Khmer Translation of Postharvest Manual

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© 2004 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA - DAVIS, CALIFORNIA The copyright of this publication is vested in the UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA - DAVIS, CALIFORNIA. Applications for permissions to reproduce this publication, in whole or in part, by any method or process, should be addressed, with a statement of purpose and extend of the reproduction desired, to UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA - DAVIS, CALIFORNIA.

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Dr. Lisa Kitinoja Principal Consultant Extension Systems International 73 Antelope Street Woodland , California 95695 U.S.A. [email protected]

Dr. Adel A. Kader Professor of Postharvest Physiology Department of Pomology, University of California

May 28, 2002

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Dr. Adel A. Kader Department of Pomology University of California One Shields Avenue Davis , California 95616 U.S.A. [email protected]

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)5': Kader, A. A. 1983. Postharvest Quality Maintenance of Fruits and Vegetables in Developing Countries. In: Lieberman, M., Post-Harvest Physiology and Crop Preservation. Plenum Publishing Corporation. p.455-469 5A)G,I4A)5@,?C?>|:>$EyAEH>x4G<7?)G,I8)5 44;4E G4E4:K4:8)>4@5:{4=A,I2+4;E%3K \yAFArF*A3E5F7$%4$5A 7$%4$5A FArF*A3 7$%4$5SFA<:8@ @ >4EHGA<:yD94I $?^@A<:)F0LY85 F8FB:A<:K! $?^@Y85 I48# :EJ:A<:@4AFEyF8)6 A8A4 I464F8>U KrJ@4E4$:y5G: FJ>I4I:8; L$ >4EAHIGA38? >4E)5G<5G<8)>4L8?)5@,?C?K|4GG,6]8FBI8'%A4$F$E457$%4$F4>I5>@^ C8( 8)5 45A F%>F%>>0ESnap bean, 8=9G?T46>464A batao, sweet peaA<:4L Lima bean A<:pigeon pea 8=9G?T7?6458C @4G5:'48KBIE5FI4 ,)>4 7?+$;$7?6:4A8; LK4:6H:46>464A Upo A8A4:FA<: 7?+@;$7?)G,I>4E8; L7?8A466H6 AJ:)>6>y7 dishrag gourd Y64F)H?85 @6>4AU )G5)@ chayote 5S>c)GF> 7?+$;$7?6:4A5HA8A+AY64F)H? 6$%EH>xEF )"45)5F4GI4 85:84 )"45E8?>4GCI45S%Py5G:)54Ct4(,> 8@rF84> %Py5G:64F)5445K4$:5S)>;@ )GF>)F,I@,? :4L74686= +:874L>4E@0?G<6\86= EAV7?FT4G )GF>)F,IHoneydew )5)50?%PC F?4Ly5G:)F4?8+48@*@4A> %PC|>K4:8)>4@)548?&:8@*@4AF$8?:7,6 )58;4:>|:)5F4W$Ct48# :%AY64F)5F yF $?^@@HA86=Ct4 yF8>45 FJ>8>45%AY85 64F)H?FJ>I48)5 5>@45U Celery $?^@@HA8?I48# :8F4G

)5': Bautista, O.K. and Mabesa, R.C. (eds). 1977. Vegetable Production. University of the Philippines at Los Banos. Additional detailed maturity indices for fruits, vegetables and cut flowers can be found online at http://postharvest.ucdavis.edu on a wide range of Produce Fact Sheets.

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)5': Kader, A.A. 1999. Fruit maturity, ripening and quality relationships. Acta Hort 485: 203-208. /%5)&#&/5$9%6 %5:+ >$E4E)646C?4G5A<6>4E I4F46)G,I4A8- 8# :874L25>E%3 Penetrometers @844L7?F4@4o5$CHG87 @ I4F'4EJ:". >4E74>84LE:>4EF:tG 5S874L>$?4$:F:tG (lbf) 25>E%3 The Effe-gi Fruit Penetrometer ".4)5745Fr:8)5 874Ly7874L@4AK|4GE:-4FF$E45>$?4$:F:tG 87 @ I4FA,I'4EJ:)G,I8)5 C7?@4A?>x%]F GH%{'47,6\"|48)4 C@4A>$878>G:G@4A '4+A4:C7?)G4> )G,I8)5 A,IC7?@4A+$;$7,6"|4 8)4 C8( 7?@4A+$;$$G:G@4A'4 +A4:C8( 7?@4A+$;$G,64: )G,I8- >4EDtJ L>A,IF$%4>C8( $6$A0A >A:874LFs|: >A:KHF YCrL"|4U 8; L8A6$>%4?yAC 8- >4EL>86=A,IF$5> Y874L8- L4:%486BE84L$ 4:6H:yA25>E%37?)G,I8)5 U8; L8- >4E8) F8E F6H:25>E%37?F@E@7,6E,5K4:8)>4@>4AC 8( 84L4AAJ:8? yCrE458F^ 8; LF:tG6H:25>E%36,?>|:C8( 874L@4A8?mAL.G8F^ Y874L)G,I 6$%4L8? IE%384?".7?6$AH6F:tG)5@4% lb

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)5': FAO. 1989. Prevention of Post-Harvest Food Losses: Fruits. Vegetables and Root Crops. A Training Manual. Rome : UNFAO. 157 pp.

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)5': Minnich, J. 1983. Gardening for Maximum Nutrition. Emmaus , Pa : Rodale Press.

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)5': Friend Manufacturing Corporation, Prospect Street , P.O. Box 385 , Gasport , New York 14067

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)5': FAO. 1989. Prevention of Post-Harvest Food Losses: Fruits, Vegetables and Root Crops. A Training Manual. Rome : UNFAO. 157 pp.

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)5': FAO. 1989 . Prevention of Post-Harvest Food Losses: Fruits. Vegetables and Root Crops. A Training Manual. Rome : UNFAO. 157 pp.

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)5': Highlander Ramsay Welding Machine Promotional Brochure. 1993. /%5(:/%=L2)/%2 /2S+)9';B& 8A8?8")5@,?7$%4$8A+ D_4L >A:8I6KW5 8")G,IG7J>4QpAC?4E8I6KW5 )5bAVK*4A+4=874L+$A4=F$E45C86> 7,65:{4=8A>|:E,5K4:8)>4@ C?42+4;E%3@0L E85B5 8? >74> 7?46>4G5AsL>$#:8?8EB56$F$E45+ C*4E C86>7?)5@,?C?E06)G,I4AA4$L>8+ >4A+ $E>7?8EB56$E06G4@CpIE5FK*4A5Ar45@@>)GHI8? >A<:qE8? +$>7?'Q458+AJ:K*?0F 8?mAyA>4E7J>Qp4A)G,I4A)G0G@^>E 7?A4$C?4A>A8I6KW58A$E4?K4: 8)>4@

)5': NIAE. 1977. Banana Conveyor. Tropical Agricultural Engineering Information O.D. Bulletin No. 7. National Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Silsoe, Bedfordshire , England . 15 pp.

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)5' : Wilson , J. No date. Careful Storage of Yams: Some Basic Principles to Reduce Losses. London : Commonwealth Secretariat/International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. (IITA, Ibadan , Nigeria .) 8"469+4$ KrJ@4E4$: A<: KrJ@F8A>|:6$>4E4AG4@G$5A7?>A:)5@,?C?8> G@4A8AE7,I )4$:8"469+4$7$%4$+4$:@A<:5Ar45>4E8I6KW56,?8 +>|:4IFEyF5S4IF$%4=E06 C?8A6$>4E50A5S)4$y9_5Ar45@>8 ->4E)G0GK4:8)>A<: 4?<>4>F_qGF@?^@>4E9+4$468)5 8?F75y9_4)FbL8+G4@?>xK%k4>4F4GH >4E9+4$460L874L>4E8)5 @E>7?@4AEAVK?86=6,?G4@G$5A7?@4A>4$EF^ ) 4+4FKF5S6?A4K?5>@^4G<+45C?|:4I46)G0G8? "|48A >|:@58? >$E4?)>%4G7?@ 5S 74>8A>|:)+H:7?@4A@4G6$;E@x4:8A8)>4@>:{4E@0L 5S 8)6 AK?48= F8A>|:7$5,?460L874L>4E8)5 K?I4EAHIGA38? >4E)5G<5G<8)>4L8?)5@,?C?K|4GG,6]8FBI8'%A4$F$E457$%4$F4>I5>@^ /%5*%)(%<2"<1S& 2-+;U0 &/ )'.' 0 EAVK?874L@4A>:{45.G

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)5' : Thompson, J. & Scheuerman, R.W. 1993. Curing and Storing California Sweet potatoes. Merced County Cooperative Extension, Merced, California &G2A5%2565%& /%5*%;M:1%5%+ (Bulk systems for curing onions)

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)5': Davis , H.R et al. No date. Storage Recommendations for Northern Grown Onions. Information Bulletin 148. Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Extension.

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)5': Davis , H.R. et al. (No date). Storage Recommendations for Northern Grown Onions. Information Bulletin 148, Ithaca , New York Cornell University Extension.

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)5': University of Wisconsin Healthy Farmers, Healthy Profits Project, December, 2000; Work Efficiency Tip Sheet: Narrow Pallet System Second Edition. E8+ EH=y7G4@)5y% 7?46E>4A : Valley Craft, 2001 South Highway 61, Lake City , MN 55041 . (800) 328-1480. [email protected]

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FAO. 1986. Improvement of Post-Harvest Fresh Fruits and Vegetables Handling - A Manual. Bangkok : UNFAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. >4EAHIGA38? >4E)5G<5G<8)>4L8?)5@,?C?K|4GG,6]8FBI8'%A4$F$E457$%4$F4>I5>@^ )%+O2/%5)53&'/2S+)9';B& )5G<5G<>4E8I6KW57?8 ->|:?>x%]@46FA*$F$y68?8I?4 A<: 9I<>4 874L>4E74>48)"4:yA 5Ar58I6KW5G4@>4E8EB56$@0L4)5bAV$;4A\

)5': Meyer et al. 1999. Work Efficiency Tip Sheet: Packing shed layout. Healthy Farmers, Healthy Profits Project, Department of Biological Systems Engineering, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin, 460 Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53706.

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)5': USDA. No date. Modernising Handling Systems for Florida Citrus from Picking to Packing Line Agricultural Research Service, USDA Marketing Report No. 914.

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)5': Thompson et al. 2002. Preparation for fresh market. pp.67-79. In: Kader, A.A. (ed). Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops. University of California , Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Publication 3311.

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)5': Grierson, W. 1987. Postharvest Handling Manual. Commercialization of Alternative Crops Project. Belize Agribusiness Company/USAID/Chemonics International Consulting Division. >4EAHIGA38? >4E)5G<5G<8)>4L8?)5@,?C?K|4GG,6]8FBI8'%A4$F$E457$%4$F4>I5>@^ H:8A F$E45?4:F$4GC?8?4;]4F874LF$A4;4$:FAr @0L8 - FAJ>8?4;]7?@4A864 EAV)G,I4A8"74>8AI4GG4@C?F45)G,I4A8"5As@6,?8A8)>4@F$4>4GG4@5$:@4A864 EAV 7?0LC4F+ C?4A6H:5$:6$8E4 E5FH:F$E455:{pE86=5Ar45 >4E?4:F$4GE06 >4E8 -84L>4AG)58F E8A5:7?8EB56$K4:8)>4@8A 46@4AE0@54Wp?A,I>)4W: 7?46 L>86=4AF$E45645F$E4@ 8AK4:@HKFAr A<:/5S )5bAVIF$4G Y874L@4A 5As@+J>>EU

)5'] FAO. 1989 . Prevention of Postharvest Food Losses: Fruits Vegetables and Root Crops. A Training Manual. Rome : UNFAO. 157 pp.

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)5': Martin, D and Miezitis, E.O. 1964. A wipe-on device for the application of materials to butts. Field Station Record Volume 3 No. 1 CSIRO Tasmanian Regional Laboratory, Hobart , Tasmania .

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)5': FAO. 1986. Improvement of Post-Harvest Fresh Fruits and Vegetables Handling- A Manual. Bangkok : UNFAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. GH=>)58'+465G4A7,6@4A5:{4=>|:E,5K4:8)>4@ 8"F4:F: )>%4GF$G A<: @4A>4$ )5I:)5;? @)GY)5;? feetU8A"@E5FGH8")+45874L)F+458F|48F :87 @ >4E4E C?4E4$8A8?6>)58'+ 8; L6$8%4G6$AH6>%4?8+7?6$AH6 5:6>". 7.8)> 8"4664>C?F)5@,?C? 8; L5Ar45@>8 ->4E6>)58'+ %P A<:/5S ?$7459|4> A<:8I6KW5874LCr4?6,#8+>|:8>FF$E457J>4QpA|>6>)58'+5S|>64G6$%4G9|4>E;,G7?8+ A4>468 -L4::4L)F0?8AG4@K4:A<@0L\

)5': PHTRC. 1984. A portable sorting table. Appropriate Postharvest Technology 1(1):1- 3. (Post-Harvest Training and Research Center , Department of Horticulture, University of the Philippines at Los Banos.)

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)5': Shewfelt, R.L. and Prussia , S.E. 1993. Postharvest Handling: A Systems Approach. San Diego : Academic Press Inc. 356 pp.

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: )5': FAO. 1989. Prevention of Postharvest Food Losses: Fruits, Vegetables and Root Crops. A Training Manual. Rome : UNFAO. 157 pp.

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)5' : Reyes, M. U. (Ed.) 1988. Design Concept and Operation of ASEAN Packinghouse Equipment for Fruits and Vegetables. Postharvest Horticulture Training and Research Center , University of Los Baños , College of Agriculture , Laguna , Philippines .

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)5': Reyes, M. U. (Ed.) 1988. Design Concept and Operation of ASEAN Packinghouse Equipment for Fruits and Vegetables. Postharvest Horticulture Training and Research Center, University of Los Baños, College of Agriculture, Laguna, Philippines .

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)5': 2001 Catalog of TEW Manufacturing Corporation, P.O. Box 87 , Penfield , New York 14526 USA

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)5': 2001 Catalog of TEW Manufacturing Corporation, P.O. Box 87 , Penfield , NY 14526 USA

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)5': Grierson, W. 1987. Postharvest Handling Manual: Commercialization of Alternative Crops Project Belize Agribusiness Co./Chemonics International Consulting Division/USAID.

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)5': Grierson, W. 1987 Postharvest Handling Manual: Commercialization of Alternative Crops Project. Belize Agribusiness Co./ Chemonics International Consulting Division/USAID.

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)5': National Institute of Agricultural Engineering. 1979. Preparing vegetables for supermarkets. Field Vegetable Department, Silsoe, Bedford : NIAE

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)5': Rij, R. et al. 1979. Handling, precooling and temperature management of cut flower crops for truck transportation. USDA Science and Education Administration, AAT-W- 5, 26 pp (Issued jointly as University of California Division of Agricultural Sciences Leaflet 21058).

