DOCSLIB.ORG

(Alteplase, Activase®) for Acute Ischemic Stroke

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
(Alteplase, Activase®) for Acute Ischemic Stroke NINDS Contributions to Approved Therapies NINDS invests in and conducts research across the spectrum of neuroscience and neurology research, from basic studies on fundamental biological mechanisms, to clinical trials to test new treatments in patients. Here, we describe the path leading to the development and approval of one therapy for a neurological disorder, and we highlight contributions enabled by NINDS and NIH support. Tissue Plasminogen Activator (Alteplase, Activase®) for Acute Ischemic Stroke Overview A stroke occurs when the blood supply to first treatment for acute ischemic stroke unprecedented speed. These efforts revolu- brain tissue is blocked by a blood clot to receive Food and Drug Administration tionized stroke care, and the success of tPA (ischemic stroke), or when a blood vessel (FDA) approval. Known by the generic set the stage for further progress in stroke in the brain ruptures (hemorrhagic name alteplase and marketed as Activase® research. stroke), causing brain cells to die and (Genentech), tPA works by dissolving resulting in functional impairments. blood clots that block blood flow to Stroke is a leading cause of death and the brain. When administered quickly disability both globally and in the U.S., after stroke onset, tPA helps to restore where approximately 800,000 people blood flow to brain regions affected by experience a stroke each year. a stroke, thereby limiting the risk of lasting damage. Although stroke remains a critical health issue, better management of cardio- NINDS played a major role in the develop- vascular risk factors, greater awareness of ment of tPA—from funding early studies symptoms, and prompt medical attention that provided a rationale for its use, to are helping to prevent strokes and leading pivotal clinical trials that support- improve outcomes. Accordingly, the death ed the treatment’s FDA approval in 1996. rate from stroke in the U.S. fell 77% Most notably, NINDS scientists recognized between 1969 and 2013. Another major the importance of urgent treatment for advance was the clot-dissolving medicine acute stroke and pioneered protocols for tPA (tissue plasminogen activator), the assessing and treating patients with Learn more at: https://www.ninds.nih.gov/About-NINDS/Impact/NINDS-Contributions-Approved-Therapies tPA (Alteplase, Activase®) for Acute Ischemic Stroke Development Timeline Clot-retrieval devices are shown to be more effective than tPA alone for strokes involving clots in large arteries. 2015 Postmarketing studies show benefits of tPA treatment in commu- nity hospital settings when rapid treatment protocols are followed. 1998- 2001 2001 1996 FDA approves tPA for the treatment of acute ©Biogen ischemic stroke. NINDS launches Know Stroke public education campaign. 1995 Pivotal Phase III trial demonstrates the safety and efficacy of tPA for acute ischemic stroke. • Pilot clinical trials test tPA in stroke patients, including the first studies to 1985- develop organized stroke teams and protocols for treatment within 3 hours of 1992 symptom onset. • Several studies report the efficacy of tPA in animal models of stroke with im- proved outcomes and low risk of hemorrhage when treatment is delivered early. 1987 FDA approves tPA for Small and then large-scale clinical trials 1983- treatment of acute myocardial test tPA in heart attack patients. 1988 infarction, or heart attack. 1983 1977- Belgian researchers isolate tPA from a melanoma cell line in large 1981 quantities and show that it can dissolve blood clots in animal models. 1947 Danish researchers describe enzyme that will become known as tissue plasminogen Academic and industry researchers express activator (tPA). recombinant tPA, enabling purification in amounts sufficient for commercial use. .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • EXAMPLE Alteplase Thrombolytic Central Changes Noted
