Borrowing Jees As a Finnish Adjective a Case of Nativization

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Borrowing Jees As a Finnish Adjective a Case of Nativization UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI Borrowing jees as a Finnish adjective A case of nativization Katariina Pyykkö Master’s thesis English Philology Department of Modern Languages University of Helsinki March 2017 Tiedekunta/Osasto – Fakultet/Sektion – Faculty Laitos – Institution – Department Humanistinen tiedekunta Nykykielten laitos Tekijä – Författare – Author Katariina Pyykkö Työn nimi – Arbetets titel – Title Borrowing jees as a Finnish adjective – A case of nativization Oppiaine – Läroämne – Subject Englantilainen filologia Työn laji – Arbetets art – Level Aika – Datum – Month and Sivumäärä– Sidoantal – Number of pages year 66 s + liitteet Pro gradu -tutkielma Maaliskuu 2017 Tiivistelmä – Referat – Abstract Tässä sosiolingvistisessä pro gradu -tutkielmassa tarkastellaan suomen kielen adjektiivia jees. Tutkielman tavoite on kartoittaa englannin sanasta yes juontuvan adjektiivin syntaktisia, semanttisia ja indeksikaalisia ominaisuuksia. Tutkimuskysymykset ovat seuraavat: pidetäänkö adjektiivia jees taipumattomana, mikä sanan denotaatio on ja millaisia indeksikaalisia merkityksiä sanaan liitetään. Tutkielman kantavana ajatuksena on tutkia, millaisia muutoksia lainasanaan on kohdistunut lainautumisen jälkeen ja miten se on integroitunut suomen kieleen. Tutkielman taustaosiossa käsitellään englannin kielen asemaa Suomessa, kielikontakteja ja lainautumista sekä sanan jees kehitystä suomen kielessä. Aineisto kerättiin verkkopohjaisella Google Forms -kyselyllä, johon kutsuttiin osallistujia keskustelufoorumeilta, Facebookista ja opiskelijasähköpostilistoilta. Kyselyyn vastasi 265 osallistujaa, joista 58,5 % oli miehiä ja 38,5 % naisia. Suurin osa vastaajista oli 16–30-vuotiaita, ja yli puolet kaikista vastaajista oli opiskelijoita. Kyselylomake oli suomenkielinen ja muodostui viidestä osiosta. Adjektiivin jees taipumista tutkittiin esimerkkilauseilla, joiden kieliopillista hyväksyttävyyttä osallistujat arvioivat. Adjektiivin denotaatiota selvitettiin avoimella kysymyksellä ja sanan indeksikaalisia merkityksiä tutkittiin useiden osioiden, kuten semanttisen differentiaalin avulla. Viimeisessä osiossa kerättiin vastaajien taustatiedot. Kysely tuotti sekä määrällistä että laadullista aineistoa kieliasenteista valinta-, monivalinta-, positio- ja avoimilla kysymyksillä. Kieliopillisen hyväksyttävyyden testilauseet osoittavat, että valtaosa vastaajista pitää adjektiivia jees taipumattomana useimmissa syntaktisissa konteksteissa paitsi predikatiiviadverbiaalina. Osallistujien määritelmät sanalle ovat pääosin yhteneväiset sanakirjojen määritelmien kanssa. Vastaajien mukaan sanaa jees käytetään erityisesti epämuodollisessa puhutussa ja kirjoitetussa kielessä. Adjektiivin liitettävistä indeksikaalisista merkityksistä erityisesti positiivisuus, rahvaanomaisuus ja epämuodollisuus korostuvat tuloksissa. Adjektiivia pidetään myös urbaanina, nuorekkaana ja sukupuolineutraalina. Monet indeksikaaliset merkitykset ovat yhdenmukaisia aiemman tutkimuksen kanssa, mutta osa vastaajista yhdistää sanaan myös maskuliinisuuden. Negatiiviset asenteet sanaa kohtaan näkyvät korostetusti aineistossa. Tutkielma on ensimmäinen lainasanaan jees keskittyvä tutkimus, ja se tarjoaa hyvät lähtökohdat jatkotutkimukselle. Jees on esimerkki lainasanasta, jolle on kehittynyt lainautumisen jälkeen uusia käyttötarkoituksia ja merkityksiä. Tulokset kuvaavat kuitenkin vain kielenkäyttäjien käsityksiä adjektiivin jees käytöstä, eivät sen varsinaista käyttöä. Esimerkiksi korpustutkimus tai muu spontaaniin kielenkäyttöön perustuva tutkimus olisi luonteva jatko tälle tutkielmalle. Tämän lisäksi voidaan tutkia lainasanan muita kieliopillisia funktioita eli partikkelia, interjektiota ja adverbia suomen kielessä. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords lainasana, lainautuminen, suomi, englanti, kielikontakti, asennetutkimus Säilytyspaikka – Förvaringställe – Where deposited Keskustakampuksen kirjasto Muita tietoja – Övriga uppgifter – Additional information i Contents 1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 1 2 Background ............................................................................................. 