DOCSLIB.ORG

K. A. Nilakanta Sastri Books

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
K. A. Nilakanta Sastri Books A History of SOUTH INDIA from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar K. A. NILAKANTA SASTRI, M.A. Professor of Indology, University of Mysore Geoffrey Cumberlege OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS First Published 1955 esr-4 S u \6 6Sg, DEDICATED BY HIS GRACIOUS PERMISSION TO HIS HIGHNESS SRI JAYACHAMARAJA WADIYAR BAHADUR MAHARAJA OF MYSORE PATRON CONTENTS I. SURVEY OF THE SOURCES . .1 II. THE LAND IN RELATION TO HISTORY . 34 III. THE EARLIEST PEOPLFS AND CULTURES . 49 IV. THE DAWN OF HISTORY: ARYANIZATION 64 V. THE AGE OF THE MAURYAN EMPIRE . "9 VI. THE SATAVAHANAS AND THEIR SUCCESSORS . 88 VII. THE AGE OF THE SANGAM AND AFTER .110 VIII. CONFLICT OF THREE EMPIRES . • 141 IX. THE BALANCE OF TWO EMPIRES . .165 X. THE AGE OF THE FOUR KINGDOMS . 202 XI. THE BAHMANIS AND THE RISE OF VIJAYANAGAR . 217 XII. THE EMPIRE OF VIJAYANAGAR . 253 XIII. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS . 301 XIV. LITERATURE . .327 XV. RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY . • 404 XVI. ART AND ARCHITECTURE . 423 APPENDIX ..... 475 ERRATA . 477 INDEX ..... 479 ILLUSTRATIONS Frescoes from Tanjore Frontispiece Plates I—XXVIII between pages 432-3 I. Karle: Chaitya main hall II. Amaravatl: The Miracle of the Infuriated Elephant III. Ajanta: Cave 19 IV. Aihole: Durga temple from the SW. V. Pattadakal: Papanatha temple Virupaksha temple VI. Elephanta: Trimurti VII. Ellora: Dumarlena VIII. Ellora: Kailasa temple IX. Mamallapuram: The Descent of the Ganges X. Mamallapuram: General view of the Rathas Shore temple XI. Kanchipuram: Kailasanatha temple Vaikunthaperumal temple XII. Narttamalai: Vijayalaya temple XIII. Kodumbajur: Muvarkoil XIV. Tanjore: Great temple (general view) XV. Dancing Siva (X Century) XVI. Sambandhamurti Sundaramurti from Tirunamanallur Sundaramurti from Polonnaruva XVII. Vishnu XVIII. Lakshml XIX. Somanathapur: KeSava temple XX. Belur: Chennakesava temple (eastern doorway) „ii A HISTORY OF SOUTH INDIA XXI. BhuvaneSvar: Lingaraja temple XXII. Vijayanagar: Vitthala temple (interior) XXIII. Srirangam (XVII Century): Mantapam XXIV. Krishnadeva Raya and Queens XXV. Daulatabad fort Bijapur: Ibrahim Rauza XXVI. Bijapur: Mihtar Mahal XXVII. Gulbarga: Jami Masjid XXVIII. BicLr: Madrasa of Mahmud Gawan MAPS South India (Physical) facing page 34 South India: 300 B.c.—A.D. 500 83 South India: A.D. 500—850 . 142 South India: A.D. 850—1200 . 193 Greater India . 194 South India: A.D. 1200—1325 . 203 South India in Vijayanagar times . 254 SURVEY OF THE SOURCES trend s-To th^i s' to'mtL fain'or lessons to draw—main approach sti/neces- sariiy from the North—political and cultural history: their relation. OUR aim in this book is to present a brief general survey of the ancient history of South India to the middle of the seventeenth century A.D. Then began a new epoch with the downfall of the empire of Vijayanagar, its partition between the sultanates of Bijapur and Golconda, and the establishment of the English East India Company at several points on the coast of peninsular India. We mean by South India all the land lying south of the Vindhyas—Dakshina (the Deccan) in the widest sense of the term. Our knowledge of the history of this region has been greatly advanced during the last fifty years by many important discoveries, archseological and literary. Much of this new source-material lies embedded in the inaccessible periodical reports of the different branches of the Archaeological Survey of India, and of the more important Indian states, such as Hydera- bad, Mysore and Travancore. Scholars, none too many, have addressed themselves to the task of interpreting the data and have written learned monographs mostly confined to particular dynasties and topics; these are very helpful as far as they go, but by their very nature cannot give a general idea of the main lines of movement in the history of politics