Widener College Courls GUIDE to the Campus Parking Areas Indicared by Diagonal Lines ~ 1

Visitors to Widene r College may obtain information at the tele phone exchange located inside the front entrance of Old Main (5). Widener Campus tours and inte rvie ws are arra nged in the Admis ions Office located o n the mai n floor of Old Mai n. Vi itors are requested to use the e ntrance to Old Main on 14th Street (opposite MacMorland Cente r) and to park on College the mark ed spaces along the semi-ci rcular driveway in fr ont of Old Main. CHESTER • PENNSYLVANIA • 19013 • 215-876-5551 The Cenrer of Arls and Science, rhe Cenrer of 9. Arrs Cenler Managemenr and Applied Economic and rhe Evening 10. BSU building Divi ion are locared in rhe Kapelski Learning Cenler (3). 11 . Observarory The Provosr's office is in Kapelski. 12. Srudenr park Adminislrarive offices including rhe presidenr's, 13. Webb Hall conrroller, office of srudenr affairs, business office, 14. MacMorland Cenrer (srudenr union building) admissions, regislrar, developmenl and alumni are 15. Mainlenance building locared in Old Main (5). Public relalions is in rhe 16. Schwarrz Ph ysical Educarion Cenler Alumni Audilorium (4). Widener Way for Women is in 17. Baseball diamond H yall Hall (8). Deparlmenr of Milirary Science (ROTC) 18. Soccer field ground floor, Hanna Hall (C). Dean of Srudenrs and 19. Rober! Levy Tennis Courrs Office of Freshman Programs are in Webb Hall (13). 20. Track & field area and pracrice field 21. Sradium 22. Armory 23. Hannum House 24. Widener College Courls GUIDE TO THE CAmPUS Parking Areas indicared by diagonal lines ~ 1. Wolfgram Memorial Library 2. Kirkbride Hall of Science and Engineering DORmiTORIES 3. Louis Kapelski Learning Cenler A The Casrle F Crasselli Hall 4. Alumni Audilorium 8 Turrell Hall G Hanna Hall 5. Old Main (adminislrarion building) c Howell Hall H Thayer Hall 6. Infirmary D Cann Memorial Hall K Spang Hall complex 7. Reading Services Cenrer E Dixon Halls, M Sharples Hall 8. Hyarr Hall Norrh and Soulh N Manor House Widener College 1977·1978

It is the policy of Widener College not to discrimi nate on the basis of sex, handicap, race, age, color, religion, or national or ethnic origin in its education programs, admissions policies, employment poli cies, financial aid or other school-administered pro grams. This policy is enforced by federal law under Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. Inquiries regarding compliance with these statutes may be directed to the Director of the Office for Civil Rights, Depart ment of Health, Education and Welfare, Washing ton, D.C.

Accredited by Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools

While correct at press time, all statements in this publication are subject to change without notice. Upon action of the governing body, facilities may be enlarged or otherwise altered, courses added or deleted and the College curri cula modified or expanded.

Widener College Bulletin

Series 116 Number 2 September, 1977

Published six times a year by Widener College, once each in June and july, and twice each in September and October. Second class postage paid at Chester, Pennsylvania. Contents

Campus Map ...... 1 For Information ...... 7 History of Widener College ...... 9 Profile: Widener Family ...... 11 Widener College Today ...... 15 Educational Facilities ...... 27 Campus Life ...... 33 Admissions ...... 47 Financial Aid ...... 57 Financial Information...... 68 General Information ...... 71 Academic Programs ...... 77 Courses of Instruction ...... 143 Board of Trustees ...... 201 Administration ...... 205 Faculty ...... 210 Directions to Widener College ...... 227 Index ...... 230

