordered McKay and Cancre back down the Parsnip, while he went on up stream. Whichever found the canoe was to fire a gun.For a day without food and in drenching rains, the three tore through the underbrush shouting, seeking, despairing till strength vas ethausted and moccasins worn to tattersBarefoot and soaked, MacKenzie was just lying down for the night when a crashing 64 "The Coming of the Pedlars" echo told him McKay had found the deserters. They had waited till he had disappeared up the mountain, then headed the canoe north and drifted down stream.
    [Show full text]
  • WB Coltman Report Transcription
    W. B. Coltman Report Transcription September 30, 2016 Image Number Image Text Notes Tags Image Link 1 [Cover] *23 2/F [[?]] http://data2.archives.ca/e/e447/e011163878-001-v8.jpg [inside cover] inside cover; 1939; october, 18; abilities, Oct 18 1939 furlio 2 Furlio Abilities http://data2.archives.ca/e/e447/e011163878-002-v8.jpg A General Statement and Report relative to the Disturbances in the Indian Territories of W. B. Coltman; Special http://data2.archives.ca/e/e447/e011163878-003-v8.jpg British North America by the undersigned Special Commissioner Commissioner For inquiring into the Offences committed in the said Indian Territories and the circumstances attending the same. 3 W. B. Coltman 4 Blank page Blank page http://data2.archives.ca/e/e447/e011163878-004-v8.jpg 1 Hudson's Bay Company; http://data2.archives.ca/e/e447/e011163878-005-v8.jpg North West Company; Statement according to the order of time of the principal occurrences relative to the recent official statements; Earl of disputes between the Hudson's Bay and North West Companies which appear to me the Selkirk; Hudson's Bay undersigned special Commissioner to have been substantiated by the Evidence taken before Company statements me, or to have been admitted by the parties in the respective Official Statements transmitted February 18; North West me by the legal Agents of the Earl of Selkirk of the 18th February, and by the Agents of the Company statements North West Company of the 14th March last, or in their generally acknowledged Publications March 14; Selkirk share of under the titles of "Statement respecting the Earl of Selkirk's Settlement" and "Narrative of Hudson's Bay Company; occurrences in the Indian Countries," and which appear to be material to the elucidation of the causes and circumstances of the late disturbances in the Indian Territories.
    [Show full text]