and culture. Sir R. G. Bhandarkar’s Early History of the Deccan (189S) is the nearest approach to a general history; but that brilliant work is now outdated and does not deal with the history of the extreme South. In general histories of India, the part of the country with which we are concerned figures only in a small way Vincent Smith rightly observed: ‘Hitherto most historians of ancient India have written as if the South did not exist’, and explained this neglect of the South in two ways. ‘The historian of India,’ he said, ‘is bound by the nature of things to direct his attention primarily to the North, and is able to give only a 2 A HISTORY OF SOUTH INDIA secondary place to the story of the Deccan plateau and the far South.’ Again, ‘the northern record is far less imperfect than that of the peninsula. Very little is known definitely concerning the southern kingdoms before A.D. 600, whereas the history of Hindustan may be carried back twelve centuries earlier. The extreme deficiency of really ancient records concerning the SURVEY OF THE SOURCES 3 many interesting analogies between the results of these early culture-contacts in these different lands has not yet been attempted and lies beyond the scope of this book; but we should do well to remember that the history of India has been too long studied more or less exclusively in isolation and from the continental point of view, little regard being paid to the maritime side of the story. The Satavahanas were described as ‘lords of the three oceans’ and promoted overseas colonization and trade. Under them Buddhist art attained the superb forms of beauty and elegance preserved to this day in the cave-temples of western India and the survivals from the stupas of Amaravati, Goli, Nagarjunikonda and other places in the Krishna valley; and the tradition was continued long after the Satavahanas by their successors both in the eastern and western Deccan. The latter half of Satavahana rule in the Deccan coincides with the age of the literature of the Sangam in Tamil and of active trade between India and the Roman empire in the west, and there is good reason to believe that the plastic arts of the Deccan in this period and the succeeding one owed something to Graeco-Roman models and artists. After the close of the Sangam epoch, from about A.D. 300 to A.D. 600, there is an almost total lack of information regard- ing occurrences in the Tamil land. Some time about A.D. 300 or a little later the whole country was upset by the predatory activities of the Kalabhras who are described as evil rulers who overthrew numberless chieftains (adhirajar) of the land and got a stranglehold on the country. With the overthrow of the Kalabhras opens the new era of Pandya-Pallava achievements from the close of the sixth century A.D. This obscure period of Tamil history was marked in the Deccan proper by the rise into prominence of several dynasties of kings who divided among themselves the heritage of the Satavahana empire, kept up its administrative and political system, and carried forward its artistic and cultural traditions. The Abhiras and Trai- kutakas in the north-west, the Vakatakas in Berar, the Ikshvakus, Salankayanas and Vishnukundins in the eastern Deccan, and the Chutus, Kadambas, Gangas and Pallavas in the south Deccan are the most notable among these dynasties. Buddhism and Jainism made considerable progress in this period, the former inspiring the art of Ajanta, the Andhra SURVEY OF THE SOURCES 5 raise in the succeeding epoch one of the most splendid empires known to history, almost disappears from the political map ot the Tamil country; and it is not known what relation, if any, the Telugu-Chodas of the Renadu country in the Ceded Dis- tricts, one of the minor dynasties of this epoch, bore to their namesakes of the Tamil land, though they claimed descent from Karikala, the most celebrated of the early Chola monarchs of the Sangam Age. The Pandya-Pallava period was marked by striking developments in religion, literature