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)5': Schuur, C.C.M. 1988. Packaging for fruits, vegetables and root crops. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Bridgetown , Barbados

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)5': Blond, R.D. 1984. The Agricultural Development Systems Project in Egypt (1979-83), USAID/Ministry of Agriculture , Egypt / University of California , Davis .

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)5': McGregor, B. 1989. Tropical Products Transport Handbook. USDA, Office of Transportation, Agricultural Handbook Number 668.

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)5': McGregor, B. 1989. Tropical Products Transport Handbook. USDA, Office of Transportation, Agricultural Handbook Number 668. Ashby, B.H., et al., 1987. Protecting Perishable Foods During Transport by Truck. USDA, Office of Transportation, Agricultural Handbook Number 669.

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)5': Ogawa, J.M. and Manji, B.T. 1984. in: Moline , H.E. (Ed). Postharvest Pathology of Fruits and Vegetables. University of California , Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, UC Bulletin 1914.

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)5': Luvisi, D.A. et al. 1992. Sulfur Dioxide Fumigation of Table Grapes. University of California , Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Bulletin 1932. Ogawa, J.M. and Manji, B.T. 1984. in: Moline , H.E. (Ed). Postharvest Pathology of Fruits and Vegetables. University of California , Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, UC Bulletin 1914.

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)5': Smilanick, J. 2002 (personal communication) Research Plant Pathologist, USDA ARS San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center .

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)5': Borromeo, E.S. and I lag, L.L. 1984. Alum and Lime Applications: Potential Postharvest Control of Cabbage Soft Rot. Appropriate Postharvest Technology 1(1):10-12. >4EAHIGA38? >4E)5G<5G<8)>4L8?)5@,?C?K|4GG,6]8FBI8'%A4$F$E457$%4$F4>I5>@^

)5' : FAO. 1989. Prevention of Postharvest Food Losses: Fruits. Vegetables and Root Crops. A Training Manual. Rome : UNFAO. 157 pp.

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)5': Overseas Div., AFRC. National Institute of Agricultural Engineering. 1974. Bulletin No. 6. Silsoe, Bedfordshire , England . %<8/%05&6 4N%(0/%7 (%/ )2/QT+* D >4E8- )5)JG>@^" @ F4@4oK A<: >4EAHIG>4E8? >74>468)5 4A87 @ >4E4E'4)0= A<: >4EK,6>|:8?8? >74>A<:A4$Ct48++ C*4E8; L46E>*4+H>4AL,E8A>|:9,8ACr 85 |>4|>?>Ct4 |>46C?54Q 7?84 H@E06+4$:8A A<:C?4"AJ 8C*:\8+8'!}IE5F|>4A 6458C @874LL>H:5S9,FT4G Y?4:4@0L+J>F45O,8; L?4:+J>86=U 85 FJ>K4:8)>4@86=9|@\87 @ >H$84L@4AFJ>F?>|:H:5S9, >4G+:86=@:8+BGL>86=)5I:)5;? H =8A8)>4@+J>

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ºC, O2 0.4%A<:CO2 20%>|:EL]8?8@4:

U8A8?7?8"F>+H>C+A458AF GH%{'4 ºC O2 % A<:CO2 % 8A4 Instar + yA leafrollers (Planotortrix excessana) )G,I4AF$?45>|:EL]8? y9_ 8; L larvae A<: adult mealy bug (Pseudococcus longispinus) )G,I4AF$?45>|:EL]8?y9_

>4EAHIGA38? >4E)5G<5G<8)>4L8?)5@,?C?K|4GG,6]8FBI8'%A4$F$E457$%4$F4>I5>@^ )5': Mitcham, E.J., S. Zhou and A.A. Kader. 1997. Potential for CA for postharvest insect control in fresh horticultural perishables: an update of summary tables compiled by Ke and Kader, 1992. pp. 78-90 In: Thompson, J.F. and Mitcham, E.J. (eds) CA'97 Proceedings Volume 1: CA Technology and Disinfestation Studies. Department of Pomology Postharvest Hort Series No. 15.

) 8"46)"5)":)G0G|:>A:F>7$#p:-4>|:G$5A)G,<6874L>4E8 -)5)JG<>@^5E4FH>F HFA+45 A<: 2F^bA >45,A<6KF8AF GH%{'4 °C (76 °F), >4EF>+H>>|:5EL4>4F7?@4AH>F HFA 8+ [ A<:2F^bA>4E5,A<6 8+4[5%4?84L@4A mortality of adult weevils >|:EL]8? 8+ y9_ )5': Delate, K. et al. 1990. Controlled atmosphere treatments for control of sweetpotato weevil in stored tropical sweetpotatoes. Journal of Economic Entomology 83:461-465.

) 8"46>4E4E Codling moth (Cydia pomonella) 4A8A>|:>A:F>+H>C8( 8AF GH%{'4 25 °C (76 °F) 874L>4E8)5 5E4F7?@4AH>F HFA [A<:2F^bA>45,A<6 [F$E45EL] 8? 8+ y9_(adult 5S egg) 5S8+ y9_(pupa) >4E)5)50?%PA<:'4EJ:>$#:8?+H$ @

)5': Soderstrom, E.L. et al. 1990. Responses of codling moth life stages to high carbon dioxide or low oxygen atmospheres. Journal of Economic Entomology 83:472-475.

) >4E8 -)5)JG<>@^4@0LAJ:2F^bA>45,A<6 [ 8AF GH%{'4 °C ( °F) >$H:)G,I4A8"58:t G 8# :F$E45>G46y):@0L6$A0A7?8> G@4A8A8? yCr E0@@4A omnivorous leafroller (Platynota sultana), western flower thrips ( Frankliniella occidentalis), A<: Pacific spider mite ( Tetranychus pacificus) 8A8? +$4$:4L,E7?)5@,?C?E0656WbL8A )G,I>4EEL]8? y9_8A 0° 8+2°C (32 ° to 36 °F) 8; L46F4:F:8A>|:>4?>$#:8?7J>4QpA4A5HAH$+4A@4A>4E AH@bGA,I56WbLF$?45FG-?T8A8# L8A4 8+

)5' : Mitcham, E.J., F.G. Mitchell, M.L. Arpaia, and A.A. Kader. 2002. Postharvest Treatments for insect control. p. 251-257, in: A.A. Kader (ed). Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops, third edition. University of California , ANR Publication 3311.

>4EAHIGA38? >4E)5G<5G<8)>4L8?)5@,?C?K|4GG,6]8FBI8'%A4$F$E457$%4$F4>I5>@^ >4E8 -)5)JG<>@^874L>$87 >4E)?>+J>8> 5S >4E8)5 K?8> )G,I4A8"8)5 )4FF$E45>4E)G0G4L)5@,?C?>4E8 -)5)JG<>@^7?@4A)5F<+V'46$84 CF-4L".8AF GH%k'4 :*48F>|:EL]8? 8+A4+ 4)FbL8+G4@+$;$C,A<:)58+F>$8% G(Mitcham et al in Kader, 2002) 8"@4A 5S8? >74>'4@\8+ 5Ar45 >4E8 -)5)JG<>@^874L>$87 8A8?7?8"8)5 >$878+8? C?)G4>5SK?)G4>87 @ 0L84LC8( IF GH%{'4)58F E'4@\G4@7?8 -8+4A5Ar45 4A8 -)5)JG<>@^65F-)"55E<5,%3 '|4>:4E6$?:$:.@0L6$A0AA)+4$4A8+AJ:>4E8 -)5)JG<>@^874L>$87 >4E)?>+J>8> 5S>4E 8)5 K?8>46@4AE5F<+V'4>4E4E$:.4A4<8FFF$E45>4E>4G5AsL5Ar>$<)>H5F$E45C?)F,IA<:stone fruit (Shewfelt, 1986), 7$#p:-4A<:85:84 487 @

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C? G@4A Gloeosporium sp. Penicillium 84@ expansum 4LH>4?F>+H>9L6H )>,69: Phytophthora citrophthora Pythium butleri Sclerotinia F%>8KBI sclerotiorum

Penicillium digitatum )>,6D^4E Phytophthora sp. AnthracnoseCollectotrichum stem F-4L gloeosporioides @ Fungi Diplodia sp Phomopsis sp. Poor de-greening )>,6 Phytophthora sp. ?{: Fungi Anthracnose Colletotrichum * ?{: gleosporioides

Peach Monolinia fruticola Rhizopus Motile skin stolonifer Erwinia sp. Slight spotting 8@rF (bell)

>4EAHIGA38? >4E)5G<5G<8)>4L8?)5@,?C?K|4GG,6]8FBI8'%A4$F$E457$%4$F4>I5>@^ * >4E)G0G4E56WbL+4$: EEL]8? A4+ 8A :*48F5Ar45@> A4+ 8A :*48F

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C? G@4A (min) (%) Apple Gloeosporium sp. Penicillium expansum 5$C4= Melon Fungi +45 Marked breakdown Peach Monolinia fruticola Rhizopus stolonifer Strawberry Alternaria sp. Botrytis sp., Rhizopus sp. Cladosporium sp.

)5': Barkai-Golan, R. and Phillips, D.J. 1991. Postharvest treatments of fresh fruits and vegetables for decay control. Plant Disease 75:1085-1089.

>4E)G0G4E8)5 plant growth regulators C?$H:)G,I4A8" 8)5 )4F48)"&:5$8=Y>4E8 -)5)JG<>@^874L" @A<:a5S874L>$ 87U>4E)"5)":>4EH>CHL8)>4L )5@,?C?E0@4@0LI< F4)F8CF\7?4C|>yA>@^I<)"5)":>G46y):6$ EH F$E45C8( A<: 5A@0L 6$A0AYF,@8@ ?>|:G4E4:K4:8)>4@U 8"468)5 plant growth regulators EL4: 87 @ A4E4'4E5FC)>,6 A<: 4?$745 ?$874LA4'4:4L++0?E:8)"4 9|4>8+AJ:'4H>CHLYF,@8@ ?G4E4:K4:8)>4@U F4E4GH)G0G4A8A8? + C*4E4A 6H 54Q 4>4E8 -)5)JG<>@^>@^8)>4L)5@,?C?]

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syringaeBio- )>,6 digitatus,P. )?>5S4= 8? >?: Save) italicum,Geotri chum citri- aurantii

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8FOE expansum,Botr 8 -84L84" 8? >?: ytis cinerea Penicilliu , 84@ expansum,Botr )?>5S8 - 8? >?: ytis bE cinerea,Mucor 84L84" piriformis Fusarium

7$#p: sambucinum,H )?>5S4= 8? >?: elminthosporiu m solani Biocontrol Candida Pome Decay

oleophila fruits pathogens >4E8)5 )4F 8? >?: (Aspire) )58'+%4@0L Decay

)>,6 pathogens >4E8)5 )4F 8? >?: )58'+%4@0L PGR Gibberellic acid Delays

(Pro Gibb) )>,6 senescence ?458)5: 8? >?: (delays onset of decay) F$E45F>+H> PGR 2,4-D (Citrus Delays

Fix) )>,6 senescence of ?458)5: buttons (delays onset of decay) F$E45F>+H>

)5' : Adaskaveg, J.E., H. Forster, and N.F. Sommer. 2002. Principles of postharvest pathology and management of decays of edible horticultural crops. p. 196-195, in: A.A. Kader (ed). Postharvest technology of horticultural crops, third edition. University of California , ANR Publication 3311.

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(4&: Rij, R. et al. 1979. Handling Precooling and Temperature Management of Cut Flower Crops for Truck Transportation. USDA Science and Education Administration, AAT- W-5, UC Leaflet 21058

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(4& : Gast, K.L.B. and Flores , R. 1991. Precooling produce. Kansas State University Cooperative Extension, Manhattan , Kansas .

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(4&: Parsons, R.A. and Kasmire, R.F. 1974. Forced-air unit to rapidly cool small lots of packaged produce. University of California Cooperative Extension, OSA #272.

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(4&: Thompson, J.F. 2002. Cooling horticultural commodities. pp.97-112. In: Kader, A.A. (ed). Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops. Univ. of California , Div. of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Publication 3311. Mitchell, F.G. et al. 1972. Commercial cooling of fruits and vegetables. California Agricultural Experiment Station Extension Service, Manual 43.

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=343UzE FG$v&3763K5#:3K(Evaporative cooling ) =@y97H5JU4J397(=3?7@7 , E#&3DZ?[3F;6>357B) ?763K*I=3@=3D7B) ?3P3#9@;9 6#4+>?G@7!49RE7>(I=479o F3@3>=sJ$fE#D34=3D43UzE FG$v&3F3?5#:3Kt@=@y7H5JU46> 7 , 5#74 9 =@y97H5JU47 , 5#74 9Z

~~=@y97H5JU46+549v3/E6>?3@Bmz={k9 F3?DKZ=3D7 ,73K {k97E ?7@37(!39*3#9?+>@I9(F+H3@43UzE FG$v&3763K5#:3K7@=#"z97>t8\ =@y97H5JU47 , 5#74 9(Straw packinghouse):~~

(4&: FAO. 1986. Improvement of Post-Harvest Fresh Fruits and Vegetables Handling- A Manual. Bangkok : UNFAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. =3D@GHF|@27> =3D(4F;4F|;7(=3K7>(4?+>B>Jw3FF+5Z7EAH7&$@3#E#D346#$3#E3=H4=?[ 14=D$243UzE FG$v&3763K5#:3K35E39E976 ? 7 ,73KJ{>(F3=7@=wz9D5@3E?_@T E|z=*G=*3#9?+> 4Q(FI?F7=EB>;FB> D4 14=D$243UzE FG$v&3*3#97@E=|;E?7*@I9F#4@6> ?3@E#7$ ?*34763K7:FG83=#D;Ft@=3D5G(F3==#$F(FI? 7* 9)37EW 7* o FS7@7> E FG$v&3wet bulk(*@344Q6G#7' (F3=4Q5#74 9(F+H3@7B) ?7: KJ{>(F+H3@*3<5+>=3FF3? (*@34763K7(4 =9v3F+5 7@=wz91*3:D$2B|>73K* 7@ 7!4@|=*I= =3"z9=wz9?/K@3* 7*7> (*@346>?3@tBm foot =37D 6>35B|>J{>7E ?(!4(!3@76 ? 43UzE FG$v&3B>;FB> =(3U9=wz9DKQ7> 7* 7?39*I=(F+H3@(4?+>7@=wz983E7@3FD4EE#$G#14=D$27: KH;> E3D5G7" 9 14=D$243UzE FG$v&3763K5#:3K 35B)#3?/K14=D$243UzE FG$v&3 763K=#>3#9J{> E#D34"kF2B>;FB>6>?3@5#@/@F;5 7!43UzE FG$v&3J{>F3?=3DCy9=3F(*@347E ? ?G@7>H3Cy9 =3F=3U4@I9G#H;;FB>.{>355G(F3=7@=wz9 4Q 6-7(=F3? wet bulk temperature t@J{>7@=wz94@m4 14=D$243UzE FG$v&3763K=#>3#9J{>5#:3K(Evaporative forced-air cooler) :