    INTERIM ACS STEMI Alteplase Thrombolysis Orders Place Label Here Allergies: Ht. cm Wt. kg Diagnosis: Acute Coronary Syndrome C C M M Date (yyyy-Mon-dd) Time R Sign Physician Orders P E P R TIMI score ____________ GRACE Score (risk) ____________________ Monitor Admit to or transfer to _______________________ Oxygen per nasal cannula at 4 L/min or adjust to keep SpO2 greater than 92% Start a large bore IV – 250 mL NS TKVO (40 mL/h); saline lock IV when stable Do bilateral manual BP and notify physician if more than 20 mmHg difference between the 2 sides VS q1h until stable then q4h x 12 h, then TID & prn Neuro VS pre and 15 min post thrombolysis, then q1h x 4, q4h x 12 h, TID and prn CBC, PT, PTT, ALT, creatinine, electrolytes, glucose, magnesium, TnI and urea (if not already done in ED) Order urgent Repeat CBC, creatinine, electrolytes, glucose on Day 2 (Presentation to ED is Day 0) Cancel all pending requests for TnI ordered at time of initial presentation to ED TnI at 6 – 8 h TnI at 18 – 24 h Fasting glucose and fasting lipid profile (do within 24 h after a 10 –12 h fast) HbA1C (if diabetic) Other _______________________________________________________________ ECG stat repeat at 45 min, 60 min, 90 min: then daily x 3 (and prn with chest pain and/or significant arrhythmias) CXR – as soon as possible ASA – 162 mg chew now (if not already given) Given at h Then EC ASA 81 mg daily. Alteplase BOLUS dose Alteplase FIRST infusion Alteplase SECOND infusion 15 mg/15 mL IV bolus over 2 min 0.75 mg/kg from Table A 0.5 mg/kg from Table A _____ mg infusion over 30 min _____ mg infusion over 60 min Given at ______h By:_________ Given at _____ h By: ________ Given at _____ h By: _____ Enoxaparin Less than 75 years and eGFR at least 30 mL/min 30 mg IV bolus 30 mg IV bolus immediately prior to administration of alteplase Within 30 minutes of initiating alteplase infusion and then q12h, give Given at _______h Enoxaparin 1 mg/kg deep subcutaneous (Max.
    [Show full text]
  • ALTEPLASE: Class: Thrombolytic Agent (Fibrinolytic Agent
    ALTEPLASE: Class: Thrombolytic Agent (Fibrinolytic Agent ). Indications: - Management of acute myocardial infarction for the lysis of thrombi in coronary arteries; management of acute ischemic stroke -Acute myocardial infarction (AMI): Chest pain ≥20 minutes, ≤12-24 hours; S-T elevation ≥0.1 mV in at least two ECG leads -Acute pulmonary embolism (APE): Age ≤75 years: Documented massive pulmonary embolism by pulmonary angiography or echocardiography or high probability lung scan with clinical shock . -Restoration of central venous catheter function *Unlabeled/Investigational :Acute peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Dosage: -Coronary artery thrombi: Front loading dose (weight-based): -Patients >67 kg: Total dose: 100 mg over 1.5 hours; infuse 15 mg over 1-2 minutes. Infuse 50 mg over 30 minutes. Infuse remaining 35 mg of alteplase over the next hour. Maximum total dose: 100 mg -Patients ≤67 kg: Infuse 15 mg I.V. bolus over 1-2 minutes, then infuse 0.75 mg/kg (not to exceed 50 mg) over next 30 minutes, followed by 0.5 mg/kg over next 60 minutes (not to exceed 35 mg) Maximum total dose: 100 mg. See “Notes.” Note: Concurrently, begin heparin 60 units/kg bolus (maximum: 4000 units) followed by continuous infusion of 12 units/kg/hour (maximum: 1000 units/hour) and adjust to aPTT target of 1.5-2 times the upper limit of control. Note: Thrombolytic should be administered within 30 minutes of hospital arrival. Administer concurrent aspirin, clopidogrel, and anticoagulant therapy (ie, unfractionated heparin, enoxaparin, or fondaparinux) with alteplase (O’Gara, 2013). -Acute massive or submassive pulmonary embolism: I.V. (Activase®): 100 mg over 2 hours; may be administered as a 10 mg bolus followed by 90 mg over 2 hours as was done in patients with submassive PE (Konstantinides, 2002).
