Alegorijsko I Povijesno U Romanu Smrt Vronskog Nedjeljka Fabrija

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Alegorijsko I Povijesno U Romanu Smrt Vronskog Nedjeljka Fabrija View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Repository of Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek Sveučilište J.J. Strossmayera u Osijeku Filozofski fakultet Dvopredmetni diplomski studij Hrvatski jezik i književnost i Povijest Magdalena Glavačević Alegorijsko i povijesno u romanu Smrt Vronskog Nedjeljka Fabrija Diplomski rad Mentor prof. dr. sc. Ružica Pšihistal Osijek, 2015. Sadržaj 1. Uvod ........................................................................................................................................................ 3 2. Hrvatski novopovijesni roman................................................................................................................. 4 2.1. Hrvatski novopovijesni roman u postmodernističkom ruhu ............................................................. 9 2.2. Fabrio u kontekstu hrvatskog novopovijesnog romana ................................................................... 11 3. Nedjeljko Fabrio i povijest .................................................................................................................... 17 3.1. Prikaz povijesti u Smrti Vronskog .................................................................................................. 20 3.2. Povijesna razina u romanu Smrt Vronskog ..................................................................................... 22 4. Alegorijsko u romanu Smrt Vronskog Nedjeljka Fabrija ....................................................................... 29 4.1. Filozofija egzistencijalizma na primjeru književnog lika – Aleksandra Kiriloviča Vronskoga ...... 29 4.1.2. Značenjska odrednica smrti Vronskoga ................................................................................... 32 4.1.3. Moralni i religiozni smisao u romanu Smrt Vronskog kroz lik Sonje....................................... 34 4.2. Utopijsko i antiutopijsko u romanu Smrt Vronskog ........................................................................ 36 4.3. Alegoreza slavenskog panteona ...................................................................................................... 38 4.4. Simbolika homerskog motiva u romanu ......................................................................................... 41 4.5. Alegorija ostalih likova (kapetan prve klase i Petricki) .................................................................. 41 5. Zaključak ............................................................................................................................................... 43 6. Literatura ............................................................................................................................................... 44 1 Sažetak i ključne riječi Hrvatski novopovijesni roman odlikuje spoj postmoderne i novohistorizma, što utječe na različitu koncepciju od Šenoine. Dok je Šenoin povijesni roman počivao na moralitetu ostavši povijesno nevjerodostojan, novopovijesni se hrvatski roman služi mogućnostima postmoderne unoseći u romane historiografske tekstove. Međutim, tu povijest više nije magistra vitae, što se posebno ističe u Fabrijevu romanesknu opusu, a glavne aktere ne čine važne političke ličnosti nego „mali“ pojedinci. Za Fabrija je povijest jalovost, ludilo i smrt, a njezine se greške iznova ponavljaju. Stoga, kako i sam ističe, njegovi romani nisu povijesni već romani o povijesti. Želeći prikazati destrukciju povijesti, Fabrio je iskoristio jedan od najtežih trenutaka hrvatske povijesti za svoj roman – Bitku za Vukovar. Međutim, želeći ostati objektivan, on u priču uvodi Tolstojeva junaka iz Ane Karenjine – Vronskoga koji će svoju životnu priču završiti slijetanjem u mine. Smrt Vronskoga vjerodostojno iznosi činjenice iz Vukovarske bitke (napad u Borovu Selu, prizori mučenja, svakodnevica očajnih Vukovarčana, naznake pada Vukovara i pokolja na Ovčari) čime se može analizirati povijesna razina u romanu. Cilj je diplomskog analiza te povijesne razine kako bi se vidjelo koliko ju je Fabrio slijedio. Osim nje, analizirat će se i alegorijska razina jer je roman i alegorija u koju su upisani filozofimi egzistencijalizma vidljivi u karakteru Vronskoga. Još tri lika nose jaku simboličku označnicu, Sonja, kapetan prve klase, Petricki. Oni su moralna i zdravorazumska potka koja u nerazumnom ratu stradava. Roman je i antiutopizam jugoslavenstva koji je uništen smrću Vronskoga kojega su vjerno pratili slavenski bogovi, alegorija smrti koja jedina pobjeđuje u ratu. Ključne riječi: novopovijesni hrvatski roman, Nedjeljko Fabrio, Smrt Vronskog, povijest, alegorija 2 1. Uvod Tema diplomskog rada jest Alegorijsko i povijesno u romanu „Smrt Vronskog“ Nedjeljka Fabrija. Kako se iz naslova može razaznati, rad će se analizirati na dvjema razinama, alegorijskoj i povijesnoj. Međutim, da bi se što bolje shvatio smisao obiju razina, prvo će se objasniti koncepcija novopovijesnog romana u ruhu postmoderne. Nadalje, analizirat će se i odnos N. Fabrija prema povijesti i vidjeti kako je ona prikazana u samome romanu. Smrt Vronskog, premda povijesni roman, ipak počiva i na jakoj alegoriji, koja izrasta na više razina. 