(4&: Thompson, J. F. and Kasmire, R.F. 1981. An evaporative cooler for vegetable crops. California Agriculture , March-April: 20-21. Source: Mitchell in Kader, 1992. Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops. University of California , Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Publication 3311. 296 pp. 14=D$243UzE FG$v&3763K5#:3K?3@49v3?3@J{> =/5 (votex wind machine) J)>/EC[3YDF+H3@7(4 (3E76 ? E39E9(447E| 9 D7@7> Bw=BmzK =3D@GHF|@27> =3D(4F;4F|;7(=3K7>(4?+>B>Jw3FF+5Z7EAH7&$@3#E#D346#$3#E3=H4=?[ !w3D4E14=D$26>Bmz=6=Bm3#9{k94Q5#74 97!4@|=FI=7@7> {k94Q5#74 97: KJ{>49,;>F3<*/4Ne@ 4-FK=E#7$ ?7>7@3J{>(F3=3@Cy9=3FF3?=@y9Bmz=B>;FB>7@J39=wz914=D$27@7>7(4 14=D$27@E FG$v&3(F+H3@43Uz6> 7* oC W7* oFS7(=3?E FG$v&3J{=wz94@m4 3?/K@I9E#7$ ?7A44D;K=3E(4:> X

~~(4& : Redulla , C.A. et al. 1984. Temperature and relative humidity in two types of evaporative coolers. Postharvest Research Notes, 1(1): 25-28.~~

14=D$243UzE FG$v&3763K5#:3K35E39E9;E#&3DZE3?j3Y6+53E#F3H@;94QE) 3 76 ?14=D$243UzE FG$v&3763K4@|=?3@49v36#7$ =3D763K D#:/F763K![3@=3D7(4 (3E=9v3D=3D43UzE FG$v&3=3@F>R(47E D(4E;@74 14=D$27@363=7@=wz9 ?y47: K7(4 !7@y96>?3@J{>75<5+>>R =3D@GHF|@27> =3D(4F;4F|;7(=3K7>(4?+>B>Jw3FF+5Z7EAH7&$@3#E#D346#$3#E3=H4=?[ 14=D$243UzE FG$v&3763K4@|=(Drip cooler) :

(4&ZRedulla , C.A. et al. 1984. Keeping perishables without refrigeration: use of a drip cooler. Appropriate Postharvest Technology 1(2): 13-15. 7@(47*E:, > @7!7(4 14=D$27, 73K(F3=763K5#:3KE3?3j D44 E#D3443UzE FG$v &3@;9E|z=*G=4@yW6+53749737?mE73y=@;9mustard greensS(47&*a WD+449v3 Jm6=7(E34E9oE 6>?3@63=*I=(GI) @;9Jm*I=?/K7*AF7@ 7> 7!(!43H(=75 7@ 5#7:A9@;9 7> 7B) ?763K*I=6>(F3#=wz9Jm7@J397> @;9J397(=3?(47&* b, Bw=J39=wz9 E97" 9763K 4@m GI >3F3?/K@I9(47:39F+5Y W57@y3 55cmS 7: KBw=J397(=7 , >/E E#$3<?3@EDtEF+5W E?S57@y3 4@mJ39=wz9@;9J397(=!- E? 53=4#7<763K 9o3?6>D=)373K7E ?763KF&P347*@I9(=$3F(>=7@=wz9Jm*-=6>63=7@7> 14=D$27@3 B>;FB>D=)3*G=7@=wz914=D$2(47&*7@ 35?3@3KG=3>H939B>;FB> 6>*G=7@=wz9 >=sJ$f4D;K3=3E?[F3=3D3F*#9@@;97" 9*G#D4E74973@;97?mE?3@6#7$ DK-F7: K35D=)3 *G=3@K+D6+5*G=7@=wz9*+*I===6DWDKZ7>(4:> E3|:2S=3DERzKD>/K35343v34G@|7!

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(4&Z Acedo, A.L. 1997. Storage life of vegetables in simple evaporative coolers. Tropical Science 37: 169-175. Acedo, A. 1997. Ripening and disease control during evaporative cooling storage of tomatoes. Tropical Science 37: 209-213. 14=D$27, 73K(F3=763K5#:3K6>63=7@J397> t@=@y9E|z=*G= 357, 73K4@m4E|z= B>;F*3#9?+>(F3= ?3@6+536#"k9,3 4Q B>;FB>6>?3@&3D/E7*@I9&3(F3= D@TJ{>5+> E#D34K=J{> 7(= !/D63=7*Bw=3Ft@E#@9 76 ? H3357, 73K J{>(F3=Cy9=3F4@m4?G@7> 75<7*7(=

~~(4&Z Thompson, J.F. and Scheuerman, R.W. 1993. Curing and Storing California Sweetpotatoes. Merced County Cooperative Extension, Merced , California 95340~~

=3D@GHF|@27> =3D(4F;4F|;7(=3K7>(4?+>B>Jw3FF+5Z7EAH7&$@3#E#D346#$3#E3=H4=?[ 4@m47, 73K(F3=6>?3@F#t>783=J397(=3? E97" 9# 06r Bw=57@y3D4E06r(F+H 3@4#7<763KJ)35 7: KJ)35 @;9 06r(F+H7B) ?3@;5U763K*I= 7!63=By7' @;94@y7@J39=wz9 7: K4@m4*3#9?+>(F+H(!4763K=7@m>(="37E ?B96D763K7:FG83=3DE39E94@m47@ 7!(F+H=3DE#&3DZ7(5 @6+75w!/D7(4 H35#73FB>;FB>$36>?3@F#t>t8y =wz9D6+H7=|7@0$f34@m47@35D=)3E FG$v&3J39=wz9 oC ( oF) 7: K RH (4:> X =3D7 ,73K(47E D@+H4@m4(F3=6>?;@(F+H=3D83?>Z

(4&Z Roy S.K. 1989. Postharvest technology of vegetable crops in India. Indian Horticulture. Jan-June: 7678. .$4( ($;0$1:M/(&-& /(1(/;% =@y9E|z=*G= 357, 73K(F3=763K7(4 J{>7>K43@74 E;@3E FG$v&3DH397>K4 @;9t8\JGE!w3Jy3#9(Thompson in Kader, 2002) =@y9=3DE|z=*G=(F+H63=G E+"97: KD@TJ{>!/D63= 7@Bm3>6 D@TJ{>3574 =7@7>K47: K=9v3D357(4 E#D34(E+4J{>Cy9=3F4@m4*3#9?+>D5@3

=3D@GHF|@27> =3D(4F;4F|;7(=3K7>(4?+>B>Jw3FF+5Z7EAH7&$@3#E#D346#$3#E3=H4=?[ E?_@T7@(47E D4#BGFE#D34D=)3E FG$v&373K(F3==wz97>t8\ (4E;@74 4@m47@?3@ GE+"9>R 7: KD@TJ{>(F+H3@4;F7@7>(I=(>I?

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4%!5('$;6$.(Chilling injury) B>;FB>4@y@;9By7' F9F93K**/>D9@+HD4/E763K(F3=7@7>43UzE FG$v&3*34 39 7* oCW 7*oFSD4/E763K(F3==3F4@nK!G$&3@;94@nK3KG=3> B>;FB>F3D39J397(=3?B|>1*3:D$2?/K5#@/@ 7D3!E3j3t@D4/E763K(F3=F3?(47&*B>;FB> 7B)9Y7D3!E3j3*3#97@F97>575<4@m34 B>;FB>63=(F>47*E FG$v&37=|6+537@7> 5D35D$27@* B)3D376 ? 4@y@;9By7' 6>93K**/>D9D4/E763K(F3=7@7>E|z=*G=E FG$v&3*34?[F3 4G@|?;@?@E FG$v&349o=(Fruits and vegetables susceptible to chilling injury when stored at moderately low but nonfreezing temperatures)

=3D3@(4?3$ E FG$v&36>?3@ >=s$Zt@D4/E7@7>E|z=*G=DH39E FG$v&3 B>;FB> 1 EGHFn;&3*344#BGF 0°C @;9E FG$v&3EGHFn;&3 °C °F Apples Internal browning, brown core, soggy (Jonathan, McIntosh, 2-3 36-38 breakdown,soft scald Yellow Newton ) Asparagus 0-2 32-36 Dull, gray-green, and limp tips Avocados 4.5-13 40-55 Grayish-brown discoloration of flesh Bananas, green or ripe 11.5-13 53-56 Dull color when ripened Beans ( lima ) 1-4.5 34-40 Rusty brown specks, spots, or areas Beans (snap) 7 45 Pitting and russeting Cranberries 2 36 Rubbery texture, red flesh Cucumbers 7 45 Pitting, water-soaked spots, decay Eggplants 7 45 Surface scald, alternaria rot, blackening of seeds Guavas 4.5 40 Pulp injury, decay Grapefruit 10 50 Scald, pitting, watery breakdown Jicama 13-18 55-65 Surface decay, discoloration Lemons 11-13 52-55 Pitting, membranous staining, red blotch Limes 7-9 45-48 Pitting, turning tan with time Mangos 10-13 50-55 Grayish scald-like discoloration of skin, uneven ripening Melons Cantaloupe 2-5 36-41 Pitting, surface decay Melons Honey Dew 7-10 45-50 Reddish-tan discoloration, pitting, surface decay,failure to ripen Melons Casaba 7-10 45-50 Same as above but no discoloration

=3D@GHF|@27> =3D(4F;4F|;7(=3K7>(4?+>B>Jw3FF+5Z7EAH7&$@3#E#D346#$3#E3=H4=?[ Melons Crenshaw and 7-10 45-50 Same as above but no discoloration Persian Watermelons 4.5 40 Pitting, objectionable flavor Okra 7 45 Discoloration, water-soaked areas, pitting, decay Olives, fresh 7 45 Internal browning Oranges , California and 3 38 Pitting, brown stain Arizona Papayas 7 45 Pitting, failure to ripen, off flavor, decay Peppers, sweet 7 45 Sheet pitting, alternaria rot on pods and calyxes,darkening of seed Pineapples 7-10 45-50 Dull green when ripened Pomegranates 4.5 40 Pitting, external and internal browning Potatoes 3 38 Mahogany browning (Chippewa and Sebago), sweetening Pumpkins and hard-shell 10 50 Decay, especially alternaria rot squashes Sweetpotatoes 13 55 Decay, pitting, internal discoloration; hardcore when cooked Tamarillos 3-4 37-40 Surface pitting, discoloration Tomatoes Ripe 7-10 45-50 Water-soaking and softening, decay Tomatoes Mature-green 13 55 Poor color when ripe, alternaria rot

~~13575<7@7>4@m34;K=75<7*=3@E FG$v&37=|a4G7$g36>F97= F7" 9 =#"z97>7@* B)3D~~

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~~(4&: Harderburg, R.E., A. E. Watada, and C-Y. Wang 1986. The Commercial Storage of Fruits Vegetables. and Florist and Nursery Stocks. USDA, Agricultural Handbook No. 66.~~

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~~(cfm= cubic feet/min) Front elevation~~

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~~(4&: Grierson, W. 1987. Postharvest Handling Manual Commercialization of Alternative Handling Crops Project. The Belize Agribusiness Company/Chenomics International/USAID.~~

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7!7(4 =3D63=*I=== 7> E#D34B>;FB>3=>3==#"z97>6I=3Pk@ 76 ? /K8D=)3E#7$ ? 7A473K7@JE 7!7(4 =3D63=*I=== 7> F3?/K@I9B>;FB>6>@7*@I9*I= ?;@?3@&393K D97*&3(F3=F4G7$3g W6+53 =3DGF 73F (FE=(E+H escarole tE tC83H broccoli EyI=JmI?S @I93?/KFE#4=7H5JU46>@@I9*I=F4G7$g3Wwax fiberboard, y3Em;=4Q7' S

=3D@GHF|@27> =3D(4F;4F|;7(=3K7>(4?+>B>Jw3FF+5Z7EAH7&$@3#E#D346#$3#E3=H4=?[ =3D63=*I=== 7> 4@mz=!/D7(4 7@F3?/D33963=B|z#F?/K=@y9H3?3@E3DE#J3@6>?;@63= 3#9=@y9J{>75<5+>7@J39=wz9D8K@|6I=3Pk@ Should be Top-iced: Can be Top-iced: beets with tops artichokes, globe

~~broccoli beet greens~~

~~carrots with tops beets topped~~

~~corn sweet brussels sprouts~~

~~endive cantaloupes~~

~~escarole carrots, topped~~

~~green onions celeriac~~

~~parsley chard~~

~~radishes with tops kohlrabi~~

~~radish greens leeks~~

~~spinach mustard greens~~

~~turnips parsnips~~

~~turnips with tops radishes~~

~~turnip greens rutabagas~~

watercress (4&: Thompson, J.F. 2002. Cooling horticultural commodities. pp.97-112. In: Kader, A.A. (ed). Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops. Univ. of California , Div. of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Publication 3311. McGregor, B.M. 1989. Tropical Products Transport Handbook. USDA, Office of Transportation, Agricultural Handbook Number 668 #7D EH; E3(E|t@=3D4UzE FG@v&3(Alternative methods of cooling) =3D43UzE FG$v&3763K4#&3K(Radiant Cooling) 7!7(4 =343UzE FG$v&3763K4#&3K76 ? 43UzE FG$v&3J{>7@=wz9=@y9E|z=*G= (4E;@74 =@y9(4?+>=3#DE[ DF+H3@F&P347*@I9(4_@TJ{>75<5+>D4E3!3D F3?DKZ=3D7(4 14=D$2(E+4@y- 7@37@7>K4=#76@I9@I9(F+H3F495+>7*=wz94D;6r3@ 7!35**/>3@ E FG$v&37@J39=wz9D5@3 E?_@T3@ oCW(4:>oFSF;539E FG$v&37@7>K4

=3D7(4 (3E*I=$|k975< (Use of Well Water) =3D@GHF|@27> =3D(4F;4F|;7(=3K7>(4?+>B>Jw3FF+5Z7EAH7&$@3#E#D346#$3#E3=H4=?[ =3D7(4 (3E*I=$|k975<37@=wz9F#4@3 7(5 @=wz9;&7>3= E FG$v&3*I=D4E$|k96>?3@#7D7(?3@*#7@3D6+57*=wz957@y3t@E FG$v&3 J{>3?{?t@F#4@6+5!w36D 7!357(4 *I=$|k9758K5G oC W oFS 7@D3>=3D7= @7" 9t@DKZ=#E?/K! "k ?(F (4E;@74 w=7> =63=B>;FB>?3@#7D E76 ? 7H5JU4 @;9^E|z=*G=B>;FB>7@DKZ=#EJE 7@3F#t>358K5G * =@y9E|z=*G= @;9 43UzE FG$v&36>(4F;4F|;7@DKZ=#EJE (F+H=3D 83?>F;539=3D(4F;4F|;*3#9"3K7@7E[ @ H+E?G(*E#D34>*TB>6+5!w3 3=l@534=3D73KJ{>75<5+>@37>K435D=)3E FG$v&3B>;FB>K39?3@(4E;*T;&3 7@7>6>E FG$v&3J{>J397(=F3439E FG$v&3(F+H=3DD4EB>;FB>E#D34DKZ7> 7* 7?39=wz9?/KK4

(4&ZThompson, J.F. 2002. Cooling horticultural commodities. pp.97-112. In: Kader, A.A. (ed). Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops. Univ. of California, Div. of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Publication 3311.