3 FALL SEMESTER 1977 August, 1977 22 Monday - Registration, Law School 25 Thursday - Classes begin, Law School September, 1977 6 Tuesday- 10:30- Opening Faculty Meeting, Room LC 1 6 Tuesday - Orientation, Widener College Freshmen 6 Tuesday- Evening Division Registration 7 Wednesday - Freshman Registration 7 Wednesday- MBA and Graduate Engineering Registration 8 Thursday- Upperclass and Transfer Student Registration 8 Thursday - MBA, Graduate Engineering and Evening Division Classes Begin 9 Friday -Undergraduate Day Classes Begin October, 1977 24 Monday- End 1st Module (M., W ., F., seq.) 25 Tuesday - End 1st Module (T. , Th., seq.) 26 Wednesday- Final 1st Module (M. , W ., F. , seq.) 27 Thursday - Final 1st Module (T. , Th., seq.) 31 Monday- Begin 2nd Module November, 1977 24 Thursday- Thanksgiving Vacation Begins 28 Monday- Classes Resume December, 1977 14 Wednesday - Last Day of Classes 15 Thursday - Reading Day 16 Friday- Final Exams Begin 21 Wednesday- Fin al Exams End 22 Thursday- Christmas Holiday Begins 28 Wednesday -Grades for Fall Semester Due in SPRING SEMESTER 1978

January, 1978 5 Thursday - Classes Begin, Law School 16 Monday- Undergraduate Registration 16 Monday - Evening Division Registration 17 Tuesday- MBA and Graduate Engineering Registration 17 Tuesday- All Undergraduate Classes Begin 17 Tuesday- Evening Division Classes Begin 23 Monday- MBA and Graduate Engineering Classes Begin February, 1978 28 Tuesday - End 1st Module (T. , Th ., seq.) March, 1978 1 Wednesday- End 1st Module (M ., W., F., seq.) 2 Thursday - Finals 1st Module (T ., Th ., seq.) 3 Friday- Finals 1st Module (M., W., F., seq.) 3 Friday- Spring Vacation Begins After Last Class 13 Monday- Classes Resume 24 Friday - Easter Holiday 28 Tuesday- Classes Resume May, 1978 3 Wednesday - Last Day of Classes 4 Thursday- Reading Day 5 Friday- Final Exams Begin 10 Wednesday - Final Exams End 12 Friday- Grades Due in Re gistrar's Office (10:00 A.M.) 20 Saturday - Commencement, Widener College and Delaware Law School

For Information

Policy DR. CLARE CE R. MOLL Pres ident Academic affairs DR. JOEL M . ROD EY Pro vos t Business affairs MR. G. ROBERT BOWLBY Vice Pres ident for Fisca l Affairs and Operatio n Admissions MR. VINCE T F. Ll OSLEY Vice Pre ident for Student Affairs and Dea n o f A dmiss ions Cultural affairs DR. SOPHOCLES M. SOPHOCLES Dea n o f Cultural Affairs Student fiscal affairs MR. G. ROBERT BOWLBY Vice Pres ident for Fisca l Affair and Operations Athletic affairs MR. GEORGE A . HANSELL, JR . Directo r o f Athletics Development program MR. ROBERT J. BR UCE Vice Pres ident for Development Student life, counseling, religious MR. VI CE T F. Ll OSLEY and social affairs Vice Pr es ident for Student A ffa ir Freshman programs DR. LISA N. WOODSIDE Ass istant Vice Pres ident fo r Student Affairs Public relations M ISS PAMELA SHER IDAN Directo r of Public Relatio ns Evening division MR. RUDOLPH BLOOM, JR . Ass istant Dean for Undergraduate Evening Programs Alumni relations MRS. CHRISTl A H. KAVANAUGH Directo r o f Alumni Relations Transcripts of record MRS. JAYNE GARRISON Registrar Library affairs MR. LEE C. BROWN Librarian Placement affairs MRS. EIL EEN M . SHANAHAN Pla cem ent Supervisor Musical affairs MR. JOHN A. VANORE Directo r of Music Office Hours: Monday through Frida y-9 a. m .-4 :30p.m. Saturdays-9-11 :30 a.m. All other times by appointment Telephone : (215) 876-5551

