The Armored Scale Insects of California

Home , Aonidiella, Aonidiella aurantii, Aonidiella citrina, Aspidiotini, Aspidiotus nerii, Aulacaspis

QREGQN BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

VOLUME 5

THE ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA

HOWARD L. McKENZIE

(State of California Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology)

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES 1956 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY Editors: E. G. LINSLEY,S. B. FREEBORN,R. L. USINGER

Volume 5, pp. 1-210, plates 1-3, 183 figures in text

Submitted by Editors April 4, 1955 Issued, August go, 1956 Price, Cloth, $6.00; Paper, $4.50

University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles California

Cambridge University Press London, England

BY ?ITIF. REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

Printed by Offset in the United States of America LIST OF COLORED PHOTOGRAPHS

Many of the specimens used to produce the accompany- PLATE 2 ing colored photographs were collected by various indi- Aonidomytilits ccanothi Ferris, Larson Valley, El Dorado Co., De- viduals at my request. For those who participated in cember 27. 1954, on Ceaiiothus iiitegerrititus (L. Mobley). this project acknowledgments are here made. Aulacaspis rosae (BouchC), Sacramento, May 28, 19.54, on XU~US With the exception of the colored photograph of sp. (mammoth blackberry) (H. H. KeiCer). Hall scale, Nilotuspis hulli (Green) which has been en- Crrrulaspis visci (Schrank), Sacramento, May 26, 19.54, ott Juni- larged three diameters (xs), the remainder have been perus sp. (juniper) (H. L. McKenzie). photographed actual size on the infested plant part. Dinspis broineliae (Kerner), San Diego, February 23. 11)5i, on Bromeliad (G. Hill and R. .I. Buckner). It is hoped these colored photographs will help in identilying a few of our more common California tli- Dia.spis erIii?iorncti (BouchC). Norco, Riversidc Co., June 18, I 95 1. on Oproztia hatniltotrine (czictus) (R. M. Hawlhorne antl H. I.. aspidids as they are seen in the field. McKenzie). 1 2 Plate and the top row of plate include those di- Diuspis via?tznnitae (Wliitney), Magalia, Butte Co., October 30, aspidids beIonging to the tribe Aspidiotini; the remain- 1939,on Arctostaphylos SI). (riianzanita) (H. H. Keifer). der are referable to the tribe Diaspidini. The species Quadmspidiotus juglans-regiae (Comstock), Greenspot, San Ber- have not been arranged chronologically under each nardino Co., June 27, 1955, on Jirglaiis sp. (walnut) (G. M. tribe, but instead are assembled more for the purpose Harper). of eye appeal and beauty. Qctadrspidiottcs perrticiosrcs (Comstock), San I,eanclro, Alameda Co., May 26, 1954. on Priows sp. (plum) (E. K. Strobridge). The following list includes specific collection data Tor each photograph: Sv/ctu@idccs nlbtrs McKetiiie, Sorco, Riversitlc Co.. June 28, I yj 1. on Euplmrbin sub,narir/~rilla,-is(siiccrilent) (K. M. H;iwlttorttc ;tnd H. L. McKenrie). PLATE 1 .~lortid.iellnaicwatztii (Maskell), Poniona. Los Angeles Co., Deceni- PLATE 3 ber 26, 1953, on Citrus /inion (lemon) (H. L. McKenzic). Chio?fas/iissalicis-nigrae (Walsh), Alturas, Motloc Co., August ti, Aouidiella citrina (Coquillett), Reedley Area, Fresno Co., January, 1936, on Cornus sp. (dogwood). 1954, on Citrus sinensis (orange) (T. E. Corn). Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman), Santa Barbara, December 16, 1954. Aspidiot us liederae (Vallot), Sacramento, November. 1953, on on Citrus siiiensis (orange) (W. S. Cummiiigs). Hcdera helix (ivy) (R. Rollins). Z. Le,9idosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus), Sacramento, Novembcr 5, 1955, on Clirysor,iphalzrs Difasciculalus Ferris, Sacramento, November, I 953, Salix sp. (willow) (H. H. KeiCer). on Hedera helix (ivy) (R. Z. Rollins). Nilotaspis lialli (Green), Chico, Butte Go., May io, iyjo, on Pririrus Diaspidiotiu aizcyltcs (I'utnatn), Hemet, Riverside Co., June 18, amygdaliu (almond) (E. F. Fosen). 1954,on Primus armeniaca (apricot) (H. L. McKenzic). Parlatoria canwlliae (Comstock), Hickman, Stanislaus Co., Febru- Hemiber/esia degenerata (Leonardi), Sanger, Fresno Co., May 13, ary, 1954, on Camellia sp. tjrj'i, on Camellia sp. (J. C. Bedford). Parlatoria oleae (ColvPe), Madera Go., January 7, 1954, on Olea eicropaea (olive) (T. B. Gallion). HerrriIJerlessia Iataniac (Signoret), Orange Co., May 30, I 954, on Persea sp. (avocado) (D. Bishop). Parlntoria pitloslmri Maskell, Sari IXcgo, December 9, I 95.1, on 1~~i~di~iga.spi.~rossi (Maskell), Montecito, Santa Barbara Co., De- Pittosporiiw sp. (R. 1;. Wilkey). cember 6, 1~15.~.on Sequoia sorrrl~emirem(redwood) antl Arau- l'lieuaeaslJis pirri\olictc (Fitch), Crestline, San Bernardino Co., coria sp. (W. S. <:unintings). March $1. tjrj.1, on Pit/iis /Joirc/crosri (yellow pine) (C. I.. L)owtiing). Nitcidaspis ca/i/ornicn (Coleman), Lake Gregory, Sari Bernardino Co., hlarcli 9. tgrj.1, on Pims ponderosa (yello\r pine) (G. L. ('/io.s@'s cuoiiyiui (Comstock), Sacratticitto, Novcmh '1, tc~5.1,ott 1)owtiing). Euonyiiius sp. (H. L. Rlclicitzic).

CONTENTS

List of coloredphotographs ...... v Introduction ...... 1 Acknowledgments ...... 1 Scope of study...... 2 Description and general biology ...... 2 Collecting and preserving diaspidids ...... 3 Preparation of mounts ...... 4 iiabit and morphological characters ...... 5 h.lorphology ...... 8 Classification ...... 17 Subfamily Phoenicococcinae ...... 19 Subfamily Diaspidinae ...... 17 Tribe Diaspidini ...... 20 Tribe Aspidiotini ...... 20 Tribe Odonaspidini ...... 21 Systematics ...... 21 Treatment of species ...... 37 Tribe Aspidiotini ...... 37 Tribe Diaspidini ...... 87 Tribe Odonaspidini ...... 163 Suhfamily Phenicococcinae ...... 167 Distribution table ...... 163 Literature cited ...... 172 Host list ...... 173 Host index ...... 193 Index to genera. species. and higher categories ...... 203 EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS IN FIGURES

Except for the first three figures which are purely morphological and which are explained independently, a standard system of labeling the illustrations has been employed. This system of labeling will be as follows:

A. Antenna and cephalic margin of first stage. B. Habitat sketch. C. Antenna of adult female. D. Anterior spiracle of adult female. The anterior spiracle has been chosen for illustration because signific.ant differences, such as pore arrangement, occur with these rather than in the posterior pair. E. Pygidium of second-stage female. EE. General outline of second stage in those forms which are pupillarial. F. General features of adult female. G. Pygidium of adult female. H. Dorsal aspect of detail of pygidial margin of adult female. I. Ventral aspect of detail of pygidial margin of adult female. J. Outline of exuvium of first stage in a few forms.

Unlettered figures of details are connected with their points of origin by guide lines and should be readily identifiable. INTRODUCTION

One of the groups of insects most important to the establish this fact, it is only necessary to cite agriculturalist today is that family including the the activities of California red scale, Aonidiella creatures popularly known as the “armored scales” aurantii (Maskell), so destructive to citrus in or “diaspidids.” This study deals specifically California. with the scale insects belonging to the homopterous Some species are restricted to a single host, family Diaspididae. Unforiunately, they are very others to a single genus or family of host species, unattractive to the average entomologist, and even but many are extremely omnivorous and infest many more so to the agriculturalist; yet a knowledge of plants of unrelated groups. The diaspidids are each species, together with the best methods of generally distributed throughout the world wherever control, is an essential part of the education of suitable food plants are grown. It has been proven, every fruit grower. Furthermore, there is scarcely that though many genera are native to certain re- any tree or shrub that is not subject to their attack. gions they have been distributed in commerce to The minute size of these creatures, their wonder- other parts of the world. ful reproductive powers, and the difficulty of Carnes (1907)presented a treatise, The Coccidae destroying them, all unite to place them among o/ California, in which he included thirty-two di- the most formidable pests of the orchard, grove, aspidid scales established in this state. At this nursery, or field in which they have gained a foot- writing (1955) some forty-nine years later, the num- hold. It should be remembered that each scale ber of established species of this family stands at insect, after having settled on the trunk, branch, one hundred and thirty-two, an increase of one hun- stem, or leaf of the host plant, essentially turns dred species. This is largely owing to the activ- itself into an automatic pump extracting the sap ities of Professor G. F. Ferris, who, in 1937-1942, SO vital to the life and growth of the tree. described and clarified the status of many of our Injury to the plant tissue is often aggravated by California diaspidids in his monumental treatment toxic enzymes in the saliva of certain of these the Atlas of the Scale Insects of North America. species. These enzymes are sometimes responsible for chlorophyll removal and discoloration of leaves ACKNOWLEDGMENTS as well as malformation and other growth irregularities of plant tissue. Since many of our fruit This study on the armored scales of California growers are without knowledge of armored scale has been prepared on invitation of the University insects, damage is usually done before the infes- of California, Department of Entomology and Para- tation is discovered. The attacked tree or shrub sitology, as a contri_bution to the California Insect will put forth every effort to sustain itself against Survey series. My position as taxonomist in the the attack of the scale insect and will not, at first, California Department of Agriculture has given show any immediate damage. Ultimately, however, me access to a tremendous amount of material, even the strongest tree will yield to the persist- submitted from various sources for identification. ent pumping of its sap by the feeding individuals, Furthermore, this Department has maintained ex- and wilI show evidences of leaf, twig, and branch tensive and accurate collection records of dias- killing or will suddenly collapse and die. To pidids taken in this state, and these data have 2 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY been extensively used in this publication. As a SCOPE OF STUDY matter of fact, without this information a .solution of the problem would have been grossly incomplete, Among the wide range of species of the armored obviously resulting in a distorted picture of the scales are many which are primary pests of major California diaspidid fauna. The State Department agricultural crops in California. Knowledge of the of Agriculture has very generously permitted the complex taxonomy of the entire group is neces- diversion of considerable time from my regular sary to identify accurately the thousands of speci- duties for preparation of this study. mens received annually in the Sacramento office Distribution and host records have been made of the State Department of Agriculture and to record available from diaspidid scale collections of the their occurrence within the state and evaluate Natural History Museum at Stanford University, their economic importance. and the United States Department of Agriculture, The present study includes treatment of all Agricultural Research Service, Crops Research, known diaspidid scale insects found in California. Entomology Research Branch, Insect Identification A dichotomous key to genera and species is pre- Section at Washington, D.C. The scientific libraries sented to aid the identifier. Pertinent taxonomic of the University of California, Stanford University, literature chronologically arranged, type locality and the California Department of Agriculture were and host, other known hosts, and specific localities consulted during the preparation of this study. in various California counties, together with the Acknowledgments are made to Professors K. L. date collected and the collector, are included Usinger and E. Gorton Linsley, both of the Uni- herein. Whenever possible the present status of versity of California, Department of Entomology each species is indicated under the ?Discussion? and Parasitology, Berkeley, who asked me to paragraph, and its relationship to allied species undertake this project. is implied. Only selected taxonomic references Bureau of Entomology personnel of the Cali- are included for each species. fornia State Department of Agriculture, including An index to genera, species, and higher H. M. Armitage, Chief, and R. W. Harper, Assist- categories of California Diaspididae, a host ant Chief, have been aware of this project and index, and finally a host list including the have offered advice and encouragement during its Diaspididae species arranged alphabetically preparation. Hartford H. Keifer, Supervisor in by plant families are incorporated herein to aid Charge Taxonomy Office, has aided in many ways, the reader in locating desired information. particularly in constructive ideas relative to ar- With the exception of the omnivorous species rangement of the indices. (p. 173) an attempt has been made to record every Professor G. F. Ferris, Coccidologist of Stan- known host for each form. A detailed drawing of ford University, assisted me in straightening out each species is presented and should be used in certain complexities in taxonomic literature per- identifying the form. Colored photographs of some taining to certain species. He also generously of the armored scale species have been included. loaned his excellent diaspidid scale pen and ink It is hoped that these illustrations which have illustrations (originals) which are used together been taken actual size in situ on the host, will with those prepared by me. Appreciation is ex- enable field workers to recognize our more impor- pressed to Professor Ferris and to Stanford Uni- tant diaspidids. versity Press for granting permission to use these illustrations and certain sections of the text from the Atlas of the Scale Insects of North America. DESCRIPTION AND GENERAL BIOLOGY Dr. A. M. Boyce, Director of the University of California Citrus Experiment Station at Riverside, In an armored scale or diaspidid, a protective made a direct and successful effort to justify the covering of wax is excreted from tubular ducts printing of the colored plates of certain California situated at the posterior region of the body (py- diaspidids incorporated in this publication. A sin- gidium). This wax forms two protective scales; cere appreciation of his effort is here expressed. the one above the body of the diaspidid is usually De Witt Bishop of the California State Depart- very hard and brittle and the one beneath, lying ment of Agriculture, Bureau of Chemistry, gave close to the surface of the plant where the insect specific instructions necessary to produce the is feeding, is thin and delicate. The body of the colored photographs of the various diaspidids. To adult female lies between these two scale layers. him I am grateful, and I here acknowledge his Thus, if the top covering is carefully removed kind assistance. with a needle or thin knife blade, the adult female ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 3 diaspidid may be observed beneath, like a tiny segmented antennae, and anal filaments. As a clam between two shells. consequence the second-stage nymph assumes a Armored scale insects vary markedly in shape; stationary position. The mouth parts or stylets, some species being circular to subcircular, oval, however, remain in a highly developed condition elongated, linear, threadlike, oyster shell-shaped, well fitted to perform their functions. These sty- or fluted. The surface may be flat, convex, cone- lets serve not only to draw nourishment from the shaped, smooth or ridged, thin and delicate. They plant, but also provide a means of attachment to are variously colored from white to gray, yellow the plant for the insect itself. and various shades of brown, dull red, or black. Later, the females molt a second time and be- Iliaspidids range in size from less than 1 mm. to come adults, and the males, after further meta- more than 3 mm. in diameter. morphosis consisting of five instars, develop into The young of armored scale insects are either two-winged adults. The immature male scales are born alive (viviparous) or hatched from eggs (ovi- very much smaller and more slender than the adult parous), and are the only motile forms except the females. In general, the color of both sexes is adult male of this large group. The eggs are laid essentially the same, although the male scales beneath the scales, and after the adult female may be paler. Shortly after emerging, the adult dies the scale covering provides protection. The winged males mate with the females and die with- eggs are generally bean-shaped and are scarcely in a short period thereafter. After fertilization the visible to the naked eye. ’They are variously adult females increase in size very rapidly and colored, ranging from white to yellow, reddish either commence egg laying or produce living to purple. Young. The young crawlers are oval-shaped and very There may be from one to as many as six gener- minute, with distinctly segmented body, two long ations annually, the winter being spent in the egg, anal filaments, and usually, six-segmented anten- immature or adult stages, or in all three. During nae. They possess a pair of ocelli, three pairs of the warmer seasons there appears to be much over- segmented legs with two pairs of digitules at the lapping of the broods, and all stages may be evi- ends of the tarsi, a one-segmented rostrum or beak, dent at one time. and a posterior anus. Aside from their own powers of locomotion they may be distributed by birds, COLLECTING AND PRESERVING insects, and possibly by wind. They move about DIASPIDIDS for a time and finally select a favorable location on the food plant where they insert their beaks The chief requisite in collecting diaspidids is and commence feeding. If a suitable feeding place keen observation and perseverance. Armored scale is not found within a few hours the crawlers may insects may be found on the leaves, fruit, twigs, perish. Their habit of settling beneath and around branches, trunks, and crown not only of fruit trees the adult female scale often results in the forma- but also of forest and shade trees, ornamental tion of compact colonies which may become trees and shrubs, and, as a matter of fact, on all encrusted on the host plant where they are feed- types of plant life including grasses. Even garden ing. Very little if any honeydew is excreted by plants are infrequently attacked, and a few hours armored scale insects, and usually the scale spent in a large greenhouse where a wide variety covering is perfectly dry. of plants is grown usually reveal several species. Soon after settling, fine threads of wax, which The beginner should prepare a list of diaspidids appear cottony, begin to exude from the body of he has not found, together with the host plants the crawler, and this waxy excretion continues they attack, and then be on the lookout for these until the insect is completely covered. The rate particular hosts. Equipment needed to collect at which this excretion is produced varies accord- diaspidids includes only a sharp, strong knife, a ing to the individual species. In due time the pair of pruning shears, paper sacks, and different crawler begins to excrete a pellicle, which is very sizes of coin envelopes. The larger twigs and thin but dense and firm in texture. In certain branch material may be put into the paper sacks, Aspidiotine species the cottony fibers remain as and the coin envelopes will accommodate the a central white dot or ring, hence the common smaller plant parts, such as pieces of infested name “white cap.” bark and leaves. It is advisable to put only a The first molt soon follows, resulting in a retro- single species from a given host into a sack or gression instead of an advancement to a more en6elope and indicate thereon the locality, date, highly specialized form, with the loss of legs, host, and collector. 4 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

Diaspidid scale material which is brought to Department of Agriculture where large quantities the laboratory from the field is best preserved by of scale material are sent for identification. A drying. Larger stems and bark chunks may be cut rapid determination of the more common forms is to the size of the envelope for filing. The infested possible within a few minutes after the temporary plant parts should be fumigated with napthalene mounts have been made. The following procedure flakes to kill the crawlers or first-stage nymphs is used in preparing temporary mounts of the Di- of the scale insects. When the scale material is aspididae: thoroughly dried it may be placed between layers 1. Remove the body of the insect from beneath of Cellucotton and put into envelopes or small the covering, or place entire armored scale cardboard boxes. The California State Department in a 1-inch handled crucible, filled three- of Agriculture uses a manila envelope 35;'' x 6" fourths full with distilled water to which has with blanks for the specific name, accession num- been added two pellets of potassium hydrox- ber, host, place collected, origin (for Plant Quaran- ide (KOHL tine material), date, and collector's name. After 2. Heat crucible until solution boils. genus and species name are printed or written, 3. Remove scale body from crucible and transfer the envelopes are filed in 4" x 6'' metal filing to depression slide, rupture anterior part of drawers. Stanford University uses a 3" X 4%" card- body (prosoma) with edge of probe, and tease board box which varies in thickness to accommo- out body contents until specimen appears as date different size infested plant parts. These are a clear, membranous sack. filed in specially constructed wood cabinets, with 4. Transfer cleared specimen to droplet of so- partitioned drawers. It seems inadvisable to pre- called gum-chloral hydrate or chloral-hydrate serve diaspidid material in alcohol. Exhibit col- media (see formula below). Apply cover slip lections of armored scales are best placed in flat and heat slide on hot plate until media boils cardboard boxes filled with cotton and covered slightly. The specimen is then conditioned with glass tops which hold the infested plant for examination under the compound micro- material in place. These are called "Riker Mounts" scope, Valuable specimens are recoverable and may be purchased from most biological supply from this media for permanent embedding in houses. Canada balsam. When diaspidids are to be submitted for deter- The formula used to prepare chloral-hydrate mination, infested plant parts should be wrapped media follows: in soft tissue paper, sealed in a coin envelope Gum Arabic ...... 1 gram with a few crystals of napthalene or paradichloro- Dextrose ...... 1 gram benzene to assure complete kill, and the collection Chloral hydrate . . . . 10 grams data written on the outside of the envelope. An Iodine crystals . . 1/10 grams identification slip is provided by the state, and Glycerin ...... 1 cc. the coin envelope may be clipped to it and placed Water...... 1 cc. in a larger envelope or mailing tube to be sent to Grind mixture of solid ingredients in mortar. Place the State Department of Agriculture, Bureau of in screw-cap vial and add water to desired con- Entomology, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, California. sistency,which cannot be finally determined until all parts have dissolved. The most satisfactory method of studying diaspidids is by rhe use of permanent or stained PREPARATION OF MOUNTS mounts preserved in Canada balsam. Stained preparations present the important morphological It must be borne in mind that a study of the Di- details for specific identification and preserve aspididae involves an examination of microscopic the specimens almost indefinitely. With the method characters which are of taxonomic value. The in- described below it is possible to prepare a per- sects must be specially prepared for this. Two manent stained mount within a fifteen-minute kinds of microscopic glass slide mounts, temporary period, although twice this time is recommended. or permanent,' are made. Temporary mounts are The following steps used in the preparation of useful in a regulatory office such as the State permanent diaspidid scale mounts are: 1. Remove body of diaspidid female from be- 'The following article presents an excellent treat- neath scale covering, place entire specimen ment of mounting procedures, especially for temporary or in a 1-inch handled crucible, filled rhree- mounts and for permanent mounts of mealybugs and soft scales: H. H. Keifer, Journal of Economic fourths full with distilled water to which Entomology, Vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 665-666 (1946). have been added two pellets of potassium ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 5

hydroxide (KOH). Heat crucible until solu- the chief basis for the superficial recognition of tion boils. the group, it involving normally the formation of 2. With an eye dropper, remove scale body from the scale which is composed of exuviae and of hot KOH in crucible and transfer to depres- secretionary material.? sion slide. With the edge of a probe or needle rupture anterior part of body (prosoma) and tease out body contents until specimen appears as a clear, membranous sack. The Scale of the Female 3. Transfer cleared specimen to distilled water in clean depression slide. Wash thoroughly and tlThe normal procedure is for the larva to insert let stand in water for two or three minutes. its mouthparts into the tissues of the host, to grow 4. Fill clean depression slide with 50 per cent to a certain extent, and then to shed its skin. ethyl alcohol, add basic fuchsin (magenta) During this period of growth a certain amount of crystals and stir until solution becomes a waxy secretion is usually produced over and deep blood-red color. Transfer washed spec- around the body. The derm of the dorsum becomes imen to alcohol-basic fuchsin and leave in more or less heavily sclerotized, while that of stain for at least five minutes. the venter remains membranous. Exuviation in- 5. Transfer to glacial acetic acid in clean de- volves the rupturing of the ventral derm, usually pression slide and carefully tease out excess around the anterior margin of the body; it being stain from specimen. Since glacial acetic then pushed back to the posterior end. It acid is extremely active as a destainer, care At this molt the legs are entirely lost, except should be exercised not to destain too much. rarely for minute vestiges, and the antennae are 6. Transfer destained specimen to oil of cloves reduced to mere unsegmented tubercles. in clean depression slide, and leave in this lfThe insect in the second stage, being leg- solution for ,not less than five-preferably less, remains beneath the exuvia of the first stage, twenty-minutes. inserts its beak, and resumes growth. During this 7. Transfer to xylene in clean depression slide period of growth wax is usually secreted over and and wash thoroughly for one or two minutes. around the body, forming an extension of the se- 8. Place specimen in droplet of Canada balsam cretion produced during the first instar. on a glass microscope slide and apply glass ttWhen the insect has reached the limit of growth cover slip. Use as little balsam as possible of the second instar, the derm of the dorsum be- to facilitate examination under compound comes sclerotic. In perhaps the majority of species microscope, especially under the oil-emer- the derm of the venter remains membranous al- sion magnification. though in some species it may become as sclerotic When the balsam has hardened the cover slip may as that of the dorsum, while in others it may be be ringed with shellac or other suitable medium partially sclerotized. tt to prevent later checking of the balsam. Exuviation occurs in one of three ways. In many species the membranous ventral derm rup- HABIT AND DETAILED tures about the anterior region of the body and is pushed back to the posterior extremity, remaining MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS attached there to the dorsal derm. In some other cases, when the ventral derm becomes more or Professor G. F. Ferris (1942) has very adequately less sclerotized, the rupture may take place around dealt with the habit and morphological details of the posterior portion of the body, leaving the the Diaspididae in his Atlas of the Scale Insects dorsal and ventral parts attached to each other at o/ North America. I am in complete accord with the anterior end. In these cases the ventral derm Professor Ferris? observations and ideas, and becomes incorporated in a ventral scale and may these are here presented verbatim, except for cer- at times become entirely separated from the dor- tain omissions, as they occur in the Atlas. sal skin. The third method of exuviation involves an actual shrinking of the body of the adult female, THE NORMAL DIASPIDID PATTERN which remains entirely enclosed within the exuvia of the second stage. In such cases the species is. Habit here characterized as being ?pupillarial.? tlIn the non-pupillarial forms, growth is resumed ?The habit pattern of the majority of the Diaspidi- by the adult female, which again inserts its beak dae is exceedingly well marked and constitutes into the tissues of the host and feeds. The insect, 6 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY being legless, still lies beneath the scale, which that have been carefully studied, the insect in is now composed of two exuviae and of the secre- this stage seems to be in general very similar to tionary material that was formed during the first the Corresponding stage of the female, but some two instars. To this material is added more wax material that is at hand indicates that in at least which is produced by the adult female. In some some species it may be quite different in its forms a certain amount of waxy material appears pygidial structures. In any case, the second stage on the ventral side of the body and the insect produces a certain amount of secretionary material may be entirely enclosed within a complete shell. which forms a waxy appendage at one end of or In others a dorsal scale alone is formed. There surrounding the first exuvia. In many species the may be various transitions between these two character of the waxy secretion is quite different conditions. from that of the female, it tending to be composed “At full maturity the female begins depositing of individual threads which give a felted appear- her eggs, and as the body contents are converted ance to the whole. In some cases, especially in into ova and extruded, the female shrinks until the Aspidiotini, the scale is in texture similar to finally she is reduced to a little, shrivelled body that of the female. lying at one end or to one side within the enclos- ffThe second instar of the male never becomes ing scale, the remainder of the space being filled strongly sclerotized, and the exuvia does not with eggs. enter into the composition of the scale, being 11There is some correlation between the shape pushed back inside the scale in a little crumpled of the insect and that of the scale. Elongated bundle. species usually produce a long scale, while the “At the second molt the mouthparts are lost. In more rotund species produce a circular or oval some species, at least, there follow a prepupal scale. In some cases the exuviae may lie over or and a pupal stage, the adult male emerging from close to the center of the scale, and it seems the latter. In both these stages the exuviae are probable that in such instances the insect, in at membranous and delicate. least the adult stage, has rotated about a pivot “The scale of the male, then, consists normally formed by the mouthparts.” of one sclerotized exuvia and of a certain amount of waxy secretion.”