=3D479o @E#7$ ?7A4(Increasing relative humidity) J{>=wz9?3E G@(F3=?3@E#7$ ?*34 6>?3@(47K3@2 E#D34=3DE|z=*G=6#$3#E3=H4=?[3 7(5 @H; E3(E|93K4#BGFt@=3D479o @E#7$ ?D4EJ{>=wz9=@y9E|z=*G=!-(F+H7B) ?=#D3>D4E4@m44Q 7 ,73K?3@_m7B) ?=wz97=EE|z=*G=3?/K@I9*I=(F3=@;9@G3j3F;73K*I=:/F3@ E#D34(4_@T35;t(@|K2D4EE#7$ ?7A4JE7@=wz94D;6r3@E|z=*G= 7!354@n?E#7$ ?6> J{>(F3==9v3D4=*3=3FF3?4+4Ne@5#:3KD4E?3E G@(F3=®4@m34?==3FF3?Ey4Q5#74 9 7E ? (M)4@m34?=J{>7E ?(F+H3@*3<5+>7*=wz94@m4E|z=*G==3FF3?3P3#96>?3@(47:39F+5Y (P) Ey7E ?6>3(4&E#7$ ?7@J39=wz94@m4E|z=*G=(F3=(Wet moss as a moisture source inside a refrigerated storeroom):

~~ =3D@GHF|@27> =3D(4F;4F|;7(=3K7>(4?+>B>Jw3FF+5Z7EAH7&$@3#E#D346#$3#E3=H4=?[~~

~~(4& : Lopez, E.G. 1983. Conservación de la Producción Agrícola. Barcelona Editorial Aedos. 188 pp.~~

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(4& Z Thompson, J.F. and Spinoglio, M. 1994. Small-scale cold rooms for perishable commodities. Family Farm Series, Small Farm Center , University of California , Davis . E?3E3FGJ{>7@=wz94D;6r3@E|z=*G=357DA45#E#D4E#D/>763K=3D479o @4Q=3D43Uz(F3J{> 75<5+>W=3D63=43Uk>J{>J{>4D;EG*TS4Q763K=3D7(4 E3D3FG(E+41E[_@6+534+F3E{k??9=3 $3F4Q=3D4+@E=?[376 ?=3DE|z=*G=Jw3F#763K(F/F;@;F{4Q=EF#D+H4D;K3=3E(controlled or modified atmosphere) (F+H=3D475U=H;*{3@;9#@3<(!4(!9E3#<3G#7*34 3?3@H; E3(E|E3?3jJyY E#D347> =63=B>;FB>=wz94D;?3$F;5=`763K

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~~(4&: McGregor, B.M. 1989. Tropical Products Transport Handbook. USDA Office of Transportation, Agricultural Handbook 668.~~

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*B>;FB>*3#97@35(!4763K*I=== (4&: McGregor, B.M. 1989. Tropical Products Transport Handbook. USDA Office of Transportation, Agricultural Handbook 668.

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~~(4&: McGregor, B.M. 1989. Tropical Products Transport Handbook. USDA Office of Transportation, Agricultural Handbook 668.~~

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~~(4&: McGregor, B.M. 1989. Tropical Products Transport Handbook. USDA Office of Transportation, Agricultural Handbook 668.~~

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~~(4& : FAO. 1985. Prevention of Post-Harvest Food Losses: A Training Manual. Rome : UNFAO. 120pp.~~

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~~(4&ZFAO. 1985. Prevention of Post-Harvest Food Losses: A Training Manual. Rome : UNFAO. 120 pp. E#$3<Z~~

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~~(4&ZFAO. 1985. Prevention of Post-Harvest Food Losses: A Training Manual. Rome : UNFAO. 120 pp.~~

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E3D3FG==#D3E ;G< Batt and Blanket Insulation Glass wool, mineral wool, or fiberglass 3.50 Fill-Type Insulation Cellulose 3.50 Glass or mineral wool 2.50-3.00 Vermiculite 2.20 Wood shavings or sawdust 2.22 Rigid Insulation Plain expanded extruded polystyrene 5.00 Expanded rubber 4.55 Expanded polystyrene molded beads 3.57 Aged expanded polyurethane 6.25 Glass fiber 4.00 Polyisocyranuate 8.00 Wood or cane fiber board 2.50 Foamed-in-Place Insulation Sprayed expanded urethane 6.25 Building Materials Full thickness of material Solid concrete 0.08 8-inch concrete block, open core 1.11 8-inch lightweight concrete block open core 2.00 8-inch concrete block with vermiculite in core 5.03 Lumber, fir or pine 1.25 Metal siding <0.01 3/8-inch plywood 1.25 - 0.47 1/2-inch plywood 1.25 - 0.62 Masonite particleboard 1.06 25/32-inch insulated sheathing 2.06 1/2-inch Sheetrock 0.45 1/2-inch wood lapsiding 0.81 Reflectix (1/4 inch bubble/aluminum foil sheeting) 18.00

~~(4&Z Boyette, M.D. et al. No date. Design of Room Cooling Facilities: Structural and Energy Requirements. North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service.~~

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~~(4& : Tugwell, B.L. No date. Coolroom construction for the fruit and vegetable grower. Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, South Australia . Special Bulletin 11.75.~~

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~~(4& : Seung Koo Lee, 1994. Assoc. Prof., Postharvest Technology Lab., Department of Horticulture, Seoul National University, Suwon 441-744, Korea.~~

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~~(4&: Potato Marketing Board. No date. Control of Environment. Part 2. London : Sutton Bridge Experiment Station, Report No. 6~~

~~=3D@GHF|@27> =3D(4F;4F|;7(=3K7>(4?+>B>Jw3FF+5Z7EAH7&$@3#E#D346#$3#E3=H4=?[~~

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~~(4&: Potato Marketing Board. No date. Control of Environment. Part 2. London : Sutton Bridge Experiment Station, Report No. 6~~

7!35E39E9*D7@J39Y E#&3DZ7B)9Y7!357 ,D@TJ{>6>357> =63=3@ 4@m7' F+5Y3D39(F 7=3$=37D4Q35FG7=3$7!357(4 4#9D39?+> y3Em;=4Q6 06r(4E;@74 7!35753 D@T763K?;@4$|3>73KJ+5J3F6>D5@3E?_@T7* 4Q7!357 ,*D7@J397(=3?6 35;t(@|763K=3D7(4 74FG9

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*D4#97 , 06r(Clay pipe duct) :

*DEwk=7 , 74FG9(Sunken concrete duct) :

(4&: Potato Marketing Board. No date. Control of Environment. Part 2. London : Sutton Bridge Experiment Station, Report No. 6 7@=wz9F#4@(F3= E FG$v&3E|z=*G=E?(E435D=)33@763K@3#J{> J397(=5+>7*=wz9 =@y9E|z=*G= !3D63=F#7" 9=9v3D3?[F3E#D34(4_@TJ{>75<5+>763K7(4 E#3?3@49v3<6+5 J39 7(=3? =3DBaFBa9J{>F3?=3>7> 7 ,73K?3@&393K(E/>6>=3D7DA45#=@y9E|z=*G= 7!35 4@n?D@T49,;>J{>7@Bw=J39=wz93@(4E;@74 7!=#G97(4 (3E?3E G@(F3= 7!35E39E9*D 7' 4#9y3Em;=4QE3D3FGE?(E4$3?/K=`3@

~~=3D@GHF|@27> =3D(4F;4F|;7(=3K7>(4?+>B>Jw3FF+5Z7EAH7&$@3#E#D346#$3#E3=H4=?[ (4_@T5=53KJ{>75<5+>F3?=3>7> (Overhead ventilation distribution system) :~~

~~(47&**DE#D34=93v D4-FJ{>5+>(Types of ducts for air inlet fans):~~

~~(4& : Davis, R. et al. No date. Storage Recommendations for Northern Onion Growers. Cornell University Extension Information Bulletin 148~~

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~~ =3D@GHF|@27> =3D(4F;4F|;7(=3K7>(4?+>B>Jw3FF+5Z7EAH7&$@3#E#D346#$3#E3=H4=?[~~

7:3$3#963=4@|7@7> 6#4+>t@D5@3E?_@TE|z=*G=3#@/K7(5 @4#BGF=wz9=3DB|>3?y46>3P3#9 @;9 74 =73K?3@J{>75<5+> =3#DE[u(3*;F{ @;9 =wz9=3DB|>=3D=3D3D 7&yx9 3@GE3E@27! !/D7 ,7:3$3#9K397:35$3E ?(F( feet )

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(4&: Walker, D.J. 1992. World Food Programme Food Storage Manual. Chatham , UK : Natural Resources Institute. 7@=@y96>![3@!a E@ */D4Ne@*3<763K=#>3#9J{>35//KD=)3734@m4E|z=*G=7@(F3= F3?=3D*37" 9=3FF3?3!3D D@TJ{>7@F3?=#D3>?3@(47K3@2;7EEE#D34=3D43UzE FG$v &3F3?J{>75<5+>7>K4

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~~ =3D@GHF|@27> =3D(4F;4F|;7(=3K7>(4?+>B>Jw3FF+5Z7EAH7&$@3#E#D346#$3#E3=H4=?[ =3DE|z=*G=44#@+=(Mound storage) :~~

~~(4& : McKay, S. 1992. Home Storage of Fruits and Vegetables. Northeast Regional Agricultural Engineering Service Publication No. 7~~

~~=3DE|z=*G=F3?=3D753(47:39(Trench storage) :~~

~~(4&: McKay, S. 1992. Home Storage of Fruits and Vegetables. Northeast Regional Agricultural Engineering Service Publication No. 7~~

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~~(4& : Bubel, M. and Bubel, N. 1979. Root Cellaring: The Simple. No-Processing Way to Store Fruits and Vegetables. Emmaus , PA : Rodale Press. 297 pp.~~

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3!#@;F>R7@34@m47(=3?6 !/D63=* F3#97@7> =@y9#D3>5+D7AEH39=@y96>?3@tBm6 *34 74 G#6+57@37*4@m47@3353#*I= 5+D63=73K7@C\3K 76 ?7' 763K7:FG834QE7' @I9H3K>G= 3P3#94@m44@|;5?|9YF#t>4@m47(=3?6 6>3@E39E9763K7(4 E#&3DZ8[ Y35?3@F#t>E(4:> 6G>y34Q7(5 @397@7: KH3?3@3KG7(4 (3EK39F;5 Cw3#76 ? =3F4@nKF#t>5+;53D $3 E#$96>7(4 6G#7B7' 6>7(4 (3E7" 9H;<4Q=3D7(4 (3E6 J)3576 ? 4#7

(4& : Bubel, M. and Bubel, N. 1979. Root Cellaring: The Simple. No-Processing Way to Store Fruits and Vegetables. Emmaus , PA : Rodale Press. 297 pp. Hobson, Phyllis. 1981. Build your own underground root cellar. Storey Communications, Inc. 32 pp.

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~~Root box:~~

~~(4& : Bubel, M. and Bubel, N. 1979. Root Cellaring: The Simple No-Processing Way to Store Fruits and Vegetables. Emmaus , PA : Rodale Press. 297 pp.~~

~~=3D@GHF|@27> =3D(4F;4F|;7(=3K7>(4?+>B>Jw3FF+5Z7EAH7&$@3#E#D346#$3#E3=H4=?[ . @.$45NL.7.'$5$.8%.0A~~

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(4&: Cantwell, M.I. and R.F. Kasmire. 2002. Postharvest Handling Systems: Underground Vegetables (Roots, Tubers, and Bulbs) p. 435-443. In: A.A. Kader (ed.) Postharvest technology of horticultural crops, University of California . ANR Publication 3311.

E#D34=3DE|z=*G=JmI?(=:?@;9JmI?E3#@+=7!!/D7DA45#(4_@TJ{>75<5+>76 ? B|>J{>5+> 7*=wz9=@y9E|z=*G= 3FD4E4@m47@(F3 cubic feet =wz9?/K@3* =wz9?/K cubic feet D4EB>;F B> (4E;@74 B>;FB>7@=wz97=E 4QG9 7@3#@+=(F+H@G3j3F;73K?3@5>@3J{>75<5+>763K 7ED 7!(F+HF#7DA4/DD4E7=E(E47*@I9*;E76D4ED:+DJ{> 7: K*G=57@y3 7* ;G< !w3 7!(F+H=3D BmFBa9J{>73K3@(!4(!3@ 7@%3Ft@/D@;?/KY 7: K7=E(F+HFG=73K?3@D@TJ{>75< 5+>(FI?(F+H

~~=3D@GHF|@27> =3D(4F;4F|;7(=3K7>(4?+>B>Jw3FF+5Z7EAH7&$@3#E#D346#$3#E3=H4=?[ =3DE|z=*G=3#@+=(Bulk storage) :~~

~~=3DE|z=*G=7@=wz97=E(=63E4Q=wz9G9(Storage in cartons or bins) :~~

~~(4&: Oregon State University , 1978. Onion Storage: Guidelines for Commercial Growers. Oregon State Extension Service. Extension Circular 948.~~

.$45NL.7.'$%=51,*'$(00(Storage of root and tuber crops) >=sJ$fE|z=*G=3@GE3E@2E#D346#$3#4QE@;96#$3#7? ?(F+H3@7DA4D344@|4@m34F3?F3D396+5 J397(=3? 6#"k9E#D34=3D=t5w?3@=3DD=)3*G=>R4#BGF7@E FG$v&3?{? 76 ? =#$FB>;F=?[EoD 76>7" 97J[7@7>=#76=#"z97>=t5w 6#"k9E#D347(4 (3E=`(F+HE|z=*G=7@=wz9=@y999IFB96D 763K7:FG837? ?D4EH3@I9B>;F=yD+& > W(43t4F9S 7: K479o F73K?3@3FGG> alkaloid solanine (4E;@74 7!*G=H373K(F+H@y- 6#"k9E|z=*G=E#D347 , L+M E|z=*G=>R4#BGF7@=wz9@y-E3K