The College formally adopted the name Widener College on July 1, 1972, hon oring the nationally prominent Philadelphia family which has distinguished itself by numerous philanthropic activities. (A sketch of the Widener family follows). Founded in 1821 by John Bullock, a leading Quaker, the College began as a select school for boys in Wilmington, Delaware. In contrast to the pacifism of its founder's religious beliefs, his successors introduced military instruction in 1858 and four years later the school became known as Pennsylvania Military Academy. The early curriculum extended from preparatory through college. In 1892, the school, by then located on its present suburban Chester campus, assumed the name Pennsylvania Military College. The long tradition as an exclusively military college ended in 1946 with the admission of returning World War II veterans as non-cadet students. And, in 1967, an even longer tradition was broken when the formerly all-male institution admit ted its first female students. To reflect this evolution into a co-educational, predominantly liberal arts col lege, the name was changed to PMC Colleges, with Penn Morton College being the designation for the non-military component and Pennsylvania Military College being retained as the name for the cadet corps. During its 155 years, the College has continuously kept pace with the changing needs of our complex American society. In 1970, it acquired the College of Nursing of the Crozer Foundation. When the name Widener College was adopted and the Corps of Cadets discontinued, the Board of Trustees voted to retain the enriched Option C ROTC program. In June, 1975, the College acquired via merger the Delaware Law School, Wilmington, Del., thus enriching its graduate offerings. In November, 1976, the Board of Trustees for Widener College and the Board of Trustees for Brandywine Junior College became synonymous. Brandywine Junior College continues to be operated as a separate two-year college. The Delaware institution will share its campus with the law school, which will move onto its new site by January 1978 under present planning. Today, Widener College offers career-oriented studies in science, engineering, business and management, nursing, human services and the liberal arts; and gradu ate programs in engineering, business and law. The emphasis of all studies, regard less of the undergraduate major selected, is placed on the development of personal values and goals as well as enrichment through interdisciplinary studies. Widener students are preparing themselves for future leadership roles in their careers and their communities. 10 Profile: Widener Family

The Widener family, for whom the College is named, is as famous for its philan thropy and collections of art and rare books as it is for its contributions to American business, finance, transportation and thoroughbred horse racing. The Wideners were among the first American families to exhibit a strong social consciousness and share their great wealth with society. They built and endowed the Widener Memorial School for Crippled Children in Philadelphia, created the Widener Memorial Library at Harvard University and donated their world-renowned art collection to help start the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. They also gave their Philadelphia mansion to the Free Library of Philadelphia and their Newport, R.I., home to the Protestant Episcopal Diocese of Rhode Island. Through the Widener Memorial Foundation in Aid of Handicapped Children, the family has continued its philanthropy by providing financial aid to the Child Development Center, Norristown, Pa. ; St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Shriner's Hospital for Crippled Children, and the Center for the Blind, all in Phila delphia; and the Easter Seal Society of Pennsylvania, among others. A prominent Philadelphia family which dates back to pre-Revolutionary days, the Wideners became internationally known in the late 1800's and early 1900's under Peter A.B. Widener. He rose from a butcher's boy in his brother's meat shop on Spring Garden St. to become the owner of more miles of street railways than any other man in the world. He also helped to organize such industrial giants as the U. S. Steel Corporation and the American Tobacco Company and had substantial holdings in the Standard Oil Company and the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. At one time he and his associates owned street railway systems in Philadelphia, New York, Chicago, Pittsburgh, Baltimore and Washington, D.C. He is credited with consolidating highly fragmented street railway systems and is recognized as the leading force behind continued modernization of mass transit. At the time, all street railways consisted of horse-drawn vehicles. In 1892 he introduced cable cars into operation on Market St. , Columbia Ave., 7th and 9th Sts . in Philadelphia. He continued to press for greater efficiency and later became a pioneer in the intro duction of electric street cars, despite initial local opposition. Later, he organized gas and electric lighting companies in Philadelphia, Read ing, Harrisburg, Atlanta, Savannah, Vicksburg, St. Augustine, Minneapolis, Kansas City, and Des Moines. He served on the Philadelphia Board of Education, 1867-70, and was appointed 'city treasurer in 1873. As treasurer, Widener found the city unable to pay certain warrants that had come due. So, he personally paid them and agreed to wait until