The Scale of the Male Departures from the Normal Habit tt The complete story of what happens in the de- tf As has been pointed out, in a number of species velopment of the male has been worked out in but the adult female remains within the exuvia of the species. few We may adopt the description given preceding stage, chis exuvia in such cases always by Stickney’ of the conditions found in Parlatoria being more or less heavily sclerotized throughout. blanchardi as typical. It ruptures about the posterior end, in one way or “The first larval stage of the male has not been another, to permit the escape of the larvae. demonstrated to be different from that of the female ttA few forms are known in the Phoenicococcinae although there is a possibility that in some forms in which one or even two additional larval stages differences may exist between the sexes at. this are present in the female, the exuviae of these stage. Exuviation is similar to that the female, of stages being retained within the exuvia of the the first exuvia being sclerotized in the same second stage. manner. “In one known North American species, Prae- “The second stage of the male lost the has cocaspis diversa Ferris, the adult female issues legs and antennae as in the female. In those forms directly from the first larval stage. In a few cases, in the Phoenicococcinae, the male goes through ’F. S. Stickney, United States Department of Agri- its development while encased within the first culture, Technical Bulletin number 421 (1934). larval exuvia.” ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 7

Fig. 1. Generalized and semidiagrammatic drawing representing the genus Parlatoria. Morphological structures of typical Diaspididae. 8 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

MORPHOLOGY

“We are here especially concerned with the prob- and proceed to an examination of the Diaspidid lems of specific identification, and these rest abdomen, we find that certain segments appear to almost entirely upon the morphology of the adult be missing and that certain others have a strong female. In a relatively small number of cases tendency to fuse together. Not more than eight reference must be made to the second stage. The abdominal segments can be identified in any first stage larvae, while undoubtedly of aid in the Diaspidid as distinct entities, these apparently development of a general classification, are as a being the first to eighth, and we must assume rule of no help in the identification of genera and that the ninth to eleventh segments have been species, although at times they furnish confirma- greatly reduced. tI tory or supplementary information. The males are The interpretation of the abdominal segmenta- entirely useless for anything except the broader tion, however, is somewhat difficult and in some aspects of classification. Consequently, the re- respects uncertain. The assumption that the vulva marks which follow will be devoted primarily to is between the eighth and ninth segments may be the adult female, with lesser notes on the second wrong, there being the possibility that it is actu- stage and only a few remarks about the larvae. ally between the seventh and eighth segments. If The males will be disregarded.” it is really between the eighth and ninth we must assume that the eighth sternite is very much reduced. The dorsal side of the body permits somewhat more definite conclusions. If we reason from The Adult Female the conditions found in certain more generalized Coccoidea, where the abdominal spiracles are Segmentation of the Body retained, and if we carefully follow the count of certain fixed setae that seem in part to be seg- “Throughout the Diaspididae there is a strong mentally arranged, we can arrive at rather definite tendency for the segments of the body to become conclusions. The author differs by one segment more or less fused into tagmata which do not en- from the interpretation given by Stickney in the tirely follow the pattern of ‘head, thorax, and paper to which reference has been made. abdomen’ that is conventionally ascribed to all ttA reference to figure 1, illustrating morphology, insects. should make the subject clear. It is here held that “As in all the Coccoidea, the head and the two the median lobes at the apex of the body belong succeeding segments become quite closely fused. to the eighth abdominal segment. Since the anus The region composed of these parts frequently belongs morphologically to the eleventh segment becomes much enlarged, at times comprising the it is clear that the ninth, tenth, and eleventh greater part of the body, and it is very frequently segments have become much reduced. The narrow quite definitely separated from the metathorax by median area posterior to the anus should include constriction. For this reason it is at times con- the morphologically ventral areas of at least the venient to have available a term characterizing eleventh and tenth segments. On the ventral side this region, and it is here sFoken of as the ‘pro- the area immediately posterior to the vulva should soma’ . Figure 1 is a generalized and semidiagram- represent either the eighth or ninth sternites. The matic drawing representing the genus Parlatoria peculiar development of the so-called pygidium It illustrates morphological structures of a typical arises from the fact that the segments anterior to D ias pididae . the ninth have been bent posteriorly, thus folding ttThe metathorax is frequently more similar to around the now almost or quite obsolete ninth, the first abdominal segment than it is to the meso- tenth, and eleventh segments. This backward thorax. It is at times convenient, therefore, to folding has gone so far that the lateral lobes of regard this segment and the abdomen as forming the eighth tergite come almost into contact behind a ‘postsoma.’ the anus. In fact, in some forms they have actually “The opinion is here adopted that the insect fused together at their posterior extremities. In abdomen is composed basically of eleven seg- addition to this, the eighth and preceding segments, the eleventh bearing the anus, and that ments tend to become closely united to each other, the vulva of the female is usually between the with intersegmental lines being more or less sup- eighth and ninth segments. If we-adopt this view pressed. ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 9

?In all the species here regarded as belonging two or more setae, frequently several, while in to the Diaspidinae, this union of segments has the Aspidiotini they rarely bear more than one proceeded so far that certainly all segments for- seta. The distinction is by no means absolute, but ward to the fifth are involved, while in some forms has a degree of validity.? even the fourth segment enters into the composition of the pygidium. In the Phoenicococcinae, except for Phoenicococcus itself in which no The Eyes fusion occurs, this uniting of the termal segments does not proceed farther forward than the sixth at ?The eyes are probably present in the adult fe- the most, and at times perhaps not even so far. male of all species, although they are frequently ttThe compound structure thus formed by the so reduced that they are scarcely detectable in fusion of segments is usually rather definitely preparations. Their normal appearance is that of marked off from the preceding abdominal segments, a weakly sclerotized spot with a smooth surface although in some forms its anterior limits are which distinguishes it from the surrounding slightly not clearly definable. This region forms the ?pygid- striate derm. Ordinarily they lie at the margin ium.? The term as here used certainly does nor slightly anterior to or just laterad of the mouth- imply the same morphological relationships as it parts. Usually they may, for our purposes, be dis- does in some other groups, but it has been used regarded, but they are subject to occasional so extensively in connection with the Diaspididae extraordinary modifications. Perhaps the most that it could not now be altered. unusual development is that to be seen in the rtThe determination of the segments can best North American species, Velataspis cornigera be accomplished by counting the marginal setae Ferris, where they form prominent, sclerotized, of fixed position, beginning with the seta at the spinose structures, or in Velataspis mimosarum lateral basal angle of each median lobe and count- (Cockerell) where they are in the form of ?starfish- ing outward. These setae are of very definite shaped ?tubercle s .? ? position and are retained even after all other evidence of segmentation has been suppressed. In some forms the segmental lines are indicated, at The Legs least on the dorsum, by furrows, or by intersegmental sclerotizations that are concerned with ?The Diaspididae are usually considered to be muscle attachments, or by rows of ducts that fol- legless after the first molt, but in a few forms low the segmental lines. (See fig. 2.) there appear structures which, on the basis of (IIn general there is a tendency for the dorsum their number and position, seem to be leg vestiges. of the pygidium to be more or less heavily sclero- They never, in any known form, consist of any- tized, although this sclerotization usually does thing more than a spinelike, sclerotized tubercle. not involve all the segments that are involved in Among North American species they are to be the pygidium and is at times entirely lacking.? found in Dactylaspis dactylilera Ferris and Dactylaspis ctotonis (Cockerell) and in the genus Opuntiaspis. The opinion here held is that their The Antennae presence has no special phylogenetic significance, other than to indicate that a species possessing ?In all the species here regarded as belonging them is in this one respect somewhat generalized to the Diaspididae the antennae of the adult fe- in classification.? male are reduced to unsegmented tubercles, or even to minute, sclerotized points. Normally they bear setae, which at times are somewhat ?fleshy? The Mouthparts and are perhaps of a sensory nature. It For the most part the antennae offer relatively rtFor the purposes of this work the mouthparts little as a basis for the recognition of species seem to have no significance, and they are dis- and genera, although in a few cases they are missed from consideration. ? modified in distinctive ways. In a few forms they are noticeably enlarged or elongate, or bear enlarged setae. They have some significance in The Spiracles connection with the larger groups. In general it may be said that the antennae in the tribe Diaspi- tt In general the spiracles offer but little that is dini of the subfamily Diaspidinae tend to have of any importance to taxonomic work in this family. 10 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

Fig. 2. (A) Pygidial structures of Aspidiotini; (B) Pygidial structures of Diaspidini. ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 11

Occasionally there are modifications that are per in the original ancestors of the group. They are haps of some slight value. They have been figured absent in many species, but it seems much more for all the species, chiefly as a concession to reasonable to suppose that they have been lost those who would expect them to be treated and many times than to assume that they have inde- would complain if they were not. There appears, pendently developed many times. Their presence however, one feature of some interest. It may be or absence has in the past been much employed noted from the illustrations accompanying the in the forming of generic concepts, but it now various species that as a rule there are no disc seems clear that, taken by themselves alone, they pores associated with the spiracles in the Aspi- have comparatively little significance for deter- diotini, while as a rule one or more pores are mining relationships. There are several instances present in species of the Diaspidini. The difference of two species which are so similar in many re- is by no means absolute, since a few Aspidiotini, spects that they must be regarded as closely such as species of Pseudaonidia, have large related, yet one of them will possess these pores clusters of pores in connection with the anterior and the other will lack them. The best that can be spiracles, while some of the Diaspidini have none. said of them is that they may constitute convenient As a rule they are, if present at all, more numerous key characters for purposes of identification. in connection with the anterior spiracles.” rtThe most common, and perhaps the funda- mental, arrangement of these pores is in five groups, a median group just anterior to the vulva Setae and two groups at each side. The median group shows a strong tendency to disappear and in many ttProbably every species of the family has a cer- species is represented by one or a few pores, or tain number of setae present. Some of these setae it may be present or absent within the same species. are of primary importance in determining the basic In some cases the groups tend to fuse, although segmentation of the abdomen since they occupy ordinarily even here a suggestion of five usually fixed positions. They are consequently of more may be seen. In a few cases, apparently through importance for morphological studies than for pur- secondary division of the groups, as many as poses of identification. Usually a certain number seven may be present. In the genus Leucuspis of setae are present around the prosomatic region, small pore groups are present on additional seg- but as these seem very rarely to offer any help in ments anterior to those normally found. In a few systematic work they have been ignored and are cases the pores are present in a continuous row. shown only in the very few cases where some un- In some species there is a strong tendency for usual development in numbers or size occurs. supernumerary groups to appear sporadically. Such rtThe setae of the pygidial segments at times is the case notably in Carulaspis visci (Schranck), present unusual developments of length or of in which an appreciable percentage of specimens shape. In Morganella longispina (Morgan), for ex- will show this condition in one way or another. ample, they are extraordinarily long. In some of ItThe morphological position of these pore the species of Duplachionaspis the submarginal groups is somewhat doubtful. In the great majority setae on the ventral side of the pygidial segments of species the fusion of segments on the ventral are unusually large.” side of the pygidium has been carried so far that segmental limits are entirely obscured. The only thing that can be said is that the pores seem to Disc Pores be morphologically prevulvar and consequently can not belong to any segment posterior to the eighth. “Quinquelocular disc pores may be present in In one North American species, Opuntiaspis cari- association with the spiracles or in groups about nata (Cockerell), the segmentation of the pygidium the vulva, rarely elsewhere upon the body. The both dorsally and ventrally, is unusually well in- pores about the spiracles have already been dicated, and in this species there is at least a discussed. suggestion that the groups are not all on the same rrThe pores in the region of the vulva are com- segment. It is possible, from this species, to ar- monly referred to as the perivulvar or paravulvar rive at the conclusion that the median group belongs or circumvulvar or perivaginal pores. The term to the eighth segment, the anterior lateral groups perivulvar is here employed. These pores may be to the sixth, and the posterior lateral groups to regarded as a part of the basic structure of the the seventh. The writer, in fact, has in an earlier Diaspididae, that is, they were probably present paper adopted this opinion. However, further study 12 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

types of plates

glmd spine

hilobulde 2nd lobe

Fig. 3. Types of pygidial tubular ducts, lobes, plates, gland spines and scleroses of Diaspididae. ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 13 indicates that the distribution of the segmentally trMany of the ducts are so exceedingly minute arranged setae is not in accord with this inter- that it is difficult, or with any ordinary optical pretation. On the basis of these setae the indica- equipment and methods of preparation, impossible tions are that the groups of pores are actually all to see clearly, what the actual structure of this on the seventh segment and that the eighth ster- terminal enlargement is. On the basis of present nite, which comprises the anterior border of the knowledge we must confine ourselves primarily to vulva is probably much reduced. Such is the inter- the larger ducts, those for which the descriptive pretation herein adopted. The exact answer to the term ?macroducts? is commonly used. question is not of great importance for our im- trThese macroducts seem in general to fall into mediate purposes.? two types. ?tIn one type the duct is relatively very short and broad, its length at times not being more than The Types of Ducts two or three times the breadth of the truncate in- (Fig. 3) ner extremity. In ducts of this type the closure of the inner end seems to be formed by two parallel, ?tThe wax which composes the secretionary portion transverse, sclerotized bars. See figure 3. What of the scale is produced by glands that discharge the real situation is functionally and histologically through tubular ducts. No extensive histological no one knows, but descriptively these have been study of these glands and their associated pore called throughout this work ?two-barred? ducts. and duct apparatus has yet been made, and the There are variants, especially in ducts of smaller few limited studies that exist are quite unsatis- size, where the bars seem to become more widely factory. Consequently, at the present time we can separated from each other, but in general the type do nothing more than to use roughly descriptive is clearly recognizable. terms that will characterize the major types of ?This ?two-barred? type appears with great ducts as they are seen in the preparations used constancy throughout the group that is here re- for taxonomic study. We cannot say what the garded as the tribe Diaspidini of the subfamily various appearances thus, seen actually mean or Diaspidinae. The ducts may at times be so ex- be entirely certain as to their real value in indi- ceedingly small that their character is obscured, cating relationships. There seem, however, to be but aside from this, there are only two species certain rather obvious facts concerning them that known in which wide departures from the normal are of aid in taxonomic work. form exist. In two North American genera, Mitras- ?In general all of these ducts may be described pis and Praecocaspis, the inner extremity of the as tubes which seem almost always to be more or ducts has been greatly modified in ways that may less compressed and therefore more or less nar- be seen by reference to the descriptions of these rowly oval in cross section. The outer end of the genera. Occasionally ducts of this type may be tube is open and forms the external orifice through much elongated, being many times as long as which the products of the associated gland are wide, but this is relatively rare. discharged. The inner end is closed except for ?The second general type includes ducts that very minute openings into one or more filamentous are almost always long and slender, the length extensions of the tube. These extensions lead to being ordinarily at least ten times and in some the gland cells which are, of course, not to be forms perhaps as much as a hundred or more times seen in preparations intended for taxonomic study. the breadth. In the ducts of this type the closure ?At this inner end of the duct there are various of the inner extremity appears as a single trans- structures the actual functioning of which is not verse terminal bar and throughout this work these at all explainable on the basis of present knowl- ducts are characterized as ?one-barred.? See figure edge. We need concern ourseives here with but a 3. They are characteristic of the tribe Aspidiotini portion of these structures, primarily with the apex of the subfamily Diaspidinae. In some forms they of the tube itself. In practically all the Diaspidi- are exceedingly minute and consequently their dae, the inner end of the duct is truncate and characters become obscured. It is not always pos- seems to be closed by a strongly sclerotized sible to say whether exceedingly small ducts are transverse wall that as seen under the microscope of one type or another. ordinarily appears as a transverse bar. The lateral I?In a very few species of the Aspidiotini, the walls of the tube also are more or less strongly macroducts are quite short and broad, and occasion- sclerotized for a short distance, and the terminal ally there is a faint suggestion of a ?two-barred? structure appears as a slight swelling of the condition, such-most unfortunately-being in apical extremity of the tube. Aspidiotus hederae, which is the nomenclatorial 14 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY type of its tribe. However, repeated examination appearing. Again this condition seems to have has shown little real difficulty in distinguishing arisen independently in the Diaspidini, Aspidio- the two types. tini, and Odonaspidini. In such cases the seg- “In the subfamily Phoenicococcinae and in at mentally arranged setae, which are normally least some species of the Diaspidini, especially present at the bases of the lobes, almost always in the larva, there appear macroducts which can- remain to mark their position.” not be assigned to either of the preceding types. These ducts, in cross secti‘on, present the appearance of a figure 8, this being occasioned by The Plates and Gland Spines the presence of a median partition. In the Di- (Fig. 3) aspidini they are present commonly as a pair on the head of the first-stage larva, but they may “In addition to the fringe of lobes about the pygi- also occur elsewhere. They call for further study dial margin, there are present in most of the in order to determine their taxonomic value. Diaspidinae other marginal structures that are e’ In addition to the macroducts there are pres- usually entirely or at the most but little sclerotized ent-apart from merely small macroducts, if we and that in preparations appear as hyaline proc- may employ such a contradiction-exceedingly esses. These are the ‘plates,’ ‘squames,’ ‘pec- minute ducts that seem to be of various types and tines,’ or ‘gland spines’ of various authors. that have not yet been subjected to critical study *e In general these structures fall into two types. because of their minuteness. Ordinarily they are The simplest type is merely an elongate conical associated with specialized structures such as process, rarely bifid or slightly fimbriate at the the ‘plates’ and ‘gland spines’ which will be de- extreme tip. Through this process there always scribed later.” extends a slender microduct, or at times more than one, the orifice of which is at the apex of The Pygidial Lobes the process, These processes are at times ex- (Figs. 2 and 3) tremely conspicuous, but they may be very small or reduced almost to the point of unrecognizability. “In a very large portion of the Diaspididae, the For them the term ‘gland spines’ was proposed pygidial segments are in part produced at their many years ago by Cooley and this term is here lateral margins into flattened, sclerotized proc- employed. esses that are commonly called ‘lobes.’ The number ’t These gland spines occur primarily, if not of pairs of lobes is variable, but if any at all are exclusively, in the tribe Diaspidini of the sub- present they are commonly those of the eighth family Diaspidinae. segment, which, because of the pronounced arch- ttThe gland spines grade off into a shorter, ing of this segment, lie side by side at the apex basally swollen and sclerotized form that is here of the pygidium. If a second pair is present it spoken of as a ‘gland tubercle.’ Such tubercles normally is that belonging to the seventh segment. are extremely conspicuous features of many of If a third pair is present it belongs to the sixth the Diaspidini. segment. In a relatively small number of species “The second type of membranous marginal a definite fourth pair, belonging to the fifth seg- pygidial process involves structures that are al- ment, may be found. most always more or less branched or fimbriate, “Obviously the members of the median pair, sometimes most elaborately so, although at times belonging to the eighth segment, were originally they may be much reduced and unbranched. In many separated from each other by the ninth, tenth, and cases there is definitely a single microduct dis- eleventh segments, and in perhaps the majority’ of charging at the apex of one of the points or species they still remain distinctly separate. But branches, but in other cases there is either none in some species the reduction of the three origi- at all ?r it is so exceedingly minute that ir eludes nally terminal segments has gone so far that the notice. These structures are here called ‘plates,’ median lobes are fused at their bases, and in some a term that certainly has little to commend it but cases this process has proceeded so far that they which has been much used by American authors are fused even to their apices and constitute a and consequently is familiar. single, median lobe. This process seems to have *c These plates are present primarily in the tribe happened independently several times in the Di- Aspidiouni of the Diaspidinae, but entirely equiv- aspidini, Aspidiotini, and Odonaspidini. alent structures occur in Parlatoria and related ttIn some species the lobes have become en- genera which are here regarded as belonging to rirely obsolete, even the median pair no longer the Diaspidini. They may at times be entirely ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 15