    [Show full text]
  • ACTIVASE (Alteplase) for Injection, for Intravenous Use Initial U.S
    Application 103172 This document contains: Label for ACTIVASE [Supplement 5203, Action Date 02/13/2015] Also available: Label for CATHFLO ACTIVASE [Supplement 5071, Action Date 01/04/2005] HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATION Acute Ischemic Stroke These highlights do not include all the information needed to use • Current intracranial hemorrhage. (4.1) ACTIVASE safely and effectively. See full prescribing information for • Subarachnoid hemorrhage. (4.1) ACTIVASE. Acute Myocardial Infarction or Pulmonary Embolism • History of recent stroke. (4.2) ACTIVASE (alteplase) for injection, for intravenous use Initial U.S. Approval: 1987 -----------------------WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS-----------------------­ • Increases the risk of bleeding. Avoid intramuscular injections. Monitor for ---------------------------INDICATIONS AND USAGE--------------------------­ bleeding. If serious bleeding occurs, discontinue Activase. (5.1) Activase is a tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) indicated for the treatment of • Monitor patients during and for several hours after infusion for orolingual • Acute Ischemic Stroke (AIS). (1.1) angioedema. If angioedema develops, discontinue Activase. (5.2) • Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) to reduce mortality and incidence of • Cholesterol embolism has been reported rarely in patients treated with heart failure. (1.2) thrombolytic agents. (5.3) Limitation of Use in AMI: the risk of stroke may be greater than the benefit • Consider the risk of reembolization from the lysis of underlying deep in patients at low risk of death
    [Show full text]
  • Protocol-IV-Alteplase.Pdf
    Updated April 6, 2020 Memorial Hermann Health Stroke System and UTHealth Stroke Clinical Protocol for IV Alteplase General Guidelines: In all cases, the anticipated benefit needs to be weighed against the risks, so that in the later time windows when benefit from IV Alteplase is less, or in the patient with minimal deficits who has less to gain from treatment with IV Alteplase, one should be more cautious with administration to patients who have an underlying clinical profile that might be associated with increased bleeding risk. All IV Alteplase administration referenced below is based on standard dosing (0.9mg/kg; 90mg max dose). 1. Thrombolytic treatment in patients presenting within 0-4.5 hours of symptom onset. a. IV Alteplase is recommended for patients who meet IV criteria and be treated within 4.5 hours of ischemic stroke symptom onset or patient last known well. (Stroke. 2019;50:e344–e418. Table 8). i. Per AHA guidelines (Table 3.5.2 Time Windows; e363-Section 3.5.2) there is not published data that ECASS III exclusion criteria (age > 80, warfarin regardless of INR, combined history of diabetes and prior stroke, and NIHSS> 25) are justified in practice. 2. Thrombolytic Treatment in patients with unknown last seen normal, wake up strokes, and patients presenting beyond 4.5 hours from symptom onset. a. 4.5-9 hours i. The EXTEND Trial showed benefit in treating patients IV Alteplase who demonstrate salvageable tissue on perfusion imaging between 4.5 to 9 hrs from last known well. CTP eligibility: <70 cc core volume and perfusion-ischemia mismatch ratio >1.2 (NEJM.
    [Show full text]
  • The Treatment and Prevention Ofacute Ischemic Stroke
    EDITORIAL Alvaro Nagib Atallah* The treatment and prevention of acute ischemic stroke rotecting the brain from the consequences .of alternated with placebo (lower dose) and placebo injections vascular obstruction is obviously very important. every 12 hours, for 10 days. The evaluation at 6 months PHowever, how to manage this is a very complex showed that the treated group had a lower incidence rate task. Three recent studies have provided evidence that of poor outcomes, death or dependency in daily activities, I 3 should not be ignored or misinterpreted by physicians. - 45 vs. 65%. In other words, it was necessary to treat 5 The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and patients to benefit one. Evaluations at 10 days did not show Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Groupl shows the results of a differences in death rates or haemorrhage transformation randomized, collaborative placebo-controlled trial. Six of the cerebral infarction. hundred and twenty-four patients were studied. The The Multicentre Acute Stroke Trial-Italy (MAST-I) treatment was started before 90' of the start of the stroke Group compared the effectiveness of streptokinase, aspirin or before 180'. Patients received recombinant rt-PA and a combination of both for the treatment of ischemic (alteplase) 0.9 mg/kg or placebo. A careful neurological stroke. Six hundred and twenty-two patients were evaluation was done at 24 hours and 3 months after the randomized to receive I hour infusions of 1.5 mD of stroke. streptokinase alone, the same dose of streptokinase plus There were no significant differences between the 300 mg of buffered aspirin, or 300 mg of aspirin alone for groups at 24 hours after the stroke.