11 12 the city could repay him. He was also a candidate for mayor of Philadelphia in 1892 and in 1900 he sought a seat in the U.S. Senate. In 1902, he founded the Widener Memorial School in memory of his wife of 38 years, Josephine D., and his son, Harry K. The school provided free medical treat ment and therapy, as well as education in all grades, to handicapped children living in Philadelphia. The students lived at the school on a 30-acre wooded tract at Broad St. and Olney Ave. , and continued their treatment and study during the hot summer in Longport, N.J. In 1941 , the Widener School joined with the Board of Education's Martin Orthopedic School. Under the unique agreement, the Widener School came under the general supervision of a joint committee representing the Widener trustees and the Board of Education. The Longport home was sold and the proceeds were used for school improvements. The Widener trustees continuously contribute $100,000 a year to the school's operating expenses. Widener's internationally famous art collection, which he kept in the palatial Lynnewood Hall estate in Elkins Park, was ranked as one of the finest in the U.S. At the time of his death in 1915, it was valued at more than $11 million. It included six VanDycks, four Rembrandts, two Titians and representative works of Raphael, Botticelli, El Greco, Velasquez, and Monet, among others. He also collected rare bronzes, tapestries, statuary, chinaware, and furniture. He paid $700,000 in 1914 for the famous " Cowper Madonna" by Raphael, which at the time was the most expensive and most valuable painting ever brought to America. The previous high was the $500,000 he paid for Rembrandt's " The Mill." In 1940, the collection was given, in behalf of the entire Widener fami ly, to the National Gallery of Art by his son, Joseph Early Widener, " to make it accessible to the greatest number of people." P.A .B. Widener was believed to have been among the richest men in Philadel phia at the time of his death. Harry Elkins Widener, Peter A.B.'s grandson, achieved world renown for his rare book collection. He was returning from book-buying auctions in London in 1912 when the Titanic struck an iceberg. Together with his father, George, he chose to remain on the deck of the sinking ship as women, including his mother, Eleanor Elkins, pushed off in lifeboats. His mother created the Harry Elkins Widener Memorial Library at Harvard to house his famous rare book collection, and also erected an all-purpose building in his honor at The Hill School, Pottstown, Pa. . George Dunton Widener, brother of Harry Elkins Widener, is credited with making noteworthy contributions to genetics through his research and develop ment of sheep and thoroughbred horses. He maintained one of the finest racing stables in the nation at Lexington, Ky. and Erdenheim Farm, Whitemarsh, Pa. He died in December, 1971.