5 2.1 English in Finland .......................................................................... 5 2.2 Language contact and borrowing ................................................. 10 2.2.1 Borrowing and codeswitching ............................................. 10 2.2.2 Further inspection of borrowing .......................................... 12 2.2.3 Attitudes towards language contact and borrowings ........... 15 2.2.4 Nativization of borrowings .................................................. 16 2.3 Jees in Finnish: definition and development ............................... 19 2.4 Research questions ....................................................................... 25 3 Data and methods ................................................................................. 26 3.1 The survey .................................................................................... 26 3.2 Participant demographics ............................................................. 27 3.3 Procedure ..................................................................................... 30 4 Results .................................................................................................. 34 4.1 Syntax, semantics, and indexical values of jees .......................... 34 5 Discussion ............................................................................................. 47 5.1 Syntactical properties of jees ....................................................... 47 5.2 Denotation of jees ........................................................................ 50 5.3 Indexical values of jees and attitudes towards it .......................... 51 5.4 Strengths and limitations of the study .......................................... 55 6 Conclusion ............................................................................................ 57 Bibliography ................................................................................................ 61 Appendices ................................................................................................... 67 ii List of figures Figure 1: Age groups .......................................................................... 28 Figure 2: Education level .................................................................... 29 Figure 3: Semantic differential ........................................................... 39 Figure 4: Frequency of use. ................................................................ 40 Figure 5: Who uses jees: age .............................................................. 43 Figure 6: Language mode ................................................................... 45 Figure 7: Who uses jees: gender (female respondents) ...................... 52 Figure 8: Who uses jees: gender (male respondents) ......................... 52 List of tables Table 1: Definitions of jees in Finnish dictionaries and a grammar ... 22 Table 2: Gender distribution ............................................................... 27 Table 3: Occupation ........................................................................... 29 Table 4: Sentence pair 1 ..................................................................... 35 Table 5: Sentence pair 2 ..................................................................... 35 Table 6: Sentence pair 3 ..................................................................... 36 Table 7: Sentence pair 4 ..................................................................... 36 Table 8: Sentence pair 5 ..................................................................... 37 1 1 Introduction Lexical borrowings have been explored in linguistics for a long time, “going back at least to the historical comparative language studies of the 19th century and extending over all philologies” (Fischer, 2008, p.1). Languages around the world come into contact with each other, and therefore, borrowings between those languages are a natural consequence of that exposure. Since the phenomenon is so wide-spread, studying the development of borrowings in the recipient languages is essential. The etymologies of borrowings are mapped out in dictionaries and the changes applied to their form after borrowing have drawn attention in