lacking and at other times can scarcely be dis- lobes than the median and may be of the same tinguished from much reduced gland spines, but type. At times they take the form of very long, in general their presence is characteristic of the slender, deeply pigmented rods. They are to be Aspidiotini and usually they can definitely be seen in especially extreme development in species recognized. ? of the genus Melanaspis. ?In addition to these, however, there may be present also marginal scleroses that arise in the Pygidial Scleroses spaces between the lobes, such structures being (Fig. 3) very highly developed in Melanaspis and related genera. For all these slender rods the general ttAlong the margin of the pygidium there are fre- term ?paraphyses? is here employed. quently present sclerotic structures that are at ttIn certain of the Aspidiotini these paraphyses times conspicuous features. These structures are take a special form of.development and occupy a commonly referred to as ?paraphyses? or ?thick- special place. In various genera, such as Diaspi- enings.? For them the general term ?scleroses? is diotus, they are present in pairs, one pair in each here employed. It is probable that a close analy- interlobular space. They apparently arise as ex- sis of their occurrence and function will permit tensions of the corresponding lobes and seem to their division into several types, but for ordinary function as supports for the body wall which is purposes only two such types need to be considered. here weakened by the presence of at least a few ttIt is not at all uncommon for the sclerotization orifices of macroducts. The condition seen in of each of the median lobes to be prolonged bas these genera is somewhat special and perhaps ally in a structure that is as wide as the base of some special term should be employed to charac- the lobe itself, and occasionally this basal scle- terize it, but that will not be done here. The rosis is sclerotized and deeply pigmented. Such structures will be regarded as paraphyses. How- an occurrence is quite frequent, especially in the ever, the distinction as to whether these paraphyses A spidiotini. arise only from the bases of the lobes or whether ?At other times the basal sclerosis of the they arise also within the interlobular space it- median lobes may arise merely from one angle of self is an important one for the separation of the base and be more or less narrowly joined to some of the genera of the Aspidiotini.? the lobe. Occasionally such a structure becomes extraordinarily developed, as in Howardia biclavis (Comstock). In its extreme development it seems Dorsal Pattern of Sclerotization of the Pygidium to have a character that is different from the ordinary basal sclerosis, but it is difficult to say ?In some of the Aspidiotini, especially, the exactly wherein the difference lies, and perhaps sclerotization of the pygidial dorsum is arranged the making of any special distinction is unneces- in a quite definite pattern. Where this occurs sary. there is normally a median area, which at the (IStructures of this sort in connection with the margin of the pygidium extends across between median lobes seem to be attached primarily to the the bases of the second pair of lobes. This area derm of the dorsum. There are other developments then expands anteriorly as it approaches the that arise entirely from the ventral derm. In many anterior margin of the pygidium and at times has of the Diaspidini, especially, there are present a a ?wineglass? shape. There then follows a much pair of variously developed, rodlike scleroses smaller area which is based upon the third lobe that extend from the basal angles of the median and extends into the pygidium at the side of the lobes and even of the second or at times the third stem of the median area. A third area may be lobes. They are certainly different from the other present, arising from about the base of the fourth type that has been discussed, and in the Diaspi- lobe and extending anteriorly at times to the dini their presence is associated with an apparent dorsolateral scar.? natural division of the tribe. If they are present the median lobes are separate from each other. At times when they are lacking, the median lobes Dorsal Pygidial Scars are united basally by what is apparently an internal sclerotization that is here spoken of as a ?On the dorsum of the pygidium, toward the an- ?zygosis. ? terior margin, there are commonly present a series eeBasal scleroses may arise also from other of sclerotized areas which are associated with 16 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY dermal folds. The probabilities are that these pupillarial species may become strangely modified. areas are arranged more or less along segmental So frequently is there reduction or modification of lines and that they are the surface indications of the adult in such species that for any understand- phragmata for the attachment of muscles. It is at ing of the insect’s relationships we must go back times convenient to employ them as points of ref- to the second stage. Here, ordinarily, we shall erence, and they are here referred to as rscars,’” find at least some evidence remaining which will indicate the group to which the species belongs. It is, in fact, only upon the basis of the second The Anal Opening stage that any sound understanding of many of these pupillarial forms can be achieved. There ttThe anus is characteristically merely a small, have been many misconceptions and errors con- circular, or oval opening in the dorsum of the cerning some of these species, all due to the pygidial area. While at times there may be a more failure to make any adequate examination of the or less sclerotized ring around it, this ring is second stage. never cellular and except for one species-Phoe- rtAs examples of these errors we may cite the nicococcus marlatti-neither bears, nor is as- following: The genus Aonidia has as its type a sociated with, any setae and never bears pores species which belongs definitely to the Aspidio- of any kind.” tini, but the majority of the species which have been referred to the genus belong to the Diaspi- dini. The genus Fiorinia has as its type a species The Second Stage of the Female that is evidently a derivative from the group of which Phenacaspis may be regarded as typical, “Ordinarily identification depends upon the adult but species of quite different derivation have female, but there are some forms in which the been referred to it. The genus Leucaspis has had second stage must be considered for this purpose, referred to it a considerable number of species and there are many cases where an understanding which, on the evidence of the second stage, have of relationships can be gained only by reference nothing at all to do with its type. to this stage. “Upon the data provided by the second stage trIn most typical Diaspididae there is a com- it is evident that pupillarial forms have been bined retrogression and progression in the developed independently in almost every group of development of structures from the first-stage the Diaspididae, as well as in various other fam- larva to the adult, the loss or reduction of the ilies. Within the Diaspididae they have come from antennae, legs, certain pores, and certain setae ancestors like Diaspis, Phenacaspis, Parlatoria, occurring at the first molt; the appearance of the Pseudoparlatoria, and from unde tetmined genera vulva and its associated pores, if they are present of the Aspidiotini. at all, and the full complement of ducts, lobes “The fact that in these pupillarial forms the and plates or gland spines not completed until second stage usually possesses structures which the third molt. As a rule, then, the adult female are lost in the adult is one of the reasons which is more complex than the second stage. The peri- lead the author to believe that the North American vulvar pores and the vulva itself are never present genus Ancepaspis should be placed in the Phoe- in the second stage, while ordinarily the number nicococcinae, for in this tribe the second stage of macroducts is greater in the adult than in the is, in general, less complex than the adult; in second stage. The positive identification of an other words the adult does not show retrogression individual as an adult female can be accomplished that is commonly seen in the adults of other if perivulvar pores are present. If they are not pupillarial forms. present the positive identification of the vulva “In the character of the antennae and spiracles will indicate maturity. and of the vestigial legs when present, the second tr However, in those forms in which the adult stage resembles the adult.” female is retained within the exuvia of the second stage there is frequently something of a reversal of the normal procedure, the adult female having The First Stage Larva at times failed to develop some of the normal structures and even having lost some of those ttIt should be quite clear-and it has at various which were present in the second stage. At times times been emphasized by the author-that a care- the pygidial structures of the adult female in such ful study of the first stage is highly desirable as ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 17 an aid to the development of a sound classification, this being the peculiar Comstockiella sahalis tion. However, this stage differs so definitely (Cornstock), the position of which is extremely from the succeeding stages that its study is a doubtful. distinct problem which could not be undertaken ?In the Diaspidini, however, the antennae of in connection with the present work. While ordi- the first stage are of different types. They may be narily the first stage will not aid in identifying either five-segmented or six-segmented, and the genera or species, it most certainly will aid in an terminal segment may be short and nonannulate or understanding of broader relationships. All that elongate and annulate. Whether or not this indi- it has been practicable to note in this work, how- cates that the Diaspidini are an unnatural group ever, is the character of the antennae and certain remains to be determined. The same thing is true features of the cephalic region. in regard to the Phoenicococcini, where these ItThe antennae have been figured in this Atlas types occur in apparently related forms. whenever a specimen showing them could be ob- $1In many of the Diaspidini there is present on tained from the material at hand. They indicate the dorsal side of the head of the first stage a little more than the fact that there are certain pair of enlarged ducts, these usually showing an group characteristics. 8-shaped figure at the inner end when viewed api- etIt will be noted in the figures accompanying cally. They are frequently lacking in this tribe, this work chat in the Aspidiotini the antennae are but in no case have they been seen in the Aspi- normally five-segmented and the terminal segment diotini, and their presence is diagnostic of the is elongate and annulate. There is but one excep- Diaspidini. ?

CLASSIFICATION

It is indeed fortunate that there now exists a A second factor was the circumstance-more or logical system of classification of the Diaspididae, less common to all entomology-that workers were one upon which I may rely for aid and accurate more or less interested in the description of spe- guidance. This monograph is Pzofessor G. F. cies than in the development of a classificatory Ferris? Atlas oj the Scale Insects of North system into which those species might be fitted. America. His classification and definitions of the Like all entomology, the study of the scale in- family, subfamilies, and tribes are here accepted sects has suffered from a sort of indigestion and the following remarks have been taken with resulting from the attempt to do justice to the slight modifications as directly recorded by him abundance of material set before it. in the Atlas. I gratefully acknowledge permis- A thud factor is that authors, when they have sion to use this data by Professor Ferris. thought about it at all, seem to have thought of classification almost entirely in terms of ?key characters,? that is in terms of characters which General Considerat ions because of their obviousness could be used in the processes of identification. Rarely have they The development of a sound system of classifica- thought in terms of the sum total of characteristics tion of the Coccoidea has in the past been which constitute the actual pattern of a group. retarded by several factors. One, undoubtedly, was Let us consider the genus Aonidiella as an for long the lack of any adequate technique in the example of this. This genus was based by Leo- preparation of specimens for study under the micro- nardi upon only two characteristics (both obvious scope. Without such a technique it is impossible in even the most deficient preparations): the ab- to see and appreciate the structures if any sound sence of perivulvar pores, and the presence of basis for a system of classification is to be found. paraphyses. He, himself, as a result of this It was undoubtedly as a result of this deficiency concentration upon the obvious, produced a genus that almost to the present day some students of containing species that belong to four or five the Diaspididae relied to a very large extent upon quite distinct generic groups. Later authors con- the character of the scale as a basis for generic tinued the process until eventually at least 46 concepts and paid wry little attention to the species had been referred to the genus. Of these structure of the insects themselves. not more than ?our actually have anything to do 18 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY with the genotype, whereas several other species the existence of groups. The question of sharp- that are really congeneric with it were never ness or vagueness of those groups, of ease of referred to this genus. We now know nearly 20 recognition, is subordinate and adventitious. It species which, on the basis of the totality of their is a problem that should be approached only after characters- totality which produces a definite our other purpose has been accomplished. Let us group pattern-seem to belong to Aonidiella. It is first then attempt to discover and to display the a homogeneous and biologically significant group, patterns which form the system of classification in other words it is now a genus and not an artifi- here adopted for the Diaspididae. cial aggregation of species thrown together on the On the whole the Diaspididae are quite a homo- basis of an arbitrarily selected, obvious character. geneous group, but there exist some forms which, The same procedure has been repeated time although they seem to have their nearest affinities after time. It is a procedure that results from the with this family, are connected with it only by confusion of two quite different purposes which almost invisible threads. In attempting to arrive run through all systematic biology. One of those at an understanding of the group we must first purposes is to develop a system of classification eliminate those forms which cannot be referred which will reveal significant relationships. The to it. other is to develop a method by which a person There must be excluded from consideration any who is unfamiliar with a group may identify spe- form in which any but vestigial legs and antennae cies. These two aims are quite distinct and should are present in the adult female; in which the anal never be confused. ring is cellular and beset with setae; in which For the development of a system of classifica- abdominal spiracles are present; in which any tion we must think in terms of the totality of other than a simple and approximately quinque- characters, tangible and intangible, which make locular disc pore appears; in which there are up a pattern. That pattern includes everything dorsal ostioles; in which there are brachial plates; that can be learned about the organisms in ques- in which there is an anal operculum formed by a tion-their habits, their structure, their develop- pair of apically free plates; in which there are ment. any tubular ducts with an asymmetrical internal But for the purposes of identification we must termination. seize upon structures that can be readily seen. There are thus left for inclusion in the family, The more obvious they are, the more easily an forms which have some combination of the follow- identification is achieved. We are not concerned ing positive characters in the female: antennae in with the significance of the structures themselves. all stages, except the first, composed of an un- The perivulvar pores in the Diaspididae have segmented tubercle; legs in all stages, after the little or no meaning in the development of a sys- first, entirely lacking or at the most represented tem of classification, but they are extremely merely by unsegmented tubercles; terminal seg- useful aids as key characters in identifying a ments of the abdomen more or less fused into a species. compound structure, the pygidium, which is more In attempting to develop a system of classifica- or less set off by an intersegmental constriction, tion of the Diaspididae I have endeavored to keep or by some differentiation of the segmental lines, in mind the distinctions that have just been indi- or by dorsal sclerotization, from the preceding cated. I have endeavored to arrive at conclusions abdominal segments. Commonly this pygidium is as to the composition of genera and other groups in some degree dorsally sclerotized and surrounds without regard at all to the ease or difficulty the anal opening, though ventrally it is but partly which a student may encounter in identifying sclerotized and bears the vulva. Tubular ducts these groups. Thus, for example, the student will are almost always present, although at times few find species with perivulvar pores and species and very minute; these in part, at least, are trun- without perivulvar pores placed in the same genus cate at their inner extremity and with this extrem- because the totality of their characteristics indi- ity always symmetrical, there being a median, cates that they are thus related. And yet on the filamentous prolongation. Disc pores of a more or basis of all the evidence of structure, host rela- less quinquelocular type are normally present only tionships, distribution and habit, it is very evident in association with the spiracles and the vulva, if that to separate them would be merely to obscure at all. The pygidium commonly bears marginal these facts. lobes and unsclerotized processes in the form of The essential feature of this way of looking at fringed plates or of gland spines. In habit, the classification is that the primary consideration is adult female is normally covered by a scale which ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 19 is formed from two exuviae and secretionary the more aberrant species to those of more typical material, although at times the adult female is form. retained within the exuvia of the preceding stage. Two genera, each now represented by a single species, which can be related to the Diaspididae and to this subfamily only through their broad The Patterns of the Subfamilies and Tribes general characteristics and through the first-stage larvae, are the North American genera Phoenico- The view is here held that the division of the coccus Cockerel1 and Canceraspis Hempel. In family into subfamilies can be at the present time neither of these is anything that can be called a but a preliminary arrangement. We know only a formed pygidium, but the character of the antennae, very small proportion of the species that must the first-stage larvae, and the type of ducts indi- actually exist and concerning these we do not cate their connection with other members of the know all that we should. We lack essential in- subfamily. In Canceraspis not only the adult formation about the males and the first stage. female but two larval stages as well are contained Therefore, the arrangement here adopted will be within the second exuvia. In Phoenicococcus the changed as knowledge increases. adult female is free, and no scale or covering of There are here adopted two subfamilies, Phoe- any kind is formed. nicococcinae and Diaspidinae. The subfamily, as here understood, now contains but eighteen known species for the entire world, all of which, except four that belong to the Subfamily PHOENICOCOCCINAE genus Ancepaspis, are palm-infesting. For North America it contains but eight known species. Unfortunately, the nomenclatorial type of this Although it is evident, even from the few spe- subfamily is the most extreme member of the cies known, that this subfamily contains a con- group, a species that can be included in the siderable diversity of form, it does not seem Diaspididae at all only because in certain stages practicable at the present time to attempt any it carries a suggestion of relationship to other division into tribes. Such action may very well species that can be related to the Diaspididae. wait until we have a much larger body of knowl- This subfamily includes forms which, with the edge than is now available. exception of two known species, conform to the family pattern very nicely except that the pygidium contains no segments anterior to the sixth, Subfamily DIASPIDINAE and in one example none anterior to the eighth. In all but one species the adult female is enclosed within the sclerotized second exuvia, and in some These are the forms that are preeminently the instances one or even two larval stages are also l

the second stage, but this exuvia practically tirely disappear. Fringed plates may be present always shows plates or lobes or macroducts. in a relatively few forms. Disc pores are at times not present in association with the anterior spiracles. The antennae of the adult female may Tribes of the Diaspidinae possess but one seta. The scale of the female may be circular. But practically always one or In this study four tribes are recognized under the more of the normal characteristics, especially the Diaspidinae, about which there is occasion for two-barred ducts, will remain. some doubt. One tribe, Odonaspidini, perhaps should not be recognized, its members being diktributed through Tribe ASPIDIOTINI the two remaining tribes, Diaspidini and Aspidio- tini. These last two tribes, however, are very Type.-The genus Aspidiotus Bouche'. definite groups and between them contain the The basic pattern of this tribe likewise is great majority of the Diaspididae of the world. sharply marked. Normally there are present, at least in the second stage, macroducts which are long and slender and of the one-barred type. The Tribe DIASPIDINI members of the second pair of pygidial lobes are always without any trace of a division into two Type.-The genus Diaspis Bouch;. lobules. Fringed plates are almost always to be The basic pattern of this tribe is sharply marked. detected, although at times they may be very Normally there are present, at least in the second small. Normally there are no disc pores in asso- stage, macroducts that are clearly of the two- ciation with the anterior spiracles. The antennae barred type. Normally the members of the second of the adult female seem never to have more than pair of pygidial lobes are divided into two or one seta, and the antennae of the first stage more or less distinct lobules. Normally there are invariably have the terminal segment elongate present merely gland spines rather than fringed and annulate. The pygidium of the adult female plates. Normally disc pores are associated with very commonly possesses marginal sclerotizations with the anterior spiracles. The first-stage larvae or paraphyses arising from the bases of the frequently bear a pair of macroducts on the head. lobes or in the interlobular intervals. The body The antennae of the first stage may be either is normally turbinate and very rarely long and five-or six-segmented, and the terminal segment slender. The scale of the adult female is with may be short and nonannulate or elongate and but few exceptions circular or oval, whereas the annulate. The antennae of the adult female com- scale of the male is commonly oval or circular monly possess two or more terminal setae. The with the exuvia central or subcentral. In many scale of the female is very frequently elongate; cases the ventral part of the second exuvia of that of the male almost always so. Exuviation the female splits away from the dorsal part and usually occurs by the rupturing and pushing back is incorporated in the ventral scale. The first- of the ventral derm; this ventral derm remaining stage larva never possesses a pair of macroducts membranous. on the head. Departures from this pattern may occur in Departures from this normal type may occur in various ways. The macroducts may be reduced in many ways. The macroducts may be so greatly size to the point where their character cannot reduced in size that their structure becomes inde- readily be distinguished or perhaps at times they terminable. The plates may be completely lost or may be entirely lost in the adult female, although reduced to mere points simulating gland spines. normally the second stage will possess them. The The lobes may be completely lost, or the median pygidial lobes may be entirely lost. The median lobes may at times be fused into a single lobe. lobes may fuse completely, producing a single In a few species there may be groups of disc median lobe. The division of the second lobes pores associated with the anterior spiracles. into two lobules may be so greatly obscured that Paraphyses are by no means always present. The the outer lobule is a mere point, or in some genera scale may be long and slender. But in all species there may be no evidence at all of such a division. thus far examined some one or more of the char- The gland spines and gland tubercles may en- acteristics indicated have been present. ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 21

Tribe ODONASP IDINI SYSTEMATICS

Type.-The genus Odonaspis Cockerell. Key to Subfamilies of Diaspididae It is in regard to this tribe that the greatest (Modified from Ferris) doubt exists in my mind. The species of the typical genus seem to fit properly into neither the Adult female with anal opening apparently Diaspidini nor the Aspidiotini, yet there are other ventral and far removed from apex of species which seem to have an affinity with these body; anal ring very small, distinctly typical forms but seem to belong to one or the sclerotized; margins of abdominal seg- other of the two tribes. However, if the tribe is ments not lobed at any stage . . . . not recognized we are left with the problem of . . . . . Phoenicococcinae (p. 167) assignment of species that do not seem to belong Adult female with anal opening ventral, properly either to the Aspidiotini or the Diaspidini. unsclerotized, and subapical; lateral For the present, then, Odonaspidini is recognized. margins of at least the last three ab- The total number of species referable to it is not dominal segments strongly lobed. . . great, and the number of those which make diffi- ...... Diaspidinae (p. 21) culty is very small. The complete picture of the tribe is presented by a species having the following characters: Subfamily PHOENICOCOCCINAE neither gland spines nor plates; lobes entirely lacking except for a median lobe which is some- Genus Phoenicococcus Cockerell times indicated; macroducts always very abundant over the dorsum of the pygidium and in lateral In California this genus includes only one sp ecie s, Phoenicoco ccus marl at Cockerell, areas of the prepygidial abdominal segments and ti associated with date palm and other species of even on the ventral side of the pygidium. The ducts are usually small, moderately broad, and the genus P3oenix ...... (p. 167) short, and when they are large enough to permit Key to the Tribes interpretation seem to be somewhat of the two- of Subfamily Diaspidinae barred type. Anterior spiracles are associated with disc pores. Antennae of the first-stage larva (Modified from Ferris) with the terminal segment are short, at times 1. Adult female without plates or segmentally somewhat annulate, at others not at all so. Exu- arranged gland spines, without paired viation of the second-stage female occurs by the lobes but commonly with single median splitting of the derm around the margin, the dorsal lobe; macroducts usually small and part becoming incorporated in the dorsal scale short, numerous, never in segmentally and the ventral part in the ventral scale, both arranged rows, usually abundant on ven- parts being strongly sclerotized. tral side of pygidium as well as on dor- The scales of the females are usually very sum; second exuvia bivalve . . . . thick and entirely enclose the adult insect both ...... Odonaspidini (p. 163) dorsally and ventrally. They may be circular or Adult female normally with plates or gland oval, or occasionally long and slender. The scale spines, or second stage presenting them; of the male is normally elongate, with the exuvia macroducts commonly showing some evi- terminal. dence of arrangement in segmental rows The difficulties with this tribe arise in connec- or series; pygidial lobes usually pres- tion with some forms which resemble Odonaspis ent, median lobes rarely united into in the absence of pygidial lobes and in the abun- single lobe, otherwise various 2 dance and distribution of macroducts, but which . . in other characteristics strongly suggest forms 2( 1>. Macroducts of two-barred type; second py- that are definitely referable to one of the other gidial lobes usually showing some two principal subfamilies. There is, for example, evidence of being bilobulate; gland difficulty with the genera Rugaspidiotus and Rhi- spines normally present, although in zaspidzotus. In the latter, however, distinct median some forms replaced by fringed plates, lobes are present, and consequently it is placed in latter case usually with gland tuber- in the Aspidiotini. cles; anterior spiracles commonly with 22 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

associated disc pores; antennae of adult Mesal paraphysis of first space, in its female commonly with two or more setae most typical form, elongate, slender, and ...... Diaspidini (p. 27) terminating apically in a heavily sclero- Macroducts of one-barred type, second tized knob, some other paraphyses at pygidial lobes never bilobulate; fringed times showing a similar character; in plates normally present; gland tubercles less typical form first paraphysis may rarely or never present; anterior spira- be short and merely apically swollen, cles normally without associated disc the swelling asymmetrical and directed pores; antennae of adult female rarely toward the meson. . Clavaspis (p. 57) with more than one seta ..... Mesal paraphysis of first space without ...... Aspidiotini (p. 22) apical knob, although increasing in size toward apex ...... 6 Key to Genera Median and second lobes well developed, of the Tribe Aspidiatini sclerotized, apically rounded, their axes (Modified from Ferris) somewhat diagonal, so that lobes seem to converge slightly ...... Adult female with six groups of perivulvar ...... Quadraspidiotus (p. 79) pores; without plates, lobes or paraphy- Median lobes, and second lobes when pres- ses; associated with palms .... ent, with their axes parallel ... 7 ...... Comstockiella (p. 59) Second lobe never developed more than Adult female with never more than five mere point; anal opening normally small groups of perivulvar pores; lobes and and well toward apex of pygidium, al- plates normally present, if lacking, though at times larger; plates usually paraphyses are present .... 2 small, at times scarcely developed . Diaspidiotus (p. 59) Second exuvia larger than and enveloping, ...... Second lobe usually and third lobe at times although not entirely enclosing, the developed, although in some species adult female stage, the latter with lobes neither more than a point; anal opening and plztes very much reduced...... Aonidia (p. 37) usually conspicuously large; plates usually well developed and at times quite Second exuvia smaller than and not at all extravagantly so; one species without enveloping adult female 3 .... lobes and with plates very small, but Pygidium with paraphyses arising from with very large anal opening .... bases of lobes or at site of obsolete ...... Hemiberlesia (p. 65) lobes (other than a mere prolongation of base of median lobes, and other than a Prosoma of mature adult female much swol- mere sclerotization of folds about a len and strongly sclerotized, varying in pore or pore furrow), these sometimes form from slightly reniform to markedly very small but usually clearly recogniz- so, lateral prosomatic lobes more or less able...... 4 enclosing pygidium ...... Pygidium without such paraphyses or ...... Aonidiella (p. 39) scleroses (other than modifications Prosoma of mature adult female if sclero- noted above) ...... 13 tized or swollen, not reniform . . 9 Paraphyses arising only from basal angles Pygidium broad at base, elongate and of lobes, never from within space be- tapering to quite an acute apex, lateral tween the lobes, thus forming merely margins tending to be slightly concave; paired supports for lateral margins of three pairs of very small lobes present; intersegmental poriferous furrows . 5 plates confined to interlobular spaces, With at least one paraphysis arising from all extremely small; margin for some about the center of at least one inter- distance beyond site of fourth lobe lobular space, ordinarily that between slightly sclerotized and with small second and third lobes, frequently with paraphyses. ...Acutaspis (p. 37) paraphyses along margin beyond third Pygidium usually rather short and broad, lobe...... 8 not tapering to an acute apex; pygidial ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 23

lobes and plates usually well developed 16( 15). Median pygidial lobes present and distinct- ...... 10 ly differentiated; remainder of pygidial margin crenulate; second and third lobes lO(9). Pygidium with conspicuous, branched represented at most by slightly more plates between third and fourth lobes, prominent crenulations; ducts numerous these exceeding the lobes in length; on dorsum and marginal ventral areas of fourth lobe present as a sclerotized pygidium, all small and slender ... point; margin beyond fourth lobe tending ...... Rhizapidiotus (p. 83) to be slightly sclerotized but without Second and third pygidial lobes distinctly paraphyses. . Chrysomphalus (p. 51) differentiated from other processes, if Pygidial plates extremely small or mere present at all ...... 17 points, not exceeding the lobes in length, or even lacking ...... 11 17(16). Three pairs of pygidial lobes definitely developed . -...... 18 11( 10). Pygidium apically rounded; with three With but two pairs of pygidial lobes, the pairs of very small pygidial lobes and third indicated at most merely by slight with fourth lobe indicated as a mere point. .... Aspidaspis(p. 43) point; margin beyond foutth lobe with extended series of well-developed, quite 18( 17). Fourth pygidial lobe indicated by definite, long, closely set paraphyses .... sclerotized point ...... Lindingaspis (p. 75) ...... Dynaspidiotus (p. 65) Pygidium variously shaped, not apically Fourth pygidial lobe not in slightest de- rounded; paraphyses beyond fourth lobe gree developed . Aspidiotus (p. 47) usually rather few, at times lacking or weakly developed ...... 12 Genus Acutaspis Ferris 12( 11). Entirely without plates; entirely without paraphyses beyond third lobe; dorsal In California the genus Acutaspis Ferris contains ducts of pygidium with their orifices for but one species, Acutaspis albopicta (Cockerell), the most part arranged in distinct fur- which has been found infesting Pbilodendmn in rows; dorsum of pygidium without sclero- a few nurseries...... (p. 37) tization pattern . . Targionia (p. 87) With at least a few plates, these at times mere points; usually with at least a few Key to the Species paraphyses beyond third lobe; dorsal of Genus Aonidia Targioni sclerotization of pygidium arranged in definite pattern . Melanaspis (p. 77) Adult female with pygidial plates present; 13(3). Body at maturity swollen and strongly dorsal macroducts quite large and long; sclerotized, pygidium retracted into commonly associated with Juniperus, apex of this sclerotization .... Sequoia, and other coniferous hosts. . shastae (Coleman) (p. 39) ...... NucuIaspis(p. 77) ..... Body at maturity not swollen, sclerotiza- Adult female without pygidial plates; dor- tion various; pygidium always exserted sal macroducts very small and slender; ...... 14 associated with Laurus...... lauri (Bouch;) (p. 37) 14(13). Third pygidial lobe in form of acute, elongate, sclerotized spine; body with some degree of constriction between mesothorax Key to the Species and metathorax . Selenaspidus (p. 83) of Genus Aonidiella Berlese and Leonardi Third pygidial lobe variously shaped, not (Modified from McKenzie) acute; without constriction between mesothorax and metathorax 15 ... 1. Ventral pievulvar apophyses present on 15(14). Pygidium with median and second lobes pygidium; median pygidial lobes largest, fused, forming a produced median lobe second and third lobes progressively ...... Chortinaspis (p. 51) smaller ...... 2 Pygidium with median and second lobes Ventral prevulvar apophyses absent on distinct...... 16 pygidium; pygidial lobes all approxi- 24 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