Widener College Today Unlike most small colleges, Widener College finds that diversity of academic programs is its greatest strength. Students are provided with strong traditional majors as well as the opportunity for multi and interdisciplinary studies. The scope of these offerings gives them many of the choices of a university, while retaining the unifying elements and the close faculty-student relationships of a small institution. If diversity of academic programs is the College's greatest strength, the direct day-to-day contact among students, faculty and heads of groups and centers is also of major importance. The students find that they are not an adjunct to but an inte gral part of the Widener College family. Further, while the faculty is a scholarly one, it is first and foremost a teaching faculty; research activity is never permitted to interfere with the primary mission of undergraduate education. Students gain individual attention as a result of generally small classes and a student/ faculty ratio of approximately 12 to 1. The average class size is 27, although the enrollments in required subjects and some other classes are larger. Seminar courses are smaller. The College has introduced what we believe to be a truly innovative approach to higher education by providing new students with the opportunity to select up to eight modular (half-semester) courses. Freshmen and sophomores, for instance, can sample all three areas-Humanities, Social Science and Science/ Technology in these half-semester units. These modular core courses are taught through the case study rather than the " introduction to" method and are designed to illustrate how the principles of a field may be practically applied. To assure that each entering student will effectively use the opportunities in herent in the Widener education, and to further assist freshmen in their particular needs, Widener College has an Office of Freshman Programs headed by an Assist ant Vice President for Student Affairs. The Office of Freshman Programs was created for the purpose of aiding each freshman student to realize maximum suc cess in his or her transition from high school to college. The Widener College freshman entering a particular academic center receives course instruction, academic counseling and guidance, career information, and other services from faculty members of that center (Arts and Science, En gi neer ing, Management & Applied Economics, or Nursing). Concurrent, however, with the freshman student's relationship with his or her academic center is the partici pa tion of all students in the programs and services offered by the Office of Fr es hman Programs. A freshman who prefers not to declare a major initially will enter the Exploratory Studies Program which is described on page 82. One curricular option for students is the individual or Open Major. It is de signed specifically for the student who wishes to assemble a program of varied 16 courses to achieve a specific objective not covered within a conventional major field. For example, a student might work out a program in urban studies which combines social science, business and engineering. Those selecting this option work with both their individual faculty advisers and with a committee of three faculty members. Most students prefer to earn their bachelor's degrees in no more than eight regular semesters of attendance with an increasing number doing so in a shorter time by taking advantage of Widener-approved programs such as the College Level Examination Program (CLEP) ,- Advanced Placement (AP) and/ or testing in specific areas such as modern languages. Some fields, notably engineering and science, have more ri gid se quential pat terns which must be followed from the first semester onward if the degree is to be earned within eight semesters of attendance, unless added flexibility has bee n gained via CLEP credits, etc. Conse quently, it is important that each student ex plore his or her goals thoroughly in discussions with faculty advisers before the programs for the first two semesters at the College are final. While it is true there is greater flexibility if the ultimate choice is to be liberal arts or business, it must be remembered that there are multiple possi ble paths which can be followed. The proper counseling relationship with faculty advisers and with the Office of Freshman Programs will enable students to explore the maximum number of paths reasonably possible before making the final choice of major. In some cases four full semesters may be completed before a final choice must be made. Finally, all students will participate in a Senior Project of at least one se mester's duration, Project teams, usually composed of approximately three students, work under the direction of one or more faculty advisers as they deal with a problem which is related to the world as it is today. Here, too, allowance is made for indi vidual differences. A student can secure faculty approval to be a "one-man-team" if the propose d project is deemed appropriate and meaningful. The unifying elements of the Widener experience are these: -a strong societal orientation within a completely flexible and interdiscipli nary academic program. -an individualized course of study for each student directly related to his interests and goals. -acceptance of the importance of. actual work experience in the learning process leading to the introduction of a larger number of internship pro grams. - sophisticated counseling geared to better career se lection, resulting in high student motivation and less attrition. Widener believes it is one of the first small private colleges to unite these ele ments into a total program. Our miss ion is to help students of all ages learn to think creatively. The potential is manifest for the College to become a real force for the solution of society's complex problems by sending forth competent, concerned citizens to grapple with them.

Faculty The full-time undergraduate faculty numbers 131 , drawn from the leading national and international graduate schools. Thev received their academic training

17 at colleges and universities in 30 states and 11 foreign countries. More than half of the school faculty holds Ph .D. degrees. The same professors who teach in the graduate programs also teach undergraduate classes. Courses are not taught by graduate assistants.

Academic Structure Widener College is organized into four centers of learning because it was determined by a careful analysis that this structure would enable the College to most effectively provide the kind of innovative education expected at a small pri vate college today. The centers are: Arts and Science, Engineering, Management and Applied Economics, and Nursing. CENTER OF ARTS AND SCIENCE. This center has three subdivisions known as groups: (1) Humanities, (2) Social Science, (3) Science. Humanities and Social Science. All the subjects popularly known as the liberal arts are found within the first two groups. Specific major fields available include behavioral science, English, community psychology (human services & social work), history, humanities, international affairs, modern languages, political science, psychology and sociology. In each program there is emphasis on intellectual devel opment, cultural appreciation and development of an awareness of the problems that face humanity and an ability to contribute to their solution. A bachelor of arts degree is granted. Science. Majors are offered in biology, chemistry (accredited by the American Chemical Society), mathematics, physics and science education. Scientific study is balanced with studies in the humanities and social sciences in order to develop an awareness of the sociological and humanitarian implications of science. A bachelor of science degree is granted.