research. However, studying the other properties of borrowings, especially their adapted functions in the receiving languages, is a fairly recent development within contact linguistics. This paper focuses on the nativization of one English borrowing in Finnish – the adjective jees. In today’s world, English acts as a source language for many contact phenomena due to its global position. For that reason, lexical borrowings with an English origin are present in numerous languages and much of recent work in contact linguistics has focused on English borrowings. the increasing interest towards global anglicisms is manifested in, for example, the compilation of A Dictionary of European Anglicisms by Görlach (2005) the formation of the GLAD Research Network in 2015. The network “aims to share and compare strategies and resources for fostering cooperation among scholars interested in linguistic and cultural Anglicization involving the widest possible range of speech communities world- wide” (Global Anglicism Database, n.d.). As with many other European countries, English has a strong presence in Finland even though it has
Recommended publications
  • UNIVERSITY of VAASA Faculty of Humanities Department of English
    UNIVERSITY OF VAASA Faculty of Humanities Department of English Laura Miettinen and Marika Ylinen Mother Tongue: Aid or Obstacle? Errors Made by Finnish- and Swedish-speaking Learners of English Masters Thesis Vaasa 2007 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT 5 1 INTRODUCTION 7 1.1 Material 9 1.2 Method 12 1.3 Cohorts 15 2 FOREIGN LANGUAGE LEARNING 18 2.1 Effect of First Language on Foreign Language Learning 18 2.2 Bilingualism in Foreign Language Learning 22 3 ERRORS IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE LEARNING 26 3.1 Error Types 26 3.2 Error Analysis 28 4 DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES BETWEEN FINNISH, SWEDISH AND ENGLISH 32 4.1 Grammatical Similarities and Differences 34 4.2 Lexical Similarities and Differences 36 5 ERRORS MADE BY NINTH GRADERS 38 5.1 Grammatical Errors 40 5.1.1 Articles 41 5.1.2 Prepositions 44 5.1.3 Verbs 47 5.1.4 Pronouns 50 5.1.5 Word Order 52 5.1.6 Plural Formation 52 5.2 Lexical Errors 54 5.2.1 Spelling 55 3 5.2.2 Vocabulary 57 5.3 Non-idiomatic Language 57 6 ERRORS MADE BY UNIVERSITY APPLICANTS 60 6.1 Grammatical Errors 63 6.1.1 Articles 64 6.1.2 Pronouns 67 6.1.3 Prepositions 69 6.1.4 Verbs 71 6.1.5 Word Order 74 6.2 Lexical Errors 75 6.2.1 Spelling 76 6.2.2 Vocabulary 77 6.3 Non-idiomatic Language 78 7 ERRORS MADE BY UNIVERSITY STUDENTS 80 7.1 Grammatical Errors 83 7.1.1 Articles 85 7.1.2 Prepositions 86 7.1.3 Verbs 88 7.1.4 Pronouns 90 7.2.
    [Show full text]
  • The Finnish Noun Phrase
    Università Ca’ Foscari di Venezia Facoltà di Lingue e Letterature Straniere Corso di Laurea Specialistica in Scienze del Linguaggio The Finnish Noun Phrase Relatore: Prof.ssa Giuliana Giusti Correlatore: Prof. Guglielmo Cinque Laureanda: Lena Dal Pozzo Matricola: 803546 ANNO ACCADEMICO: 2006/2007 A mia madre Table of contents Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………….…….…… III Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………........ V Abbreviations ……………………………………………………………………………VII 1. Word order in Finnish …………………………………………………………………1 1.1 The order of constituents in the clause …………………………………………...2 1.2 Word order and interpretation .......……………………………………………… 8 1.3 The order of constituents in the Nominal Expression ………………………… 11 1.3.1. Determiners and Possessors …………………………………………………12 1.3.2. Adjectives and other modifiers …………………………………………..… 17 1.3.2.1 Adjectival hierarchy…………………………………………………………23 1.3.2.2 Predicative structures and complements …………………………………26 1.3.3 Relative clauses …………………………………………………………….... 28 1.4 Conclusions ............……………………………………………………………. 30 2. Thematic relations in nominal expressions ……………………………………….. 32 2.1 Observations on Argument Structure ………………………………….……. 32 2.1.1 Result and Event nouns…………………………………………………… 36 2.2 Transitive nouns ………………………………………………………………... 38 2.2.1 Compound nouns ……………….……………………………………... 40 2.2.2 Intransitive nouns derived from transitive verbs …………………… 41 2.3 Passive nouns …………………………………………………………………… 42 2.4 Psychological predicates ……………………………………………………….. 46 2.4.1 Psych verbs ……………………………………………………………….