mately same size ...... scleroses of median lobes; tubular ducts ...... taxus Leonardi b. 43)? of pygidium conspicuously short and stout. .. hedetae (Vallot) (p. 47) Ventral prevulvar scleroses and apophyses present on pygidium, apophyses at times appearing as scleroses ...... Genus Chortinaspis Ferris .....aurantii (Maskell) (p. 39) . Ventral prevdvar apophyses alone Present In California the genus Chortinaspis Ferris con- on pygidium ...... tains but one species, Chortinasp is consolidata .... citr*na (Coquillett) (P* 4l) Ferris, which is associated with various species of HiZaria(grass) ...... (PO 51) Key to the Species of Genus Aspidaspis Ferris Key to the Species of Genus Chrysonzphalus Ashmead With many macroducts present in sub- (Modified from McKenzie) marginal zone from pygidium to first abdominal segment; associated with 1. At least one prepygidial abdominal seg- Arctostaphylos in California .... ment with submarginal, dorsal cluster of ...... arctostaphyli macroducts; first two pygidial plates (Cockerell and Robbins.) . (p. 43) anterior to third lobe variously fringed With a few macroducts present anterior to ...... 2 pygidium, these either confined to fourth Prepygidial abdominal segments with at a segment or to marginal row ... 2 most three or four marginal ducts, with- Prosoma sclerotized at maturity; asso- out submarginal, dorsal cluster; first ciated with pines in California ... two pygidial plates anterior to third lobe ....florenciae (Coleman) (p. 45) clavate ...... Prosoma remaining membranous at maturity - ....dictyospermz (Morgan) (p. 53) ...... 5 2(1). Abdominal segment two only with dorsal Pygidial margin beyond site of third lobe submarginal cluster of macroducts . . irregular, with numerous small points; ...... ficus Ashmead (p. 55) as at present known only on cultivated Abdominal segments two and three each fig in California ...... with dorsal submarginal cluster of ....braunschvigi (Rungs) (p. 45) macrod uc t s ...... Pygidial margin without such irregular- ....bifasciculatus Ferris (p. 51) ities; associated with tan oak in Cali- fornia . densillorae (Bremner) (p. 45) Key to the Species of Genus Clavaspis MacGillivray Key to the Species of Genus Aspidiotus Bouche? Perivulvar pore groups on pygidium well developed, with at least six pores in Median pygidial lobes each with a broad any one group ...... basal sclerosis extending into pygidium ...... disclusa Ferris (p. 57) ...... 2 Perivulvar pore groups on pygidium weak- Median pygidial lobes without such a basal ly developed, usually with not more than sclerosis ...... two or three pores in any one group .... destructor Signoret (p. 47) .....covilleae (Ferris) (p. 57) Anal opening very small, close to basal scleroses of median lobes; tubular ducts Genus Comstockiella Cockerell of pygidium slender, but relatively short .... .spinosus Comstock (p. 49) Only one species, Comstockiella sabalis (Corn- Anal opening larger and three or four times stock), is found in California. It is associated its own diameter removed from basal with palms. Ferris (1942) states that ?The genus ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 25 is anomalous in any tribe here recognized and Genus Dynaspidiotus Thiem and Gerneck perhaps does not belong to the Aspidiotini.? (Pa 59) This genus includes but one California species, Dynaspidiotus Eritannicus (Newstead), which is Key to the Species associated with Berberis, Ilex, and Ruscus. of Genus Diaspidiotus Berlese and Leonardi ...... (~065) Key the Species Perivulvar pores present . . . . . 2 to Perivulvar pores lacking . . . . . 6 of Genus Hemiberlesia Cockerell With dorsal submedian clusters of ducts 1. Perivulvar pores present . . . . . 2 on first pygidial and on prepygidial seg- Perivulvar pores lacking . . . . . 7 ments; submarginal ducts conspicuously numerous on pygidium and prepygidial 2(1). Second pygidial lobes lacking or developed segments; associated especially with merely as unsclerotited points . . 3 Aesculus, although occurring on Populus Second pygidial lobes definitely developed, and other hosts in California . . . . sclerotized...... 4 . . . . . aesculi (Johnson) (p. 59) Pygidial plates small and inconspicuous, Entirely without dorsal, submedian ducts 3(2). confined to first and second interlobular on any segments ...... 3 spaces; dorsal pygidial macroducts very With definite submarginal rows or series numerous, in distinct furrows on fifth of ducts in anterior lateral angle of the and sixth segments, anal opening large pygidium, that is, on fourth abdominal and quite close to apex of pygidium; segment; associated with conifers in associated with willow and poplar in California . ehrhorni (Coleman) (p. 62) California popularurn (Marlatt) (p. 73) Without ducts in this position other than Pygidial plates well developed, forming a occasionally one or two . . . . 4 quite definite fringe, present laterad of site of third lobe; dorsal pygidial macro- Pygidial plates represented merely by ducts relatively few ...... minute, simple points; several hosts are . . . . . lataniae (Signoret) (p. 69) attacked although oak appears to be preferred ...... 4(2). With three pairs of pygidial lobes present, . osbonzi (Newel1 and Cockerell) (p. 63) the third indicated at least by a sclero- Pygidial plates well developed and various- tized point ...... 5 ly fringed ...... 5 With but two pairs of pygidial lobes present, the second normally shorter than median, hledian pygidial lobes without plate be- site of third being occupied by unsclero- tween; lobes somewhat elongate; asso- tized point or platelike process . . . ciated especially with grape although . . . . howardi (Cockerell) (p. 69) known from Betula, Crataegus, Hicoria, Xaclura, and Platanus ...... 5(4). Dorsal submarginal groups of macroducts . . . . . uuae (Comstock) (p. 63) present on fourth and preceding abdominal Median pygidial lobes with slender plate segments; anal opening with diameter between; on many hosts in California slightly less than length of median lobes . . . . . ancylus(Putnam) (p. 61) and removed by about three times this diameter from base of these~lobes . 6 Plates present merely as minute points in Dorsal submarginal macroducts not present interlobular spaces; associated with anterior to fifth segment; anal opening conifers in California ...... relatively large, being approximately . . conz/eranrrn (Cockerell) (p. 62) equal in diameter to length of median Plates well developed, all of one type, lobes ...... 8 long and laterally toothed, occurring laterad of site of third lobe; associated 6(5). Anterior groups of perivulvar pores of py- with Liquidambar in California . . . gidium composed of from seven to ten . . . liquidambaris (Kotinsky) (p. 62) pores each; occasionally single anterior 26 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

median pore present; associated with Genus Nuculaspis Ferris Fraxinus velutina in California ...... fraxini McKenzie (p. 69) Only one species, Nuculaspis cnlifornica (Cole- Anterior groups of perivulvar pores of py- man) is known in California where it commonly gidium composed of only two or three infests species of Pinus and Pseudotsuga taxi- pores each, anterior median pore lack- folia . * ...... (p. 77) ing; associated especiallv with Camellia

points, present only in median and first 1. Perivulvar pores present . . . . . 2 interlobular spaces; median and second Perivulvar pores lacking ...... pygidial lobes well developed, but broad . . . perniciosus(Comstock) (p. 81) and low; associated with oaks in Cali- fornia . . quercicola Ferris (p. 73) Z(1). At full maturity with derm of entire dorsum Plates of pygidium developed, fringed, quite heavily sclerotized; with pro- present laterad of third lobe; second nounced constriction between prothorax pygidial lobe forming merely a simple, and mesothorax as well as between mesothorax and metathorax; third pygid- sclerotized point . . . .) ...... rapax(Comstock) (p. 73) ial lobe indicated at least by a point . . juglans-regiae (Comstock) (p. 81) 8(5). Second pygidial lobe pointed and unsclero- At full maturity with the derm remaining tized; scale of adult female broadly membranous; prosoma without constric- oval, males not present...... tions; third pygidial lobe not indicated . . . . . palniae (Cockerell) (p. 71) . . . . . forbesi (Johnson) (p. 79) Second pygidial lobes similar in form to median lobes, sclerotized; scale of Genus Rhizupidiorus MacGillivray adult female elongate oval, males ptes- ent . . cyanophylli (Signoret) (p. 65) In California the genus Rhizaspidiotus contains but one species, Rhizaspidiotus dearnessi (Cock- erell), which is found especially on Compositae. Genus L indingaspis MacGillivray ...... (p. 83) Only one species, L indingaspis rossi (Maskell), Key to the Species is known in California where it is most commonly of Genus Selenaspidus Cockerell associated with Auracaria spp. . . . (p. 75) 1. Perivulvar pores present ...... articulatus (Morgan) (p. 85) Genus Melanaspis Cockerell Perivulvar pores lacking . . . . - 2 Median and second pygidial lobes approxi- This genus contains but one California specieg, 2(1). dlelmaspis obscuta (Comstock), which was pres- mately same size and shape, smoothly ent at one time in this.state where it was asso- rounded; ventral sclerotized prosomal ciated with Hicoria pecm It was first discovered spur present . albus McKenzie (p. 83) Second pair of pygidial lobes noticeably in 1933 and was later eradicated. Since 1941 no specimens have been found...... (p. 77) smaller than median lobes, both pairs notched on either side; ventral sclerotized prosomal spur lacking, submarginal sclerotized boss present in this position . . . . . rubidus McKenzie (p. 85)

Genus Targionia Signoret 3Melanaspis lilacinu (Cockerell) also occurs in California. It differs from Melanaspis obsnoa (Corn- Only one species, Tmgionia bigeloviae (Cocker- stock) in lacking perivulvar pres, these structures ell), is known, as established in California. present in the later species. (See p. 77.) ...... (p.87) ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 27

Key to the Genera if present not yoked basally by internal of Tribe Diaspidini sclerosis (their separation is sometimes (Modified from Ferris) obscured by crowding or by secondary sclerotization but is definitely deter- 1. Adult female entirely enclosed within exu- minable by careful examination) . . 10 via of preceding stage ..... 2 Adult female not enclosed within exuvia of preceding stage; in a few forms this Median lobes yoked basally exuvia is unusually large and may more or less envelop the female but does not a5)- Prosoma swollen, more or less quadrate, enclose it ...... 4 wider than the postsoma, the sides of the latter roughly parallel; pygidial lobes forming distinct notch in apex of pygid- Pupillarial Fonns ium ..... Aulacaspis(p. 89) Body turbinate or elongate .... 7 Adult female with disc pores present on 7(6). Body broadly turbinate; median lobes of at least one segment anterior to and in pygidium large and prominent .... addition to usual perivulvar pores; form ..... Pseudaulacnspis (p. 153) elongate and slender; second stage with Body fusiform, prosoma tapering anteriorly; well-developed lobes and large macro- median lobes various ..... 8 ducts .... Leucuspis (p. 129) Adult female without disc pores other than 8(7)- Median pygidial lobes actually separate, usual perivulvar groups or a transverse but their mesal margins very tightly ap- row anterior to vulva or with all such pressed; pygidial and prepygidial macro- pores lacking ...... 3 ducts confined to margin and to a few in submarginal series ...... Adult female with median lobes forming ...... Pinnaspis (p. 150) notch in apex of pygidium and yoked to- Median pygidial lobes usually distinctly gether basally; antennae tending to be separate or divergent for at least part of elongate conical and close together at their length, although at times fused apex of head, at times with membranous basally and with merely an apical notch; process between . . Fzotinia (p. 111) if appressed mesally dorsal macroducts Adult female with prominent median lobes are abundant in both submarginal and without scleroses, thus not yoked to- submedian series on fifth and preceding gether basally; antennae much reduced, segments ...... 9 appearing rounded, without membranous process between ...... 9(8). Median pygidial lobes with free inner mar- ...... Xerophilaspis (p. 163) gin longer than free outer margin, inverted V- or U-shaped notch being formed in apex of pygidium; usually lobes are Nonpupillarial Fonns strongly divergent ...... Phenacaspis (p. 147) Pygidium with single median pygidial lobe Median pygidial lobes with free outer mar- which shows no trace of division; margin usually as long as or even longer ginal pygidial macroducts each with than free inner margin, lobes tending to swollen, sclerotic rim about orifice; as project from body for their whole length now known occurring only on oaks . . and thus not forming a median apical ...... Quemaspis (p. 155) notch in pygidium...... Median pygidial lobes, if present, some- ...... Chionaspis (p. 93) times fused at base but always with some indication of their paired character; at times lacking ...... 5 Median lobes not basally yoked Median pygidial lobes present, yoked basally by an internal sclerosis . . 6 lO(5). Median pygidial lobes very small and ob- Median pygidial lobes present or absent, scure, much exceeded in size by second 28 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

lobes; as known, occurring on Cupres- Margin of pygidium with variously shaped saceae .....Lineaspis (p. 133) (generally quite elongated) processes Median pygidial lobes present or absent, including gland spines or fringed plates if present always larger than or at least ...... 17 equal to second lobes .....11 17(16). Body elongate and fusiform or elongate 11( 10). Marginal pygidial macroducts with axis of oval, not widening anteriorly, length their orifices set transversely or es- normally at least twice the greatest sentially so, each with orifice surround- breadth, and greatest breadth not across ed by a transversely oval, sclerotized the head or prothoracic region . . 18 rim ...... 12 Body turbinate or pyriform or with prosoma Marginal pygidial macroducts with axis of laterally expanded, length not likely to their orifices set longitudinally or diag- be more than twice the greatest breadth, onally, sclerotized rim, if present, greatest breadth across head or pro- similarly disposed ...... 13 thoracic region ...... 24 2(11). At least three pairs of pygidial lobes 18( 17). Perivulvar pores present, although at present; gland spines broad, apically times very few ...... 19 fimbriate or laterally serrate .... Perivulvar pores lacking (in one species ...... Patfatotin (p. 137) occasionally present) .....22 With but two pairs of pygidial lobes present; gland spines few, small, not fimbriate or serrate; oral scleroses of first Body elongate, perivulvar pores present two pairs of marginal pygidial macroducts asymmetrically swollen. ... 19(18). Three pairs of pygidial lobes present, third ...... Patlatoteopsis (p. 137) pair distinct, flattened, in size and form resembling second pair; dorsal pygidial 13( 11). Body slenderly fusiform and membranous ducts scattered irregularly, present to at maturity ...... 14 seventh or perhaps eighth segment . . Body broadly turbinate or pyriform, either ...... Unaspis (p. 159) strongly sclerotized or membranous at Third pygidial lobes represented only by maturity...... 15 variously shaped, sclerotized point or 14( 13). Pygidium tapering abruptly, acute; mesal points, at times lacking ....20 margins of median pygidial lobes contig- 20( 19). Uedian lobes of pygidium apically rounded, uous butnot fused ...... tending to be elongate and narrow, never ...... Neopinnaspis (p. 133) laterally notched; gland spines never Pygidium broad; median pygidial lobes present between them; dorsal ducts tend- various but without mesal margins con- ing to be only slightly smaller than the tiguous ...... 16 marginal and to be arranged in distinct 15(13). With e longate, club-shaped, internal, segmental rows; submarginal setae on sclerotized process arising from base of ventral side of pygidium tending to be each median pygidial lobe; dorsum of enlarged; all species now known are prosoma strongly sclerotized as far grass-infesting ...... posteriorly as first abdominal segment ..... Duplachionaspis (p. 109) ...... Howardia (p. 115) Median lobes of pygidium usually quite Without elongate, club-shaped, internal broad and heavy, but even if narrow they sclerotized process arising from base of are notched laterally and are apically each median pygidial lobe; prosoma truncate or irregular and usually there is membranous ...... a pair of gland spines between them; ..... Pseudoparfatoria (p. 155) dorsal ducts various...... 21 16(14). Margin of pygidium with membranous, low 21(20). Dorsal pygidial macroducts, even if few, broad, apically serrate processes in ad- arranged in definite segmental rows or dition to lobes and gland spines; oc- series, none present posterior to sixth curring, as far as known, only on bamboos segment (except single duct on seventh ...... Kuwanaspis (p. 115) and eighth in one species); eyes and ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 29

antennae without unusual developments; Dorsal pygidial macroducts at times ex- second pygidial lobes always present, ceedingly few or almost lacking, not in well developed, flattened, and bilobed definite segmental rows; when in suffi- ...... Lepidosaphes (p. 117) cient numbers to define arrangement, Dorsal pygidial macroducts, distributed usually scattered or in clusters except irregularly, frequently present to seventh for rows on prepygidial segments; pres- or even eighth segment; eyes or antennae ent to sixth or seventh segment . . 27 at times with some unusual feature; 27(26). Basal scleroses of dorsal marginal setae second pygidial lobe various, at times of at least segments six and seven reduced to mere point or heavily sclero- (second and third lobes) definitely en- tized and but slightly bilobed ... larged, usually quite strikingly so; Aonidornytilus (p. 87) ...... median lobes usually close together or even basally approximate or fused, never apically divergent; second lobes tending Body elongate, perivulvar pores lacking to be reduced, sometimes almost obsolete; third lobe never developed as more 22(18). Three pairs of well-developed pygidial than minute point. 28 present, third pair deeply bilobed ...... lobes Basal scleroses of these setae not en- and resembling second in size and larged; median lobes well separated or form .....Stramenaspis (p. 159) in many species apically divergent and Third pygidial lobes, if recognizable at forming apical notch in pygidium; second all, not bilobed ...... 23 lobes tending to be well developed and 23(22). Third pygidial lobe present, flattened, re- even third lobe present at times ... sembling first lobule of second lobe in ...... Diaspis (p. 103) size and form; no marginal macroducts 28(27). Perivulvar pores in four or five well-de- in pairs. ...Pallulaspis (p. 135) veloped groups . Epidzaspis (p. 109) Third pygidial lobe, if recognizable at all, Perivulvar pores vestigial, or if definitely merely a sclerotized point; some of mar- present with not more than four or five ginal macroducts arranged in pairs . . on either side (one species, in which Nilotaspis (p. 135) ...... the perivulvar pores may be either pres- 24(17). Perivulvar pores present .....25 ent or absent, belonging to the genus). Perivulvar pores lacking (occasionally ...... Situlaspis (p. 155) present in one species but are individ- ually vestigial, being scarcely larger Body pyriform or turbinate or with than seta bases) ...... 29 expanded pmsoma, perivulvar pores lacking Body pyriform or turbinate, perivulvar pores present 129(24). Median lobes forming notch in apex of pygidium, widely separated, and with a 25(24). Pygidium entirely without large marginal pair of apically fimbriate gland spines macroducts and none of marginal ducts between; known only from cycads . . arranged in normal fixed positions ...... Furchadzaspis (p. 113) ...... Ptotodiaspis (p. 153) Median lobes if present at all, forming Pygidium with large marginal macroducts apical notch in pygidium; if present, with in normal fixed positions ....26 not more than a single, reduced, simple gland spine between median lobes . . 26(25). Dorsal pygidial macroducts arranged in ...... Situlaspis (p. 155) definite, segmental rows, not present posterior to fifth segment except for single submarginal duct anterior to Generic Keys to Species second lobe; known in North America of Tribe Diaspidini Only conifers Of Cupres- (Modified from Ferris unless otherwise indicated) saceae .... Carulaspis (p. 91) 30 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

Key to the Species Median lobes of pygidium with mesal mar- of Genus Aonidomytilus Leonardi gins not thus appressed, divergent at apex even if fused ior part of their Perivulvar pores present, although at length ...... 2 times very few 2 ...... 2( 1). Median pygidial lobes noticeably elongate, Perivulvar pores lacking ...... narrowly rounded apically, mesally di- ...... bilobis Ferris (p. 87) vergent, their entire margin, mesally and Perivulvar pores extremely few, there be- laterally, minutely serrate, never deeply ing not more than three or four on each notched, separate completely to base side and some of these apparently being ..... wistariae Cooley (p. 101) on second segment anterior to vulva; Median pygidial lobes short and rounded, dorsal pygidial ducts numerous, of var- or laterally notched or partly fused . 3 ious sizes, for most part with sclerotized 3(2). Dorsal pygidial macroducts few, normally area around orifice; median lobes short, not more than two ar three large ducts apically almost truncate, second lobes in any submedian group, or with sub- mere points; occurring as far as known median groups anterior to segment five only on Sambucus and Catalpa ... lacking or composed only of small ducts; ..... variabilis Ferris (p. 89) submedian group of sixth segment lack- Perivulvar pores in the usual four or five ing; submarginal group of fifth segment groups ...... 3 with but three or four ducts ... 4 All gland spines exceedingly minute, third Dorsal pygidial macroducts more numerous, lobes lacking, second and median lobes submedian group of segment six present very short; occurring principally on and with at least two pores, submedian Ceanothus in California ..... groups with large ducts present on seg- ...... ceanotbi Ferris (p. 87) ments five to three and containing four Gland spines of the pygidium well de- or more large ducts; submarginal group veloped; occurring especially on the of segment five with at least four or five chenopodiaceous genus Atriplex ... ducts, usually more ...... 5 .... concolor (Cockerell) (p. 89) 4(3). Median lobes low, rounded, normally not notched laterally, or if so only slightly; Genus Aulacasp is Cockerell median zygosis elongate and slender; The genus Aulacaspis Cockerell contains but one occurring on hosts related to apple . . species, Aulacaspis rosae (Houch;) in California, ...... /w/ura (Fitch) (p. 97) infesting rose and closely related hosts. .(p. 89) Median lobes laterally notched and some- Genus Cmulaspis, MacGillivray what acute; median zygosis short and broad or weakly developed; known at This genus includes but one species., Carulaspis present only from Gleditsia (honey or uisci (Schrank), in California where it is commonly sweet locust) ...... associated only with hosts of the coniferous family .....gleditsiae Sanders (p. 99) Cupressaceae ...... (p. 91) 5(3). Median pygidial lobes with mesal margins Key to the Species straight, broadly divergent and somewhat of Genus Cbionaspis Signoret longer than free outer margin; associated with genus Comus ...... 1. Vedian lobes of pygidium closely ap- ...... comi Cooley (p. 93) pressed throughout their entire length, Median pygidial lobes acute or rounded, their mesal margins straight, their outer mesal and lateral margins approximately margins twice notched; occurring as far equal ...... 6 as known only on hosts of the family Ul- maceae . . americana Johnson(p. 93) 6(5). Median pygidial lobes laterally notched and apically rounded, well separated; 4Another species, Cardaspis minima Targioni has second lobes forming narrow, sclerotized recently been recognized in California. It is easily points; gland spines of sixthand sev- differentiated from Cadaspis visci (Shrank) by lack enth segments in pairs members of pairs of a dorsal pygidial macroduct between the median of equal size; associated with Tanzarix lobes, this duct present in the latter species. (See etrusca Leonardi (p. 97) P. 91.) ..... ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 31