CENTER OF ENGINEERING. A four-year interdisciplinary curriculum, accred ited by the Engineers' Council for Professional Development, relates the various physical fields of engineering through mathematical and scientific fundam~ntals along with laboratory design experience. The student has an opportunity to under take the conception, design and actual construction of engineering projects and systems. A speciality in the student's area of interest is developed during the senior year through elective courses. A degree of bachelor of science in engineering is granted. Graduate programs leading to the master of engineering degree in sys tems engineering and in engineering mechanics are also offered. The Center of Engineering also offers the Engineering Internship Program, an optional cooperative program in which the student participates in a total of 12 months of industrial employment, while obtaining the bachelor's degree within the normal four-year period. CENTER OF MANAGEME T AND APPLIED ECONOMICS. Three majors accounting, economics and management-are offered. All emphasize fundamental principles, conceptual skills, and analytical tools that will prepare students for functional roles in business or other organizations where managerial or decision making abilities are essential. A bachelor of science in business administration is granted. The graduate school grants a masters degree in business administration.

18 The center also offers an Internship Program, an optional cooperative program through which accounting and management majors may participate in a total of 12 months of industrial employment, while still obtaining the bachelor's degree within the normal four-year period. CENTER OF NURSING. Widener College offers a four-year baccalaureate pro gram in nursing accredited by the National League for Nursing. Nursing students study on the Widener College campus while receiving clinical education at the Crozer-Chester Medical Center, the Haverford State Hospital, Fitzgerald-Mercy Medical Center, and the Community Nursing Service and Child Health Centers of Chester and vicinity. A bachelor of science in nursing degree is granted. Direct Transfer. The Center of Nursing has entered into direct transfer agree ments with selected colleges and junior colleges. Under this plan all students recommended by the sending institution as having satisfactorily completed the first two years of study are assured of enrollment in the junior year in the nursing program at Widener College, provided their applications are received by the dead line specified. Institutions with which this agreement has been completed include: Bucks County Community College, Newtown, Pennsylvania; Elizabethtown College, Elizabethtown, Pennsylvania; Mercer College, Trenton, ew Jersey; Wesley Col lege, Dover, Delaware; Eastern College, St. Davids, Pennsylvania; King's College, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania; Cabrini College, Radnor, Pennsylvania; and Thiel College, Greenville, Pennsylvania. Army ROTC Program The Department of Military Science offers a program of study, open to male and female students, to be taken in conjunction with the cu rricu la established for all academic majors. Upon completion of the selected program and fulfillment of all requirements for a baccalaureate degree, the student receives a commission as a Second Lieutenant in the United States Army. BASIC COURSE Students may enroll in the Ba sic Course without incurring any financial or mili tary obligations and may withdraw from ROTC at any time. Students desi ring to participate in this program are required to obtain a minimum of thirty (30) contact hours during the freshman year and sixty (60) contact hours during the sophomore year. These contact hours may be obtained through enrollment in regularly sched uled academic courses which are taught by commissioned officers and through participation in the Lea dership Development Program. Sophomore students who have not participated in ROTC as freshmen may enroll in and satisfy the Bas ic Course requirements by obtaining a minimum of ninety (90) contact hours during the sophomore year. Th e Leadership Development Program consis ts of a number of military and adventure activities designed to familiarize the student with the U.S. Army and develop the student's leadership abilities through participation in such activities as ca noeing, orienteering, mountaineerir.g, marksmanship and various academic related subjects. ADVANCED COURSE Toward the end of the sophomore year, each Basic Course student may apply to the Professor of Military Science for admission into the Advanced Course. Upon acceptance, students are required to take one military science course each aca demic year (junior and senior) and participate in the Leadership Development Program. During this period the student is paid a $100.00 per month subsistence allowance for each month enrolled in school not to exceed $1000 .00 per academic year. In addition, students must attend a six-week ROTC Summer Camp located at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. Students are paid approximately $500 .00 plus travel expenses while attending this camp. ROTC SCHOLARSHIPS Enrollment in the ROTC program qualifies each student to compete for three year, two-year, and one-year Army ROTC scholarships. These scholarships include full tuition, books, fees, and a $100.00 per month subsistence allowance for each month of the school year not to exceed $1000.00 per school year. TWO-YEAR PROGRAM Widener College also offers a two-year Army ROTC Program for those students transferring from junior colleges or other institutions at which ROTC was not offered or who were previously unable to enroll in a ROTC Program. In order to participate in the two-year program, a student must attend a six week Army ROTC Basic Camp at Fort Knox, Kentucky. Students interested in entering the ROTC Pro gram in this manner must apply to the Professor of Military Science prior to 1 April of their Sophomore year. Students enrolled in the two-year Army ROTC Program have the same stature and opportunities as those enrolled in the Advanced Course of the basic four-year program.