    [Show full text]
  • Estonian Statistics on Medicines 2016 1/41
    Estonian Statistics on Medicines 2016 ATC code ATC group / Active substance (rout of admin.) Quantity sold Unit DDD Unit DDD/1000/ day A ALIMENTARY TRACT AND METABOLISM 167,8985 A01 STOMATOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS 0,0738 A01A STOMATOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS 0,0738 A01AB Antiinfectives and antiseptics for local oral treatment 0,0738 A01AB09 Miconazole (O) 7088 g 0,2 g 0,0738 A01AB12 Hexetidine (O) 1951200 ml A01AB81 Neomycin+ Benzocaine (dental) 30200 pieces A01AB82 Demeclocycline+ Triamcinolone (dental) 680 g A01AC Corticosteroids for local oral treatment A01AC81 Dexamethasone+ Thymol (dental) 3094 ml A01AD Other agents for local oral treatment A01AD80 Lidocaine+ Cetylpyridinium chloride (gingival) 227150 g A01AD81 Lidocaine+ Cetrimide (O) 30900 g A01AD82 Choline salicylate (O) 864720 pieces A01AD83 Lidocaine+ Chamomille extract (O) 370080 g A01AD90 Lidocaine+ Paraformaldehyde (dental) 405 g A02 DRUGS FOR ACID RELATED DISORDERS 47,1312 A02A ANTACIDS 1,0133 Combinations and complexes of aluminium, calcium and A02AD 1,0133 magnesium compounds A02AD81 Aluminium hydroxide+ Magnesium hydroxide (O) 811120 pieces 10 pieces 0,1689 A02AD81 Aluminium hydroxide+ Magnesium hydroxide (O) 3101974 ml 50 ml 0,1292 A02AD83 Calcium carbonate+ Magnesium carbonate (O) 3434232 pieces 10 pieces 0,7152 DRUGS FOR PEPTIC ULCER AND GASTRO- A02B 46,1179 OESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE (GORD) A02BA H2-receptor antagonists 2,3855 A02BA02 Ranitidine (O) 340327,5 g 0,3 g 2,3624 A02BA02 Ranitidine (P) 3318,25 g 0,3 g 0,0230 A02BC Proton pump inhibitors 43,7324 A02BC01 Omeprazole
    [Show full text]
  • In Vivo Effects of Contrast Media on Coronary Thrombolysis
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector 1102 JACC Vol. 32, No. 4 October 1998:1102–8 In Vivo Effects of Contrast Media on Coronary Thrombolysis SORIN PISLARU, MD, PHD,*† CRISTINA PISLARU, MD,* MONIKA SZILARD, MD,* JEF ARNOUT, PHD,‡ FRANS VAN DE WERF, MD, PHD, FACC* Leuven, Belgium and Bucharest, Romania Objectives. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the associated with longer reperfusion delays (time to optimal reper- influence of radiographic contrast media (CM) on alteplase- fusion: 67 6 48 min and 65 6 49 min, respectively, vs. 21 6 11 min induced coronary thrombolysis. after placebo; p < 0.05) and shorter periods of coronary perfusion Background. Contrast media inhibit fibrinolysis in vitro and (optimal perfusion time: 21 6 26 min and 21 6 28 min, respec- interact with endothelial cells, platelets and the coagulation tively, vs. 58 6 40 min after placebo; p < 0.05). No significant system. The in vivo effects of CM on thrombolysis are not known. differences were observed between groups with regard to activated Methods. Occlusive coronary artery thrombosis was induced in partial thromboplastin times, circulating thrombin-antithrombin 4 groups of 10 dogs by the copper coil technique. After 70 min of III complex concentrations and fibrinogen. occlusion the dogs were randomized to intracoronary injection of Conclusions. In this animal model administration of iohexol 2 2mlkg 1 of either saline, a low-osmolar ionic CM (ioxaglate), a and amidotrizoate before thrombolysis significantly delayed low-osmolar nonionic CM (iohexol) or a high-osmolar ionic CM reperfusion.
