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Proquest Dissertations STRATEGIESSTRATEGIES FORFOR JUSTIFYINJUSTIFYINGG VIOLENCEVIOLENCE IINN SOCIETALSOCIETAL SELF­SELF- DEFENSEDEFENSE ININ INDIANINDIAN LAYLAY JAINISM:JAINISM: A TEXTUALTEXTUAL ANDAND ETHNOGRAPHICETHNOGRAPHIC STUDYSTUDY TOMASZTOMASZ POKINKOPOKINKO FacultyFaculty ofof ReligiousReligious StudiesStudies,, McGillMcGill University,University, MontrealMontreal December,December, 20072007 A thesisthesis submittedsubmitted toto McMcGil Gilll UniversityUniversity inin partialpartial fulfillmentfulfillment ofof thethe requirementsrequirements ofof thethe degredegreee ofof MasterMaster ofof ArtsArts.. :~ © TOMASZTOMASZ POKINKOPOKINKO 20072007 LibraryandLibrary and BibliothèqueBibliotheque eett 1+11*1 ArchiveArchivess CanadaCanada ArchiveArchivess CanadaCanada PublishedPublished HeritageHeritage DirectionDirection dduu BranchBranch PatrimoinePatrimoine dede I'editiol'éditionn 395395 WellingtonWellington StreetStreet 395,395, ruerue WellingtonWellington OttawaOttawa ONON K1AK1A0N ON44 OttawaOttawa ONON K1AK1A0N ON44 CanadaCanada CanadaCanada Your file Votre référencereference ISBN: 978-0-494-51398-9978-0-494-51398-9 Our file Notre référencereference ISBN: 978-0-494-51398-9978-0-494-51398-9 NOTICE:NOTICE: AVISAVIS:: TheThe authorauthor hashas grantedgranted a non­non­ L'auteurL'auteur a accordéaccorde uneune licencelicence nonnon exclusiveexclusive exclusiveexclusive licenselicense allowingallowing LibraryLibrary permettantpermettant àa lala BibliothèqueBibliotheque etet ArchivesArchives andand ArchiveArchivess CanadaCanada toto reproduce,reproduce, CanadaCanada dede reproduire,reproduire, publier,publier, archiver,archiver, publish,publish, archive,archive, preserve,preserve, conserve,conserve, sauvegarder,sauvegarder, conserver,conserver, transmettretransmettre auau publicpublic communicatecommunicate toto thethe publicpublic byby parpar télécommunicationtelecommunication ouou parpar l'Internet,Plntemet, prêter,prefer, telecommunicationtelecommunication oror onon thethe Internet,Internet, distribuerdistribuer etet vendrevendre desdes thèsestheses partoutpartout dansdans loan,loan, distributedistribute andand sellsell thesestheses lele monde,monde, àa desdes finsfins commercialescommerciales ouou autres,autres, worldwide,worldwide, forfor commercialcommercial oror non­non­ sursur supportsupport microforme,microforme, papier,papier, électroniqueelectronique commercialcommercial purposes,purposes, inin microform,microform, et/ouet/ou autresautres formats.formats. paper,paper, electronicelectronic and/orand/or anyany otherother formats.formats. TheThe authorauthor retainsretains copyrightcopyright L'auteurL'auteur conserveconserve lala propriétépropriete dudu droitdroit d'auteurd'auteur ownershipownership andand moralmoral rightsrights inin etet desdes droitsdroits morauxmoraux quiqui protègeprotege cettecette thèse.these. thisthis thesis.thesis. NeitherNeither thethe thesisthesis NiNi lala thèsethese nini desdes extraitsextraits substantielssubstantiels dede nornor substantialsubstantial extractsextracts fromfrom itit celle-cicelle-ci nene doiventdoivent êtreetre imprimésimprimes ouou autrementautrement maymay bebe printedprinted oror otherwiseotherwise reproduitsreproduits sanssans sonson autorisation.autorisation. reproducedreproduced withoutwithout thethe author'sauthor's permission.permission. lnIn compliancecompliance withwith thethe CanadianCanadian ConformémentConformement àa lala loiloi canadiennecanadienne PrivacyPrivacy AcActt somesome supportingsupporting sursur lala protectionprotection dede lala vievie privée,privee, formsforms maymay havehave beenbeen removedremoved quelquesquelques formulairesformulaires secondairessecondaires fromfrom thisthis thesis.thesis. ontont étéete enlevésenleves dede cettecette thèse.these. WhileWhile thesethese formsforms maymay bebe includedincluded BienBien queque cesces formulairesformulaires inin thethe documentdocument pagepage count,count, aientaient inclusinclus dansdans lala pagination,pagination, theirtheir removalremoval doesdoes notnot representrepresent ilil n'yn'y auraaura aucunaucun contenucontenu manquant.manquant. anyany lossloss ofof contentcontent fromfrom thethe thesis.thesis. ••• CanadaCanada ABSTRACTABSTRACT ThisThis thesisthesis examinesexamines JainaJaina strategiesstrategies forfor justifyinjustifyingg violenceviolence (himsa) inin societalsocietal self­self- defensedefense inin contradistinctioncontradistinction toto thethe religion'sreligion's overwhelmingoverwhelming emphasisemphasis onon nonviolencenonviolence (ahimsa). TheThe thesis'thesis' mainmain focusfocus isis anan ethnographiethnographiec studystudy ofof thethe viewsviews onon societalsocietal self­self- defensedefense ofof somsornee contemporarycontemporary laylay JainasJainas inin DelhiDelhi andand Jaipur,Jaipur, India.India. 