20 Senior Projects Every student at Widener College can look forward to participating in a Senior Project, an activity that should prove to be the capstone of his undergraduate edu cation. The project concept is in keeping with an edcuational philosophy strongly oriented toward finding so lutions to some of the problems of the individual and modern society. It is an activity designed to enable the student to develop his ability not only to carry out various forms of research in the library, in the laboratory, or in the field, but also to think ciritically, creatively, and humanely. Students are encouraged to form their own teams and to select a challenging and significant project in which they can use their individual and combined abilities to best advantage. In some cases, students may wish to work with other students in their curriculum or center on a project closely related to their chosen profession. For example, a team majoring in engineering might work on a problem in aero mechanics; a team of language majors might join in developing a study program for the Spanish-speaking community; or a team of political science majors might inves tigate a problem connected with municipal government. The team approach also provides an opportunity for students from different centers to work together on an inter or multi-disciplinary problem. For example, a project concerned with water pollution might best be dealt with by a team consisting of a social scientist, a biologist, a chemist, and an engineer. Each would concentrate on his specialty but would contribute to the team's effort to so lve the problem. In some cases, projects will be associated with, perhaps even sponsored by, outside institutions such as industries, government agencies and other educational institutions. Expert consultants may also be brought in to advise teams. Thus, for the student who is professionally oriented, participation in a project might be com pared with an internship through which he is exposed to the kinds of situations that he might very well encounter after graduation. In addition to improving his ability to work closely with others, team projects afford the student an excellent opportunity to further develop and polish his com munication skills, both oral and written. First of all, he finds that he must communi cate with his teammates on a day-to-day basis in designing and carrying out the project. Secondly, since the projects include a written report to faculty and other professionals and a final oral presentation to which the general public is invited, the student finds it necessary to communicate effectively at other levels. Most important, while projects usually allow students considerable freedom in their approach to the objectives set down early in the program and are structured to encourage creativity in every phase, from inspiration, through design, to final reports, great emphasis is placed on individual and team performance. For, along with social awareness, analytical ability, creativity, and the humanitarian spirit, it is the ability to perform that distinguishes the Widener graduate and enables him to carry out both his personal and professional responsibilities in today's society. Therefore, in addition to other requisites, every Widener student is required to successfully participate, usually along with two or three other students, in a Senior Project under the guidance of one or more advisers. The projects will be the equiva lent of one course. They may, however, start in the fall and be continued into the second semester. Individual grades are awarded in keeping with the system used for the rest of the academic program; but because of its importance, the course may not be taken on a pass/ fail basis. 21 Accreditation Widener College is accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools. Engineering is accredited by the Engineers' Council for Professional Development, chemistry by the American Chemical Society and nursing by the Pennsylvania Board of Nurse Examiners and the National League for Nursing. The Delaware Law School of Widener College has received provisional approval from the American Bar Association. Seven national honor societies have established chapters at Widener College to recognize outstanding scholarship in their respective fields. The societies and their fields are: Alpha Chi, national scholarship honor society; Alpha Psi Omega, dramatics; Alpha Sigma Lambda, national evening division honor society; Omicron Delta Epsilon, economics; Pi Gamma Mu, social science; Sigma Pi Sigma, physics; and Tau Beta Pi , engineering.

Overseas Learning Experiences The College has secured limited arrangements with the universities of Sussex and Keele in England, Marburg in West Germany and Strasbourg in France to pro vide opportunities for overseas study for interested and qualified upperclass men. It is anticipated that expansion of such programs in the future will be in direct pro portion to student interest and accomplishment in existing ones. Through cooperative arrangements with other colleges, universities, and non profit groups, Widener students can plan on a year of study abroad in Spain, France, Italy, and in Latin American countries.

wo·LFGRAM MEMORIAL LIBRARY Project Prepare In 1969, Widener College launched another innovative program, Project Pre pare, to help educationally and economically disadvantaged students prepare for col lege. The project features a seven-week summer tutorial and counseling pro gram for the selected high school se niors preparatory to enrollment in a regular schedule of courses in the fall. Continuing special counseling and tutorial services are available to the students as needed throughout their matriculation as regular students. A particular effort is being made to find and to encourage such students who evidence an interest in the fields of engineering and science because comparatively few students in this type of program in higher education are now preparing for careers in those fields.