    [Show full text]
  • General Catheter Management Brochure
    Adult Catheter Management Brochure Hold ourselves accountable to the standard of care Use evidence-based guidelines to deliver quality care to patients with central lines Central venous access devices (CVADs) deliver life-sustaining therapies An evidence-based list of indications for CVAD use includes but is not limited to1: Clinical instability of the patient and/or complexity of infusion regimen 1 (multiple infusates) 2 Episodic chemotherapy treatment Prescribed continuous infusion therapy (eg, parenteral nutrition, fluid and 3 electrolytes, medications) 4 Invasive hemodynamic monitoring Long-term intermittent infusion therapy (eg, any medication including 5 anti-infectives in patients with a known or suspected infection) History of failed or difficult peripheral venous access, if use of ultrasound 6 guidance has failed Catheters can be used either short or long term for the infusion of 2,3: • Antibiotics • Parenteral nutrition • Medication/solutions in patients with limited peripheral access • Chemotherapy or other vesicant or irritating solutions • Blood and blood products • Therapy that is ongoing or continued at home 2 catheter management Why is it important to ensure central line patency? An occluded line may complicate patient care by3-5: • Disrupting therapies or delaying procedures • Interrupting administration of medications and solutions • Delays in discharge • Additional procedures, such as catheter replacement “Foster a just culture and individual accountability through a focus on improving systems and processes by clinicians and leaders.”1 INS Infusion Therapy Standards of Practice, 2021, page S31, standard 6A “Catheter salvage is preferred over catheter removal for management of CVAD occlusion with choice of clearing agents based on a thorough assessment of potential causes of occlusion.” INS Infusion Therapy Standards of Practice, 2021, page S149, standard 49.2 INS=Infusion Nurses Society.
    [Show full text]
  • Estonian Statistics on Medicines 2013 1/44
    Estonian Statistics on Medicines 2013 DDD/1000/ ATC code ATC group / INN (rout of admin.) Quantity sold Unit DDD Unit day A ALIMENTARY TRACT AND METABOLISM 146,8152 A01 STOMATOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS 0,0760 A01A STOMATOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS 0,0760 A01AB Antiinfectives and antiseptics for local oral treatment 0,0760 A01AB09 Miconazole(O) 7139,2 g 0,2 g 0,0760 A01AB12 Hexetidine(O) 1541120 ml A01AB81 Neomycin+Benzocaine(C) 23900 pieces A01AC Corticosteroids for local oral treatment A01AC81 Dexamethasone+Thymol(dental) 2639 ml A01AD Other agents for local oral treatment A01AD80 Lidocaine+Cetylpyridinium chloride(gingival) 179340 g A01AD81 Lidocaine+Cetrimide(O) 23565 g A01AD82 Choline salicylate(O) 824240 pieces A01AD83 Lidocaine+Chamomille extract(O) 317140 g A01AD86 Lidocaine+Eugenol(gingival) 1128 g A02 DRUGS FOR ACID RELATED DISORDERS 35,6598 A02A ANTACIDS 0,9596 Combinations and complexes of aluminium, calcium and A02AD 0,9596 magnesium compounds A02AD81 Aluminium hydroxide+Magnesium hydroxide(O) 591680 pieces 10 pieces 0,1261 A02AD81 Aluminium hydroxide+Magnesium hydroxide(O) 1998558 ml 50 ml 0,0852 A02AD82 Aluminium aminoacetate+Magnesium oxide(O) 463540 pieces 10 pieces 0,0988 A02AD83 Calcium carbonate+Magnesium carbonate(O) 3049560 pieces 10 pieces 0,6497 A02AF Antacids with antiflatulents Aluminium hydroxide+Magnesium A02AF80 1000790 ml hydroxide+Simeticone(O) DRUGS FOR PEPTIC ULCER AND GASTRO- A02B 34,7001 OESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE (GORD) A02BA H2-receptor antagonists 3,5364 A02BA02 Ranitidine(O) 494352,3 g 0,3 g 3,5106 A02BA02 Ranitidine(P)
    [Show full text]
  • Cleveland Clinic Anticoagulation Management Program (C-Camp)
    CLEVELAND CLINIC ANTICOAGULATION MANAGEMENT PROGRAM (C-CAMP) 1 Table of Contents I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................................... 6 II. VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM RISK ASSESSMENT AND PROPHYLAXIS ............................................. 9 III. RECOMMENDED PROPHYLAXIS OPTIONS FOR THE PREVENTION OF VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM. ........................................................................................................................................ 10 IIIA. RECOMMENDED PROPHYLAXIS OPTIONS FOR THE PREVENTION OF VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM BASED ON RISK FACTOR ASSESSMENT ............................................................. 