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~~(4&: CIP. 1981. Principles of Potato Storage. Lima , Peru : International Potato Center (CIP). 105 pp.~~

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~~(4& : CIP. 1981. Principles of Potato Storage. Lima , Peru : International Potato Center (CIP). 105 pp.~~

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~~ =3D@GHF|@27> =3D(4F;4F|;7(=3K7>(4?+>B>Jw3FF+5Z7EAH7&$@3#E#D346#$3#E3=H4=?[~~

~~(4&: University of Idaho . No date. Idaho Potato Storage . Agricultural Experiment Station, College of Agriculture , Bulletin 410.~~

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(4& : Lopez, E.G. 1983. Conservación de la Producción Agrícola. Barcelona : Editorial Aedos. 188 pp. 7@7>63=6#"k95+>7*=wz9=@y9E|z=*G= =3D63=D3KB>;FB>3=F|3E#J3@E#D347 ,73K?3@ J{>75<5+>>R =3DBmz=B>;FB>![3@D4A4 @I97 ,73KEm5>@3J{> 7: K @3#73K3F497@7> E|z=*G=3(E_K763K![3@J{>75<5+>(!4(!3@ =3D63=D3K6#"k97E[ !w37@=wz94@m4E|z=*G=(Even distribution of potatoes in the storeroom) : =3D@GHF|@27> =3D(4F;4F|;7(=3K7>(4?+>B>Jw3FF+5Z7EAH7&$@3#E#D346#$3#E3=H4=?[

~~=3D63=D3K6#"k9![3@D74A47@=wz94@m4E|z=*G=(Uneven distribution of potatoes in the storeroom):~~

~~(4&: CIP. 1981. Principles of Potato Storage. Lima , Peru : International Potato Center (CIP) 105 pp.~~

~~ =3D@GHF|@27> =3D(4F;4F|;7(=3K7>(4?+>B>Jw3FF+5Z7EAH7&$@3#E#D346#$3#E3=H4=?[ . @.$45NL.7.'$5$.8%.0A~~

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=3D@GHF|@27> =3D(4F;4F|;7(=3K7>(4?+>B>Jw3FF+5Z7EAH7&$@3#E#D346#$3#E3=H4=?[ (4& : Vigneault, C., Raghavan, V.G.S., and Prange, R. 1994. Techniques for controlled atmosphere storage of fruits and vegetables. Research Branch, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Technical Bulletin 1993-18E.

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(4&: McDonald, B. 1982. Controlled atmosphere storage using plastic tents. International Institute of Refrigeration. =3D@GHF|@2E3?3j7B)97*AF 6>357(4 (3E76 ? E|z=*G=B>;FB>7@7(=3?>=sJ$f(F/F ;@;F{E#34D;K3=3E *3=*97*@I9=3DE39E9F9y3Em;=6>7(4 4+> H @ >=yD/ (PVC) mil &PlD7@7> 7w 3"F4GD3$J39=wz9.y3#9E|z=*G=(F3=763K?3E G@(F3= 6{3(=3?J397(=3?7@49v3< E#FF9 CA DK39 F9J397> (F+H3@4;F&P;F763K4;FD+F7@7> Bw=*3#9E9J39D4E*,3D 7: K (>=3F*,3D@;963=&P;F4@m=#D3>7@=wz9Ewk=*I=Ewk=7 , 4#9PVC ?3@9oFBU;F;G3573K4#9BaFBa91E[_@@;94#9K=1E[_@@;9J)probe E FG$v&3Cy9=3F5+> 7*=wz9F93@(!47wD@;9F#$D*3#9ED4EF9(F+H3@B)3D&P;F763K=#76 3FF949v3<763K*,3DD?+D5#:D@;93"FBmz=B>;FB>?/K63=7@=wz9F9 =3D@GHF|@27> =3D(4F;4F|;7(=3K7>(4?+>B>Jw3FF+5Z7EAH7&$@3#E#D346#$3#E3=H4=?[

~~(4& : Leyte , J.C. and Forney, C.F. 1999. Controlled atmosphere tents for storing fresh produce in conventional refrigerated rooms. HortTechnology 9 (4) 672-675.~~

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(4& : Shorter, A.J. et al. 1987. Controlled atmosphere storage of bananas in bunches at ambient temperatures. CSIRO Food Research Quarterly 47:61-63. =3D@GHF|@27> =3D(4F;4F|;7(=3K7>(4?+>B>Jw3FF+5Z7EAH7&$@3#E#D346#$3#E3=H4=?[ F3D39J397(=3?7@!-3E79s4t@F#D+H=3D@;9@GE3E@2t@=3D(F/F;@;F{E#34D;K3=3E(CA) @;9=3D(4(4/>4D;K3=3E(MA)

E79s4 F#D+H=3D@;9@GE3E@2t@=3D(F/F;@;F{E#34D;K3=3E(CA)@;9 =3D(4(4/>4D;K3=3E(MA)E#D34By73? (A summary of controlled atmosphere (CA) and modified atmosphere (MA) requirements and recommendations for apples)

~~=#D;FE?(E4?{?D4E+By73?6>?3@(43(4;K2~~

O % CO % + 2 2 E FG$v&3( ° C) =3DE|z=*G= (J) Braeburn Fuji Gala Golden Delicious Granny Smith Idared Jonagold McIntosh Red Delicious Royal Gala Average (4&: Kuprferman, E. 1997. Controlled atmosphere storage of apples. CA ’97 Proceedings, Vol. 2, pp 1-30. Postharvest Horticulture Series No. 16, University of California , Davis . E79s4 F#D+H=3D@;9@GE3E@t2 @=3D(F/F;@;F{E#34D;K3=3E(CA)@;9=3D(4(4/>4D;K3=3E (MA)E#D34By_D(A summary of controlled atmosphere (CA) and modified atmosphere (MA) requirement and recommendations for pears)

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O % CO (%) CA- Disorders + 2 2 E|z=*G= J Abate Fetel 1 1 5-6 IB Alejandrina 3 2 4-5 IB Anjou , d’Anjou 1-2.5 0-0.5 7-8 IB,PBC,Cav Bartlett (=William’s Bon Chretien) 1-2 0-0.5 3-5 CF,PBC Blanquilla, (=Blanca de Aranjuez) 3 3 6-7 Bosc, Kaiser 1-2.5 0.5-1.5 4-8 PBC, Cav Buena Luisa (=Buona Luisa) 3 2 6 IB, CF Clapp’s Favorite 2 <0.7 3-4 IB, PBC Comice (=Doyenne du Comice, Comizio) 1.5-4 0.5-4 5-6 IB(overmature) Conference 1-2.5 0.6-1.5 6-8 BH,IB, Cav Coscia 1.5 2-3 6-7 CF Flor d’Hivern(=Inverno) 3 3 4-5 IB Forelle 1.5 0-1.5 6-7 General Leclerc 2-3 2-3 3-5 Grand Champion 3 2-2.5 4 Hardy 2-3 3-5 4-6 Josephine 1-2 1-2 8 Krystalli 2 1-2 3-5 Limonera, Llimonera 3 3 3-4 Packham’s Triumph 1.5-1.8 1.5-2.5 7-9 CB Passe Crassane (=Passa Crassana) 3 4-5 5-8 IB Rocha 2 2 8 Spadona 1.5-2.5 1.5-3.5 8-9 IB Nashi, Asian pears : Chojuro 2 1-2 3-4 Kosui 1-2 0-2 3-4 Nijiseiki (=20 th Century) 0.5-3 0-1 5 Tsu Li 1-2 0-3 3-5 IB Ya Li 4-5 0-4 3-4 IB, Cav, CI?

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(4&: Richardson , D.G. and E. Kupferman. 1997. Controlled atmosphere storage of pears. CA ’97 Proceedings, Vol. 2, pp 31-35. Postharvest Horticulture Series No. 16, University of California , Davis .

=3D@GHF|@27> =3D(4F;4F|;7(=3K7>(4?+>B>Jw3FF+5Z7EAH7&$@3#E#D346#$3#E3=H4=?[ E79s4 F#D+H=3DCA @;9@GE3E@2E#D34By7' 7(= By73?@;9_D A summary of CA requirements and recommendations for fruits other than apples and pears

CA2 B>;FB> >#634E FG$v&3 =3D7(4 (3E33$;P=?[7@J?;8G@3 °C 1 % O2 % CO2 Apricot Asian pear =3D7(4 (3E?3@=#$F7> +?/K5#@/@ Avocado 3@7(4 (3E=#"z97>6I=3Pk@F3?=3>*I= 75= 3@7(4 (3E=#"z97>6I=3Pk@F3?=3>*I= Blackberry 3@7(4 (3E7@=wz93"F!#D4=#"z97>6I=3Pk@ Blueberry =3D7(4 (3E?3@=#$F=#"z97>6I=3Pk@ Cactus pear Cherimoya & Atemoya Cherry, sweet 3@7(4 (3E7@=wz93"F!#D44Q7=E=wz9=3> *I==#"z97>6I=3Pk@ Cranberry +7D@ Fig =3D7(4 (3E?3@=#$F=#"z97>6I=3Pk@ *#3#93K+D 4Q ?;@E?(E4E#D34=3D7 ,+4*=?[3?/KSO2

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7(4 (3E76 ? =3F4@nKincidence @;9 severity t@=3DJ+5J3FJ39=wz9WD4/E763K(F3=St@+?/K5#@/@ Persimmon =#$F=3D7(4 (3E=3D7H5JU4F3?MA ?w3E 7(4 (3EWaxing 76 ? 479o FMA@;9=3F4@nK 5#@G5$O7Fw3F7@J397(= Plum =#$F=3D7(4 (3EE#D34=3DE|z=*G=DKZ7>K+D+?/K5#@/@ Pomegranate Rambutan Raspberry 3@7(4 (3E7@=wz93"F!#D4=#"z97>6I=3Pk@ Strawberry 3@7(4 (3E7@=wz93"F!#D4=#"z97>6I=3Pk@

~~ =3D@GHF|@27> =3D(4F;4F|;7(=3K7>(4?+>B>Jw3FF+5Z7EAH7&$@3#E#D346#$3#E3=H4=?[ Sweetsop (custard apple) ~~

~~1 3?[F3@;9^4Q@GE3E@2357@y3E#7$ ?7A4 X(F+H3@B|>3@GE3E@2~~

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(4& : Kader, A.A. 2001. A summary of CA requirements and recommendations for fruits other than apples and pears. pp 29-70. Postharvest Horticulture Series No. 22A, University of California , Davis .

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E FG$v&31 4D;K3=3E2 3 %O2 %CO2 3 4@y E?(E4557@y3 =3D7(4 (3E Artichokes ++ Asparagus J{> +++ Beans, green snap + processing ++ Broccoli +++ Brussels sprouts + Cabbage +++ Chinese cabbage + Cantaloupes ++ Cauliflower + Celeriac + Celery + Cucumbers, fresh + pickling + Herbs4 ++ =3D@GHF|@27> =3D(4F;4F|;7(=3K7>(4?+>B>Jw3FF+5Z7EAH7&$@3#E#D346#$3#E3=H4=?[ Leeks + Lettuce (crisphead) ++ cut or shredded +++ Lettuce (leaf) ++ Mushrooms ++ Okra J{> + Onions (bulb) + Onions (bunching) + Parsley + Pepper (bell) + Pepper (chili) + processing ++ Radish (topped) + Spinach + Sugar peas + Sweet corn + Tomatoes (green) + ripe ++ Witloof chicory +

~~1 &3E?(E4 @;9 57@y3?[F3 @;9^4Q E FG$v&33@GE3E@2 E#7$ ?7A4 X 3?[F3 (F+H3@B|>3@GE3E@2W7> =>9JmI?3D3#9S~~

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~~4 *;$7*E: chervil, chives, coriander, dill, sorrel and watercress.~~

~~(4& : Saltveit, M.A. 2001. A summary of CA requirements and recommendations for vegetables. pp 71-94. Postharvest Horticulture Series No. 22A, University of California , Davis .~~

~~ =3D@GHF|@27> =3D(4F;4F|;7(=3K7>(4?+>B>Jw3FF+5Z7EAH7&$@3#E#D346#$3#E3=H4=?[ E79s4 @GE3E@2t@CA @;9MA E#D344@y@;9By7' =3F6>3@7( E7D E?/K5#@/@~~

~~James R. Gorny International Fresh-cut Produce Association Davis , CA 95616 USA~~

~~F3D39* 4@y(EE=3F(Fresh-cut Vegetable)~~

B>;FB>Fresh-cut E FG$v&3 4D;K3=3E (4E;*T&3 (oC) %O2 % CO2 Beets (Red), Grated, Cubed, Moderate or Peeled Broccoli, Florets Good Cabbage, Shredded Good Cabbage (Chinese), Shredded Moderate Carrots, Shredded, Sticks, or Good Sliced Jicama, Sticks Good Leek, Sliced Moderate Lettuce (Butterhead), Moderate Chopped Lettuce (Green Leaf), Good Chopped Lettuce (Iceberg), Chopped or Good Shredded Lettuce (Red Leaf), Chopped Good Lettuce (Romaine), Chopped Good Mushrooms, Sliced NOT RECOMMENDED Onion, Sliced or Diced Good Peppers, Diced Moderate Potato, Sliced or Whole- Good Peeled Pumpkin, Cubed Moderate Rutabaga, Sliced Moderate Spinach, Cleaned Moderate Tomato, Sliced Moderate Zucchini, Sliced Moderate =3D@GHF|@27> =3D(4F;4F|;7(=3K7>(4?+>B>Jw3FF+5Z7EAH7&$@3#E#D346#$3#E3=H4=?[ F3D39* –By7' Fresh-cut B>;FB>Fresh-cut E FG$v&3(oC) 4D;K3=3E (4E;*T&3 %O 2 % CO2 Apple, Sliced Moderate < Cantaloupe, Cubed Good Grapefruit, Slices Moderate Honeydew, Cubed Good Kiwifruit, Sliced Good Mango Cubes Good Orange , Sliced Moderate Peach, Sliced Poor Pear, Sliced Poor < Persimmon, Sliced Poor Pomegranate, Arils Good Strawberry, Sliced Good Watermelon Cubes Good

(4&: Gorny, J.R. 2001. A summary of CA and MA requirements and recommendations for fresh-cut (minimally processed) fruits and vegetables. pp 95-145. Postharvest Horticulture Series No. 22A, University of California , Davis .

