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PIONEERING the SPACE FRONTIER the Report of the National Commission on Space

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PIONEERING the SPACE FRONTIER the Report of the National Commission on Space PIONEERING THE SPACE FRONTIER The Report of the National Commission on Space An Exciting Vision of Our Next Fifty Years in Space [missing graphics] DEDICATION This report is dedicated to the crew of the Space Shuttle Challenger, Flight 51-L: FRANCIS R. SCOBEE Mission Commander MICHAEL J. SMITH Pilot JUDITH A. RESNIK Mission Specialist ELLISON S. ONIZUKA Mission Specialist RONALD E. McNAIR Mission Specialist GREGORY B. JARVIS Payload Specialist S. CHRISTA McAULIFFE Payload Specialist “They had a hunger to explore the Universe and discover its truths… They, the members of the Challenger crew, were pioneers… The future doesn’t belong to the faint-hearted. It belongs to the brave. The Challenger crew was pulling us into the future, and we’ll continue to follow them.” - PRESIDENT RONALD REAGAN [missing illustration] While predicting the future can be hazardous, sometimes it can be done. In 1951, Wernher von Braun and Chesley Bonestell predicted a future in space, above, with a reusable launch vehicle, a space telescope, and a rotating space station. Below is an illustration by Robert McCall which shows this, vision coming true. The space shuttle is a reality, the Hubble Space Telescope will be launched In the near future, and the Space Station wi11 be in operation by the mid-1990s. [missing illustration] LOOKING FIFTY YEARS INTO THE FUTURE The year is 1935. Pan American Airways is inaugurating trans-Pacific service, with additional flying boats on order to open trans-Atlantic service in 1939. The last Pony Express rider turns over his mail pouch to a young biplane pilot while newsreel cameras grind. Almost nobody expects to fly the Atlantic-that’s for daredevils like Lindbergh - but half a million people per year cross in ocean liners. Washington’s chief concern is the Federal Deficit: $30 billion in revenues versus $50 billion in outlays (1985 dollars). The year is 1985. Could we explain to a visitor from 1935 that more than 25 million people now fly the Atlantic every year? That 16 years ago astronauts flew at 24,790 miles per hour to the Moon? That communication satellites are flashing color television signals around the world? That a spacecraft has transmitted pictures and data from Uranus across 1.8 billion miles , and is now flying on to Neptune? That supercomputers are being used to design next-generation spacecraft that will drastically reduce the cost of space travel? Washington’s grappling with the Federal Budget deficit might sound familiar, but 50 years of cumulative technological advance would be beyond comprehension. What will 2035 be like? The National Commission on Space has been charged by the Congress and the President to look into the future to propose civilian space goals for 21st-century America. It is as challenging for us today to envision the advanced world of 2035 as it was to foresee today’s world back in 1935. Even the most visionary science fiction writer then failed to foresee the scale of the resources that would be needed to initiate the Space Age, and that no one imagined these would become available within 25 years. Looking to the future, we are confident that the next century will see pioneering men and women from many nations working and living throughout the inner Solar System. Space travel will be as safe and inexpensive for our grandchildren as jet travel is for us. Our vision and our recommendations are outlined in this report. Through vigorous leadership on the space frontier, America can make this happen. TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION FOR SPACE A PIONEERING MISSION FOR 21st CENTURY AMERICA .................2 RATIONALE FOR EXPLORING AND SETTLING THE SOLAR SYSTEM ....3 Our Vision: The Solar System as the Home of Humanity ................3 Our Purpose: Free Societies on New Worlds ..........................3 Our Ambition: Opening New Resources to Benefit Humanity ............3 Our Method: Efficiency and Systematic Progression ...................3 Our Hope: Increased World Cooperation .............................4 Our Aspiration: American Leadership on the Space Frontier ............4 Our Need: Balance and Common Sense ..............................4 Our Approach: The Critical Lead Role of Government .................4 Our Resolve: To Go Forth “In Peace for All Mankind” .................4 A NEW LONG-RANGE CIVILIAN SPACE PROGRAM .....................5 Program Thrusts ....................................................5 A Logical Approach ..................................................5 Principal Recommendations ...........................................8 Advancing Science ................................................8 Exploring, Prospecting, and Settling the Solar System .................10 Space Enterprise ................................................11 Building the Technology Base ......................................11 Highway to Space ................................................12 Bridge Between Worlds ...........................................14 An Economical, Phased Approach ..................................14 Figure 1: Low-Cost Access to the Inner Solar System (15) Figure 2: Cost of Proposed U.S. Space Program (16) Improved Oversight Through a Longer-Range Perspective .............17 International Cooperation and Competition ..........................17 Twelve Technological Milestones in Space ..............................18 BENEFITS ...........................................................19 “Pulling-Through” Technology .......................................19 Return from Investment in Technology .................................20 New Space-Based Enterprises .........................................20 New Worlds on the Space Frontier ....................................21 I CIVILIAN SPACE GOALS FOR 21ST-CENTURY AMERICA ADVANCING SCIENCE ...............................................25 The Evolution of the Universe (26) Future Science in Space ..............................................28 Some Potential Space Science Headlines (29) A Global Study of Planet Earth ....................................30 Human Biology in Space ..........................................33 Physics, Chemistry, and Biology in Space (35) Fundamental Biology, Physics, and Chemistry in Earth Orbit ...........36 Was Einstein Right? (37) Solar and Space Physics ..........................................38 Solar and Space Physics (40) Returning Samples from Solar System Bodies (44) Study of the Solar System .........................................44 Exploration of the Outer Planets (48) Astronomy and Astrophysics ......................................50 Life: Earth and the Universe (55) EXPLORING, PROSPECTING, AND SETTLING THE SOLAR SYSTEM .....59 Earth’s Gravity Well (61) The Exploration of the Moon .........................................62 Readily-accessible Asteroids ..........................................65 The Exploration of Mars and Its Moons ................................65 Biospherics (70) Settlement in Space .................................................71 SPACE ENTERPRISE .................................................75 Supporting Industries on Earth .......................................77 Space Industries with Markets on Earth ................................78 Remote Sensing .................................................79 Other Potential Industries .........................................81 Remote Sensing and the Private Sector (82) Space Business with Markets in Space .................................84 Lunar Resources ................................................85 Exponential Growth of Industry ......................................88 Self Replicating Factories in Space (89) II LOW-COST ACCESS TO THE SOLAR SYSTEM BUILDING THE TECHNOLOGY BASE .................................95 Figure 3: Funding of Space Research and Technology at NASA (97) Technology for Space Science .........................................98 Technology for Piloted Spaceflight ....................................99 Technology for Nuclear Space Power .................................100 Technology for Space Transportation .................................101 Earth-to-Orbit Transport ........................................101 Electric Propulsion .............................................103 Electromagnetic Accelerators (104) Tethers .......................................................105 Processing of Extraterrestrial Materials ............................105 Research and Technology for Space Industry ..........................105 HIGHWAY TO SPACE ...............................................107 Aerospace Plane Technology (112) Transport Vehicle Concepts (114) Advanced Rocket Vehicle Technology (116) Protecting the Space Environment from Debris (117) Orbital Operations .................................................118 Space Station ..................................................119 Space Station (120) Transferring Large Payloads Beyond Low Orbit ........................122 Chemically Powered Transfer Vehicles .............................122 Electric Powered Transfer Vehicle ................................122 Transfer Vehicle Concepts (123) Tethers ..........................................................124 Orbital Facilities ..................................................124 Earth Spaceport ................................................124 Variable Gravity Research .......................................124 Tethers in Space (126) Boosting Transfer Vehicles Using Excess Momentum of Shuttle (127) Gravitation and Biology (128) BRIDGE BETWEEN WORLDS ........................................131
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