    [Show full text]
  • Finnish and Hungarian
    The role of linguistics in language teaching: the case of two, less widely taught languages - Finnish and Hungarian Eszter Tarsoly and Riitta-Liisa Valijärvi The School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London, London, United Kingdom The School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; [email protected], [email protected] (Received xxx; final version received xxx) This paper discusses the role of various linguistic sub-disciplines in teaching Finnish and Hungarian. We explain the status of Finnish and Hungarian at University College London and in the UK, and present the principle difficulties in learning and teaching these two languages. We also introduce our courses and student profiles. With the support of examples from our own teaching, we argue that a linguistically oriented approach is well suited for less widely used and less taught languages as it enables students to draw comparative and historical parallels, question terminologies and raise their sociolinguistic and pragmatic awareness. A linguistic approach also provides students with skills for further language learning. Keywords: language teaching; less taught languages; LWUTL; Finnish; Hungarian; linguistic terminology; historical linguistics; phonology; typology; cognitive linguistics; contact linguistics; corpus linguistics; sociolinguistics; pragmatics; language and culture. Introduction The purpose of our paper is to explore the role of different sub-disciplines of linguistics in language teaching, in particular, their role in the teaching of less widely used and less taught (LWULT) languages. More specifically, we argue that a linguistic approach to language teaching is well suited for teaching morphologically complex less widely taught languages, such as Hungarian and Finnish, in the UK context.
    [Show full text]
  • Orkshop on Person, Impersonality and Verb Inflection in Finnic Languages
    orkshop on Person, Impersonality and Verb Inflection W in Finnic Languages and Dialects, November 12–13 2009, Helsinki P R O G R A M Page Thursday November 12 9:00 Maria Vilkuna Introducing FinDiaSyn; some results 9:45 Gunther De Vogelaer 2 Innovations in Dutch person marking: grammaticalization, analogy, and typological rara 10:30 Coffee 11:00 Hannele Forsberg, Mari Siiroinen & Maria Vilkuna 4 Third person plural in Finnish dialects: impersonal and personal uses 11:45 Jaakko Leino 8 Person marking in non-finite structures in Finnish dialects 12:30 Lunch 13:30 Anna Siewierska 11 Keynote lecture: Areal and typological perspectives on R-impersonals: the case of 3 pl-impersonals and man-constructions in Europe 14:45 Liina Lindström & Mervi Kalmus 12 Reduction of the 1 st person ending and pronoun ellipsis in Estonian dialects 15:30 Coffee 15:45 Pekka Zaikov 14 Person forms of Karelian verbs 16:30 Erling Wande 18 The Meänkieli person system 17:15 Raija Kangassalo 19 Tendencies in the use of person forms in Sweden Finnish 19:00 Dinner, Restaurant Kolme Kruunua Friday November 13 9:00 Marja-Liisa Helasvuo 22 Keynote lecture: Competing strategies in person marking: double-marking vs. economy 10:15 Coffee 10:30 Hanna Lappalainen 23 Interactional and sociolinguistic aspects of 1st and 2nd person pronoun use vs. omission in spoken Finnish 11:15 Miia Karttunen 26 Passive, zero and pro-drop in commissive utterances in Eastern Finnish dialects 12:00 A look at Kotus Dialect archives and corpora (optional) and lunch 13:30 Heli Pekkarinen 28 Between
    [Show full text]
  • Book of Abstracts
    Congressus Duodecimus Internationalis Fenno-Ugristarum, Oulu 2015 Book of Abstracts Edited by Harri Mantila Jari Sivonen Sisko Brunni Kaisa Leinonen Santeri Palviainen University of Oulu, 2015 Oulun yliopisto, 2015 Photographs: © Oulun kaupunki ja Oulun yliopisto ISBN: 978-952-62-0851-0 Juvenes Print This book of abstracts contains all the abstracts of CIFU XII presentations that were accepted. Chapter 1 includes the abstracts of the plenary presentations, chapter 2 the abstracts of the general session papers and chapter 3 the abstracts of the papers submitted to the symposia. The abstracts are presented in alphabetical order by authors' last names except the plenary abstracts, which are in the order of their presentation in the Congress. The abstracts are in English. Titles in the language of presentation are given in brackets. We have retained the transliteration of the names from Cyrillic to Latin script as it was in the original papers. Table of Contents 1 Plenary presentations 7 2 Section presentations 19 3 Symposia 199 Symp. 1. Change of Finnic languages in a multilinguistic environment .......................................................................... 