and art. Sanskrit held an honoured place as the language of higher literature and culture, and the Ganga monarch Durvinita had claims to authorship both in Sanskrit and in Kannada. The Pallava king, Mahendravarman I, aptly styled vicitra-citta—' wonderful-mind’— was author, architect, musician and painter. In his time there arose a strong reaction against the growing influence of ] ainism and Buddhism, which found expression in a widespread bhakti movement among the worshippers of Siva and Vishnu; the leaders of this movement were known as Nayanars and Alvars, and their exuberant devotional songs, gathered later in the collections known as the Devaram and the Divyaprabandham, celebrate every orthodox shrine they visited many times over in the course of their propagandist peregrinations, and constitute the most priceless treasure in all Tamil literature. The great Kumarila and the still greater Sankara also lived and taught in the same age, the former restating the principles of Vedic exegesis and upholding the religion of sacrifice, the latter expounding the fundamentals of monistic vedanta with unsur- passed power and brilliance. The temples and sculptures of the period register the highest perfection of form that their arts attained in the South. Mamallapuram (Mababalipuram) and Kanchipuram (Conjeevaram) are the best museums of this art The rise of the imperial Cholas of the line of Vijayalaya may be dated from the middle of the ninth century A.D. AS they emerged from their obscurity, they soon displaced the remnants of Pallava power to the north of their capital Tanjore, and subdued the Pandya and Chera countries in the south and invaded Ceylon. The hostility of the Rashtrakutas, particularly of Krishna III, threatened to wreck the Chola empire at its birth (c. 950), but the Karnataka power was operating too far parent empire.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 5.4 Southern Kingdoms and the Delhi Sultanate
    Political Formations UNIT 5 DECCAN KINGDOMS* Structure 5.0 Objectives 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Geographical Setting of the Deccan 5.3 The Four Kingdoms 5.3.1 The Yadavas and the Kakatiyas 5.3.2 The Pandyas and the Hoysalas 5.3.3 Conflict Between the Four Kingdoms 5.4 Southern Kingdoms and the Delhi Sultanate 5.4.1 First Phase: Alauddin Khalji’s Invasion of South 5.4.2 Second Phase 5.5 Administration and Economy 5.5.1 Administration 5.5.2 Economy 5.6 Rise of Independent Kingdoms 5.7 Rise of the Bahmani Power 5.8 Conquest and Consolidation of the Bahmani Power 5.8.1 First Phase: 1347-1422 5.8.2 Second Phase: 1422-1538 5.9 Conflict Between the Afaqis and the Dakhnis and their Relations with the King 5.10 Central and Provincial Administration under the Bahmani Kingdom 5.11 Army Organization under the Bahmani Kingdom 5.12 Economy 5.13 Society and Culture 5.14 Summary 5.15 Keywords 5.16 Answers to Check Your Progress Exercises 5.17 Suggested Readings 5.18 Instructional Video Recommendations 5.0 OBJECTIVES After going through this Unit, you should be able to: * Prof. Ahmad Raza Khan and Prof. Abha Singh, School of Social Sciences, Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi. The present Unit is taken from IGNOU Course 110 EHI-03: India: From 8th to 15th Century, Block 7, Units 26 & 28. • assess the geographical influences on the polity and economy of the Deccan, Deccan Kingdoms • understand the political set-up in South India, • examine the conflicts among the Southern kingdoms, • evaluate the relations of the Southern kingdoms with the Delhi Sultanate, • know their administration and economy, • understand the emergence of new independent kingdoms in the South, • appraise the political formation and its nature in Deccan and South India, • understand the emergence of the Bahmani kingdom, • analyze the conflict between the old Dakhni nobility and the newcomers (the Afaqis) and how it ultimately led to the decline of the Bahmani Sultanate, and • evaluate the administrative structure under the Bahmanis.