The Widener Way for Women The Widener Way for Women is a continuing education program for adults 24 years of age and over who desire to begin or resume a college education. The pro gram's purpose is to ease the transition into part-time or ful l-time undergraduate studies for the adult who has experienced a discontinuity in education. Students enrolled in the Program are offered special support services which in clude: open admission policy, flexible scheduling, academic, career, and personal counseli ng, and a tuition-free, 3-credit course, Transitional Education (Ed 100) which is designed to refresh communicable skills. This course may be taken alone or in conjunction with other undergraduate courses and is offered da y and evening. Students in The WWW Program pursuing part-time studies pay Special Student tuition rates. (See financial information, Special Students); students pursuing ful l time studies pay the general college tuition rates.

Evening Division For those interested in continuing their education on a part-time basis, the Evening Division offers courses in liberal arts, business management, engineering and science. Supervisor training and other auxiliary services are offered for local industries. A cata log of courses offered is available at the Evening Division Office.

Summer Sessions The summer sess ions at Widener College provide fully-accredited courses in the humanities, socia l sciences, engineering, physical sciences and economics and management. Specific course offerings are in accordance with student interest and demand. The 13 weeks of summer sess ions include one pre-sess ion of three weeks and two regular sessio ns of five weeks each. A student attending the pre-session may take one course; a stu dent attending the five-week sessions may take a maximum of two courses in each sess ion. In addition, there are two su mmer sessions in the Evening Division, each six weeks in length (details available at the Evening Division office) and a variety of institutes, workshops and special programs. Fees and charges for special programs are arranged according to the project.

23 Counseling services are available to all st udents throughout the summer ses sions. All classes and laboratories are conducted in fully ai r-conditio ned facilities. There are also opportunities for gymnastic exerci ses, swimming and outdoor sports, including tennis. Tuition, fees and room and board charges for summer sess ions are listed in the sepa rate summer sc hool cata log published each spri ng.

Paralegal Program The 13-week Paralega l Program covers corporate law, estate planning, real estate law and litigation. Endorsed by the local bar associations and ta ught by prac ticing attorneys, the program is unique in that it features general instruction in all four areas for the first 9 weeks and specialization thereafter. It is offered each sum mer. A si milar program is offered in the Evening Division during the reg ular aca demic year.

Those successfully completing the Paral ega l Program are qualified to work a~ lega l assista nts, under the supervision of an attorney, dea ling with the bulk of the law firm' s daily activities w hich might include client interviews, witness interviews, drafting of lega l documents, etc. Detail ed information is ava il able upon request from the Director of the Para legal Program.

Graduate Studies Widener College o ffers graduate-level programs in business administration, sys tems engi neering and engineering mechanics. The degrees granted are the maste r of business administration (MBA) and the master of engineering (ME). Complete details of the graduate program in engineering can be found in this catalog under Center of Engineering, as well as in a separate graduate catalog. The MBA program is fully described in a separate catalog available from the College's Center of Management and Applied Economics.

Law Those interested in studying law should consult the separate catalog published by the Delaware Law School of Widener College, and obtainable from that admis sions office in Wilmington, Delaware.

External Educational Programs Responsibility for a number of diverse programs has been centralized in a new office, External Educational Programs, under the direction of an assistant dean. The co-operative (internship) programs in business and in engineering as well as continuing education programs will be coordinated by this office. It is anticipated that the continuing education programs will encompass adult learning of all kinds to be offered at any place and at any time where there is a population to benefit from it.

Medicine In cooperation with the Hahnemann Medical College of Philadelphia and the Crozer-Chester Medical Center, Widener College will introduce a six-year B.S./M .D. program in September 1977. Phase I will be at Widener, Phase II at Hahnemann, and Phase Ill at Crozer. The program will be open to those residing in the five counties of southeastern Pennsylvania who wish to prepare to practice medicine in an urban or rural area.