Median pygidial lobes acute or rounded, 30). Submedian dorsal groups of ducts present not laterally notched, gland spines of on at ieast one segment anterior to fifth sixth segments, if paired, with one abdominal segment ...... 4 smaller than the other ..... 7 Submedian dorsal groups of ducts either entirely lacking or not present anterior 7(6). Submedian dorsal duct groups of segments to fifth abdominal segment. ... 5 three to five with about one-half or more of ducts very small; submedian group of 4(3). Dorsal submedian groups of macroducts segment six at times composed entirely present from pygidium to metathorax; of small ducts; occurring especially on associated with Arctostaphylos in Cali- Salix and Populus ...... fornia . manzanitae Whirney (p. 107) ....salicis-nigrae (Walsh) (p. 101) Dorsal submedian groups of macroducts Submedian dorsal duct groups of segments lacking on metathorax, few microducts three to five composed predominantly of only in this area; known only on Phora- large ducts, that of segment six entirely dendron in California ...... so ...... 8 .....parasiti McKentie (p. 107) Prosoma normally with earlike lobe on 7). Median pygidial lobes approximate mesally; ). 8( 5(3 each side, at times lacking on one side associated with Salix and Ceanothus or occasionally on both sides, but and several other host genera along usually seen if numerous specimens Pacific Coast ...... examined ...... ortholobis Comstock (p. 99) Median pygidial lobes narrowly but dis- .... boistiuvalii Signoret (p. 103) tinctly separated; associated with Cea- Prosoma always without earlike lobes; nothus and probably other hosts in apparently associated with coco palm and other palm species. southern California ...... sassceri Cockerell and Robbins (p. 101) ....cocois (Lichtenstein) (p. 105)

Key to the Species Genus Duplachionasp is MacGillivray of Genus Di~spisCosta In California this genus contains but one species, 1. Median pygidial lobes with their mesal Duplachionaspis spartinae (Comstock), which is margin scarcelyor not at all longer than associated with Spartina(cord grass: - (Po 109) their free lateral margin, the lobes therefore projecting completely from apex of Key to the Species pygidium and not forming a median of Genus Epidiaspis Cockerell emargination- or notch ...... echinocacti (Bouchg) (p. 105) Median pygidial lobes with mesal margin Second pygidial lobes at times small, but definitely longer than free lateral margin, definitely present; associated especially with Salix and Populus in California frequently two or three times as long, lobes usually projecting but little from .....salicicola Ferris (p. 111) Second pygidial entirely lacking or apex of pygidium and therefore forming lobes present as merest point; characteristi- a median notch or emargination 2 . . cally associated with hosts such as pear Pygidium with three or more large ducts in and plum ...... submarginal series extending parallel to ..... leperii(Signoret) (p. 109) margin from just anterior to second lobe or farther ...... bromeliae (Kerner) (p. 105) Key to the Species Pygidium without such a submarginal of Genus Fion'nia Targioni series of large ducts, there being ordinarily not more than two such, one an- 1. Pygidial margin with small macroducts terior to each of second and third lobes only; with tubular process between ...... 3 antennae ...theae Green (p. 113) 32 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

Pygidial margin with at least a few large Dorsum at maturity remaining membranous macroduct s ; tubular process between ...... 3 antennae lacking...... 3(2). Eyes forming each a sclerotized, thornlike Pygidial margin with from three to six spur that projects forward from the side large, and no small macroducts . . 3 of the head; associated with orchids . Pygidial margin with four or five large ..... machili(Maskel1) (p. 123) macroducts followed by some small ducts; Eyes unmodified...... 4 associated with conifers ..... 4(3). Dorsal submedian macroduct group on sixth japonica Kuwana (p. 111) ..... segment containing only one or two ducts; Pygidial margin with but three or occasion- known only from Umbrella pine, Sciado- ally four large macroducts; infesting pitys verticillata in California ... many hosts...... sciadopitysi McKenzie (p. 125) .....fioriniae (Targioni) (p. 111) Dorsal submedian macroduct group on sixth Pygidial margin with five to seven large segment numerous, containing usually macroducts; associated with Podocaqus as many as fifteen or twenty ducts . 5 spp. ... juniperi Leonardi (p. 113) 5(4). Mesal margin of median pygidial lobes twice-notched; prepygidial abdominal Genus Furchadiasp is MacGillivray segments one to five with small, sclerotized spot or “boss” on dorsum slightly Only one species, Furchadiaspis zaniae (Morgan), in from lateral margin on each side . . associated with various cycads, is found in Cali-. ....chznensis Chamberlin (p. 119) fornia...... (p. 113) Mesal margin of median pygidial lobes once-notched; sclerotized spots or bosses on prepygidial abdominal segments Genus Howardia Cockerell usually absent, if present, only three such structures on each side .... In California this genus includes but one species, ...... ulmi (Linnaeus) (p. 127) Howardia hiclavis (Cornstock), a mining scale 6( 1). First, second, and fourth abdominal seg- rarely seen in the state ...... (p. 115) ments each with a little sclerotized area or boss on dorsum, slightly in from each lateral margin ...... Genus Kuwanaspis MacGillivray ..... heckii (Newman) (p. 117) Entirely without such structures . . 7 One species, Kuwanaspis pseudoleucaspis (Kuwana), is found associated in California with 7(6)- Head at full maturity tending to be slightly bamboo ...... @. 115) sclerotized and projecting laterally in form of a low rounded,posteriorly directed lobe on each side; associated with Key to the Species Codiaeurn (croton) ...... of Lepidosapbes Shimer .....iokionis (Kuwana) (p. 127) Genus Head at full maturity membranous, evenly rounded but without posteriorly directed 1. Prepygidial abdominal segments, some at lobe on each side 8 least with distinct secondary lobe or ...... sclerotized spur at each anterior lateral 8(7). At least some of the pygidial gland spines angle ...... 2 bifid at tip and with two microducts dis- Prepygidial abdominal segments entirely charging through them; median pygidial without such lobes or spurs ... 6 lobes somewhat unusually large and Dorsum at maturity strongly sclerotized prominent, quite close together basally, from pronotum to first abdominal seg- with two notches on outer margin; second ment, this sclerotization broken into lobes somewhat reduced, forming small, plates by intersegmental furrows; mar- bilobed points; dorsal ducts much ginal spurs small, thornlike .... smaller than marginal, series on sixth .....glouerii (Packard) (p. 121) segment reaching from near anus almost ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 33

to margin; associated with cultivated Key to the Species fig (occurring on twigs)...... of Genus Leucuspis Targioni ...... ficus (Signoret) (p. 121) Pygidial gland spines simple, not bifid at Adult female with two pairs of quite large, tip, and with only one microduct dis- sclerotized lobes, distinctly differen- charging through them . . - - - 9 tiated from other marginal processes; body with almost continuous row of gland 9(S). Dorsal pygidial macroducts of segment Six spines or tubercles from pygidium to confined to small row of two, three, or head ...... four on each side and quite close to ...cockerelli (de Charmoy) (p. 129) anus...... 10 Adult female with pygidial lobes scarcely Dorsal pygidial macroducts of segment six or not at all differentiated from other in extended row, probably representing pygidial processes except for slightly both submarginal and submedian groups more pronokced sclerotization; gland ...... 13 tubercles confined to elongate, crowded lO(9). Pygidium with small submarginal dorsal group near each anterior spiracle; asso- macroduct located slightly anterior to ciated with Podocatpus...... second lobe; associated with DendroEiuni .... portaeaureae Ferris (p. 129) orchids ...noxia McKenzie (p. 125) Pygidium lacking small submarginal dorsal Genus Lineaspis MacGillivray macroduct anterior to second lobe . 11 11( 10). Median pygidial lobes with lateral margin In California this genus includes but one species, serrate; antennae two-spined ...12 Lineaspis cupressi (Coleman), associated with Median pygidial lobes with lateral margin coniferous hosts such as Cupressus. Juniperus, and Libocedrus (p. 133) once-notched; antennae one-spined ...... maskelli (Cockerell) (p. 123) 12( 11). Dorsal pygidial macroducts of segment six Genus Neop innaspis McKenzie confined to row of three or four quite close to anus; third pygidial lobe lack- One species, Neopinnaspis hatperi McKenzie, an ing although margin in this area serrate; omnivorous form infesting some fifty plant associated with Dendrobium orchids . species, is found in California. It shows some mackiema McKentie (p. 123) preference for Ceanothus arboreus, Ceratonia .... siliqua, and PrunusLyoni (p. 133) Dorsal pygidial macroducts of segment six ..... confined to either one or a small row of two quite close to anus; third pygidial Genus Nilotaspis Ferris lobe present, represented only as sclerotized point; associated with olive in This genus contains but one species, Nilotaspis California ...... hdli (Green), in California, this associated with desteianii Leonardi (p. 119) .... hosts such as prune and peach ... (p. 135) 13(9). All dorsal ducts of pygidium much smaller than the marginal, none being more than Genus Pallulaspis Ferris about half the width of larger ducts as measured apical bar; associated across In California this group contains but one species, with cultivated fig (occurring on leaves); Pallulaspis ephedrae Ferris, associated with dimorphic form of...... Ephedra ...... (p. 135) ...... ficus (Signoret) (p. 121) Larger of dorsal ducts of pygidium about two-thirds the width of marginal ducts. Genus Parlaloreopsis Lindinger as measured across apical bar; associated with Camelliaand Thea ... Only one species, Parlatoreopsis chinensis. (Mar- ...... camelliae Hoke (p. 119) latt), is found in California .... (p. 137) 34 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

Key to the Species 7(3). With dorsal intermediate macroducts pres- of Genus Parlatoria Targioni ent above anterior group of perivulvar (Modified from McKenzie) pores and on abdominal segment anterior to these...... With at least a few sclerotized duct tuber- .....pittospoti Maskell (p. 143) Without dorsal intermediate macroducts cles present on anterior prosoma cephalad of abdominal segments ..... 2 above anterior group of perivulvar pores and on abdominal segment anterior to Without sclerotized duct tubercles on an- these pergandii Comstock (p. 143) terior prosoma...... Blanchardii (Targioni-Tozzetti) (p. 137) Pygidium normally with four plates be- Key to the Species of Genus tween third lobes (sixth abdominal seg- Phenacaspis Cooley and Cockerell ment) and position of fourth lobe (fifth abdominal segment) ...... Margin of median pygidial lobes finely ...... oleae (Colve;) (p. 141) serrate ...... 2 Pygidium with three plates between third Margin of median pygidial lobes smooth; and fourth lobes ...... 3 associated with pines and other Abie- taceae in California ...... With small, but distinct, invaginated mem- pinifoliae (Fitch) (p. 149) branous derm pocket between posterior ..... spiracle and body margin .... 4 Mesal paraphysis of median lobes incon- Without invaginated membranous derm spicuous or lacking; associated with pocket between posterior spiracle and Wistaria in California ...... body margin ...... 7 ..... fujicola Kuwana (p. 147) Mesal paraphysis of median lobes well Eyespot modified to form stout spur pro- developed, strongly arcuate; recorded jecting from prosoma about opposite from several hosts but not on Wistari~ mouth parts ...... 5 ... sundwicensis Fullaway (p. 149) Eyespot various, flat, irregular, sometimes almost hemispherical and often so ob- Key to the Species scure as to appear lacking. ... 6 of Genus Pinnaspis Cockerell Fourth pygidial lobe slender, definitely sclerotized, and almost spurlike ... Preanal scars of pygidium usually forming ..... crotonis Douglas (p. 139) distinct, crescentic sclerotizations . 2 Fourth pygidial lobe membranous and Preanal scars of pygidium entirely lacking closely simulating adjacent plates in normally ...... 3 structure and appearance, although usu- Scale of female white or gray .... ally much smaller ...... strachani(Coo1ey) (p. 151) ...... proteus (Curtis)-(p. 145) Scale of female definitely brown ... Submarginal dorsal pygidial macroducts ....aspidistrae (Signoret) (p. 150) ranging in number from twenty to twenty- Median pygidial lobes usually slightly but nine on each side of body; pygidial lobes distinctly separated from each other; almost equal in size; perivulvar pores fifth abdominal segment normally with- few in number, total range nineteen to out any submarginal macroducts; scale thirty-three, average about twenty-six of female pale brown, yellow, or white; ...... camelliae (Comstock) (p. 139) no males known; an apparently partheno- Submarginal dorsal pygidial macroducts genetic species ...... ranging in number from twenty-six to ...... buxi (Bouch;) (p. 150) ninety-five (average about fifty-one) on Median pygidial lobes always closely ap- each side of body; pygidial lobes ob- pressed together; fifth abdominal seg- viously graded, third pair definitely ment normally with at least one submar- smaller than median pair; perivulvar ginal macroduct; female scale brown; pores numerous, total range twenty-five males, when present, white-felted and to eighty-four with an average of fifty- tricarinate ...... eight. ...theae Cockerell (p. 147) ....aspidistrue (Signoret) (p. 150) ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 35

Genus Protodiaspis Cockerell large duct between their bases; associated with Dalea in one California In California this genus contains but one species, county ...... Protodiaspis agrifoliae Essig, associated with ...... daleae Ferris (p. 157) Quercus agrifolia ...... (p. 153)

Genus Stramenaspis Ferris Genus P seudaulacaspis MacGillivray This group is represented by only one species, Pseudaulacaspis pentugona (Targioni) is the only Stramenaspis kelloggi (Coleman), associated with species found in California ....(p. 153) conifers of the genera Abies, Pseudotsuga, and Pinus in California...... (p. 159)

Genus Pseudoparlatoria Cockerell Genus Unaspis MacGillivray Only one species, Pseudoparlatoria pmlatorioides (Comstock), associated mainly with phoenix palms Only one species, Unaspis euonymi (Comstock), and cypripedium orchids, is to be found in Cali- is represented in California where it is asso- fornia nurseries ...... (p. 155) ciated with Euonymus ...... (p. 159)

Genus Quernasp is Ferris Genus X erop h il asp is Cockere 11

This genus contains but one species, Quernaspis This group contains but one species, Xerophilas- quercus (Comstock), associated with oaks in pis prosopidis (Cockerell), associated with California ...... (p- 155) Pmsopis in California ...... (p. 163)

Key to the Species Key to the Genera of Genus Situlaspis MacGillivray of Tribe Odonaspidini 1. Second pygidial lobe present as distinct (Modified from Ferris) lobe or point ...... 2 Second pygidial lobe entirely obsolete; Pygidium with at least one pair and usu- pygidium broadly rounded apically; as- ally with two pairs of marginal scleroses sociated with Atriplex in California. . which indicate intersegmental junctures .....attiplicis (Ferris) (p. 155) of eighth and seventh and sixth abdominal segments; dorsum of fifth and pre- Pygidium and prepygidial segments with ceding abdominal segments commonly large numbers of dorsal macroducts . 3 with well-delimited paratergal areas; Pygidium with scarcely more than ten mar characteristically infesting grasses. . roducts, including those of margin, on ...... Odonaspis (p. 163) each side; prepygidial segments with Pygidium entirely without such interseg- but few small ducts on margins; peri- mental scleroses; dorsum of fifth and vulvar pores at times present; on numer- preceding abdominal segments with para- ous hosts ...... tergal areas weakly or not at all indi- .....yuccae(Cockerel1) (p. 157) cated; not infesting grasses .... Median pygidial lobes large and broad ...... Rugaspidiotus (p. 167) (each almost twice as large as anal opening circumference), well separated, and with three or four dorsal ducts be- Key to thespecies tween their bases; associated with of Genus Odonaspis Leonardi mistletoe in California ...... multipora (Ferris) (p. 157) 1. Pygidium with apical cluster of structures Median pygidial lobes quite small (each resembling gland spines . . - . - approximately same size as anal open- .....penicillata(Green) (p. 163) ing Circumference), and with only one Pygidium without such structures . . 2 P) 4m U v)

Q c V 5 0 vm ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 37

2( 1). Perivulvar pores lacking ...... host. Adult female scale dark brown, circular to . . . . . graminis (Bremner) (p. 163) slightly oval; exuviae near one end; male scale Perivulvar pores present; associated with smaller, elongate, similar in color to that of Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass), and female; exuvia near one eid. occasionally with certain succulents in Additional hosts: Citrus spp. (orange and sour California ...... lime), Cocos nuciJera (coconut), Gardenia jas- ...... ruthae Kotinsky (p. 165) minoides (Cape jasmine), Hyperbaena denticulata, lnga sp., Jacquinia sp., Musa paradisiaca sapientum (banana), Persea americana(avocado), Key to the Species Philodendron sp., and Tabernaemontana sp. of Genus Rugaspidiotus MacGillivray Discussion: The long, acute-shaped pygidium, together with Body broadly pyriform with prosoma and the long and slender paraphyses, aids in the iden- pygidium deeply sclerotic; pygidial mar- tification of this species. In California the scale gin crenulate; associated with Prosopis, has been found infesting Philodendron only in Acacia, and similar hosts . . . . . nurseries. Wherever found eradicative measures . . . .arizonicus (Cocleerell) (p. 165) have been taken, but it is definitely known that Body oval or somewhat fusiform; scleroti- some of the Philodendron plants have been sold to zation various; associated with Eriogo- retail trade with no record of purchaser. It is as- num in California...... sumed the species is established in California...... nebulosus Ferris (p. 167) California Re cords : Riverside Co.: Banning, XII-16-48 (L. C. Cor- TREATMENT OF SPECIES dill). San Bernardino Co.: San Bernardino, XI-10-48. San Francisco Co.: San Francisco, IX-24-47 (A. Tribe ASP IDIOTINI L. Seeley). The genera and species of California Aspidiotini are arranged alphabetically as follows: Aonidia lauri (Bouche‘) Laurel scale Acutaspis albopicta (Cockerell) (Fig. 5) Albopicta scale (Fig. 4) Aspidiotus lauri Bouchg, 1833. Naturgeschichte der Schadlichen Garten Insecten, p. 52. Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus) albop ictus Cockerell, Aonidia putpurea Targioni, 1869. Targioni’s Cata- 1898, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 7 (1):433. logue, p. 42. Aspidiotus albopictus variety leonis Townsend Aonidia lauri (Bouch;), Ferris, 1938. Atlas of and Cockerell, 1898, Jour. N.Y. Ent. SOC., Scale Insects, Ser. II:176. 6:179. Type locality: Europe. Aspidiotus koebelei Townsend and Cockerell, Type host: Laurus nobilis, Grecian laurel. Jour. N.Y. Ent. Soc., 6:179. Relation to host: This scale occurs on twigs and Chrysomphalus albopictus (Cockerell), Fernald, leaves of its host. Female scale somewhat oval, 1903, Catalogue of Coccidae, p. 285. rather convex, brown; first exuvia near one end; Chrysomphalus albop ictus variety leonis (Town- scale of the male similar in color, oval, exuvia send and Cockerell), Femald, 1903, Catalogue at one end. of Coccidae, p. 286. Additional hosts: Apparently restricted to Laurus Chrysornphalus Aoebelei (Townsend and Cockerell), no bilk Fernald, 1903, Catalogue of Coccidae, p. 291. Discussion: Insaspidiotus albopictus (Cockerell), McKenzie, This species is considered as a so-called “pu- 1939, Microentomology, 4(2):5 3. pillarial” type of armored scale, the adult female Acutaspis albopicta (Cockerell), Ferris, 194 1, remaining within the exuvia of the second stage Atlas of Scale Insects, Ser. III:330. which is enlarged and sclerotized dorsally, and Type locality: Cuernavaca, State of Morelos, forms the greater part of the scale itself. In the Mexico. second stage the pygidial lobes and plates are Type host: Orange. well developed, whereas the adult female has Relation to host: Occurring on the leaves of its these structures greatly reduced. a u

a 0 0 5 a 8 ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 39

This species differs from Aonidia shastae Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) (Coleman) in lacking pygidial plates between the California red scale median lobes and the median and second pygidial (PI. 1, top row, left; fig. 7) lobes. Aspidiotus aurantii Maskell, 1878, Trans. N.Z. California records: Inst. 11:199. Angeles Co.: Pasadena, 111-4-40 (V. E. Los Aspidiotus citri Comstock, 1881, Canad. Ent., 13:8. Williams). Aspidiotus coccineus Gennadius, 1881, Ann. SOC. Santa Clara Co.: Cupertino, 111-2147 B. (T. ent. Fr., (6), 1:189. Gallion). Aonidia gennadii Targioni, 1881, Ann. Agric., p. 151. Chtysomphalus aurantii (Maskell), Fernald, 1903, Aonidia shastae (Coleman) Redwood scale Catalogue of Coccidae, p. 288. (Fig. 6) Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), McKenzie, 1937, Univ. Calif. Publ. Entom., 6:323-336, illus. Aspidiotus coniferarum variety shastae Coleman, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), McKenzie, 1938, Microentomology, 1):G7, illus. 1903, Jour. N.Y. Ent. SOC.l1:67, illus. 3( Aonidia juniperi Marlatt, 1908, U.S.D.A. Tech. Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), Ferris, 1938, Atlas Ser. 16(2):24, illus. of Scale Insects, Ser. II:179. Cyptaspidiot us shastae (Coleman), Ferris, 1920, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), Keifer, 1941, Calif. Stanford Univ. Publ. Biol. Sci., 1(1):55, illus, Dept. Agric., mimeo. Fol. no. 27. Gonaspidiotus shastae (Coleman), MacGillivray, Type locality: Type locality not specified, the 1931, The Coccodae, p. 432. species having been recorded as occurring on Aonidia shastae (Coleman), Ferris, 1938, Atlas oranges and lemons imported into New Zealand of Scale Insects, Ser. II:177. from Sydney, Australia, and as occurring also Type locality: Clear Creek, near Shasta post office, on orange at Governor’s Bay, New Zealand. Shasta County, California. Type host: Orange and lemon. Type host: Cupressus hlacnahiana, cypress. Relation to host: On Citrus it infests trunk, limbs, Relation to host: This scale infests the leaves leaves, and fruit. Female scale circular, trans- and fruit of the host. Female scale elongate lucent, the reddish body of the adult insect oval, composed of the second exuvia which is showing through it; exuviae central or sub- covered with wax and is gray in color; in rubbed central; scale of the male gray and elongate. specimens the exuvia is yellow or reddish; scale Additional hosts: In addition to Citrus spp. the of male oval; exuvium nearly central. scale occurs on a long list of other hosts, some Additional hosts: Cupressus Goveniana, Cupressus of which include Acacia, Agave, Artocarpus, spp., ]uniperus spp., juniper; Libocedrus de- Cocos, Cycas, Euonymus, Ligustmm, and Rosa. currens., incense cedar, Sequoia sempemirens., Discussion: redwood. The California red scale ranks as one of the Discussion: very most important citrus pests of the world. In This scale produces a second exuvia which is most instances the following records do not repre- larger than, and partly encloses, the adult female. sent all the localities within the listed counties This species differs from Aonidia lauri (Bouchg) of California in which Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) in the possession of pygidial plates between the has been collected. This is particularly true for median lobes and median and second lobes. most of the southern and interior valley counties Califomia records : in California. It is interesting to note that this Lake Co.: southern part, VI-21-01 (G. A. Cole- scale has spread gradually and persistently from man). southern California throughout the interior valley Mariposa Co.: Crockers, VII-1918 (G. F. Ferris). counties of California as far north as Butte and Riverside Co.: Banning, VIII-28-42. Lake Glenn counties. Thriving infestations of the scale Mathews, X-7-47 (F. R. Platt). are also to be found on grapefruit at Palm Springs, San Diego Co.: Jacumba-(R. M. Hawthorne). Indio, and Brawley, all desert locations in Kiver- San Mateo Co.: Woodside, VII-17-17 (G. F. side and Imperial counties. These instances further Ferris). indicate its ecological adaptability. Santa Clara Co.: Palo Alto, near Stanford Univ. It seems reasonable to assume from these data (R. M. Hawthorne). that chis scale is existing very well in the interior Shasta Co.: Clear Creek, near Shasta post office. valleys of California, and that further spread to Stanislaus Co.: Near Mt. Hamilton, 11-13-53 (D. the easf and west, as well as to the north, may be Zuckswert). anticipated, if it is not already an actuality. 40 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