201 Symp. 2. Multilingual practices and code-switching in Finno-Ugric communities .......................................................................... 215 Symp. 3. From spoken Baltic-Finnic vernaculars to their national standardizations and new literary languages – cancelled ...... 233 Symp. 4. The syntax of Samoyedic and Ob-Ugric languages ...... 233 Symp. 5. The development
    [Show full text]
  • Colloquial Finnish
    Colloquial Finnish Colloquial Finnish is easy to use and completely up to date! Specially written by an experienced teacher for self-study or class use, the course offers you a step-by-step approach to written and spoken Finnish. No prior knowledge of the language is required. What makes this new edition of Colloquial Finnish your best choice in personal language learning? • Interactive – lots of exercises for regular practice • Clear – concise grammar notes • Practical – useful vocabulary and pronunciation guide • Complete – including answer key and reference section Whether you’re a business traveller, or about to take up a daring challenge in adventure tourism; you may be studying to teach or even looking forward to a holiday – if you’d like to get up and running with Finnish, this rewarding course will take you from complete beginner to confidently putting your language skills to use in a wide range of everyday situations. Accompanying audio material is available to purchase separately on two CDs or in MP3 format, or comes included in the great value Colloquial Finnish paperback and CDs complete course. Recorded by native speakers, the audio material complements the book and will help develop your listening and pronunciation skills. THE COLLOQUIAL SERIES Series Adviser: Gary King The following languages are available in the Colloquial series: Afrikaans German Romanian Albanian Greek Russian Amharic Gujarati Scottish Gaelic Arabic (Levantine) Hebrew Serbian Arabic of Egypt Hindi Slovak Arabic of the Gulf Hungarian Slovene Basque Icelandic
    [Show full text]
  • On the Border of Language and Dialect
    Helka Riionheimo and Vesa Koivisto Vesa and Riionheimo Helka Edited by Marjatta Palander, Palander, Marjatta by Edited This volume considers the linguistic borders between a language and a dialect as well as the administrative, cultural, and mental borders that affect the linguistic ones. The articles approach mental borders between dialects, dialect continua, and areas of mixed dialect, language ideologies, language mixing, and contact-induced language change. Karelian receives particular attention, being examined from Dialect and Language multiple perspectives with attention to variation, maintenance, and of On the Border On the Border of Language the dialect perceptions of its speakers. Together, the articles compose a multidimensional, multilingual, variable, and ever-changing linguistic and Dialect reality where diverse borders, boundaries, and barriers meet, intertwine, and cross each other. The combination of the articles also aims to cross disciplinary and methodological borders and present new perspectives on earlier studies. Edited by The editors of the volume are experts of dialectology and contact Marjatta Palander, Helka Riionheimo and Vesa Koivisto linguistics at the University of Eastern Finland. Marjatta Palander, PhD, and Helka Riionheimo, PhD, are professors in Finnish language. Vesa Koivisto, PhD, holds the professorship of Karelian language and culture. studia fennica linguistica 21 isbn 978-952-222-916-8 88.2 9789522229168 www.finlit.fi/kirjat Studia Fennica studia fennica anthropologica ethnologica folkloristica historica linguistica litteraria Linguistica Studia Fennica Linguistica 21 The Finnish Literature Society (SKS) was founded in 1831 and has, from the very beginning, engaged in publishing operations. It nowadays publishes literature in the fields of ethnology and folkloristics, linguistics, literary research and cultural history.