    [Show full text]
  • Nimatullahi Sufism and Deccan Bahmani Sultanate
    Volume : 4 | Issue : 6 | June 2015 ISSN - 2250-1991 Research Paper Commerce Nimatullahi Sufism and Deccan Bahmani Sultanate Seyed Mohammad Ph.D. in Sufism and Islamic Mysticism University of Religions and Hadi Torabi Denominations, Qom, Iran The presentresearch paper is aimed to determine the relationship between the Nimatullahi Shiite Sufi dervishes and Bahmani Shiite Sultanate of Deccan which undoubtedly is one of the key factors help to explain the spread of Sufism followed by growth of Shi’ism in South India and in Indian sub-continent. This relationship wasmutual andin addition to Sufism, the Bahmani Sultanate has also benefited from it. Furthermore, the researcher made effortto determine and to discuss the influential factors on this relation and its fruitful results. Moreover, a brief reference to the history of Muslims in India which ABSTRACT seems necessary is presented. KEYWORDS Nimatullahi Sufism, Deccan Bahmani Sultanate, Shiite Muslim, India Introduction: are attributable the presence of Iranian Ascetics in Kalkot and Islamic culture has entered in two ways and in different eras Kollam Ports. (Battuta 575) However, one of the major and in the Indian subcontinent. One of them was the gradual ar- important factors that influence the development of Sufism in rival of the Muslims aroundeighth century in the region and the subcontinent was the Shiite rule of Bahmani Sultanate in perhaps the Muslim merchants came from southern and west- Deccan which is discussed briefly in this research paper. ern Coast of Malabar and Cambaya Bay in India who spread Islamic culture in Gujarat and the Deccan regions and they can Discussion: be considered asthe pioneers of this movement.
    [Show full text]
  • Rashtrakutas and Their Times
    GOVERNMENT OF INDIA Central Archaeological Library Archaeological Survey of India JANPATH, NEW DELHI Accession No.. Call No, ' ..D. toot , .:A during C. 750 A-D-toC. ^ub.. i>. ^tekw- m.^.. Aiiant Sadashrir U-.«.W. C-l»~, B«»». H.«l» ^ otti« G««« ma; ^wtcrniUdw.'EduoDtlwi in AnclMic India. ill .. '! '/• , » « A . } ,*'*’ . Sfvi'i z- ' J'.' . • .V 1934 ' TRANSLITERATION I In the transliteration scheme followed in this book'*^'^! : ' following deserve to be noted — ^ ^ ; a line Long vowels by above the short ones. | ' r. ^ n. ch, chh. n a m j dh, 'JT t. ^ th. ^4 ^ J s, ^ sh, s, ^1. h . A Sanskrit, Prakrit and Pali words and ancient names < ‘ rl, spelt according to the above system ; modern current ; and terms are spelt without any diacritical marks. L .^'',1 J:. isl BOOKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR I , t ‘ < A History of Importaht Ancient Towns stidt' Cities in Gujarnt and Kathiawar; reprinted from the Jiidiutt Antitjnary , 1924-25. Old of print. - r^!i> f !. A History of the Villa((e Communities ‘in Western India. Oxford University Pre^t. ^ Bombay, 1927. Pp. xvi + 144. Price R«|- 3 ^'-^ditcai^an In Ancient India. The Indian Bjidk '8|igita»ea, Ciiy, 19!I4. Pp, vi + 3p6* Price rJ. 31 ' ''• .; ' . ./ -i Poona Oriental Series No . -36 ^: THE RASHTRAKQ-MS AND THEIR TIMES Dr. A. S. AUekar, Manindra Chandra Nandi Professor and Head of the Departrnent of Ancient Indian History and Culture, Benares Hindu University. The 1R5shtrakuta period is the most important epoch of the history of the Dhccan, Karnataka and Maharashtra were welded; together into a great political power which inspired terror frqm Bombay to Bengal, from Kapauj .to; Cape Camorin.