For many years Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) Hollywood, 111-10-39 (hi. R. Bell). Pasadena, IX- and Aonidiella cilrina (Coquillett) (its nearest re- 12-39 (J. B. Steinweden). South Whittier Heights, lated species), were differentiated only by their XI-28-42 (T. B. Gallion and C. G. Gammon). color and occurrence on the host tree. It was ob- Madera Co.: Madera, XII-8-39 (J. W. Dixon). served, however, that these gross characters were Merced Co.: Delhi, IX-25-42 (Wilson). Dos Palos, not always reliable, particularly in cases of very VI-18-42. Gustine, 11-25-42 (T. B. Gallion). Winton, heavy infestations of A. citrina or where this VIII-31-42 (E. C. McDaniel). species had been sprayed or fumigated. Instances Napa Co.: Napa (nursery), V-22-46 (M. R. of heavy infestations of A. citrina often resulted Bell). in an overflow of the specimens onto larger tree Orange Co.: Anaheim, VIII-8-42 (C. R. Tower). branches, whereas normally they are restricted to East Santiago Creek, 111-1047 (c. E. Norland). the leaves and fruit. Where spraying or fumigation Santa Ana, XII-3-42 (C. K. Tower). was done on trees infested with A. citrina the Placer Co.: Loomis, XII-9-47 (F. Clark). color of the scale was often changed to resemble River side Co.: Banning, VIII-28-42 (C. R. Tower). very closely that of A. aurantii. Corona, X-8-42 (C. E. Ehmann). Indian Wells, IX- In 1936 Professor H. J. Quayle suggested that 13-43 (F. R. Platt and H. Bloom). Indio, 11-26-48 I study the scales with an idea of locating some (F. R. Platt). Palm Springs, 1-19-44 (D. L. Lind- morphological characters which might be used to gren). Kiverside, XI-25-36 (H. L. McKenzie). San differentiate the two forms. At his suggestion an Jacinto, XII-29-42 (F. R. Platt). investigation was started which resulted in the Sacramento Co.: Sacramento, XI-28-40 (J. B. discovery of certain small apophyses present on Stein weden). the ventral side of the pygidium just anterior to San Bernardino Co.: Ontario, VI-16-42 (C. K. the vulva of both species. However, anterior to Tower). Redlands, V-13-50 Barstow, San Bernar- these apophyses in Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) dino, VIII-7-41 (C. K. Tower). are one or sometimes two areas of weaker sclero- San Diego Co.: Carlsbad, IX-10-40 (D. F. Pal- tization, which are quite variable in form and mer). El Cajon, VIII-17-39 (R. R. McLean). Escon- extent, but of which there is always at least a dido, V-24-39 (R. R. McLean). Lemon Grove, XII- trace (see fig. 7). In Aonidiella citrina (Coquillett) 20-37 (R. R. McLean). San Diego, VI-40 (R. R. these scIerotized areas anterior to the apophyses 34cLean). are lacking, the most that is ever seen being San Francisco Co.: San Francisco, VIII-28-38 slight folds or irregularities of the ventral derm. (F. J. March). Slight and unimportant as these characters seem San Joaquin Co.: Escalon, 11-26-46 (E. T. Gam- to be, they have served for the past eighteen years mon). Manteca, 111-25-45 (E. T. Gammon). Stockton, as precise “key characters” for the differentiation IV-12-46 (J. R. Solari). of these species. San Luis Obispo Co.: San Luis Obispo, X-27-37. California records: San Mateo Co.: Millbrae, X-23-50 (B. E. Edwards). Alameda Co.: Oakland, VI-3-40 (F. J. March). San Mateo, X-4-50 (B. E. Edwards). San Leandro, V-20-40 (F. J. klatch). Santa Barbara Co.: Santa Barbara, XI-18-49. Butte Co.: Chico, XII-18-28 (F. E. Todd). Oro- Santa Clara Co.: Los Gatos (nursery), VI-8-50 ville, 11-13-46 (R. Swett). (G. F. Prole). Fresno Co.: Fresno, IX-2-39 (T. B. Gallion). Santa Cruz Co.: Santa Cruz, VIII-29-40 (M. Mello). Kerman, 111-20-40 (T. B. Gallion). Parlier, XI-15-39 Solano Co.: Vallejo, VII-2-43 (M. R. Bell). (T. B. Gallion). Reedley, XII-18-39 (T. B. Gallion). Stanislaus Co.: Modesto, 11-21-40 (J. W. Dixon). Sanger, 1-2-4 1 (J. W. Dixon). Selma, XI-29-39 Sutter Co.: Yuba City, XI-27-41 (J. B. Stein- (T. B. Gallion). weden). Glenn Co.: Orland, VII-24-47 (H. L. Lundeen). Tehama Co.: Red Bluff, 111-22-55 (S. T. Ancell). Willows, IV-12-48 (P.V. Harrigan). Tulare Co.: Dinuba, 11-3-48 (0. L. Hemphill). Imperial Co.: Brawley, 1-24-46 (G. G. Beevor). Exeter, IX-29-39 (F. G. Lackland). Lindsay, X-ll- Kern Co.: Bakersfield, IX-24-40, (C. S. Morley). 39 (F. G. Lackland). Orosi, XII-19-39 (0. L. Hemp- Oildale, 1-3-39 (J. R. Clark). Taft, IV-4-42 (E. C. hill). Visalia, 11-24-39 (0. L. Hemphill). McDaniel). Ventura Co.: Bardsdale, 1-13-49 (V. Holmer). Kings Co.: Hanford, X-11-48 (J. J. Kalstrom and Carnarillo, VI-1-40 (J. L. Schall). Montalvo, IX-16- W. E. Lee). 39 (W. Daniels), Oxnard, V-2-39 (R. A. Young).

Los Angeles Co.: Los Angeles, X-13-39 (C. R. Santa Paula.I. (L. E. Onstott). Tower). Montebello, 1-10-34

Aonidiella citrina (Coquillett) the state. It is to be found sparsely distributed in Yellow scale the coastal and intermediate areas. (PI. 1, top row, center; fig. 8) The species occurs commonly on the leaves and fruit of Citrus. This habit preference is dif- Aspidiotus citrinus Coquillett, 1891, U.S.D.A., ferent from that of its nearest ally, Aonidiella Div. Ent. Bull. (old ser), 23:29. aurantii (Maskell), which occurs on all parts of Aspidiotus ( Aonidiella) aurantii variety citrinus the tree except the roots. However, in extremely Coquillett, Cockerell, 1897, U.S.D.A., Div. Ent. heavy infestations of A. citrina, specimens may Tech. Ser., 6:29. be found on the twigs and larger branches. A. cit- Aon idiel la a urant ii variety citrina (Coquillett), rina is usually yellow in appearance whereas A. Leonardi, 1899, Riv. Patol. veg., 7:187. aurantii is reddish. When sprayed with an oil Chrysomphalus aurantii variety citrinus (Coquil- spray or fumigated, however, A. citrina darkens lett), Fernald, 1903, Catalogue of Coccidae, and much resembles A. aurantii. Field characters p. 288. of this nature are not satisfactory in making final Aonidiella citrina (Coquillett), Nel, 1933, Hilgar- determinations of these species. dia, 7:417-466, illus. Certain morphological details, originally dis- Aonidiella ciirina (Coquillett), McKenzie, 1937, covered by me, which are present on the ventral Univ. Calif. Publ. Entom., 6:324, illus. side of the pygidium, have served to separate the Aonidiella citrina (Coquillett), McKen zie, 1938, two scales. Anterior to the vulva there are present Microentomology, 3( 1):7-8, illus. in both species certain small apophyses. Anterior Aonidiella citrina (Coquillett), Ferris, 1938, Atlas to these apophyses in A. aurantii there are areas of Scale Insects, Set. II:177. of sclerotization which are not found in citrina Aonidiella citrina (Coquillett), Keifer, 194 1, (see fig. 7). The most that is ever seen in Calif. Dept. Agri., mimeo. Fol. no. 3. this area on citrina are slight folds or irregular- Type locality: San Gabriel Valley, Los Angeles, ities of the ventral derm on the pygidium (see California. fig. 8). The absence of these tiny sclerotiza- Type host: Citrus sinensis, orange. tions has successfully differentiated A. citrina Relation to host: This scale occurs usually on from A. aurantii for the past eighteen years. leaves and fruit of Citrus spp., although in California records: extremely heavy infestations it may overflow Alameda Co.: Berkeley, V1-13-40 (F. J. March). onto the stems and larger branches. Infested Butte Co.: Chico, XII-18-28 (F. E. Todd). Oro- leaves show many yellow spots or streaks ville, IV-9-41 (J. W. Dixon). where the chlorophyll has been removed by Fresno Co.: Fresno, XI-12-35 (F. J. March). feeding scale insects. Female scale flat, cir- Kingsburg, XII-29-39 (T. B. Gallion). Keedley, cular, translucent, the yellow adult body V-17-51 (E. Rose). showing through it, exuviae central or sub- Glenn Co.: Butte City, XII-27-37 (J. H. Shokley). central; scale of the male yellowgray and Orland, V-20-41 (J. W. Dixon). elongate. Kern Co.: Bakersfield, 1-20-39 (J. B. Stein- Additional hosts: In addition to Citrus spp., the weden). Oildale, V-12-41 (T. B. Gallion). Stockdale, scale occurs on a long list of hosts, some of VI-17-41 (T. B. Gallion). which include Aralia, Arbutus unedo, Aspidistra, Kings Co.: Armona, VI-10-41 (T. B. Gallion).. Bwus sempervirens, Camellia, Choisya temata, Hanford, 11-10-39 (L. 0. Haupt). Elaeagnus, Euonymus, Ficus elastica, Hedera Los Angeles Co.: Altadena, XII-13-39. Baldwin helix, llex aquilolium, Jasminum, Laurus cer- Park, X-2 1-38. Compton, X-27-34. East Pasadena, asus, L eQtospermum, L igusimm, Mahonia aqui- IX-27-37 (V. E. Williams). Glendale, 1-6-37. (M. K. jolium, Myrtus, Olea europaea, Osmanthus, Bell). La Crescenta, IV-15-40. Montebello, X-24-37 Persea americana, Photznia arbutifolia, Prunus (C. K. Tower). Pomona, 1-6-38 (V. E. Williams). illicifolia, Prunus Lyoni, Prunus laumcerasus. San Dimas, 111-5-41. San Fernando, IX-25-37 (V. Viburnum, and Rosa. E. Williams). San Gabriel, V-2-38. Discussion: Merced Co.: Dos Palos, VI-18-42 (Lawson). The locality records listed above have been Merced, 11-20-41 (J. W. Dixon). taken from the California State Department of Riverside Co.: Moreno Valley, XI-1-43 (F. K. Agriculture files. This scale occurs abundantly Platt). River side, X-16-42 (C.E. Ehmann). in the interior areas of California, especially in Sacramento Co.: Carmichael, V-29-33 (E. T. the San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys in the Gammon). Perkins, XI-23-37. Sacramento, XII-12- north and in the Redlands and Highland districts 36 (H. H. Keifer). in San Bernardino County in the southern part of San Bernardino Co.: Highland, 11-19-38 (J. P. .+.. -E Q e 0 u I-l

uP ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 43

Coy). Ontario, VII-9-41 (C. R. Tower). Uplands, to Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell). It does, however, 111- 1-3 2. tend to develop a wide marginal zone much exceed- San Diego Co.: El Cajon, IX-20-38 (D. F. Pal- ing the body of the insect itself, this being slightly mer). Encinitas, VI-1-39 (R. lurtz). different from that of A. aurantii Santa Barbara Co.: Goleta, V-6-32 (G. E. Wood- Infestations of the Asiatic Red Scale at Alham- hams). bra and Redlands were confined to a single yew Santa Clara Co.: San Jose, VII-6-40 (La R. tree at each location. These two trees were sub- Cody). Santa Clara, 1-22-47. sequently cut down and burned. It is presumed Solano Co.: Dixon, VII-11-40 (E. Peters). that the scale is eradicated from the state. Stanislaus Co.: Modesto, 1-10-44 (T. B. Gallion). It may be distinguished from A. aurantii and A. Sutter Co.: Live Oak, 111-10-33 (E. H- Fosen). citrina by the total absence of ventral pygidial Yuba City, 11-3-37 (Corbett). apophyses and scleroses (see fig. 5). Tehama Co.: Red Bluff, VII-2-35 (G. w. Sykes). California records: Tulare CO.: Dinuba, 111-2541 (0. Oha). Exeter, LOS Angeles CO.: Alhambra, VII-6-39 (V. E. IX-27-39 (G. F. Lackland). Ivanhoe, XI-14-40 (R. Williams). S. Woglum). Lemon Cove, VIII-19-40 (F- G-Lack- San Bernardino Co.: Redlands, VIII-10-49 (G. land). Orosi, XII-15-39 (F. G. Lackland). Tulare, Harper and R. F. Camblin). XII-27-49 (H. Compere). Visalia, IX-13-39 (F. G. Lackland). Woodlake, XII- 12-42 (J. W. Dixon). Ventura Co.: Fillmore, VII-3-42 (R. A. Young). Aspidaspis mctostdpbyli (Cockerell and Robbins) Limoneira, VIII-3 1-40 (U. L. White). Montalvo, Arctostaphylis scale XII-4-39 (R. A. Young). Oxnard, IV-2541 (R. A.: (Fig. 10) Young). Piru, XI-9-49 (C. J. Barrett). Santa Paula, X-20-42 (J. L. Schall). Saticoy, XI-7-40 (R. A. Asp idiot us arctostap hyli Cockerell and Robbins, Young). Sirni, XI-8-32 (W. M. Dunning). 1909, Jour. N.Y. Ent. SOC.,17(3):104, illus. Yo10 Co.: Clarksburg district, 111-14-39 (0. Ohrt). Aspidiella arctostaphyli (Cockerell and Robbins), Yuba Co.: Marysville, XII-17-38 (H. A. Crane). MacGillivray, 1921, The Coccidae, p. 404. Aspidaspis arctostaphyli (Cockerell and Robbins), Ferris, 1938, Atlas of Scale Insects, Ser. II:182. Aonidiella taxus Leonardi Type locality: Red Bluff, Tehama County, Cali- Asiatic red scale f ornia. (Fig. 9) Type host: Arctostaphylos viscida, white-leaf manzanita. Aonidiella taxus Leonardi, 1906, Redia, 3: 1, illus. Relation to host: Occurring on either twigs or Aonidiella taxus Leonardi, Lupo, 1936, Boll. Lab. leaves. Female scale quite flat, circular, brown- Zool. Portici, 29:257, illus. ish, darker centrally; exuviae central or sub- Aoriidiella taxus Leonardi, McKenzie, 1936, Univ. central; scale of male elongate oval, quite dark. Calif. Publ. Entom., 6:327, illus. Additional hosts: Arbutus menziesii. Arctost@hy- Aonidiella taxes Leonardi, McKenzie, 1938, 10s glauca, A. manzanita, and Umbellularia Microentomology 3( 1): 15, illus. californica Aonidiella taxus Leonardi, Keifer, 1941. Calif. Discussion: Dept. Agric., mimeo. Fol. no. 32. According to Ferris (1938) this species is ex- Aonidiella taxus Leonardi, Ferris, 1942, Atlas of tremely close to Aspidaspis densiflorae Rremner. Scale Insects, Ser. IV:425. A. densiflorue, however, generally occurs upon Type locality: Italy. tanbark oak at low altitudes in the rather moist Type host: Taxus baccata, English yew. coastal mountains, whereas A. arctostaphyli oc- Relation to host: Occurring on the foliage and curs characteristically on species of the genus twigs of the host. Female scale thin and trans- Arctostaphylos on the drier mountains and at much lucent with the reddish body of the insect show- higher altitudes. ing through, a wide marginal zone is developed Morphologically the two species differ only in greatly exceeding the body of the insect itself; that in A. arctostaphyli the dorsal ducts are much scale of the male gray, elongate. more abundant, especially on the prepygidial ab- Additional hosts: Podocarpus andinus, P. elonga- dominal segments, than they are in A. densiflorae. tus, P. macrophylla, P. nageia. P. neriyolia, In addition the scale of A. arctostaphyli is much and P. sinensis. darker brown than that of densiflorae. Discussion: California records: This scale is reddish and similar in appearance Butte Co.: Magalia, X-30-33 (H. H. Keifer). d ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 45

El Dorado Co.: Placerville, 111-2432 (A. C. Relation to host: Apparently confined to the leaves Browne). only. Adult female scale almost white, quite Fresno Co.: Cedar Crest,VIII-9-47 (J..W. Dixon). convex; scale of the male almost blue-gray, Madera Co.: North Fork, VII-30-42 (E. T. Gam- elongate oval. mon). Additional hosts: Mahonia aquifolium, Quercus Mariposa Co.: Yosemite National Park. agrifolia, Q. chrysolepis, Q. tomentella, Q San Diego Co.: Jacumba, 111-19-39 (G. F. Fer- wislizenii, and Rhus integrifolia. ris). Discussion: Santa Clara Co.: Los Gatos (F. B. Herbert). This species occurs normally on Lithocatpus Mount Hamilton, 3,500 feet, IX-17-37 (G. F. Ferris). (-Pasania) densiflorus, and it is believed that its Tulare Co.: Three Rivers, XII-15-42 (J. W. presence on the genus Quercus is exceptional. Dixon). This scale is very closely allied to Aspidaspis arctostaphyli (Cockerell and Robbins) but differs from it in having fewer submarginal dorsal ducts Asp idasp is braunschvigi (Rungs) on all the prepygidial abdominal segments. Braunschvigi scale California records: (Fig. 11) Butte Co.: Oroville, X-15-39 (H. H. Keifer). Yankee Hill, V-15-50 (F. R. Platt). Aspidiotus braunschuigi Rungs, 1936, Bull. SOC. Fresno Co.: Auberry, IV-29-53 (H. B. Dunnegan ent. Fr., 41:329, illus. and W. Botte). Aspidaspis braunschuigi (Rungs), Ferris, 1942, Glenn Co.: Orland, X-21-47 (H. L. McKenzie and Atlas of S‘cale Insects, Ser. IV:426. (H. L. Lundeen). Type locality: Oujda, Eastern Morocco. Los Angeles Co.: Claremont (near), VII-17-44 Type host: Pistacia atlantica, pistachio. (H. L. McKentie). Relation to host: Occurring on the leaves. The Mendocino Co.: Specific location not cited in adult female scale, as described by Rungs is original description. “flat, more or less circular, translucid, fre- Sacramento Co.: Folsom, 1937 (H. H. Keifer). quently having the appearance of oiled paper, San Benito Co.: Panoche, XII-13-47. dirty gray or gray yellow. Exuviae red or brown, San Diego Co.: Palomar Mountain, XI-27-54 (K. frequently eccentric. Scale of the male smaller, F. Wilkey). more elongate, clearer, sometimes whitish.” San Mateo Co.: Woodside, VII-19-17 (G. F. Fer- Additional hosts: Ficus Carica. ris). Discussion: Santa Clara Co.: Stanford University, 1-15-17 This species differs from Aspidaspis florenciae (G. F. Ferris). (Coleman) in having slender plates and marginal Siskiyou Co.: Dunsmuir, IX-16-35 (H. S. Faw- serrations of the pygidium, and with the ,prosoma cett). membranous at full maturity. The scale is rare in Cali fornia . California records: Aspidaspis florenciae (Coleman) Santa Clara Co.: San Jose, Di Giorgio Ranch, Florence scale XII-29-39 (A. M. Foster). (Fig. 13)

Aspidiotus florenciae Coleman, 1903, Jour. N.Y. Aspidaspis densiflorue (Bremner) Ent. SOC.,11:68, illus. Tan oak scale Aspidaspis florenciae (Coleman), Ferris, 1938, (Fig. 12) Atlas of Scale Insects, Ser. II:184. Type locality: Originally described from examples Aspidiotus densiflorue Bremner, 1907, Canad. Ent., taken from herbarium specimen collected at 39:366, illus. Pine Ridge, above Madrone Springs, Santa Clara Aspidiefla densillorae (Bremner), MacGillivray, County, California. 1721, The Coccidae, p. 405. Type host: Pinus ponderosa, yellow pine. Asp idasp is dens iflor ae ( €3 re mne r) , Ferris, 193 8, Relation to host: Occurring on the needles. Fe- Atlas of Scale Insects, Ser. II:183. male scale elongate, color variable, some almost Type locality: Mendocino Couty, California. completely white, others with a darker center Type host: Lithocarpus (=Pasania) densiflorus, and pale margins, exuviae subcentral; scale of tanbark oak. the male not observed. U E u U iz0 ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 47

Additional hosts: Pinus coulteri. Aspidiotus destructor Signoret, Ferris, 1941, Mi- Discussion: croentomology, 6(2):51-53, illus. This species is very similar in its pygidial Type locality: Island of Reunion in Indian Ocean. characters to Aspidaspis arctostaphyli (Cockerell Type host: Cocos nucifera and Phoenix spp., COCO and Robbins) and Aspidaspis densiflorae (Brem- and date palms. ner), but the elongate body form and sclerotization Relation to host: Occurring normally on the leaves. of cephalothoracic region suggest that it is defi- Adult female scale circular, very thin and deli- nitely distinct. cate, almost transparent, flat, straw-colored, The single example examined from San Diego exuviae central and quite pale; male scale County shows a few dorsal submarginal pygidial elongate but otherwise similar in color and tex- macroducts on the fourth abdominal segment. All ture to that of adult female. other characters agree with those illustrated by Additional hosts: Ferris (1941) states that the Professor G F. Ferris, and it is here assumed species seems to affect especially the coco that this species is correctly piaced as Aspidas- palm (Cocos nucifera), but that it does occur on pis florenciae. other palms and numerous other hosts as well. California records: A few of these hosts include: Mangifera indica, San Diego Co.: Cuyamaca State Park, IV-4-52 Musa paradisiaca sapientum, Pandanus sp., (K. F. Wilkey). Psidium sp., and Saccharum officinarum. Santa Clara Co.: Mount Hamilton, 111-14-40 (G. Discussion: F. Ferris). Pine Ridge, 1937 (G. Coleman). This species presents a wide range of variation in certain pygidial structures, especially in the size of the median and second pygidial lobes. This Aspidiotus destructor Signorct has led to a considerable nomenclatorial tangle Coconut scale as is evidenced by the synonymical literature (Fig. 14) cited above. Ferris (1941) has examined a very considerable (Selected taxonomic references only) amount of material of destructor during the preparation of his revision of this genus. He believes Aspidiotus destructor Signoret, 1869, Ann. SOC. that only one species is involved although in ent. Fr. ( Series 4), 9:120, illus. some specimens the second pygidial lobes are Aspidiotus transparens Green, 1890, Insect Pests noticeably longer than the median lobes, and that of the Tea Plant, p. 20. every degree of variation may be found in speci- Aspidiotus fallax Cockerell, 1893, Jour. Inst. Ja- mens from the same lot. Consequently, he sees maica, 1:255. no reason for considering that there are two Aspidiotus cocotis Newstead, 1893, Ent. Mon. species. Mag., 39:186. This species has been found only in California Aspidiotus destructor Signoret, Cockerell, 1894, nurseries. Whenever found, however, it is im- Ent. News, 5:79. mediately eradicated. The scale was found estab- Aspidiotus lataniae Signoret, Green, 1896, Cocci- lished in California as early as 1935. In 1951 dae of Ceylon, 1:49, illus. (Misidentifies de- another nursery received 5,030 palms (originating structor as lataniae; synonymy of transparens from Florida) and before the scale was detected indicated.) and fumigated, 677 of the plants had been sold to tt Aspidiotus vastatrix Leroy, ” reference not lo- retail trade with no record of sale. The remainder cated. of the nursery plants were the subject of eradi- Aspidiotus destructor Signoret, Fernald, 1903, cative treatment. Catalogue of Coccidae, p. 257. California records : Aspidiotus sirnillirnus variety transfucens Cocke- Los Angeles Co.: Los Angeles, 111-19-51 (L. E. rell, Fernald, 1903, Catalogue of Coccidae, p. Myers). Montebello, 11-1 1-35 (V. E. Williams). 278. (New name for trnnsparens Green.) Stanislaus Co.: Turlock, Ik9-55 (E. T. Shultz). Aspidiotus oppugnatus Silvestri, 1914, Boll. Lab. Zool. Portici, 9:258. Asp idio t us destructor transp mens Maske 11-Green Asp idiotus hederae (Vallot) (sic),Green, 1915, Bull. Ent. Res., 6:44. Ivy scale Aspidiotus destructor Signoret, MacGillivray, 192 1. (PI. 1, middle row, left; fig. 15) The Coccidae, p. 396. Aspidiotus destructor Signoret, Ferris, 1938, Atlas Chermes hederae Vallot, 1829, Mgm. Acad. Sci. of Scale Insects, Ser. II:191. Dijon, p. 30. x .*P