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~~(4& : Wilson , J. No date. Careful Storage of Yams: Some Principles to Reduce Losses. London : Commonwealth Secretariat/ International Institute of Tropical Agriculture.~~

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(4&: Pantastico, Er. B 1980. FAO/UNEP Expert Consultation on Reduction of Food Losses in Perishable Products of Plant Origin, Working Document 2: Fruits and Vegetables. (6-9 May, Rome : FAO) (4_@T473U<43Uk>J{>7@ 3@7DA45#E#D346I=4@mz=#@+=E$|=(EE7@=wz9 (47*E GD9 7!E39E9 14=D$2534J{> @;9 *D763K7(4 =(3U97' 4@m34 K=4@m5G9D4EH375< 7!{lD =(3U93?/K!w35+>7*=wz9!#D+6+5?3@49v37" 97> =3FF3?4@mz==#"z97>6I= 3Pk@/KD=)3B>;FB> =3D7" 9=#76:/E7!7(4 (4_@T7@7@=wz9D8K@|Pick up@;9E#D346I=#@+= E$|=7JAH>*TB>(47E D4#BGF**/>3@7@7>6I=3Pk@=#"z97>(I=(:3??G@t8\D

(4&: Kasmire, R.F. 1994. Personal Communication. =3D@GHF|@27> =3D(4F;4F|;7(=3K7>(4?+>B>Jw3FF+5Z7EAH7&$@3#E#D346#$3#E3=H4=?[ "%.4#$?L567I$716 &4%5USDA =?[H; 43UzE FG$v&37(=3K(4?+>B>D4EUSDA E9oF\@7> w=63#6GG@F+5@+HF#D+H=3D76 ? Z a- 5=8w3=@;9(47&*B>;FB>75< * H3> b- 7H5JU4B>;FB>(FI?(F+HE#D34* B)3D c- 43UzE FG$v&3B>;FB>&y3?Y76 ? 4@nK=#764@m34 (4?+>B>

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~~(4&: Ross, D.S. 2002 E-mail:[email protected]~~

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~~(4&: Ashby, 1995~~

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(4&: Kasmire, R.F. and Hinsch, R.T. 1987. Maintaining Optimum Transit Temperatures in Refrigerated Truck Shipments of Perishables. University of California Perishables Handling Transportation Supplement No. 2.

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~~(4&: Ashby, B. H. et al. 1987. Protecting Perishable Foods During Transport by Truck. Washington , D.C. : USDA, Office of Transportation, Agricultural Handbook No. 669.~~

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~~(4&: Nicholas, C.J. 1985. Export Handbook for U.S. Agricultural Products. USDA, Office of Transportation, Agricultural Handbook No. 593~~

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~~(4&: Rij, R et al. 1979. Handling, Precooling and Temperature Management of Cut Flower Crops for Truck Transportation. USDA Science and Education Administration, AAT- W-5, UC Leaflet 21058.~~

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~~(4&: Ashby, B. H. et al. 1987. Protecting Perishable Foods During Transport by Truck. Washington , D.C. : USDA, Office of Transportation, Agricultural Handbook No. 669.~~

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~~(4&: Nicholas, C.J. 1985. Export Handbook for U.S. Agricultural Products. USDA, Office of Transportation, Agricultural Handbook No. 593~~

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(4& : Thompson, J.F. 2002. Transportation. In. Kader, A.A. Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops (3rd Edition). UC Publication 3311. University of California , Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources. pp.259-269.

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~~(4& : McGregor, B. 1987. Tropical Products Handbook. USDA Office of Transportation Agricultural Handbook Number 668.~~

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(4& : Selders, A.W. et al. 1992. Facilities for Roadside Markets. Northeast Regional Agricultural Engineering Service/ Cornell University Cooperative Extension. 14=D$293KYE#D/>6>=3D7> =B>;F75< D8K@|6I=3Pk@35(F+H3@E39E9763K7(4 (3E 4+> D @;9 ?3@J)/DDI9?3#?/K 4+> * ?/K3563=&P347@J39=wz9D8K@|Bw=3FJ39?GJ 4+> * D63= 7@J397(=7> =@y96>35=75<3@ 4Q7@7> HFnz6>7@@I9 6+533P3#9E#@9376 ? 7!35&PlD 7=E763KBm3>F3?694Q63=&P347*@I95#3?D4EH3

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~~(4& : Pantastico, Er. B. 1980. FAO/UNEP Expert Consultation on Reduction of Food Losses in Perishable Products of Plant Origin. Working Document 2: Fruits and Vegetables. (6-9 May, Rome : FAO)~~

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~~(4& : Selders, A.W. et al. 1992. Facilities for Roadside Markets. Northeast Regional Agricultural Engineering Service/ Cornell University Cooperative Extension.~~

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~~=3DB|>D:+D1E[_@34@|4@m34 :~~

~~(4& : Kasmire, R.F. 1981. Continuous flow ethylene gassing of tomatoes. California Tomatorama. Fresh Market Tomato Advisory Board Information Bulletin No. 29.~~

E#D34FO?3@4@n?# =3D479o F7* "@E+?7? >Internet site of American Ripener Co., Inc. at http://www.ripening.com 4Q Catalytic Generators, Inc. (International Ripening Company) at http://www.Qasupplies.com 7!=`355347B| ?=3D4@m#763K7(4 7* "@6>479o F763K=3DCy9=3F7F3$G>7@7> 8w3>6> ?3@3>GK? 7!7(4 (3EE?3E3FG6>473U<7* "@6+537F3BG@{W =yD+7* >S3E GF B+E,D;5}76 ? 4@m#749736>?3@7!3>76E#D347 ,=3D=t5w7@7>7(4 (3E7F3BG@7 ,3spray 4D;?3$7* "@6>473U<@I9479o @@+HpH @;9^4QE#7$ ?7A47= @7" 9

~~(4& : Kays, S.J. and Beaudry, R.M. 1987. Techniques for inducing ethylene effects. Acta Horticulturae 201:77-115.~~

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=3D7(4 (3E66#$3#@;9D6r6>3@@G?_FW(4E;@74 ![3@D6r6>3@49v3<=wz9H9 (=5=7@3?3@@_K83(F+H3@@G?_F(!4D6rS Postharvest fruit ripening Bananas, tomatoes (FL) Pre-harvest fruit ripening Peppers, tomatoes Fruit removal Apples, carob, crabapples, olive Defoliation Apples, buckhorn, cotton, roses Fruit loosening Apples, blackberries (WA, OR), cantaloupes, cherries (CA, AZ, TX), tangerines Maturity or color Apples, cranberries (MA, NJ, WI), figs (CA), filberts (OR), development grapes, peppers, pineapple, tomatoes. De-greening (preharvest) Tangerines De-greening (postharvest) lemons Dehiscence walnuts Leaf curing tobacco Flower induction Pineapple and other bromeliads Sex expression Cucumber, squash Flower bud development apple Plant height control Barley, daffodils, hyacinth, wheat Stimulate lateral branching Azaleas, geraniums

(4& : Reid, M.S. 2002. Ethylene in Postharvest Technology pp.149-162. In: Kader, A.A. (ed). Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops. Univ. of California , Div. of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Publication 3311.

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B>;FB>66#$=679v ?(mg =#:347* DKZ7>63=4 E FG. 4@m# E FG. E|z=*G= =#763=>3= C02/kg-hr)1 °F (°C) °F (°C) Btu/lb-F "@(ppm) 7* "@ (hr.) avocado 62-157 10-100 12-48 59-65 40-55 0.81 (15-18) (4.4-13) banana 25-110 100-150 24 59-65 56-58 0.81 (15-18) (13-14) honey dew 20-27 100-150 18-24 68-77 45-50 0.94 melon (20-25) (7-10) kiwifruit 16-22 10-100 12-24 32-68 32-33 0.86 (0-20) (0-0.5) mango 40-200 100-150 12-24 68-72 56-58 0.85 (20-22) (13-14) orange 22-34 1-10 24-72 68-72 41-48 0.90 degreening (20-22) (5-9) stone fruit 12-81 10-100 12-72 55-77 31-32 0.90 (13-25) (-0.5-0)

~~ =3D@GHF|@27> =3D(4F;4F|;7(=3K7>(4?+>B>Jw3FF+5Z7EAH7&$@3#E#D346#$3#E3=H4=?[ tomato 24-44 100-150 24-48 68-77 50-55 0.95 (20-25) (10-13)~~

~~1!G$@I9 76 ? **/>3@=#76 6#$=679v ?3 (BTU/ton/24 hours)~~

~~(4& : Thompson, J.F. 1994. Ripening facilities. Perishables Handling Newsletter, Nov. 1994. Special Issue No. 80: 5-8.~~

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~~(4&: USDA. No date. Modernizing Handling Systems for Florida Citrus from Picking to Packing Line. Agricultural Research Service, Marketing Research Report No. 914.~~

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~~D#:+D?3(F763=@=wz94@m44@m#@;?/KY~~

~~(4&: Sherman , M. and Gull, D.D. 1981. A flow through system for introducing ethylene in tomato ripening rooms. University of Florida/IFAS , Vegetable Crops Fact Sheet 30.~~

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~~(4&: Modular Ripening Company, Inc. 1994. Norfolk Virginia~~

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=3D@GHF|@27> =3D(4F;4F|;7(=3K7>(4?+>B>Jw3FF+5Z7EAH7&$@3#E#D346#$3#E3=H4=?[ .$4'$.6$*%*I$- FG7' E#D3449v3;FB>6+536#$3#6>?3@Bo34/@ (E*34 (cruiciferous) 4Q4@yEyI=$Ot4F96>@7*@I9&3(F3=763K*I== 7!357(4 FG7@ F3?*;E7B|= 4Q =3D49v3=s$Z475U=7*Et@4y97<7><4@n?7*AF E+?*3=*9 Cornell University Extension Service, 304 Riley-Robb Hall, Ithaca , New York , 14853 7!(F+H=3D63=*I===4=Y 7* pound 7@=wz9tBm*#7@D?/Kfoot =37DE#D34=3D43UzE FG$v &3=wG9?/Kt8\ 7!35B|>G96>?3@t6K/DE#D3463=*I===D>3K 76 ? =3F4@nK*I=== 83E 49v3 7@7>7 ,=3D49v3;FB>E3=H4=?[ (E*34F?/K 4Q(E*34 DD4EB>;FB>?3@*#@9 :3=6+53=3D3DB>;FB> =3DJ+5J3F763KE9oF@;9=3D7> =63=:/E5#$GD4Ew=7(4 3E

~~(4&: Bartsch, J.A. et al. No date. Construction and management of an iced produce display. Cornell University , Agricultural Engineering Extension Bull. 438.~~

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Artichoke Mustard greens Beans (snap) Onions (green) Beets Parsley Broccoli Parsnips Brussels sprouts Peas Cabbage Peppers Carrots Radishes Cauliflower Rhubarb Celery Shallots (green) Collards Sprouts Corn Summer squash Eggplant Swiss chard Endive Turnips Kale Watercress Lettuce

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~~%1#: Agricultural and Biological Engineering. No date. Description and Price List of Plans for Storages and Market Stands for Fruit and Vegetables. Cornell University Extension Bulletin 851-S.~~

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' 6= 4?0=q= '8=s?;0?;8C?;B 6,C ?u4$ 4 lb :0ADC1Nq@45 3 lb 1=u4B *AqB4:x011N41640 1.5 lb GkF<0A0 61N zucchini 2.5 lb %1# : Bills, J. and Bills, S. 1974. Home Food Dehydrating. Bountiful , Utah : Horizon Publishers

~~4A06D<Intermediate Technology Publication* B7:0A0<,H=F6CTA 0=4):0A40D< 4B>E4#!=0 .1:A!/B<%B1B A01:0A:q2s 3;<0=2 !64650 Small-Scale Food~~

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* Intermediate Technology Publications<0='C0 64=9 King Street , London WC2E 8HW, UK

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~~Four-bladed root chopper:~~

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~~Cherry pitter:~~

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?;8C?; AHW4;%BDB:sv6'F:4:xS=0'P Broccoli Green Beans qB4:x01(wedges) :0ADC ?m0qB (1=l< 18; Bu01%0) Collard greens 40C(?O<) %C1 (1=l<'F:%:(2@Y0 / 6) Leafy greens ?&8C 4' B!x:(Peas) 3 i6 (5Y) 4' 4; 4' 1NA7(C3;'= 3 i6)0 4' 1NA7(C3;'= Zucchini/summer squash

~~%1# : Chioffi, N. and Mead, S. 1991. Keeping the Harvest. Pownal , Vermont : Storey Publishing. McClure, S. 1992. The Harvest Gardener. Pownal , Vermont : Storey Publishing.~~

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%1#: Miller, M. et al. 1981. Drying Foods at Home. University of California , Division of Agricultural Science, Leaflet 2785. Hobson, P. 1994. Making and using dried foods. Pownal , Vermont : Storey Publishing. 4024)%11BKD;?,:

~~ :0A=DECx=/4;:0A%1C81Cx84%:0H4;%1<(;?;Gs0CC(2W4B>E4#!=0 B A013 !0 B0:E1:~~

~~%1#: Miller, M. et al. 1981. Drying Foods at Home. University of California , Division of Agricultural Science, Leaflet 2785.~~

~~%114$W~~

~~%1# : Intermediate Technology Publications, 1987. Post-harvest Crop Processing: Some tools for agriculture. Intermediate Technology Publications. London , England .~~

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%1# : Kitinoja, L. 1992. Consultancy for Africare/ USAID on food processing in the Ouadhai, Chad , Central Africa . Extension Systems International, 73 Antelope Street , Woodland , California 95695 . 4024%1%0BB=Fu:0;DH<9i<4Bx6V 43<1 ?u0C: 43q5Z4'4;50BB 6,C .'07A!/ 16r09G064%:0<4=16r09:0A4%1%0B?k0 60uBk88243<201H:: 43=864=uf=AHW4;B 6,C

%1# : Intermediate Technology Publications, 1987. Post-harvest Crop Processing: Some tools for agriculture. Intermediate Technology Publications. London , England . 29 pp. %150B'0 6BA,<<0=B !09 1N :4=k;3;44%1B A01:0AB 6,C?;8C?; %C(EA:&040H BO0C;O0=82R50B3;4)3:D!D:0uBk821N= v6<0=#060H%B,;Gu0 6B A01A:&040HE0BO0C;O 0650B4$ 'F:?u4$<,H2 =,==F601BO8C4'=F6q?k50B:sv64;4%1

~~ :0A=DECx=/4;:0A%1C81Cx84%:0H4;%1<(;?;Gs0CC(2W4B>E4#!=0 B A013 !0 B0:E1:~~

%1# : Mrak, E.M. and Phaff, H.J. 1949. Sun-drying fruits. California Agricultural Experiment Station Circular 392. 43<4)40H%14BA4 6=(E%1B8'Q#0q=:0A70; 40=4%1:0AA2=004%2=%14#'43<201 H:: 43ABY%0'8Cw .1:A!/B 6,C430H: 43q5Z04%2=%14#' %C(E0=4#8Ea=/4 6 =86 16r093(2G064%:0<

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%1# : Fuller, R.J. 1993. Solar Drying of Horticultural Produce: Present Practice and Future Prospects. Postharvest News and Information 4(5): 131N-136N. <(C'(AB 6,C430H: 43%0'8Cw3;:0=C<0=#0BYvBY09Gu0 64=0 ?& 430H16Oj2:0R: 1N 16Oj20uBk824=4;?;8C?;3;<0==0'B A01:0A0ABC);O8C4=4;30:70;: 43%0'8Cw .1:A!/B 6,C430H=u*%0'8Cw?k0;W