12 A) UNFRACTIONATED HEPARIN (UFH) ................................................................................................................... 14 B) LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN (LMWH) ENOXAPARIN (LOVENOX®) .............................................. 14 C) FONDAPARINUX/ (ARIXTRA®) …………………………………………………………………………..……16 D) RIVAROXABAN (XARELTO®) .......................................................................................................................... 16 E) DESIRUDIN (IPRIVASK®)………………………………………………………………………………..…….17 F) WARFARIN/COUMADIN®) ............................................................................................................................... 16 G) ASPIRIN……………………………………………………………………………………………………..……18 H) INTERMITTENT PNEUMATIC COMPRESSION DEVICES .....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of the Exclusion Criteria for IV Rtpa for Acute Ischaemic Stroke
    A Review of the Exclusion Criteria for IV rtPA for Acute Ischaemic Stroke Dr Gary Pratt Consultant Stroke Physician Sheffield Teaching Hospitals Background • Criteria from NINDs trial – expert consensus • Great deal of experience since – RCT’s /registry data/case series • Evidence for IV thrombolysis has strengthened over time • Rationale for avoiding therapy has reduced • Low rates of thrombolysis – multifactorial but at least in part due to exclusion criteria • AHA updated guidelines 2015 • Time for us regionally to review Agenda • Stroke severity – severe/mild • Resolving • Early ischemic change on CT imaging • Recent bleeding • Blood glucose • INR • DOAC usage • Previous ICH • Intracranial aneurysms • Malignancy Stroke Severity Severe • Original FDA label, risks may be increased with NIHSS >22 • NINDS – max NIHSS 37 (few with NIHSS > 25) Mild stroke predicted good outcome but significant effect seen in strokes with NIHSS > 20. • ECASS excluded pts with NIHSS >25 Stroke Severity Severe Pts achieving primary endpoint (alive and independent) Stroke Severity Severe Recommendations • Increased risk of haemorrhage should not be used as a reason not to treat. • On the basis of available literature there should be no upper limit of NIHSS score for pts otherwise eligible for tPA within 3hrs • FDA label has removed stroke severity (either “too mild” or NIHSS > 22) Stroke Severity Mild • Disability among “mild” stroke pts is significant – not just motor - further stroke - deterioration - disability from problems not picked up on NIHSS • Prediction difficult • Risk of haemorrhagic transformation low • Few mild pts in clinical trials therefore risk to benefit ratio unknown • A number of case series and small clinical trials to suggest there may be benefit from thrombolysis especially if have vessel occlusion.
    [Show full text]
  • Protocols for Anticoagulant and Thrombolytic Therapy Mar 2020
    PROTOCOLS FOR ANTICOAGULANT AND THROMBOLYTIC THERAPY Written by Drs. Evan Shereck and John Wu, Division of Hematology/Oncology/BMT and Alison MacDonald, pharmacist References: • Antithrombotic Therapy. In: The 2009 Formulary of the Hospital for Sick Children, 11th edition. Toronto 2008. rd • Monagle P et al (eds). Andrew’s Pediatric Thromboembolism and Stroke 3 ed. 2006; BC Decker Inc. Hamilton. • Monagle P et al. Antithrombotic therapy in neonates and children: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (8th edition). Chest 2008; 133: 887S-968S • Malowwany JI, Monagle P, Wu J et al. Enoxaparin for neonatal thrombosis: A call for a higher dose for neonates. Thrombosis Research 2008; 122: 826-30. Contents: Protocol for heparin therapy………………………….……………………….page 2 Protocol for warfarin therapy………..……………………………..………….page 3 Protocol for enoxaparin therapy………………………….……………..…….page 4 Protocol for systemic thrombolytic therapy………………………………….page 6 Heparin Information Sheet ………………………….…………….………….page 7 Warfarin Information Sheet………………………….………………….…….page 8 Enoxaparin Information Sheet……………………………………………..….page 10 Information sheet for thrombolytic therapy………….……………………….page 12 Protocols for Anticoagulant and Thrombolytic Therapy 1 PROTOCOL FOR HEPARIN THERAPY (for patients > 1 month of age) • Always obtain baseline PT/INR, APTT, CBC and fibrinogen before starting therapy • Once APTT is in the therapeutic range, repeat APTT daily; CBC and platelets are to be checked twice weekly LOADING DOSE: 75 units/kg (maximum: 5000 units/dose) -infuse IV over 10 minutes by syringe pump INITIAL MAINTENANCE DOSE: < 1 year of age: 28 units/kg/hr > 1 year of age: 20 units/kg/hr Adolescents and adults 18 units/kg/hr (maximum 1000 units/hr) Obtain APTT 4 hours after loading dose and adjust dose according to nomogram.
    [Show full text]