c) 1 G 0 u 0 0 ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 49

Chennes capparis Vallot, MLm. Acrid. Sci. Dijon, Butte Co.: Bangor, IV-9-29 (H. A. Crane). Chico, P. 30. 1-26-35 (W. B. Carter). Oroville, VIII-26-32 (Whit- Aspidiotus nerii Bouche‘, 1833, Naturgeschichte ney). der schadlichen und niitzlichen Garten-Insecten, Fresno Co.: Fresno. IV-25-38 (F. P. Roullard). p. 52. Kern Co.: Bakersfield, 1-6-39 (J. R. Clark). Aspidiotus vagabundus Cockerell, 1899, Biol. Wasco, 1-17-34 (C. S. Morley). cent. -amer., 2 (2 ): 2 0. Los Angeles Co.: Altadena, IV-18-33 (L. E. Aspidiotus hederae (Vallot), Ferris, 1938, Atlas Meyers). Claremont, XI-30-44 (H. L. McKenzie and of Scale Ihsects, Ser. II:192. C. Gammon), San Gabriel, 111-12-33 (C. K. Tower). Aspidiotus hederae (Vallot), Ferris, 1941, Micro- Monterey Co.: Marina, VII-13-42 (M. K. Bell). entomology, 6(2):54-56, illus. Orange Co.: Anaheim, XII-3-35 (C. E. Norland). The last named publication by Ferris (1941) Orange, X-3-33. Santiago Creek, 11-11-37 (C. E. lists a total of thirty-four references dealing with Norland. Westminster, 11-1-39 (C. E. Norland). the synonymy of this species. Ferris states that Sacramento Co.: Sacramento, 111-20-37 (0. Ohrt). “the following bibliography is intended merely to San Bernardino Co.: Ontario, V-2 1-37 (L. Strat- indicate synonymy, it being entirely impracticable ton). -not to say useless-to attempt the listing of all San Diego Co.: Chula Vista, VI-37 (F. T. references to this widespread and common spe- Thorne). El Cajon, 111-24-36 (J. 0. Brodeur). San cies.” It seems unnecessary to repeat all these . Diego, VII-12-37 (D. F. Palmer). names together with their various combinations. San Joaquin Co.: Stockton, VI-40 (P. F. Wright). Consequently, only those are cited above which Tracy, 111-25-41 (A. K. Tugel). indicate its nomenclatorial history so far as it is San Luis Obispo Co.: San Luis Obispo, XI-14- pertinent to North America. 43 (R. H. Smith). Type locality: Europe. San Mateo Co.: Redwood City, 1-1-35 (R. 0. Type host: Not indicated. Brand t). Relation to host: Occurring on bark, leaves, and Santa Barbara Co.: Santa Barbara, 1-20-32 (G. fruit. Female scale white or pale gray, flat, E. Woodhams). circular with exuviae subcentral; scale of male Santa Clara Co.: Gilroy, X-16-42 (M. K. Bell). similar in color, slightly oval, exuvia near one Sunnyvale, XI-22-32 (L. R. Cody). end. Santa Crut Co.: Capitola, VII-30-43 (M. R. Bell Additional hosts: The host list for this scale is and M. Mello). Santa Cruz, IV-24-35 (L. B. Sher- endless, probably any plant, woody or her- rill). Watsonville, X-26-33 (F. J. March). baceous, being acceptable. A very few which Stanislaus Co.: Modesto, XII-9-43 (J. W. Dixon). might be mentioned are: Acacia, Agave, Arcto- Tulare Co.: Porterville, 11-3-39 (J. W. Dixon). staphy los, Aucuba, Bergenia crassifo lia, R ud- Strathmore, IV-6-37 (R. W. Schmitt). dleia, Camellia, Ceanothus, Ceratonia siliqua, Ventura Co.: Camarillo, IV-30-32 (E. L. Smith). Citrus, Cycas, Cymbidium, Hedera helix, fly- Moorpark, 1-11-34 (W. M. Dunning). Santa Paula, pericum; Ilex aquifolium, Laurus, Ligustrum, IX-6-35 (E. L. Smith). Ventura, 1-21-36 (E. L. Olea europeae, Per sea americana, Phoenix, Smith). Quercus, Rhamnus californica, Taxus, and Vitis. Yuba Co.: Marysville, XI-9-3 1. Dis cussion: In California this species most closely resembles Aspidiotus spinosus Comstock but may be dif- Aspidiotus spinosus Cornstock ferentiated from it by the noticeably short and Spinose scale rather broad dorsal ducts and by the much larger (Fig. 16) anal opening which is removed by approximately four times its diameter from the apices of the Aspidiotus spinosus Comstock, 1883, 2d Rep. median lobe basal scleroses. A. spinosus has Dept. Ent. Cornel1 Univ., 2:70. longer and more slender dorsal ducts and the anal Aspidistus (typographical error) persearum Cocke- opening is small and near the median lobe scleroses. rell, 1898, Entomologist, 3 1:240. California records: Listed below are a few of the Aspidiotus spinosus Comstock, Ferris, 1721, Stan- locality records accumulsted in the collection ford Univ. Publ. Biol. Sci., 1:128, illus. of the California State Department of Agriculture. Aspidiotus spinosus Comstock, MacGillivray, Alameda Co.: Berkeley, VI-1-36 (G. B. Laing). 1921, The Coccidae, p. 398. Hayward, 111-15-34 (F. J. March). Niles, V-4-38 (J. Aspidiotus p ersearum Cockerell, MacGillivray , B. Steinweden and M. L. Jones). 1921, The Coccidae, p. 403. u

Ju 0 Y v) 5 V ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 51

Aspidiotus spinosus Comstock, Ferris, 1938, Atlas Discussion: of Scale Insects, Ser. Ik193. This is the only species in this genus which at Aspidiotus spinosus Comstock, Ferris, 1941, Mi- present is known to occur in California. According croentornology, 6(2):58-59, illus. to Ferris (1941) it ?is an extraordinary species Type locality: Washington, D.C., in a greenhouse. which might well be seized upon as the type of a Type host: Camellia, camellia. new genus. Nevertheless, the author adopts the Relation to host: Occurring on either leaves or view that it should for the present, at least, be bark of host. Female scale whitish or straw referred to Chortinaspis and that to name a new color, flat, exuviae central; scale of the male genus for it is to obscure its relationships.? described as slightly elongate. California records: Additional hosts: This scale insect is very omniv- San Bernardino Co.: Between Box S and Old orous, and its host list is long, A few of these Woman Springs, 111-1949 (G. F. Ferris). are: Asparagus, Cinnamomum, Euonymus, Ficus, Lagunaria, Laurus, Magnolia, Persea americana, Rhapis. Rosa, Rubus, Taxus, Viburnum, and Chrysomphalus bifasciculatus Ferris Vitis. Bifasciculate scale Discussion: (Pl. 1, top row, right; fig. 18) This species is closely allied to Aspidiotus hederae (Vallot) but differs from it in the longer Chrysomphalrcs ficus Ashmead (= aonidum Lin- dorsal ducts and the very small anal opening lo- naeus), Ferris, 1937, Microentomology, II(2):50- cated near the median lobe basal scleroses. A. 53, illus. (misidentification.) hederae has dorsal ducts which are noticeably Chrysomphalus bifasciculatus Ferris, 1938, Atlas short and rather broad, and the anal opening is of Scale Insects, Ser. 1I:lW. large and removed by approximately four times its Chrysomphalus bifasciculatus Ferris, McKenzie, diameter from the apices of the median lobe basal 1.939, Microentomology, 2( 2):57, illus. scleroses. Type locality: Pasadena, Los Angeles County, On Coronado Island in San Diego County this California, at the Huntington Gardens. species thrives very well out-of-doors, and infests Type host: Aspidistra sp., aspidistra. many plants. Sometimes it is found in nurseries, Relation to host: Occurring on the leaves. Scale and when discovered is the subject of eradication. of the female dark chocolate brown, with sub- California records: central exuviae somewhat lighter; that of the Los Angeles Co.: Gardena, 111-4-42. Los An- male similar in color, oval, the exuvia toward geles, 11-3-37 (L. E. Myers). Pasadena, 1-26-32 one end. (A. Toyne). Additional hosts: In addition to Aspidistra sp. the San Diego Co.: Coronado, VI-17-47 (R. W. Harper scale is recorded by YcKenzie (1944) as occur- and K. H. Baker). San Diego, Vi-16-49 (R. W.. ring on: Ampelopsis tricuspidata, Aralia, Aucuba Harper and K. H. Baker). japonica, Camellia japonica, Catha edulis. Cin- namomum campkora, Citrus, Cylas revoluta Cyperus alternifolius, Elaeagnus, Euonymus spp. Chortinaspis consolidata Ferris Ficus spp., Hakea saligna, Hedera helix, Ilex Grass scale aquifolium, Laurus noCilis, L ibertia, L igustrum (Fig. 17) japonicuni, Mondo. Nerium oleander, Olea, Phoe- nix canariensis, Pittosporunt, Prunus ilicifolia, Chortinaspis consolidata Ferris, 1941, Atlas of Prunus lautocerasus. Raphiolepis, Rhus, and Scale Insects, Ser. iIk338. St re1 i tzia reg inae. Chortinaspis consolidata Ferris, 1946, Microento- Discussion : mology, 11(1):39. This species appears to be rather generally Type locality: Near Old Woman Springs, San Ber- distributed throughout California. It is interesting nardino County, California. to note that the scale is apparently quite omniv- Type host: [filaria rigida, grass. orous in its feeding habits and occurs on many Relation to host: According to Ferris (1941), hosts both in nurseries and out-of-doors. Infesta- It Occurring on the stem, more or less concealed tions of C. hilascicdatus on Hedera helix and beneath the coating of tomentum. Scale of the Euonymus sp. (both plants growing out-of-doors) female white, somewhat convex, oval, with may be severely damaged as a result of the feed- exuviae toward one end, ventral scale thin. ing of this insect. Scale of the male white, elongate, with the This species has been in the past misidentified exuvia apical.? as Chrysomphalus ficus Ashmead (=aonidum Lin- Additional hosts: ililaria sp. neaus) and probably stands in many collections d .-(m u v) E ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 53 under this name. The presence of bundles of sub- Cbrysomphdus dictyospemi (Morgan) marginal dorsal ducts on two prepygidial abdominal Dictyospermum scale segments, instead of upon but one as in ficus. (Fig. 19) affords an instant means of separating the two. California records : Aspidiotus dictyospermi Morgan, 1889, Ent. Mon. Alameda Co.: Berkeley, IX-15-41 (M. R. Bell. Mag., 25:352, illus. Butte Co.: Oroville, IV-10-41 (J. W. Dixon). Aspidiotus mangiferae Cockerell, 1893, Jour. Inst. Fresno Co.: Fresno, VII-21-39 (T. B. Gallion). Jamaica, 1:255. Kern Co.: Bakersfield, 1-25-33 (J. B. Stein- Aspidiotus dictyospermi variety janiaicensis weden). Cockerell, 1893, Canad. Ent., 26:129. Los Angeles Co.: Alhambra, VII-10-39. Belve- Aspidiotus & ctyospermi variety arecae New stead, dere Gardens, IV-14-39. Eagle Rock, IV-3-39 (u. 1893, Ent. Mon. Mag., 29:185. R. Bell). Gardena, 11-24-39. Glendale, 111-14-39 Chrysomphalus minor Berlese and Leonardi, 1896, (M. R. Bell). Harbor City, 11-21-39 (M. R. Bell). Riv. Patol. veg., 4:346. Huntington Park, XI-12-41. Inglewood, 111-10-39. Aspidiotus agrumincola Gregorio, 1915, Nat. sicil., Long Beach, XI-8-39 (C. R. Tower). Los Angeles, 22:125. XII-20-39 (M. R. Bell). Monrovia, IX-13-39. Monte- Chysompkalus castigatus Mamet, 1936, Proc. bello, 111-8-40 (C. R. Tower). Pasadena, (type lot) Roy. Ent. SOC.London, Ser. B, 5:94. 111-12-35 (H. L. McKenzie). San Pedro, IV-5-39. Chrysomphalus dictyosp ermi (Morgan), Ferris, Van Nuys, 111-1 1-41. 1938, Atlas of Scale Insects, Set. II:200. Marin Co.: San Rafael, X-25-40 (F. J. March). ChTysonipbalus dictyospermi (Morgan), McKenzie, Orange Co.: Garden Grove, 111-24-41 (K. D. 1939, Microentomology, Part 2, 4(2):57-58. .iloop). Orange, VI-13-41 (C. R. Tower). Santa Type locality: Demerara, British Guiana. Ana, VI-5-40 (C. E. Norland). Type host: Dictyospemia sp., palm. Riverside Co.: Arlington, X-14-42 (C. E. Eh- Relation to host: Occurring chiefly on the leaves. mann). Banning, VIII-28-42 (C. R. Tower). Palm Scale of the female flat, quite thin, of a pale Springs, X-13-43 (W. J. Cardier). reddish-brown color, the area of the second Sacramento Co.: Sacramento, V-5-53 (E. T. exuvia being slightly paler than the remainder, Gammon). the first exuvia forming a nipplelike prominence San Bernardino Co.: Redlands, V-4-43 (C. E. which is white in unrubbed specimens; scale of Ehmann). San Bernardino, X-6-41 (C. R. Tower). the male similar to that of the female in color, Upland, VII-16-41 (C. K. Tower). slightly elongate, with the exuvia near one end. San Diego Co.: Coronado, 1-13-44 (Weimer and Additional hosts: Recorded from a long list of Prole). San Diego, VI-24-42 (C. K. Tower). Vista, hosts, especially palms. Some of the infested 111-29-49 (R. R. McLean). hosts in California include: Acacia, Acer palm- San Francisco Co.: San Francisco, VIII-12-40 atum. Annona cherimola. Anthericum, Aspidistra, (F. J. March). Cactus, Camellia japonica, Citrus, Cocos, San Joaquin Co.: Lodi, 111-10-43 (J. W. Dixon Elaeagnus, Epidendrum tamperis. Euonymus, and J. B. Steinweden). Stockton, 111-25-42 (hf. A. Ficus elastica, Ficu (fig), fledera helix, He!i- Huberty). conia rex, Jasminum, Kentia. Laurus nobilis, San Luis Obispo Co.: San Luis Obispo, 11-19-41, Myrtus, Nerium oleander, Wontoglossurn, Opbi- (R. M. Drake). opogon, Pandanus, Petsea americana. Phoenix San Xlateo Co.: Colma, X-8-40 (F. J. March). canariensis. Rosa, Salix. Strelitzia reginae, and San Carlos, X-2-40 (F. J. Uarch). Taxus. Santa Barbara Co.: Summerland, 1-13-41 (F. J. Discussion: hlarch). The synonymy as given above is that which is Santa Cruz Co.: Santa Cruz, VII-27-43 (M. R. quite generally accepted. Only principal references Bell), have been cited. The view is here adopted that Solano Co.: Vallejo, XII-1-53 (L. A. Black). Chrysomphalus pinnulifer (Maskell) and 6. Jiver- Stanislaus Go.: Modesto, 11-10-44 (F. E. Hayes). sicolor (Green), which have been placed as Turlock, 11-20-40 (J, W. Dixon). “varieties” of dictyospeni, or united with the Ventura Co.: Ojai, 1-20-42 (R. A. Young). Ox- latter, are distinct species. nard, VI-2-39 (R. A. Young). The strongly clavate appendages of the two Yo10 Co.: Woodland, 1-30-41 (E. E. Fix). pygidial plates beyond the third lobe and the lack 3 rc:lJ

d i;: ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 55 of submarginal clusters of duct tubercles on the remainder; scale of the male similar to that of prepygidial abdominal segments distinguishes this the female in color, oval, exuvia near one end. species from the other two California species, Additional hosts: Since this species was de- Chrysompbalus bifasciculatus Ferris and C. ficus scribed, it has been recorded from an endless Ashme ad. series of hosts in all parts of the world, out-of- California records: doors in tropical and subtropical regions and Butte Co.: Chico, X-26-38 (R. Swett). under glass in colder areas. It is, however, Los Angeles Co.: Los Angeles, IV-6-40 (R. M. entirely possible that many of the published Hawthorne). Montebello, 1-8-32 (A. T. hkClay). records refer to other species, especially Chry- Santa Monica, 11-23-33 (F. Wilson). Van Nuys, somphalus bifasciculatus Ferris, since it is 111-10-39 (AI. R. Bell). known that these two species have been con- Marin Co.: San Rafael, XII-22-43 (M. K. Bell). fused. Orange Co.: Anaheim, VII-27-38 (T. I3. Gallion). A few of the California. hosts include: Areca, Santa Ana, XI-17-38 (C. E. Norland). Asp idist r a, Camell ia japonica, Citrus, Cocos Riverside Co.: Riverside, X-20-42 (C. E. Eh- nucijera, Cordyline, Cycas, Cypripedium, Euony- mann). mus, Erythrina crista-galli, Ficus doescherii, Sacramento Co.: Sacramento, XI-24-3 1 (J. E. Ficus elastica, Gardenia, Hedera helix, Ilex Uachman). cornuta, .J asminun, Kentia fosteri, dlangifera San Bernardino Co.: Ontario, 11-8-32. indica, hiondo, Nerium oleander, !Odontoglossum San Diego Co.: El Cajon, IX-23-36 (J. 0. Bro- Osmanthus fragrans, Pandanus veitchi, Persea deur). San Diego, XII-5-40 (K. R. McLean). americana, Phoenix humilis loureiri. Pothos San Francisco Co.: San Francisco, VIII-29-38 aureus, Rohinia, Sanseveria, and ViGurrium. (F. J. March). Discussion: San Joaquin Co.: Stockton, XI-20-28 (E. L. The synonymy indicated above is quite general; Smith). only principal references have been cited. San Mateo Co.: Colma, X-9-33 (F. J. March). It may be worth while here to explain a bit of San Bruno, IX-17-43 (R. H. Smith). the nomenclatorial history of this species. Ap- Ventura Co.: Newbury Park, 1-4-39 (R. A. Young). parently the first published information concerning Oxnard, 111-18-32 (Stratton). Santa Paula, XI-27-42 it was presented by Ashmead in 1879 in the (J. S. Schall). Saticoy, IX-16-31 (F. L. Smith). Florida Agriculturist. He published further notes on it in the Pacific Rural Press in 1880. Neither of these journals is to be considered as a scien- Chrysomphalus ficus Ashmead tific publication, and consequently the name can- Florida red scale (Fig. 20) not be regarded as validly published by appearing in either of them. In 1880 Ashmead presented what Chrysomphalus ficus Ashmead, 1880, Amer. Ent., may be regarded as a scientific description of the 3:267. insect in a scientific journal, The American En- Aspidiotus ficus Riley hlsS [sic],Comstock, 1881, tomologist, and the name may be accepted as of Rep. U.S.D.A. for 1880, p. 445. that date. Each time Ashmead ascribed both the Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linnaeus), Cockerell, generic and specific names to Riley, who had 1899, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 273. used them in manuscript notes. Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linnaeus), Fernald, It seems clear that under the accepted rules of 1903, Catalogue of Coccidae, p. 286. nomenclature, it was Ashmead who first published Chrysomphalus ficus Ashmead, Ferris, 1937, these names in connection with an indication or Microentomology, 3: 105, illus. a description and that Riley had nothing to do Chrysomphalus ficus Ashmead, Ferris, 1938, with this publication. Ashmead quoted Riley as Atlas of Scale Insects, Ser. II:201. saying that he had the species from Ficus nitida, Chrysomphalus ficus Ashmead, McKenzie, 1939, but without an indication of locality. Ashmead’s Microentomology, 4(2):59-60, illus. own specimens seem to have come from orange at Type locality: Orlando, Florida. Orlando, Florida, and this may be regarded as the Type host: Citrus sinensis, orange. type host and locality. Relation to host: A leaf- and fruit-infesting spec- I (1939) have previously pointed out that the ies. Scale of the female variable in color, but displacement of the name ficus by an attempt to tending to be quite dark brown or blackish, flat, identify this species with the Coccus aonidum of circular, the exuviae central and paler than the Linnaeus, a step which was proposed in 1899, 0 Yc1 aJ B 4 (d a ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 57

was unjustified; the Linnaean species was en- Clavaspis couilleae (Ferris), 1938, Atlas of Scale tire1 y unre cognizable . Insects, Ser. II:204. Although it is definitely known that this species Type locality: Mormon Flat, near Tucson, Arizona. has been confused with Chrysomphalus bifasci- Type host: Larrea tridentata (=Couillea glutinosa), culatus Ferris, it is readily separable from the creosote bush. latter, and from all other known species of the Relation to host: According to Ferris (1938) the genus, by the conspicuous cluster of submarginal, types of this species were taken from beneath dorsal ducts on only the second abdominal segment. loose bark on exposed roots. The specimens California records: A few of the California local- from olive occur on the twigs. Scale of the fe- ity records in the California State Department male flat, circular, whitish, exuviae subcentral; of Agriculture collection include: scale of the male elongate, oval, with exuvia Alameda Co.: Berkeley, IX-22-41 (M. K. Bell). near one end. Oakland, X-10-28 (F. J. March). San Leandro, Additional hosts: Acacia paucispina, Euonymus, XII-29-41 (M. R. Bell). Forchhammeria, Olea e-uropeae, Pluchea sericea, Fresno Co.: Fresno, V-5-39 (T. B. Gallion). Prunus amygdalus, Pyrus communis, and Rhus Los Angeles Co.: Avalon, X-14-36 (V. E. Wil- trilobata. liams). Beverly Hills, XII-10-35 (V. E. Williams). Discussion: Compton, VIII-25-39 (C. K. Tower). Gardena, VII- This species differs from the other California 6-36 (V. E. Williams). Long Beach, IX-23-38. form, Clavaspis disclusa Ferris, in fewer peri- Moneta, VI-27-35 (V. E. Williams). hlontebello, vulvar pores (not more than two or three in any VII-15-31 (A. C. Browne). San Gabriel, VI-29-32 one group) as compared to at least six in dis- (B. Turner). South Pasadena, VIII-6-36 (V. E. clusa, and in the broader, less acute-shaped Williams). pygidium. Monterey Co.: Salinas, VI-23-50. California records: Orange Co.: Anaheim, 1-3-48. Imperial Co.: El Centro, IV-9-45 (C. G. Ander- Sacramento Co.: Sacramento, 111-6-29 (E. A. son and A. J. Hanson). Wilkins). Riverside Co.: Banning, 1-2-47 (C. Cordill). San Bernardino Co.: Ontario, VII-14-41 (C. R. Barnwell, 1940 (G. F. Ferris). Mecca, XII-1923 Tower). (B. Boyer and H. Blom). San Francisco Co.: San Francisco, X-10-28 J. March). (F. Clavaspis disclusa Ferris San Joaquin Co.: Stockton, 111-2541 (J. W. Decluse scale Dixon). (Fig. 22) San Mateo Co.: Colma, X-9-33 (F. J. March and W. C. Baker). CZauaspis disclusa Ferris, 1938. Atlas of Scale Santa Barbara Co.: Carpenteria, XI-9-44 (hl. E. Insects, Ser. II:205. Cravens). Montecito, XI-7-36 (W. S. Cummings). Type locality: Camarillo, Ventura County, Cali- Santa Clara Co.: Palo Alto, VII-23-40 (F. J. fornia. March). San Jose, VII-8-40 (F. J. March). Type host: Juglans regia, Persian walnut. Santa Cruz Co.: Capitola, XI-27-43 (M. Mello). Relation to host: Occurring on the bark. Adult Solano Co.: Fairfield, XII-17-40 (F. J. March). female scale dark gray, flat, circular, exuviae Stanislaus Co.: Modesto, V-6-31. central almost entirely concealed; scale of the Tulare Co.: Exeter, V-18-43 (J. A. Awbrey). male not described. Ventura Co.: Ojai, IX-19-33. Additional hosts: Cava illinoensis, Cornus, Fraxi- Yuba Co.: Marysville, XI-17-43 (A. W. Worledge). nus, Juglans californica, JugZans sp. (Butter nut), Prunus persica, and Quetcus. Discussion: Clavaspis covilleae (Ferris) This species may be distinguished from Clava- Covillea scale spis covilleae (Ferris) by the more numerous (Fig. 21) perivulvar pores (at least six pores in any one group) as compared to only two or three in couil- Aspidiotus covilleae Ferris, 1919, Stanford Univ. leae, and in a more acute-shaped pygidium. Publ., Univ. Ser., pp. 64-65, illus. California records:' Fewisaspis covilleae (Ferris), MacGillivray, Los Angeles Co.: San Marino, VI-15-48 (R. W. 1921, The Coccidae, pp. 422-423. Harper). Y a u 0

8 b"

C 42 0 h v ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 59

Orange Co.: Fullerton, XI-26-47 (R. J. Bumgard- marginal scleroses, and its margins are mereiy ner). Orange, VII-7-38 (C. E. Norland). Santa Ana, crenulate. Ferris (1938) places the species in the XI-14-47 (D. H. Byers). Aspidiotini mainly because of the length and Placer G.: Tahoe City, VIII-26-35 (A. C. slenderness of the pygidial macroducts. Fleury). California records: Riverside Co.: Riverside, IV-7-44 (D. H. Byers). Apparently only two California records are avail- Sacramento Co.: Sacramento, IV-17-39 (Tofft). able for Comstockiella sahalzs (Cornstock). It is San Bernardino Co.: Colton, 1-22-48 (W. A. Burr). recorded as follows: San Diego Co.: Flynn Springs, VI-28-45 (G. Riverside Co.: Riverside (near), 1917 (G. F. Reevor). Ferris). San Joaquin Co.: Linden, XII-4-46 (W. W. Mid- Santa Barbara Co.: Montecito, VI-23-55 (G. dlekauff). Stockton, 111-20-41 (J. W. Dixon). Beevor). Tulare Co.: Exeter, 11-18-48 (0. L. Hemphill). Farmersville, 11-5-48 (T. B. Gallion, H. French, and J. B. Steinweden). Ventura Co.: Camarillo, 11-27-36 (E. L. Smith). Diaspidiotus aesculi (Johnson) Buckeye scale Oxnard, XI-19-40 (L. E. Onstot). Saticoy, XI-26-41 (Fig. 24) (L. R. Gillogly).