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%1# : FAO. 1985. Prevention of Post-Harvest Food Losses: A Training Manual. Rome : UNFAO. 120 pp. (/0$1"!6" "% +B+< '(AB 6,CBatch-dryer 16r09G064%:0<4=%C(E0=Bl01=04 64$3;<0=:6r02 :!x0;1 6 =863DC430HB0 61N4%16<0BK(C4146mC'(AB 6,C04%2=%14#'430H?;8C:A04%2=:sv68#4;0:

~~ :0A=DECx=/4;:0A%1C81Cx84%:0H4;%1<(;?;Gs0CC(2W4B>E4#!=0 B A013 !0 B0:E1:~~

%1#: Clarke, B. 1987. Post-Harvest Crop Processing: Some Tools for Agriculture. London, UK : Intermediate Technology Publications. .1:A!/B 6,CA%14#'%C(E0=44%10'(4'BA01:0AB 6,C3 !0 %013;<0=1A8<0!C82C,2 A4'AD9430H<0=: A0;420%14706023F:0Mi=4':0=E0;3 !0 47H#M010<,H=F62T6m0=B 6,C3; 024;:30:0= .1:A!/B 6,C3;<0=%147064==F6 "pot-hole" %C(E0=A2=04 643<4)40H Gw;4:x<0=2;=0@u6:0C4%:0<%'4=A01<,H:T=x6?u3;<0=%01=<,HV%C(E0=30:4;%'4=A 4=047H%C(E0=B 6,C430H: 43#0H4 6C0<%14706q=: A0;%'4=A A4'AD9B 6,C :

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%1#: Kader, A.A. and Thompson, J.F. 2002. Postharvest handling Systems: Tree nuts. Pp.399- 406. In: Kader, AA. (Ed). Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops. University of California , Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Publication 3311. /0$1 ?&0+ '(AB 6,C_8B=B0<0h<,H02B06B64 6430H4%11=k:x0A1=k4;07W:6r0C(2 (;1 #u* S (;6<0=P 430H<0=5s0 ;011B* = =86 B #0AW1 ?u0C<,H2 =,= .1:A!/B 6,C3;16r09 3(2G064%:0<<0=%1E614!x0H D9''F6 D9=86: B D947H<0=4sA30:50B 2 =,=%0 :6r0=861=k4;07W3;30:C AF<4=5CG064%:0<,H AD9: 434 64;@u6:0C%11

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~~%1# : Chioffi, N. and Mead, G. 1991. Keeping the Harvest. Pownal , Vermont : Storey Publishing~~

(/0$1"!6" 1=u =86 ?u4$02%C(E0=B 6,C4=:sv6 41B8= 4=0023 4!A:0A4=BCD!r#0'010= 30:?;8C?;3;%C(EC 4A>14;50B4;07W 1N50B3DC 430H: =C=(EBCD!r#04=%CF< °F 47H 'D:')0'(A4=2 7A%1<0!0 D9 AHW4;B 6,C:0=C4;"= 41B8=Gw;4292(;%C(E0= 146m=4 6430H4%1:6r0C(2<,H30:4=G064%:

~~ :0A=DECx=/4;:0A%1C81Cx84%:0H4;%1<(;?;Gs0CC(2W4B>E4#!=0 B A013 !0 B0:E1:~~

%1# : Georgia Cooperative Extension Service. 1984. So Easy to Preserve. University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia . (/0$1-D 402B 6,C?m0 430H30:wjA1%0R0B2D4%:0< 1N430H4%1 246OA0 64=?k0H0 =,H ?m0 70;4=0<0=;:p!W3(20:%B,2 47H30:E0 4':sv65(A?m03;<0=30:'F:: B D9 %1:A!'0 6B ?m0,ACB 6,C4=:sv6Gw;BZjC 4=:=u6 66FC=86BO0C?m03;BZjC;O%1B8=41'D:420;$A4 64;<0=3(20W strawflower, delphinium, larkspur, okra pods 043< 2 !:?m03;BZjC;O430H:0A30:wjA1%0R0B2D4%:0<<0=3(20 chysanthemum, amaranthus, African daisy, statice, marigold 043< :0A=DECx=/4;:0A%1C81Cx84%:0H4;%1<(;?;Gs0CC(2W4B>E4#!=0 B A013 !0 B0:E1:

402B 6,C?m0H06@01A7\B =86H0660H%B,;4=:sv6BD;:0A42; =86 3G&02 3G&024%1 B A01B 6,C?m0%C(EB 0C40HBO0CA014BY47H41:0=C<C:0=C;O2014?x<0<,H=F63G&02D9 4=:sv6D6 2(A30:?m03;%C(EB 6,C4=4;3G&02 47H%1E05YC 4,A'D:D640H4=2 7A 47H?m0,ACB 6,C:sv6AHW4;%1<0! B0x7/ ?m03;BZjC;O4=:sv63 G&02<0=3(20shasta daisy, lily-of-the-valley, cosmos, dahlia, sweet william carnation, stock, freesia and narcissus :0AB 6,C?m04=:sv63G&02W

~~BD;:0A42;<0=C q;q5u1D=x4024%1%0BB0A05Y0=41B8=4: 4340HBZjC4=24=u04; q=:0A4%1%0BE4#!=0 B A013 !0 B0:E1:~~

%1# : Rogers , B.R. 1988. The Encyclopaedia of Everlastings. New York : Michael Friedman Publishing Group, Inc. 191 pp. (/ (( 2$ .1:A!/%2:: 1D6A%14#' %C(E0=44%1%0B0'(4'43<:q2s?;8C?;3 !0 B0:E1:C43< 'D:40H2 70HD<0=2;=00= 6mC?R8Cq=@s0 6,A<8=40H4;B D9 4;6mC?R8CA1B2T6m0= 43<0=00=:0A10Mi=: 43 070A<0=0C80BDCGB3(20?u41640%:=86070A<0=AB0C8@Z09=86070A<0=0C8 BmAGB3(20 jams, jellies, syrups =86 marmalades 02:q2sH06<0=BDECx8#0430H4%1 boiling water bath

%1# : Georgia Cooperative Extension Service. 1984. So Easy to Preserve. University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia .1:A!/%2:: 1D6430HB 0 %C(E0=4?x;=DB0B=/B A01:0A:q2s070A 3;<0=: A8C 0BDC'013(201=u043<.1:A!/%2:: 1D6430HB 0*0@s0 684B4)4;07WZ=430H<0= A1 18'#M8C:%0R6<,H4=G06:sv6=86A=Q140R92 70H<,HA=Q140R92 70H02:C A(E430H4%10R6 4;G 1N<,; 0%B\HC0<%14#'.1:A!/%2: =0 8:0B 0:C%C0B 0Gw;:sv6.1:A!/%2:: 1D6 :0A=DECx=/4;:0A%1C81Cx84%:0H4;%1<(;?;Gs0CC(2W4B>E4#!=0 B A013 !0 B0:E1:

~~=0 8:0%'=82~~

~~=0;8:0' 6=~~

~~%1# : Georgia Cooperative Extension Service. 1984. So Easy to Preserve. University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia . <0=31:E2 =,= %14#'3;44%1%0B43<%2:?;8C?;B0:E1:E4#!=0 B A013 !0 B0:E1:~~

~~31:E=86 A14@)64'Bx0 W%14#'<(; A1B6mB=86 A1A1=k~~

%1# : Georgia Cooperative Extension Service. 1984. So Easy to Preserve. University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia. (/" 4( -G" -G" :0A=DECx=/4;:0A%1C81Cx84%:0H4;%1<(;?;Gs0CC(2W4B>E4#!=0 B A013 !0 B0:E1:C4021=l<'F:%:(2@Y01NBmA43<146m=AB0C8'F:?u4$%C(E0=4)40H%C0: 4=:sv631:E 1N D6%C0: S430H'D:E040H0= D9B A01; 7?;8C?;4':0=<0C:EP 'F:?u4$#04%2=02%2::sv6: 1D64=:sv606'F:D (Water Bath)AHW4; =0'1D=x2 40'F: ?u40<=86'F:' 0 60H(A%C(E0=:q2s4=:sv6'F:4:x(BCD!r#0 °C 1N °F)AHW4; =0' +G 2 401=u4%CDE28T0R0 1N28C02 !8CC(2V1=k01<:2 7DHAHW4; 4' =0'A7(C3; 4 6G011=k01<:402B6mC'F:?u4$429B02=864)40H%C0:1N%2:: 1D6:0A%2:'F:3< 1=u:sv6: 1D6'0<'0A40H4):0A:q2s4=B 0 4?0= 4=:sv6@s0 64%1B 0 2 402 !D<,H#= (Pint),A4%14;:q2sB =0'47HB A01:E2 =D<,H:)0C (Quart) 2 !0H4; =0' %1#: Stoner, C.H. (Ed). 1977. Stocking Up. Emmaus, Penn: Rodale Press.

~~3& 0;0J (E F"-$",1 (/ $D( 1=u#04%2= ,A%BD~~

! /4$/3+&$+ (Jellies, Jams and Preserves) :0A4)3 !01AF6A0E=86'==86%14#'070A3;<0=0C8BmAGB04%2=4'>C%C(E:0A=(ECD;w #0A1B?u4$ 0BDC 1D81'= =86 BmA43<'',;0==(E;'Q?;;O1 ?DC ?u4$<8='0=' D<0=?kv:=(E 1D81'=4%2=06?u4$3;' D 47H'F:?u40< *0%1#3];Oq=18D1'=E4#!=0 B A013 !0 B0:E1:BE06:0A2 8=%DB7,B 4%050E0=F6 :0C1=lH=(EBC,AC4):0A:q2s4=:sv6boiling water bath AHW4; =0' (/"$"* 4=4;0:4CA0BDC 0:'824=:sv6070A0=1 ;6:01(=D%30C4'00BDC 0:'82070A %C(E0=:00AA:&0C0<:0A4)40H: A8CpH 2D'01Sauerkraut S4)qB4:x01P=86%B0' 0 60H(A* 0.'07A!/A:sv62 4=0<070A4 64<04%2=0=4'>C3;<0=4=4;8#4;0:B A01\CL<0=1=l< =86A(1<=x070A4?&64'>CB(<4<;4B>E4#Chioffi and Mead (1991)

Acidification %: *0 E8B0TBx:q2sB0<0h<,H3;4024%10<,H=F6?u4$ =861=u%14#'4?&6V B(;DHBwv6'F: 18;S'F:?u4$2 =,=#0=86'F:4GY 18;<8=<=DH(C#0'F:#0=86 B0A0CD146m=AB0C8 =86 4

~~%1# : USDA. 1977. Canning, Freezing and Storing Garden Produce. USDA Agricultural Information Bulletin 410.~~

~~:0A=DECx=/4;:0A%1C81Cx84%:0H4;%1<(;?;Gs0CC(2W4B>E4#!=0 B A013 !0 B0:E1:~~

4<4A0<=DB& (Human Pathogens): <0=4<4A01,=%14#''0:'64'=F6<=DB& 0<,H=F6 ?;8C?;%BBW 0:4CA3;'0:'64'=F63(Clostridium botulinum, Listeria monocytogenes) 0:4CA'0:'6:sv6;0<: (Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., E. coli O157:H7 =86 4?&6V4'>C) ,:0A0BDC(Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora) EADB16m4A0(Hepatitis, Enterovirus) #04%2=q=4<4A0'0 64=A0;30;C0

~~:0A=DECx=/4;:0A%1C81Cx84%:0H4;%1<(;?;Gs0CC(2W4B>E4#!=0 B A013 !0 B0:E1:~~

%1# : Gorny, J.R. 1999. Chapter 10: Food Safety for fresh horticultural produce. In: Kitinoja, L. and Gorny, J.R. Small-Scale Postharvest Technology: Economic Opportunities, Quality and Food Safety. Postharvest Horticulture Series No.21, Department of Pomology, University of California, Davis

~~0231C& %/"+(Fv$(0&!o+ :0A=DECx=/3;'0:'64'=F640;:0A!/'0 6 4=021=lH=(E4%05s0:3;?;8C?;02 @u64<4A04=:sv6:B83o0=~~

~~!091(Clean Soil) 4>BE06:0A4%1%0B<8=B<%B1 : 1DB3;4);0:~~

~~4(091(Clean Water) 4)4CBx4'4;'F: 3;%C(E0=4%1B%<01:0A4%B02%B 43<A:4<4A04=:sv6;0<: $A 4;<(;3o0=20B;0B084BB%1B8=41'F:@u6:0C:A:=u6%1%FCx:~~

~~:0A=DECx=/4;:0A%1C81Cx84%:0H4;%1<(;?;Gs0CC(2W4B>E4#!=0 B A013 !0 B0:E1:~~

~~E-B091(Clean Surface) .1:A!/=864:B%1<(;?;%C(ECA:&040HBO0C;OB~~

~~E!091 (Clean hands) :~~

~~%1#W Cornell University GAPs Program. 2000. Reduce Microbial contamination with Good Agricultural Practices.~~

~~:0A;06BC o ;06 A430H'F:7(ABO0C o (Cq3430H4%1%0B:=&6<,H<0s:b6~~

~~%1# W Cornell University GAPs Program. 2000. Reduce Microbial contamination with Good Agricultural Practices.~~

:0A=DECx=/4;:0A%1C81Cx84%:0H4;%1<(;?;Gs0CC(2W4B>E4#!=0 B A013 !0 B0:E1:C3;30:4=:sv64:B4=0 4:B4$ 1N :%=x:4=C0<2 :0A * 4BkAC<8=<0=#0B<%B1:sv6:0A4)0=0<\H4%0E0<0=q?k4B0C (porous surface) 47H:0AA8C1=xF6 4$1N3:430H3:40;4:B4$022(;4':sv6?;8C?;430HH5047CDD6?;8C?;4=2 :0A 3;4)%:30B:0CD6 %1B8=414H64%1%0B05Y ,AC%C,C8=8Cw40H0=20BB%<01#0BO0C =86 %'0156u0Bk821(;<E4#!=0 B A013 !0 B0:E1:6 2?)&( 0<%C(E0=40:4=:=u64E2GR1B A0140;43 =0 429#0BO0C=86=0<\H=84H08:3;4;:30:?;8C?;4=%1E_'0 6Bq=?;8C:==84H08:'0:'6=F6=0<\Hq=:0A =DECx=/:0A4;:30:070A,C%C(E0=44)4 6 4=4;3;,;,:4<: =86 A ;F:4 6E896'0C0<,H=F6B<0B0CDB0C3;=D0h0C40H4 %1%0B4'4;8q?k1A1B 070A ppm q=B(;DHBwv6B(3wi<D1(:uAC *0.'07A!/3];Oq=:0A4)=0<\H4;q?k3;1=F6 070A 4,A4%1B0A0CD4)=0<\H 4=4%:0H:0ABBE06 4%02 70H4:x 024)40HB0A0CDBAA06_4%:>< =86 1468C0%B'01E (biofilm) 3;%1:u0H.1:A!/4=4BkAC<8=024)=0<\H0= 2 70H4:x:]024)40H1:B020:4CA (aerosolize bacteria) 4':sv6Gw;=86A0;30;:0A@u64<4A049:sv6:=u64E2GR1