3 2. Hrvatski novopovijesni roman Kada je riječ o povijesnom romanu svakomu se sistematičaru hrvatske književnosti 20. stoljeća, ili nekom njezinom segmentu nameću najmanje dva temeljna pitanja. Jedan je načelne naravi i tiče se opće koncepcije povijesti, tj. filozofije povijesti koju dotično žanr implicira ili se, pak, na njoj temelji. Drugo pitanje je književno specifičnije i odnosi se na izvedbeni plan takve koncepcije povijesti i korištenje historiografskog sloja uopće. Kada je, pak, riječ o novopovijesnom1 hrvatskom romanu osamdesetih i devedesetih godina 20. stoljeća, unutar postmodernističkoga horizonta i trenutno pomodna i trendovskog novog historizma, iskrsava ujedno i treće relevantno pitanje. Riječ je, dakako, o postmodernoj i novohistorističkoj naravi tih povijesnih romana. Dakako, u biti je opet riječ o povijesnoj i književnoj strani složenoga problema, no sada s drugačijim shvaćanjem povijesti, uvjetno rečeno analističkim, i drugačijim shvaćanjem književnosti – postmodernističkim. Problem se može reducirati i na odnos fikcije i fakcije, ili preciznije rečeno, na narativno funkcioniranje historiografskog sloja. Kako je u samoj historiografiji pojam doslovnosti postao problematičan zbog činjenice što je i nesvjesno posuđivala načine izlaganja drugih jezičnih uporaba ili diskurzivnih praksa, a riječ je, dakako, ponajprije o književnosti, to je pitanje fikcionalnoga i nefikcionalnoga, odnosno pitanje interdiskurzivnih cjelina postalo temeljnim, kako za historiografiju, tako i za onaj žanr u književnosti koji se koristi historiografskim strukturama, a riječ je, naravno, o žanru povijesnog romana. (Milanja, 1996:100, 102-103) Kako bi se shvatila koncepcija novopovijesnog romana, treba se osvrnuti na Nietzscheovu koncepciju povijesti. U shvaćanju povijesti on razabire tri vrste mišljenja, a ono može biti monumentalističko, antikvarno i kritičko. U monumentalističkom poimanju povijesti Nietzsche spoznaje osobito naglašen oblik idealističkoga tumačenja ljudskog čina na poprištima javnog djelovanja. Ljudska je povijest u toj vizuri lanac velikih djela u kojima se očituju markantne ličnosti, lanac monumenata jer od svega zbivanja ostaju, po tome shvaćanju, samo otisci snažne volje u inače bezobličnoj tvari koju zovemo životno trajanje. Obilježje je toga pogleda da je sklono idealizaciji i u moralnom smislu pa se galerija velikih ličnosti svagdje, gdje je to iole moguće, pretvara u niz u kojemu potomstvo vidi ćudoredne uzore. Nietzsche, također, upozorava da emfatički pojam humanosti ovdje ima svoje uporište ako se humanost shvati kao naziv za misao koja ujedinjuje odlike iznimnih, 1 Cvjetko Milanja smatra kako je termin hrvatski novopovijesni roman primjereniji i precizniji od pojma novohistoristički jer romaneskna svijest hrvatskoga novopovijesnog romana nije u svoj književni um ugradila spoznajnoteorijsko osvješćenje novog historizma pa ga sukladno tomu nije ni koristila u tekstu romana. (u: Cvjetko Milanja, Hrvatski roman 1945. – 1990., L – biblioteka Zavoda za znanost o književnosti Filozofskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, Zagreb, 1996., str. 100.) 4 osobito darovitih ljudi. Stoga je posve razumljivo da zastupnici monumentalističke vizije rado upiru oči u prošlost, tražeći ondje potvrdu načelima svoje, tako reći, pedagoške historiozofije. Nietzsche ironično zaključuje kako monumentalizam u shvaćanju povijesti svoje junake i uzore pozlaćuje mitskim sjajem. Sve što ne odgovara monumentalističkoj potrebi za divljenjem i stvaranjem uzora ostaje izvan obzora toga pristupa, a u tome se po Nietzscheovu sudu očituje ono osiromašenje povijesnog iskustva koje naposljetku nanosi štetu ljudskoj kreativnosti. Osobito se to očituje na području umjetnosti gdje stvaralaštvu ništa ne škodi tako kao slijepa divinizacija i jednostran odnos prema prošlosti. Zaklinjući se na kanon neprijepornih umjetničkih vrijednosti, pristaše monumentalizma zapravo koče živost u budućnost stvaralaštva i stvaraju duhovno podneblje u kojemu se na fatalan način utire put muzealnom poimanju stvari. Da je samo do njih, zavladalo bi geslo po kojemu mrtvi pokapaju žive. Druga vrsta odnosa prema povijesti u Nietzscheovoj tipologiji obilježena je prije svega time što prošlost postaje vrijednost sama po sebi, bez obzira na opremljenost te prošlosti, dakle bez obzira na to ima li u njoj likova i događaja podobnih za moralnu, nacionalnu ili političku identifikaciju,
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