    [Show full text]
  • Tourism Development for Forts in Maharashtra, India
    International Journal of Management, Technology And Engineering ISSN NO : 2249-7455 Modern Project Management for Heritage Conservation: Tourism Development for Forts in Maharashtra, India Dr. Parag Govardhan Narkhede , Prof. Mrudula Darade 1. BKPS College of Architecture, Pune 2. D Y Patil School of Architecture, Charholi, Pune, India ABSTRACT Modern project management techniques are essential for heritage preservation. Implementation of conservation proposals through management is more effective in terms of duration taken and on time completion. The paper deals with the study of forts in Maharashtra Region for the feasibility and potential to develop them as a tourist destination through conservation and preservation. The paper discusses the issues, constraints and potential of tourism in the study area for the future development. And suggest a methodology and guidelines for planning and development of forts considering Eco-Tourism to promote the Tourism activity. Affordability of people is increased due to Globalization and IT Sector, so there is demand for this kind of development. Since there are 350 odd forts in Maharashtra, standing as silent sentinels to history there is a very high Tourism Potential which could develop through the preservation and conservation of the same. Ideal management techniques for the same are to be identified and appropriate recommendations are to be suggested as an outcome of study. 1. INTRODUCTION Tourism in the form of activity influences the regions in which it is developed and received with economic, social, cultural, and environmental dimensions. In most of the development programmers and studies the focus is given only on economic and social dimensions where as environmental dimension is under estimated or ignored.
    [Show full text]
  • The Madras Presidency, with Mysore, Coorg and the Associated States
    : TheMADRAS PRESIDENG 'ff^^^^I^t p WithMysore, CooRGAND the Associated States byB. THURSTON -...—.— .^ — finr i Tin- PROVINCIAL GEOGRAPHIES Of IN QJofttell HttinerHitg Blibracg CHARLES WILLIAM WASON COLLECTION CHINA AND THE CHINESE THE GIFT OF CHARLES WILLIAM WASON CLASS OF 1876 1918 Digitized by Microsoft® Cornell University Library DS 485.M27T54 The Madras presidencypresidenc; with MysorMysore, Coor iliiiiliiiiiiilii 3 1924 021 471 002 Digitized by Microsoft® This book was digitized by Microsoft Corporation in cooperation witli Cornell University Libraries, 2007. You may use and print this copy in limited quantity for your personal purposes, but may not distribute or provide access to it (or modified or partial versions of it) for revenue-generating or other commercial purposes. Digitized by Microsoft® Provincial Geographies of India General Editor Sir T. H. HOLLAND, K.C.LE., D.Sc, F.R.S. THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY WITH MYSORE, COORG AND THE ASSOCIATED STATES Digitized by Microsoft® CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS HonBnn: FETTER LANE, E.G. C. F. CLAY, Man^gek (EBiniurBi) : loo, PRINCES STREET Berlin: A. ASHER AND CO. Ji-tipjifl: F. A. BROCKHAUS i^cto Sotfe: G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS iBomlaj sriB Calcutta: MACMILLAN AND CO., Ltd. All rights reserved Digitized by Microsoft® THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY WITH MYSORE, COORG AND THE ASSOCIATED STATES BY EDGAR THURSTON, CLE. SOMETIME SUPERINTENDENT OF THE MADRAS GOVERNMENT MUSEUM Cambridge : at the University Press 1913 Digitized by Microsoft® ffiambttige: PRINTED BY JOHN CLAY, M.A. AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. Digitized by Microsoft® EDITOR'S PREFACE "HE casual visitor to India, who limits his observations I of the country to the all-too-short cool season, is so impressed by the contrast between Indian life and that with which he has been previously acquainted that he seldom realises the great local diversity of language and ethnology.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Oklahoma Graduate College Is
    UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE IS GANGAIKONDA CHOLAPURAM BUILT BASED ON VAASTU SASTRA? A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ARCHITECTURE By Ramya Palani Norman, Oklahoma 2019 IS GANGAIKONDA CHOLAPURAM BUILT BASED ON VAASTU SASTRA? A THESIS APPROVED FOR THE CHRISTOPHER C. GIBBS COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE BY THE COMMITTEE CONSISTING OF Callahan, Marjorie P., Chair Warnken, Charles G. Fithian, Lee A. ©Copyright by RAMYA PALANI 2019 All Rights Reserved. iv Abstract The Cholas (848 CE – 1279 CE) established an imperial line and united a large portion of what is now South India under their rule. The Cholas, known worldwide for their bronze sculptures, world heritage temples and land reforms, were also able builders. They followed a traditional systematic approach called Vaastu Sastra in building their cities, towns, and villages. In an attempt to discover and reconstruct Gangaikonda Cholapuram, an administrative capital (metropolis) of the Chola Dynasty, evidence is collected from the fragments of living inscriptions, epigraphs, archaeological excavation, secondary sources, and other sources pertinent to Vaastu Sastra. The research combines archival research methodology, archaeological documentation and informal architectural survey. The consolidation, analysis, and manipulation of data helps to uncover the urban infrastructure of Gangaikonda Cholapuram city. Keywords: Chola, Cola, South India, Vaastu Shastra, Gangaikonda Cholapuram, Medieval period,
    [Show full text]
  • I Year Dkh11 : History of Tamilnadu Upto 1967 A.D
    M.A. HISTORY - I YEAR DKH11 : HISTORY OF TAMILNADU UPTO 1967 A.D. SYLLABUS Unit - I Introduction : Influence of Geography and Topography on the History of Tamil Nadu - Sources of Tamil Nadu History - Races and Tribes - Pre-history of Tamil Nadu. SangamPeriod : Chronology of the Sangam - Early Pandyas – Administration, Economy, Trade and Commerce - Society - Religion - Art and Architecture. Unit - II The Kalabhras - The Early Pallavas, Origin - First Pandyan Empire - Later PallavasMahendravarma and Narasimhavarman, Pallava’s Administration, Society, Religion, Literature, Art and Architecture. The CholaEmpire : The Imperial Cholas and the Chalukya Cholas, Administration, Society, Education and Literature. Second PandyanEmpire : Political History, Administration, Social Life, Art and Architecture. Unit - III Madurai Sultanate - Tamil Nadu under Vijayanagar Ruler : Administration and Society, Economy, Trade and Commerce, Religion, Art and Architecture - Battle of Talikota 1565 - Kumarakampana’s expedition to Tamil Nadu. Nayakas of Madurai - ViswanathaNayak, MuthuVirappaNayak, TirumalaNayak, Mangammal, Meenakshi. Nayakas of Tanjore :SevappaNayak, RaghunathaNayak, VijayaRaghavaNayak. Nayak of Jingi : VaiyappaTubakiKrishnappa, Krishnappa I, Krishnappa II, Nayak Administration, Life of the people - Culture, Art and Architecture. The Setupatis of Ramanathapuram - Marathas of Tanjore - Ekoji, Serfoji, Tukoji, Serfoji II, Sivaji III - The Europeans in Tamil Nadu. Unit - IV Tamil Nadu under the Nawabs of Arcot - The Carnatic Wars, Administration under the Nawabs - The Mysoreans in Tamil Nadu - The Poligari System - The South Indian Rebellion - The Vellore Mutini- The Land Revenue Administration and Famine Policy - Education under the Company - Growth of Language and Literature in 19th and 20th centuries - Organization of Judiciary - Self Respect Movement. Unit - V Tamil Nadu in Freedom Struggle - Tamil Nadu under Rajaji and Kamaraj - Growth of Education - Anti Hindi & Agitation.
    [Show full text]
  • Why I Became a Hindu
    Why I became a Hindu Parama Karuna Devi published by Jagannatha Vallabha Vedic Research Center Copyright © 2018 Parama Karuna Devi All rights reserved Title ID: 8916295 ISBN-13: 978-1724611147 ISBN-10: 1724611143 published by: Jagannatha Vallabha Vedic Research Center Website: www.jagannathavallabha.com Anyone wishing to submit questions, observations, objections or further information, useful in improving the contents of this book, is welcome to contact the author: E-mail: [email protected] phone: +91 (India) 94373 00906 Please note: direct contact data such as email and phone numbers may change due to events of force majeure, so please keep an eye on the updated information on the website. Table of contents Preface 7 My work 9 My experience 12 Why Hinduism is better 18 Fundamental teachings of Hinduism 21 A definition of Hinduism 29 The problem of castes 31 The importance of Bhakti 34 The need for a Guru 39 Can someone become a Hindu? 43 Historical examples 45 Hinduism in the world 52 Conversions in modern times 56 Individuals who embraced Hindu beliefs 61 Hindu revival 68 Dayananda Saraswati and Arya Samaj 73 Shraddhananda Swami 75 Sarla Bedi 75 Pandurang Shastri Athavale 75 Chattampi Swamikal 76 Narayana Guru 77 Navajyothi Sree Karunakara Guru 78 Swami Bhoomananda Tirtha 79 Ramakrishna Paramahamsa 79 Sarada Devi 80 Golap Ma 81 Rama Tirtha Swami 81 Niranjanananda Swami 81 Vireshwarananda Swami 82 Rudrananda Swami 82 Swahananda Swami 82 Narayanananda Swami 83 Vivekananda Swami and Ramakrishna Math 83 Sister Nivedita