    [Show full text]
  • Reconnecting Estonian and Finnish in Terms of Contemporary Multilingualism
    A LINGUISTIC ENCOUNTER BETWEEN NEIGHBORS AND RELATIVES: Reconnecting Estonian and Finnish in terms of contemporary multilingualism Mai Frick, Riho Grünthal and Kristiina Praakli Multilingual Practices in Finno-Ugric Communities. 163–196. Uralica Helsingiensia 13. Helsinki 2018. Keywords: multilingualism, language contacts, code-switching, morphology, Estonian, Finnish Abstract Contemporary mobility between Estonia and Finland is a versatile example of a sudden rise of the intermingling of two languages in a diverse language sociological context. The political situation, which prevailed after World War II and during the second half of the 20th century, prevented direct contacts between the Estonian and Finnish speech communities to a very large extent. Everyday contacts were very limited for several decades and took place only very irregularly regardless of the geographical adjacency of the two countries. In the 1990s, the situation changed abruptly after Estonia regained its independence, and some years later free travel was permitted. Currently, both Estonia and Finland are members of the European Union, which has brought the labour markets as well as the cultural and social networks of the two countries very close to one another and strongly contrasts with the earlier situation. Intensive cultural and societal interaction influences the language use of individual people and micro communities in multiple ways. It is seen most illustratively in the private sphere. A regular boat connection between Estonia and Finland brings millions of people across the Gulf of Finland annually and tens of thousands of people have permanently or temporarily settled in their neighbouring country. The shared historical background and inherent grammatical and lexical features of the Estonian and Finnish languages are a substantial part of everyday contacts.
    [Show full text]
  • ABSTRACTS BOOKLET Papers Will Be Held in the Old Dining Hall and the Seminar Room
    This booklet contains the abstracts for all the papers presented at The Fourteenth Manchester the fourteenth Manchester Phonology Meeting, held at Hulme Hall, Phonology Meeting Manchester, in May 2006. The abstracts are arranged in alphabetical order by the surname of the (first named) presenter. 14 The abstracts for the oral paper sessions are presented first, followed by the abstracts for the poster paper sessions, and the booklet concludes with a brief description of the special session. f «È n l « dZi All sessions for papers listed in this booklet will take place in either the Old Dining Hall or the Seminar Room in Hulme Hall, apart from the poster sessions, which will be held in the bar area. The opening and closing addresses and the special session will be held in the Old Dining Hall. The parallel sessions for the oral ABSTRACTS BOOKLET papers will be held in the Old Dining Hall and the Seminar Room. Thursday 25th - Saturday 27th May 2006 The Old Dining Hall is in the main Hulme Hall building, upstairs, Held at and just through the bar/coffee area and the area where the meals Hulme Hall, Manchester are held. The Seminar Room is in the new building which is opposite the entrance to the main Hulme Hall building. It takes Organised by phonologists at the University of Edinburgh, the about a minute to walk from one to the other. The final Université de Montpellier-Paul Valé ry, the University of Manchester, programme, included in your registration pack, gives the details of the Université de Toulouse-Le Mirail, and elsewhere.
    [Show full text]
  • CONTACTS BETWEEN the BALTIC and FINNIC LANGUAGES Uralica Helsingiensia7
    CONTACTS BETWEEN THE BALTIC AND FINNIC LANGUAGES Uralica Helsingiensia7 Contacts between the Baltic and Finnic languages EDITED BY SANTERI JUNTTILA HELSINKI 2015 Contents Santeri Junttila (ed.): Contacts between the Baltic and Finnic languages. Uralica Helsingiensia 7. Santeri Junttila Layout, cover Katriina Ketola, Anna Kurvinen Introduction 6 Translations of summaries Simonas Noreikis, Anete Kona, Santeri Junttila Language editor: Uldis Balodis Santeri Junttila Proto-Finnic loanwords in the Baltic languages? ISBN 978-952-5667-67-7 An old hypothesis revisited 12 ISSN 1797-3945 Orders • Tilaukset Petri Kallio Tiedekirja <www.tiedekirja.fi> Vammalan Kirjapaino Oy The Baltic and Finnic Names of the River Gauja 38 Snellmaninkatu 13 <[email protected]> Sastamala 2015 FI-00170 Helsinki Laimute Balode Criteria for Identifying Possible Finnicisms in Latvian Toponymy 49 Uralica Helsingiensia Pauls Balodis Uralica Helsingiensia is a series published jointly by the University of Helsinki Finno-Ugric Surnames of Finnic Origin in Latvia 74 Language Section and the Finno-Ugrian Society. It features monographs and thematic col- lections of articles with a research focus on Uralic languages, and it also covers the linguistic Riho Grünthal and cultural aspects of Estonian, Hungarian and Saami studies at the University of Helsinki. The series has a peer review system, i.e. the manuscripts of all articles and monographs Livonian at the crossroads of language contacts 97 submitted for publication will be refereed by two anonymous reviewers before binding decisions are made concerning the publication of the material. Jan Henrik Holst Uralica Helsingiensia on Helsingin yliopiston suomalais-ugrilaiset kielet ja kulttuurit -oppi- On the theory of a Uralic substratum in Baltic 151 aineryhmän yhdessä Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran kanssa julkaisema sarja, jossa ilmestyy monografioita ja temaattisia artikkelikokoelmia.