1I comparecompare thesethese viewsviews withwith thethe textual-historicaltextual-historical JainaJaina positiopositionn onon ksatriya-dharma (the(the duty ofof kings)kings) andand "Just"Just War,"War," asas advancedadvanced throughthrough ancientancient andand medievalmedieval JainaJaina texts.texts. RecentRecent ethnographiesethnographies omitomit thethe issueissue ofof JainaJaina attitudesattitudes toto self-defenseself-defense almostalmost entirely.entirely. However,However, sincesince India'sIndia's nuclearnuclear teststests inin 1998,1998, IndiaIndia hashas becombecomee a majormajor AsianAsian politicalpolitical,, socialsocial anandd economiceconomic powerpower.. IndianIndian JainasJainas havehave changedchanged alongalong witwithh otherother IndiansIndians inin thethe wayway thatthat theythey seesee themselvesthemselves inin relatiorelationn toto thethe worlworldd andand toto otherother Indians.Indians. MyMy findingsfindings suggestsuggest thatthat majomajorr changeschanges mighmightt havehave occurredoccurred sincesince thethe latestlatest ethnographieethnographic studiesstudies ofof JJainis ainismm inin thethe nineties.nineties. RÉSUMÉRESUME CetteCette thèsethese examineexamine lesles stratégiesstrategies jai'nejaïness justifianjustifiantt la violenceviolence (himsa) soussous formeforme d'auto­d'auto- défensedefense collectivecollective enen contrastecontraste avecavec l'importancel'importance primordialprimordialee accordéeaccordee paparr cettecette religionreligion aà la non-violencenon-violence (ahimsa). LaLa thèsethese s'intéresses'interesse surtoutsurtout àa uneune étudeetude ethnographiqueethnographique dede lala perceptioperceptionn dede l'auto-défensel'auto-defense collectivecollective dede quelques jai'njaïnss contemporainscontemporains non-ordonésnon-ordones aà DelhiDelhi etet àa Jaipur,Jaipur, enen Inde.Inde. JeJe comparecompare leursleurs perceptionperceptionss avecavec lele poinpointt ddee vuevue textuel­textuel- historiquehistorique jai'njaïnee sursur llee ksatriya-dharma (le(le devoidevoirr desdes rois)rois) etet lele conceptconcept dede "guerre"guerre justejuste"" teltel queque proposproposée dansdans desdes textstexts anciensanciens eett médiévauxmedievaux jai'njaïn.. LesLes étudesetudes ethnographiquesethnographiques récentesrecentes nnee considèrentconsiderent àa pepeuu preprèss papass lesles attitudesattitudes jai'nejaïness paparr rapportrapport aà l'auto-défense.l'auto-defense. Cependant,Cependant, depuisdepuis leless essaisessais nucleairenucléairess enen 1998,1998, l'Indel'lnde estest devenudevenu uunn paypayss importantimportant aauu niveaniveauu politiquepolitique,, social,social, etet économiqueeconomique enen Asie.Asie. LesLes indiensindiens jai'nsjaïns,, avecavec lele restereste dede l'Inde,l'lnde, ontont changéchange leurleur perceptioperceptionn d'eux-mêmesd'eux-memes paparr rapportrapport auau mondemonde etet auau restereste dede lala populatiopopulationn indienne.indienne. MesMes résultatsresultats suggèrentsuggerent qu'ilqu'il pourraipourraitt y avoiavoirr eueu desdes changementschangements importantsimportants depuisdepuis lesles étudesetudes ethnographiquesethnographiques dudu jai'nismjaïnismee desdes annéesannees quatre-vinqquatre-vinq dix.dix. NotNotee onon PresentationPresentation ofof SanskritSanskrit anandd PrakritPrakrit WordsWords ForFor easeease ofof reading,reading, 1I havehave electedelected toto omitomit thethe diacriticdiacritic marksmarks onon SanskritSanskrit anandd PrakritPrakrit words.words. 1I alsoalso avoiavoidd anglicizedanglicized wordswords (for(for instance,instance, shvetambara).shvetambara). Instead,Instead, 1I itaIicizeitalicize thethe wordword inin itsits directdirect transliteration,transliteration, minusminus diacriticsdiacritics (cakravartin). AIso,Also, 1I addadd ththee EnglishEnglish suffixsuffix -s-s toto transliteratedtransliterated wordswords toto designatedesignate pluralpIuraIss (cakravartins). FinaIly,Finally, 1I dodo notnot italicizeitalicize but do capitalizcapitalizee propeproperr names (Bahubali,(Bahubali, Acarya)Acarya) asas weIlwell aass thethe followingfollowing commoncommon SanskritSanskrit wordswords,, whicwhichh 1I ususee frequentlyfrequently throughoutthroughout thisthis thesisthesis:: JainJainaa SadhviSadhvi SanskritSanskrit PrakritPrakrit AgamAgamaa DigambaraDigambara SvetambaraSvetambara TerapanthiTerapanthi SthanakvasiSthanakvasi 1I Ieaveleave thethe commoncommon wordword "karma""karma" unitalicizedunitalicized andand uncapitalized.uncapitalized. AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements 1I wishwish toto thankthank aIlall thosethose whowho helpedhelped meme inin mymy fieldfield researchresearch inin DelhiDelhi andand JaipurJaipur duringduring thethe SummerSummer ooff 2007.2007. TheseThese inc1udeinclude
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