    [Show full text]
  • The Vakatakas
    CORPUS INSCRIPTIONUM INDICARUM VOL. V INSCRIPTIONS or THE VAKATAKAS ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA CORPUS INSCRIPTIONUM INDICARUM VOL. V INSCRIPTIONS OF THE VAKATAKAS EDITED BY Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi, M.A., D.Litt* Hony Piofessor of Ancient Indian History & Culture University of Nagpur GOVERNMENT EPIGRAPHIST FOR INDIA OOTACAMUND 1963 Price: Rs. 40-00 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA PLATES PWNTED By THE MRECTOR; LETTERPRESS P WNTED AT THE JQB PREFACE after the of the publication Inscriptions of the Kalachun-Chedi Era (Corpus Inscrip- tionum Vol in I SOON Indicarum, IV) 1955, thought of preparing a corpus of the inscriptions of the Vakatakas for the Vakataka was the most in , dynasty glorious one the ancient history of where I the best Vidarbha, have spent part of my life, and I had already edited or re-edited more than half the its number of records I soon completed the work and was thinking of it getting published, when Shri A Ghosh, Director General of Archaeology, who then happened to be in Nagpur, came to know of it He offered to publish it as Volume V of the Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Series I was veiy glad to avail myself of the offer and submitted to the work the Archaeological Department in 1957 It was soon approved. The order for it was to the Press Ltd on the printing given Job (Private) , Kanpur, 7th 1958 to various July, Owing difficulties, the work of printing went on very slowly I am glad to find that it is now nearing completion the course of this I During work have received help from several persons, for which I have to record here my grateful thanks For the chapter on Architecture, Sculpture and I found Painting G Yazdam's Ajanta very useful I am grateful to the Department of of Archaeology, Government Andhra Pradesh, for permission to reproduce some plates from that work Dr B Ch Chhabra, Joint Director General of Archaeology, went through and my typescript made some important suggestions The Government Epigraphist for India rendered the necessary help in the preparation of the Skeleton Plates Shri V P.
    [Show full text]
  • History Notes Sources of Ancient History
    History Notes Sources of Ancient History Literary Archaeological Accounts of foreign Sources Sources travellers and writers Greek Painting & Idols Authors Religious Secular Sangam Articles from excavations Chinese literature literature literature Coins travellers Monuments and Inscriptions writers Brahman Buddhist Jain and Vedic Lit. Literature Literature Mohammadan Indigenous Foreign writers •Vedas •Brahman •Tripitak • Angas Non-Historical Historical •Arnyak •Vedang •Jatak •Upangas Literature Literature •Upanishad •Sutra •Pali •Prakirna •Smriti •Puranas •Sanskrit •Chhed Sutra •Arthashastra • Rajta rangini •Mahakavya(Epic) lit. and others •Astadhyayee • Ramcharit and others •M ahabhashya • Arthashastra: It is the analysis of political and economic conditions of the Mauryas, composed by Kautilya • Inscriptions either on stone or on metal plates are old (Chanakya). records of Ancient India. The study of inscriptions is called • Mudrarakshasa: It tells about the establishment of the epigraphy. Maurya dynasty, the fall of Nanda, Ramgupta, etc. • Coins: The study of coins is called numismatics. • Rajtarangini: It was written by Kalhana in 12th century A.D. It – The Punch Mark Coins (silver & copper) are the earliest is about the rulers of Kashmir. It is considered the, “first coins of India. historical book of India.” • Monuments: Monuments reflect the material prosperity • Foreign travellers: wrote about the information of India. For and development of culture e.g. Taxshila monuments about examples – Kushans and Stupas, Chaityas and Vihars about Maurya. Megasthenes: He wrote book, “INDICA” about the dynasty • Vedas: Vedas point out features and development of of Maurya. different dynasties, e.g. Rigveda deals about Archery and Fahien: He wrote about the Gupta Emperor. known as “The first testament of mankind.” Hieun-Tsang: He wrote about the Buddhist record of the western world during period of Harshavardhan.