    [Show full text]
  • Please Cite the Original Version: Jarva, V., & Mikkonen, J
    This is a self-archived version of an original article. This version may differ from the original in pagination and typographic details. Author(s): Jarva, Vesa; Mikkonen, Jenni Title: Lexical Mixing in a Conversation between Old Helsinki Slang Speakers Year: 2018 Version: Published version Copyright: © Jarva, Mikkonen & the Editors, 2018. Rights: CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 Rights url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Please cite the original version: Jarva, V., & Mikkonen, J. (2018). Lexical Mixing in a Conversation between Old Helsinki Slang Speakers. In M. Palander, H. Riionheimo, & V. Koivisto (Eds.), On the Border of Language and Dialect (pp. 222-252). Studia Fennica Linguistica, 21. Helsinki, Finland: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. doi:10.21435/sflin.21 Vesa Jarva http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7965-9083 Jenni Mikkonen http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9737-1136 Lexical Mixing in a Conversation between Old Helsinki Slang Speakers Abstract In this article, a conversation between Old Helsinki Slang (OHS) speakers recorded in 1965 is examined. A notable feature of OHS is the heavy use of Swedish-based or otherwise un-Finnish words although it mostly follows the grammar of colloquial Finnish. e sample that is analyzed consists of free speech, and it lasts 65 minutes. If uncertain items are taken into account, then the proportion of borrowed lexical items in the data is 29–32%. Function and content words in OHS di er markedly in their etymological origin as the function words are overwhelmingly Finnish. Although OHS has some phonological and phonotactical features that are strikingly “un-Finnish,” it is apparent that these features have been adopted along with loanwords.
    [Show full text]
  • Finnic Adpositions and Cases in Change Xxx Case System and the Reanalysis of Southern Veps Prolative-Comitative As Well As the Livonian Translative-Comitative
    Preface Human interest in the differences between genetically closely related languages and academic obligation explain why this book was written. Discovering the silent secrets of language took place far from the hectic of urban life. During the years 1999 to 2003, as I was planning, writing and editing my thesis, I felt it a privilege to learn more about the linguistic and cultural heritage of northern Europe. This was the constant joy of my work also after I had completed the most creative research stage. First of all, I would like to cordially thank Professor Johanna Laakso, my encouraging tutor during the writing of the current work and attentive friend since the beginning of my studies. The fi rst ideas grew to elaborated assumptions and linguistic research under constant collaboration with her. This book is a fruit of the joint project in which Johanna and Professor Anneli Sarhimaa participated. She was the other member of the personal research group and consulting team that opened for me new perspectives in language and linguistics, for which I am very grateful. I am greatly obliged to Professors Helle Metslang and Alho Alhoniemi for their valuable guidance and detailed comments on the manuscript of my thesis. Their advice was indispensable for completing the project successfully. The Department of Finno-Ugrian Studies at the University of Helsinki, with its productive yet relaxed atmosphere, was immensely important for me, as I was allowed to proceed at my own pace in writing the thesis. I am grateful to earlier and current directors of the Department, Professors Raija Bartens, Seppo Suhonen, Ulla-Maija Kulonen, and Tapani Salminen, for a motivating environment that both nurtured traditions and fostered innovations.
    [Show full text]