~~0/<"3 5: A0;BCB:~~

:0A=DECx=/4;:0A%1C81Cx84%:0H4;%1<(;?;Gs0CC(2W4B>E4#!=0 B A013 !0 B0:E1:6'0C B%<01\CL<0=1=l< :0ABC'0C A5H=x4%1B%<013F:0Mi=BC)AB ?;8C ?;BC)1NB0A0CDD;<8=,A%C(E4%1B%<013F:0Mi=?;8C?;4' %1#: Gorny, J.R. 1999. Chapter 10: Food Safety for fresh horticultural produce. In: Kitinoja, L. and Gorny, J.R. Small-Scale Postharvest Technology: Economic Opportunities, Quality and Food Safety. Postharvest Horticulture Series No.21, Department of Pomology, University of California , Davis. Cornell University GAPs Program. 2000. Reduce Microbial contamination with Good Agricultural Practices. Harris, L.J., D. Zagory, and J. R. Gorny. 2002. Safety factors. p. 301-314, in: A.A. Kader (ed). Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops, third edition. University of California, ANR Publ. No. 3311. (/" +*>6"(0 *)-) (/+&$( +G$"3 5: :0A;06BE4#!=0 B A013 !0 B0:E1:

Hypochlorites Chloramines (di- or ..BY\=:uA (Na, K or Ca trichloroisocyanuarate) B<0B0CD hypochlorite) Quaternary ammonium 4%1%0BB A01W A0;q?k3;1 A0;q?k3;1 A0;q?k3;1=F6070A q?k3;<8=1 =F6 =F6070A =F6070A 070A 0CD3; 4B0CBZjC0M0 6 ;:p!WA1B sanitizer : 701 4' 4' 4' ppm ppm ppm ppm B:

:0A=DECx=/4;:0A%1C81Cx84%:0H4;%1<(;?;Gs0CC(2W4B>E4#!=0 B A013 !0 B0:E1: ppm) (> ppm) (> ppm) :0A:0C C824'<w< C824'<w< '01:0CGu0 64= pH < Y0= :0CGu0 64= pH :0CGu0 4= pH A*4; °F < A*4; °F < A*4; %1#: Price, R.J. 1992. Sanitizers for food plants. University of California Cooperative Extension Sea Grant Extension Program Publication 92-9.

~~(/1*!+"$3&'(Traceback) BE4#!=0 B A013 !0 B0:E1:17*+ +C* 43<'',;0=\CL<0=1=l< :~~

~~California Department of Food and Agriculture, Food Safety Issues (http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/ahfss/ah/food_safety.htm ).~~

~~Cornell University Department of Horticulture 134A Plant Science Building Ithaca , New York 14853-5904 GAPs Program: (607) 255 1428; http://www.cce.cornell.edu/store/customer/home.php?cat=252~~

~~Gateway to U.S. Government Food Safety Information: http://www.foodsafety.gov~~

International Fresh-Cut Produce Association "Food Safety Guidelines for the Fresh-cut Produce Industry 3rd Edition" 1600 Duke Street Suite 440 Alexandria, VA 22314 Phone (703) 299-6282; http://www.fresh-cuts.org

~~Produce Marketing Association P O Box 6036 Newark , Delaware 19714 Phone (302) 738 7100; FAX (302) 731 2409; http://www.pma.com~~

United Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Association "Industrywide Guidance to Minimize Microbiological Food Safety Risks for Produce" 727 N. Washington St . Alexandria , VA 22314 Phone (703) 836-3410; http://www.uffva.org

~~University of California FoodSafe Program One Shields Avenue , Davis , CA 95616 Phone (530) 752-2647; http://foodsafe.ucdavis.edu~~

~~U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service, Q & A about HACCP. (www.fsis.usda.gov/QA/haccpq&a.htm)~~

~~U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration ( http://www.fda.org ).~~

~~A guide to minimize microbial food safety hazards for fresh fruit and vegetables. (http://www.foodsafety.gov/~dms/prodguid.html)~~

~~Western Growers Association "Voluntary Food Safety Guidelines for Fresh Produce" P.O. Box 2130 , Newport Beach , CA 92658 Phone (714) 863-1000; http://www.wga.org~~

~~:0A=DECx=/4;:0A%1C81Cx84%:0H4;%1<(;?;Gs0CC(2W4B>E4#!=0 B A013 !0 B0:E1:~~

~~Aiyer, RS. et al. 1978. No-cost method for preserving fresh cassava roots. Cassava Newsletter 4: 8-9. Cali, Colombia: CIAT.~~

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~~CIP. 1982. Annual Report. Lima, Peru: International Potato Center.~~

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~~FAO. 1989. Prevention of Post-Harvest Food Losses: Fruit. Vegetables and Root Crops. A Training Manual. Rome: UNFAO. 157 pp.~~

~~Fellows, P. and Hampton, A 1992. Small-Scale Food Processing A Guide to Appropriate Equipment. London: Intermediate Technology Publications. 158 pp.~~

Grierson, W. 1987. Postharvest Handling Manual, Commercialization of Alternative Crops Project. Belize Agribusiness Company/USAID/Chemonics International Consulting Division, 2000 M Street, N.W., Suite 200, Washington, D.C. 20036.

Hagen, J.W. et al. 1999. California's Produce Trucking Industry: Characteristics and Important Issues. California Agricultural Technology Institute's Center for Agricultural Business, California State University, Fresno, California

~~Hardenburg, R.E.. et al. 1986. The Commercial Storage of Fruits. Vegetables. and Florist and Nursery Stocks. USDA Agriculture Handbook 66. 130 pp.~~

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~~:0A=DECx=/4;:0A%1C81Cx84%:0H4;%1<(;?;Gs0CC(2W4B>E4#!=0 B A013 !0 B0:E1:~~

~~Kitinoja, L. (1999). Costs and Benefits of Fresh Handling Practices Perishables Handling Quarterly, Special Issue: Costs and Benefits of Postharvest Technologies, No. 97: 7-13~~

~~Kitinoja, L. and Gorny, J.R Postharvest Technology for Small-Scale Produce Marketers: Economic Opportunities, Quality and Food Safety. 1999. UC PTRIC Horticultural Series No. 21~~

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~~:0A=DECx=/4;:0A%1C81Cx84%:0H4;%1<(;?;Gs0CC(2W4B>E4#!=0 B A013 !0 B0:E1:~~

~~Shewfelt R.L. and Prussia, S.E. (eds). 1993. Postharvest Handling A Systems Approach. San Diego: Academic Press, 358 pp.~~

~~Smilanick, J.L 1995. Status of postharvest fungicides and growth regulators. Perishables Handling Special Issue No. 82: 30-32.~~

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~~Walker, D. J. 1992. World Food Programme Food Storage Manual Chatham, UK: Natural Resources Institute.~~

Wills, R., B. McGlasson, D. Graham, and D. Joyce. 1998. Postharvest: An Introduction to the Physiology and Handling of Fruit, Vegetables, and Ornamentals. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 262 pp.

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~~:0A=DECx=/4;:0A%1C81Cx84%:0H4;%1<(;?;Gs0CC(2W4B>E4#!=0 B A013 !0 B0:E1:&1 (updated November 2003)~~

~~ (/+&$0/<-?1-?$"(6 *)-)~~

~~http://postharvest.ucdavis.edu 4B>E4#10M%1#=0=q=142R:E8'w04%:0H%1<(;?; on-line 02%B0E%0EA:C0<0:w =uFB A01B #0AW?kC?_6A01AH=86.1:A!/4%:0H%1<(;?;04%2=%14#'~~

~~http://qasupplies.com %:D<7KD= International Ripening Company ?x;=(E?;8C?;B A014;:30:%1%6?;8C?; 201:0A: !CE\H2 !0B4=2 :0AA7(C3;:0A4A>12 1=k11=k 4=: A8C;:A0H~~

~~1#F(+&$0J$!/ 1* +*>6 http://www.ams.usda.gov~~

~~http://www.ams.usda.gov/nop/ (National Organic Program standards)~~

~~http://www.ams.usda.gov/fv/ (Fruit & Vegetable Programs)~~

~~http://www.ams.usda.gov/tmd/ (Transportation & Marketing Programs)~~

~~4BE0:6'?&0A =86 :0A10M0'89 :0A%B0E%0EA3o0; =86 :~~

~~http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ 41B::12 :Cx02q%6=86 6*:B8:12 10r00!M:~~

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~~http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/manuals/online_ma nuals.html 10MA1BAPHIS/Plant Protection =86 Quarantine Manuals 3;<0=04 82%C(=82~~

~~http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/manuals/pdf_files/FV%20Chapters.htm : !C201=0 2(;1=u=86?u4$S4B>E4#494;9<0=0onlineP~~

~~(/" -/-)&1-)(0&(*=~~

~~Small-scale Postharvest Handling Practices: A Manual for Horticultural Crops ADB-RETA 6208 Trial Planning and Training Workshop October 17-18, 2005, RIFAV, Hanoi, Vietnam 253~~

~~http://www.bluebookprco.com/ The Produce Reporter Company Blue Book Services =D0h0C840HB<08:%C,C8=8CwCL<0= =,90B0AE=x3(20%C0-!'0=A1Bs:'893;<0=B:x0=D;~~

http://www.ams.usda.gov/tmd2/ ccard :A!B8:&0q=E_1!xv1!x0;:0A%1C81Cx84%:0H4;%1<(;?;:0A4)'?&0A=86:0A3F:0Mi= 4%:0H%1<(;?;B A01 Ghana E81B0HA,<<0=B #0AWB A011!xv1!x0; =86 :0A#M014':0='?&0A 04%2=

http://www.agoa.gov/ %10=081CClinton 0=2D7Cl4;G04;African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) 2(;4':sv62014=q5Z'.B#0@s0 0Title 1 of The Trade and Development Act of <0%C04=0?x;=(E4%"64;:'F:28CxA(1B A01%14'B0%7:40H1=x:0AG %1F6%16A1BGuj= 43<40H41:2 7A4B3o:82R=86:B06'?&0A4BAA1B4A,<10Ri;4=:sv6E81B0H4=*0%1#=0= =,9A1B0%78:3;024%1%0B'0 6:0A%B0E%0E 1N 0CL<0=C0<4%:0H ?;8C?; 1N 4BE0:

~~www.pma.com B<0<'?&0A?;8C?; 3;146mC4=@s0 *0B<0<0!8M:C 0B498#4;0: B<08:A1B4'0:'64'=F6?;8C:E4#!=0 B A013 !0 B0:E1:~~

~~http://foodsafe.ucdavis.edu :~~

~~http://ucgaps.ucdavis.edu University of California's Good Agricultural Practices~~

~~http://www.foodsafety.gov ?uiE4':0=CL<0=A1BA3o0#80;B7A3oBDECl8#02 !070A~~

~~http://www.jifsan.umd.edu/gaps.html 4B>E4#!=0 A1BUS FDA I:0A146m=BDECl8#0=86D!#0A1B1=u=86?u4$%BBJ~~

~~http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/secguid6.html b:B0A<_v4'BB=x8BDG4Bt6~~

~~http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~lrd/pes tadd.html <`~~

~~[email protected] :~~

~~ :0A=DECx=/4;:0A%1C81Cx84%:0H4;%1<(;?;Gs0CC(2W4B>E4#!=0 B A013 !0 B0:E1:~~

http://www.postharvest.org E81B0H3;%1%6430H%1\=Q?&)?&0H=xA0C8?x;40H=(E:0A!=0 430H<8=<0=2 !0H 3;4's:?&)?&0H =86 s:04%:0H%1<(;?;3;2010ACG06142R:E8'w04%:0H%1<(;?;:0A1A =86:0A=DECx=/16r09CDRom 04%2= B #0AW1A 4%:0H%1<(;?;3;02A:0=430H<8=16q5uC0

~~http://www.ba.ars.usda.gov/hb66/ : !%606:0AA ;F:4 6E893;=F6<:3;@01V2 404B>E4#:B8:~~

http://www.fao.org/inpho/ E81B0HA1B6_:0AB7%100C8A,<10Ri;=(E FAO 04%2=%14#' =86 :0A40D<4?&6V 3;s:4%1%0B02A:C0< on-line 1N download B A01:0A4%1%0B?k0;Guj=0= :0A40D<:0A 1A A1B UCDavis:0A=DECx=/:0A%1C81Cx84%:0H4;%1<(;?;Gs0CC(2W4B>E4#!=0 B A013 !0 B0:E1:C4?x0C4;:0A4E2GR1 Bxv:'D: '?&0A1N:0A1!xv1!x0;=86?&)?&0H

http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/programs/extension/publicat/postharv/ E82B0H4=?x;<(;=8430HB0:;E8'w0;\HNorth Carolina State 3;?x;0CL<0= 4AB q=:0ABxv'D:=86:0A10RvBCD!r#04%:0H%1<(;?;B A01?;8C?;04%2= Small-scale Postharvest Handling Practices: A Manual for Horticultural Crops ADB-RETA 6208 Trial Planning and Training Workshop October 17-18, 2005, RIFAV, Hanoi, Vietnam 256

~~http://www.uckac.edu/postharv/ <`~~

~~ :0A=DECx=/4;:0A%1C81Cx84%:0H4;%1<(;?;Gs0CC(2W4B>E4#!=0 B A013 !0 B0:E1:~~

~~http://www.fdocitrus.com 430C*<6CL<0=4%:0H4;%1<(;?;%:(2Florida~~

~~http://www.postharvest.tfrec.wsu.edu CL<0=4%:0H4;%1<(;?;B0:;E8'w0;\HWashington State University~~

~~http://www.postharvest.com.au/ CL<0=<=kA84B0=/4%:0H4;%1<(;?;Sydney ( Australia )~~

~~http://www.sardi.sa.gov.au/horticulture/ E8'w0Bl0=%B0E%0E=86#8Ea=/(%Bx0;G06Ci6~~

http://www.chainoflifenetwork.org %1D CL<0='(; '(;0H:0A%1C81Cx84%:0H%1<(;?;?m0 Small-scale Postharvest Handling Practices: A Manual for Horticultural Crops ADB-RETA 6208 Trial Planning and Training Workshop October 17-18, 2005, RIFAV, Hanoi, Vietnam 257

~~http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu E81B0H4=!L=0 :0A40D<B !D slide E43(04%2= :B8:~~