    [Show full text]
  • Culture on Environment: Rajya Sabha 2013-14
    Culture on Environment: Rajya Sabha 2013-14 Q. No. Q. Type Date Ans by Members Title of the Questions Subject Specific Political State Ministry Party Representati ve Nomination of Majuli Shri Birendra Prasad Island as World Heritage Environmental 944 Unstarred 14.08.2013 Culture Baishya Site Conservation AGP Assam Protected monuments in Environmental 945 Unstarred 14.08.2013 Culture Shri D.P. Tripathi Maharashtra Conservation NCP Maharashtra Shri Rajeev Monuments of national Environmental *209 Starred 05.02.2014 Culture Chandrasekhar importance in Karnataka Conservation IND. Karnataka Dr. Chandan Mitra John Marshall guidelines for preservation of Environmental Madhya 1569 Unstarred 05.02.2014 Culture monuments Conservation BJP Pradesh Pollution Shri Birendra Prasad Majuli Island for World Environmental 1572 Unstarred 05.02.2014 Culture Baishya Heritage list Conservation AGP Assam Monuments and heritage Environmental Madhya 2203 Unstarred 12.02.2014 Culture Dr. Najma A. Heptulla sites in M.P. Conservation BJP Pradesh NOMINATION OF MAJULI ISLAND AS WORLD HERITAGE SITE 14th August, 2013 RSQ 944 SHRI BIRENDRA PRASAD BAISHYA Will the Minister of CULTURE be pleased to state: (a) the present status of the nomination dossier submitted for inscription of Majuli Island as World Heritage Site; (b) whether Government has fulfilled all requirements for completion of the nomination process in respect of Majuli Island; (c) if so, the details thereof and date-wise response made on all queries of UNESCO; and (d) by when the island is likely to be finally inscribed as a World Heritage Site? MINISTER OF CULTURE (SHRIMATI CHANDRESH KUMARI KATOCH) (a) (b) The revised nomination dossier on Majuli Island submitted to World Heritage Centre (WHC) in January, 2012 needs further modification in view of revision of Operational Guidelines.
    [Show full text]
  • ANCIENT INDIA All Bights Reserved ANCIENT INDIA
    CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Date ANCIENT INDIA All Bights reserved ANCIENT INDIA BY S. KRISHNASWAMI AIYANGAE, M.A. Member of the Royal Asiatic Society of Oreal Britain and Ireland Fellow of the Roijal Bistorical Society, London. Member ol the Board of Studies, and Examiner in History and Economics. Vnirersity of Madras Mysore Education Serria: WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY VINCENT A. SMITH, M.A., I.C.S. (retired) ' Author of the ' Early History of India LONDON: LUZAC & Co., IC great kussell isteeet MADEAS: S.P.C.K. DEPOSITORY, VEPBEY 1911 1)5 4-04- /\fl 6 ^,©XKg^ PRINTED AT THE :. PKESS, VEPBKY, MADRAS 1911 "^QXYS^ ) INSCRIBED TO THE :ME:M0RY OP JOHN WEIE [Inspector-General op Education in JIybore] ( November 1, 1909—July 31, 1911 Cornell University Library The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924022968840 PEEFACE The first chapter deals with the early portion of Indian History, and so the title ' Ancient India ' has been given to the book. The other chapters deal with a variety ot subjects, and are based on lectures given on different occa- sions. One was originally prepared as my thesis for the M.A. Degree Examination of the University of Madras. The favourable reception given to my early work by historical and oriental scholars encouraged me to put my researches into a more permanent form, which a liberal grant from the Madras School Book and Literature Society has enabled me to do.
    [Show full text]