Aspidiotus aesculi Johnson, 1896, Bull. Illinois Corn stock iella sabalis (Corn stock) Lab. Nat. Hist., 4:386. Palmetto scale Diaspidiotus aesculi (Johnson), Ferris, 1938, (Fig. 23) Atlas of Scale Insects, Ser. II:215. Type locality: Stanford University, Santa Clara Aspidiotus sabalis Comstock, 1883, 2d. Rep. Dept. County, California. Ent. Cornel1 Univ., 2:68. Type host: Aesculus califotnica, California buck- Comstockiella sabalis variety mexicana Cockerell, eye. 1899. Jour. NY. Ent. SOC., 7:257. Relation to host: Occurring on the bark. Appar- Comstockiella sabalis (Comstock), Smith, 1917, ently this scale is responsible for pitting of the Mon. Bull., Calif. Comm. Hort., VI:6, p. 249. bark. Female scale is gray, circular, quite flat, Comstockiella saGalis (Comstock), Ferris, 1938, exuviae subcentral; scale of the male elongate, Atlas of Scale Insects, Ser. II:213. gray, exuvia near one end. Type locality: Fort George and Sanford, Florida. Additional hosts: Acet negundo, Adelia neomexi- Type host: Sabal sp., palmetto. cana, Alnus, Arbutus menzezi, Fraxinus, ] uglans Relation to host: This scale infests the leaves, californica, ]uglas regiae, Populus fremontii, frequently in great numbers. Adult female scale Populus trichocarpa, Populus sp., Sambucus white, oval, the exuviae subcentral and con- glauca. Salix argentea, Syringa, and Quercus. cealed by wax; scale of the male also white, Discussion: elongate, and similar in form and texture to that This scale is recognizable from other California of the adult female, exuvia hardly discernible. Diaspidiotus species mainly by the presence of Additional hosts: Recorded only from hosts which dorsal submedian clusters of ducts on the first were identified merely as “palm” or “palmetto. ” pygidial and on prepygidial segments, as well as Discussion: numerous submarginal clusters of ducts on the This scale was reported by Smith (1917) as pygidium and prepygidial segments. The species heavily infesting a “palmetto” tree on the Wright is especially associated with Aesculus, but also Ranch near Riverside, California. Smith’s record occurs on Populus and other hosts in California. indicates the scale had been present on the tree California records : for approximately fifteen years, and that even Butte Co.: Chico, 111-8-34 (M. L. Jones). though more than 40 different varieties of palms El Dorado Co.: Placerville, 11-15-31 (A. C. were growing adjacent to the palmetto, the scale Browne). insect had not spread to the other palms. Appar- Fresno Co.: Kingsburg, 111-341 (0. L. Hemphill). ently an attempt was made to eradicate the scale Inyo Co.: Lone Pine, IV-25-39 (J, W. Dixon). on the infested palmetto. Kings Co.: Hanford, IV-2-41 (T. B. Gallion). This species is readily identifiable since it Los Angeles Co.: Los Angeles, VIII-24-36 (L. lacks pygidial lobes, plates, or gland spines, or E. Myers).-San Fernando, IV-25-35 (1. C. Thomas). r-: N t .I L4

! ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 61

Madera Co.: Madera, XII-30-41 (T. B. Gallion Type host: Acer saccharum, sugar maple. and G. Beevor). Relation to host: Occurring on the bark. Scale of Merced Co.: Bear River Park, IX-8-47 (R. P. the female dark gray, circular, quite convex, Allen). Dos Palos, VI-18-42 (McIntyre). Gustine, exuvia near one end; male scale elongate, gray, 11-18-41 (A. J- Dunlap). Merced Falls, VIII-19-42 exuvia toward one end. (E. C. McDaniel). Additional hosts: This species is quite omnivorous Monterey Co.: Kings City (G. F. Ferris). in its feeding habits. The following list includes Orange Co.: Santiago Creek, 111-1-37 (C. E. many of the hosts from which it has been taken: Norland). Betula, Carya illinoensis, Catalpa, Celtis OC- Sacramento Co.: Folsom, V-23-44 (Evans). cidentalis, Cepha1 an thus occidentalis, Crat ae- Sacramento, 11-12-41 (J.B. Steinweden). gus, Cydonia, Fugus, Fraxinus, Hicoria pecan, San Diegc Co.: Flynn Springs, VI-23-34 (E. T. Hydrangea quercifolia, Iuglans nigra, Juglans Gammon and C. Gammon). regiae, luglans sp., ‘Liriodendmn tulipifera, Santa Barbara Co.: Cuyama Valley (G. F. Ferris). Maclura pornifera, Malus pumila, Malus sp., Santa Cruz Co.: Santa Cruz, IV-1920 (G. F. Olea eumpeae, Populus candicans, Prunus Ferris). amygdalus, Prunus anneniaca, Prunus persica, Stanislaus Co.: Modesto, 1-27-44 (E. C. Me Prunus sp., Pyrus communis, Quercus uidizeni, Uaniel). Ribes, Robinia hispida, Salix. Sorbus arnericana, Tehama Co.: Corning, IV-28-53 (S. T. Ancell). Tilia, and Ulrnus. Tulare Co.: Visalia, X-1931 (0. L. Hemphill). Discussion: Ventura Co.: Bardsdaie, 111-6-34 (E. L. Smith). According to Ferris (1938), “This species is Camarillo, IV-12-35 (L. T. Stratton). Conejo Creek, one of a group of very closely similar forms and IV-23-40 (J.L. Schall). Santa Rosa Valley, IV- it is quite possible that detailed.study of large 29-40 (J. L. Schall). Santa Susana, IV-20-33 (W. quantities of material, especially if supplemented M. Dunning). Simi, 111-15-35 (E. L. Smith). by biological experiment, will lead to conclusions Yo10 Co.: Winters, IV-23-47 (J. Vettel). Wood- other than those here presented concerning these land, VI-27-38 (C. H. Hardy); IV-1-47 (T. E. species.” Collister). Typical specimens are represented by the complete absence of dorsal ducts anterior to the fifth segments of abdomen, this being combined with L, iasp idiotus ancylus (Putnam) moderately large and fimbriate plates. I have seen Putnam scale California specimens which vary slightly from (PI. 1, bottom row, left; fig. 25) typical ancylus, thus making a positive decisi0.n most difficult. The extended synonymy previously Diaspis ancylus Putnam, 1877, Trans. Iowa Hort. recorded is further indication of the confusion SOC.,12:321. that has existed in the past. Several collected Aspidiotus ancylus Putnam, 1879, Proc. Daven- lots of material belonging to the “ancylus group” port Acad. Nat. Sci., 2546. are not here included but have been set aside Aspidiotus ancylus variety serratus Newell and for future taxonomic study. Cockerell, 1898, Iowa Acad. Sci., 5:229. Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam) is very closely Aspidiotus ancylus variety latilobis Newell, 1899. related to Diaspidiotus uuae (Comstock), differ- Contr. bpt. Ent. Iowa Agric. Coll., 3:9. ing from the latter in having a darker scale cover- Aspidioius aesculi subspecies solus Hunter, 1899, ing and less prominent median pygidial lobes Kans. Univ. Quart., 8:12. with a plate between them. The dorsal pygidial Aspidiotus (Diaspidiot us) ohioensis York, 190 5, macroducts are broader, less slender than in Ohio Nat., 5:325, illus. typical uuae. Diaspidiotus solus (Hunter), MacGillivray, 1921, California records: The Coccidae, p. 414. Butte Co.: Chico, 1-3-37 (W. Wheeler). Diaspidiotus ohioensis (York), MacGillivray, El Dorado Co.: Placerville, 11-15-31 (A. C. 1921, The Coccidae, p. 412. Browne). Aspidiotus oxycrataegi Hollinger, 1923, Bull. Kern Co.: Bakersfield, VIJ-18-43 (M. R. Bell). Miss. Agric. Expt. Sta., 58:15. Los Angeles Co.: Compton, 1-4-44 0.H. Byers Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), Ferris, 1938, and Cameron). Little Rock, VIII-12-46. Atlas of Scale Insects, Ser. II:216. Orange Co.: Fullerton, 111-30-44 (R. J. Bumbard- Type locality: Davenport, Iowa. ner). Orange, VII-7-38 (C. E. Norland). 62 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

Riverside Co.: Hemet, VIII-15-46 (F. K. Platt Mariposa Co.: Crockers, VII-1718 (G. F. Ferris). and 0. A. Eggen). Riverside, IV-7-44 (Cameron, Modoc Co.: Indian Springs, 1938 (G. F. Ferris). Roof, and D. H. Byers). San Jacinto, XII-26-46 Riverside Co.: Hemet, IX-16-47 (R. W. Harper). (R. P. Allen). Riverside, 11-2-18 (A. F. Swain). San Bernardino CO.: Ontario, V-5-53 (K. Gamblin San Diego Co.: San Diego, 11-9-44 (G. Beevor). and W. R. Young). San Mateo Co.: Redwood City, IX-22-22 (A. E. San Diego Co.: La Mesa, 1-8-42 (D. F. Palmer). Burks). San Diego, XII-30-53 (R. J. Buckner). Santa Clara Co.: Stanford University, X-19 18 San Joaquin Co.: Belloto, VI-24-47 (J. Solari). (G. F. Ferris). Linden, VI-20-47 (J. Solari). Stockton, 11-17-47 Siskiyou Co.: Mount Shasta, IX-4-0 1 (Coleman). (J. W. Dixon). Ventura Co.: Simi, 1-8-41 (R. L. Doutt). San Mateo Co.: Redwood City, X-13-53 (I. J. Campbell). Stanislaus Co.: Riverbank, 1-8-45 (Hayes). D iaspidiotus ehrhorni (Coleman) Tehama Co.: Corning, IV-28-53 (S. T. Ancell). Ehrhorn scale Yo10 Co.: Woodland, 111-2747 (E. T. Gammon). (Fig. 27)

Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) ehrborni Coleman, 1903, D iaspidiot us co nfe rarum ( Cockerell) Jour. N.Y. Ent. SOC.,11:68, illus. Conifer scale Diaspidiotus ehrhorni (Coleman), Ferris, 1938, (Fig. 26) Atlas of Scale Insects, Ser. II:221. Type locality: Near Sissons, Siskiyou County, Aspidiotus coniferarum Cockerell, 1878, Psyche, California. 8:201. Type host: Abies concolor, white fir, and Libo- Cornstockaspis conilerarurn (Cockerell), MacGilli- cedrus decurrens, California incense cedar. vray, 1921, The Coccidae, p. 439. Relation to host: Occurring on the bark, frequently Diaspidiotus coniferarum (Cockerell), Ferris, concealed beneath lichens. Female scale gray, 1938, Atlas of Scale Insects, Ser. II:218. flat, circular, exuviae subcentral; scale of the Type locality: Organ Mountains, New Mexico. male elongate oval, the exuvia near one end. Type host: Pinus ponderosa variety scopulorum, Additional hosts: Pinus cembroides parryana, Rocky Mountain ponderosa pine. Pinus sabiniana, Pseudotsuga taxijolia. Relation to host: Occurring on the bark of smaller Discussion: limbs. Female scale whitish or gray, blending This species is comparatively rare in California, with the bark color, subcircular, flat, exuviae it being recorded from only five localities in the subcentral; male scale not observed. state. It most closely resembles Diaspidiotus Additional hosts: Cupressus guadelupensis, Cu- osbomi (Newell and Cockerell) but differs in pressus macrocarpa, Cupressus sargenti, Juni- possessing extra dorsal duct tubercles in the perus monosperma, Juniperus occidentalis, outer angle of the pygidium, and usually in having J uniperus pachyphloea, J unip elus uirginiana, more numerous perivulvar pores. L ibocedrus decurrens. California records: Discussion: Colusa Co.: Williams, IX-1939 (G. F. Ferris). This species is geographically quite wide- Riverside Co.: Tahquitz Peak, San Jacinto spread in California. It shares with Diaspidiotus Mountains, 1912 (J. C. Bridwell). liquidambaris (gotinsky) the absence of perivulvar San Diego Co.: Mount Laguna, VII-10-41 (D. pores but differs from the latter in the paucity of DeLeon). pygidial plates and larger anal opening. Santa Cruz Co.: Santa Cruz, XII-27-38 (F. J. California records: March). Scott Creek (G. F. Ferris). Alameda Co.: Cedar Mountain, XI-1920 (L. R. A brams ). Amador Co.: River Pines, IX-27;53 (H. H. Ke i fer). D iasp idio t us tiquidam bmis (Kot insk y ) Kern Co.: Semmler, 111-2745 (G. F. Ferris). Sweet gum scale Los Angeles Co.: Compton, VI-23-37 (V. E. (Fig. 28) Williams). Los Angeles, X-17-31 (G. R. Gorton). Montebello, 1-10-34 (C. R. Tower). North Hotly- Cryptophyllaspis liquidambaris Kotinsky, 1903, wood, 1-13-38 (V. E. Williams). Pasadena VIII-4-41. Proc. Ent. SOC. Wash., 5:149. ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 63

Cbemnasp idiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky), Mac- Diaspidiotus osbowti (Newell and Cockerell), Gillivray, 1721, The Coccidae, p. 437. Ferris, 1738, Atlas of Scale Insects, Ser. I1:224. Oiaspidiotus Liquidambaris (Kotinsky ), Ferris, Type locality: Ames, Iowa. 1938, Atlas of Scale Insects, Ser. II:223. Type host: Quercus alba, white oak. Type locality: Washington, D.C., and Atlanta, Relation to host: Occurring on the bark of the Georgia. host. Adult female scale gray or whitish, usually Type host: Liquidambar styraciflua, American nearly the color of the bark, circular, flat; male sweetgum. scale elongate oval, exuvia near one end. Relation to host: This is a most unusual scale Additional hosts: Carya illinoensis, Cornus nut- insect. On the type host it causes the formation talli, Crataegus, Diospyros, Fagus sylvatica. of leaf-pit galls, each gall being occupied by a Juglans, Morus, Prunus pissardi, Prunus sp., single adult female scale. The opening inside Quercus agrifolia, Quercus branciegeei, Quercus the gall is filled with the female scale, and lohata, Quercus nigra; Quercus sp., Quercus only the exuviae are visible from the underside undulata, and Vitis. of the leaf. Exposed exuviae of the female scale Discussion: flat and white. Male scale exposed upon the This scale is comparatively uncommon in Cali- leaves, white, elongate oval, with exuvia toward fornia. The species is apparently very closely one end. related to Diaspidiotus ehrhorni (Coleman) but Additional hosts: In addition to Liquidambar the differs slightly in lacking dorsal macroducts in following hosts of this scale are recorded: Acer the outer angle (the fourth segment) of the pygid- rubrum and Acer sp. ium, and usually possessing fewer perivulvar Discussion: pores. This scale is extremely rare in California hav- California records: ing been found only in two localities, one a nursery Lassen Co.: Hat Creek, 1940 (G. F. Ferris). infestation at Rivera, Los Angeles county, the Los Angeles Co.: Beverly Hills, IV-22-38. other growing out-of-doors at Atwater in Merced Chatsworth, V-14-41. Glendale, VII-7-41; San County. The nursery infestation involved nine Gabriel, V-7-41. San Marino, IX-9-48 (R. W. Harper liquidambar trees which were subsequently de- and Griffen). stroyed. The Atwater infestation occurred on Orange Co.: Santa Ana, V-15-33 (E. A. Dudley large roadside trees. Recent reports indicated and Balkam). Tustin, V-10-33 (L. E. Myers). these trees were removed for highway expansion. San Diego Co.: Blossom Valley, 1-24-36 (K. R. The species shares with Diaspidiotus conijeranrm McLean). San i>iego, 111-1929 (R. R. McLean). (Cockerell) the total absence of perivulvar pores Sunnyside, 111-3045 (W. S. Binney). on the pygidium. It differs from the latter mainly Santa Clara Co.: Stanford University (G. F. in the greater development of the pygidial plates Ferris). and the smaller anal opening. Sonoma Co.: 1904 (Bremner). California records: Ventura Co.: Oxnard, 11130-33 (E. L. Smith). Los Angeles Co.: Rivera, VI-11-51 (L. E. Myers). Merced Co.: Atwater, V-28-42 (E. T. Gammon Diaspidiotus uvae (Comstock) and T. B. Gallion). Grape scale (Fig. 30)

Aspidiotus uvae Comstock, 1881, Kep. U.S.D.A. Diaspidiotus osborni (Newell and Cockerell) for 1880, p. 309. scale Osborn Aspidiotus uvaspis Lindinger, 1737, Ent. Jahrb., (Fig. 29) p. 180. Diaspidiotus uvae (Comstock), Ferris, 1938, Atlas Aspidiotus osbonzi Newell and Cockerell, 1898, of Scale Insects, Ser. II:225. Rep. Iowa Acad. Sci., 5:229. Type locality: Vevay, Indiana. Diaspis snowii Hunter, 1897, Kans. Univ. Quart., Type host: Vitis sp., cultivated grape. 8: 14. Relation to host: On the type host (grape) the Aspidiotus yulupae Bremner, 1907, Canad. Ent., scale occurs on the bark. Female scale whitish 39:67, illus. but sometimes changed into yellowish by a thin Neosignoretia yulupae (Bremner), MacGillivray, film of epidermis of the host species, circular, 1921, The Coccidae, p. 424. flat, exuviae central or subcentral; male scale Jf

Fig. 28. Diaspidiotus liquiddmbmis (Kotinsky), sweet gum scale. Fig. 29, Diaspidiotus osbmni (Newell and Cockerell), Osborn scale. ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 65

usually darker than that of the female, elongate Aonidiella but the membraneous prosoma pre- oval, exuvia near one end. cludes confusion with that group. Additional hosts: Betula, Carya, Crataegus, California records: Maclura pomifera, and Platanus. Alameda Co.: Berkeley, IV-18-45 (G. B. Laing). Discussion: 11-26-46 (M. R. Bell, J. Gallagher, J. L. Enos). This scale is extremely rare in California hav- Hayward, VIA-49. Niles, XI-21-43 (M. R. Bell). ing been collected only once in San Diego County. Oakland IV-13-45 (M. R. Bell). The species is exceedingly close to Diaspidiotus Colusa Co.: Colusa, XII-19-39 (M. Pryor). ancylus (Putnam) and, according to Ferris (1938) Contra Costa Co.: Moraga, X-11-45 (M. K. Bell). ICthere is justification for skepticism as to the Humboldt Co.: Eureka, VI-15-44 (M. R. Bell). distinctness of the two. However, all the speci- Los Angeles Co.: Los Angeles, XII-20-28 (L. mens at hand hold to the pattern which seems to E. Myers). Pasadena, V-14-41. be distinctive of the species and it seems to be Napa Co.: Napa, 111-9-50 (J. H. Rodigou). so characteristically associated with grape that San Joaquin Co.: Lodi, X-9-50 (F. Hutchings). we may assume it to be a distinct genetic entity.” San Mateo Co.: San Mateo, 111-9-44 (M. R. Bell). The adult female of uvae differs in form and Santa Clara Co.: Gilroy, XII-21-53 (G.G. Bor- color from that of ancylus, it being flat and denave). whitish whereas that of the latter is convex and Santa Cruz Co.: Watsonville, XII-17-49. dark. Other differences include more prominent Sonoma Co.: Santa Rosa, V-6-47 (Michie, Chois- and more slender median pygidial lobes in uuae ser, S. M. Mather). and there is no plate between them. The dorsal Sutter Co.: Live Oak, IV-10-50 (J. H. Rodigou). pygidial macroducts are noticeably more slender. California records: San Diego Co.: El Cajon, 1-22-46 (C. Gammon Hemiberlesia cyanophylli (Signoret) and J. B. Steinweden). Cyanophyllum scale (Fig. 32) Aspidiotus cyanophylli Signoret, 1869, Ann. SOC. Dynaspdwtus britannicus (Newstead) ent. Fr., 9(4):119. Holly scale Asp idiotus (E vaspidiotus) cy anopby 11 i Signoret , (Fig. 31) Leonardi, 1899, Riv. Patol. veg., 7:53. Furcaspis cyanophylli (Signoret), MacGillivray, Aspidiotus britannicus Newstead, 1896, Ent. Mon. 1921, The Coccidae, p. 407. Mag., 34:93. Hemiberlesia cyanophylli (Signoret), Ferris, 1938, Evaspidiotus britannicus (Newstead), Leonardi, Atlas of Scale Insects, Ser. II:237. 1901, Riv. Parol. veg., 8:340. Type locality: France. Dynaspidiotus britannicus (Newstead), Ferris, Type host : A1 iconia magnifica (e Cyanophyll um 1938, Atlas of Scale Insects, Set. II:229. magni ficum). Type locality: England. Relation to host: Occurring usually on the leaves Type host: llex sp., holly. of its host. Adult female scale whitish or gray, Kelation to host: Occurring on the leaves. Adult flat, elongate oval, exuviae central; male scale female scale gray or brown, circular, flat, with similar in form and color, exuvia near one end. a subcentral exuviae; scale of the male gray, Additional hosts: Annona, Antheticum, Anthurium. oval, exuvia near one end. Cereus, Chiysalidocarpus Iutescens, Cocos, Additional hosts: Berberis, Buxus sempervirens Cojfea. Eucalyptus, Eugenia, Ficus Inga, Ken- sujjruticosa, Buxus sp., Hedera, llex aqui- tia, Magnolia. Mangifera, Alondo. Pandanus, Pit- folium, Laurus nobilis, Rhamnus, Ruscus, and tosporum, Porlieria angustifolia, Rhododendron, Viburnum. Russelia, Smilax, Solanum, and Strelitzia Discussion: reginae. This species is commonly intercepted in Plant Discussion: Quarantine on Ilex aquifolium (Holly) moving into This species is found predominately in nurs- California from Oregon and Washington. In Cali- eries, although several out-of-door infestations fornia it is found principally in nurseries, although exist in southern California. when discovered it is promptly eradicated. It This species approaches most closely Hemiber- represents the only species of the genus in North lesia howizrdii (Cockerell) but is immediately America. The pygidium of brztannicus resembles separable from the latter by the well-separated x 4 0 c

ai dm V v) ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 67 median lobes, the small acute, very definitely cornuta, Ilex integra and Osmanhu lragrans. sclerotized third lobe, and the relatively large, Discussion: but few dorsal pygidial macroducts. There is, This species is very common in California characteristically, a row of four or five such ducts where its primary host is Camellia It is predomi- extending in from the second incision, this dif- nately a nursery pest. fering from howmdzi where the ducts are scattered The species is most closely related to Hemiber- in this position. lesia kou.ardi (Cockerell), differing from it in California records: the presence of macroducts on the dorsum of the Los Angeles Co.: Alhambra, X-23-39. Beverly prepygidial abdominal segments and in the char- Hills, XI-29-39. Burbank, VI-5-41. Compton, V- acter of the third pygidial lobe and the general 11-37 (V. E. Williams). Hynes, 1-14-41. Inglewood, arrangement of the pygidial macroducts. VI-16-41. Lennox, XI-9-39. Lomita, VII-25-41. California records: Long Beach, X-16-35 (V. E. Williams). Los Angeles, Alameda Co.: Berkeley, VIII-25-41 (G. B. Laing). IX-7-33 (IC. Smoyer). Montebello, IX-28-36 (V. E. San Leandro, V-4-34 (F. J. March). Williams). North Hollywood, VI-13-36 (V. E. Wil- Butte Co.: Chico, IV-27-33 (E. T. Gammon). liams). Pasadena, XI-10-41. Pomona, V-11-44 Oroville, VIII-1932 (B. B. Whitney). (L. E. Myers). Sawtelle, VIII-18-32 (A. Toyne); and Contra Costa Co.: Brentwood, X-17-41 (M. K. Wilmar, 11-13-40. Bell). Placer Co.: Auburn, 11-17-54 (M. D. Norman). Fresno Co.: Fresno, 1-9-41 (J. W. Dixon). Kings- Sacramento Co.: Sacramento, IX-29-36 (W. B. burg, XI-10-49 (A. Cox). Sanger, XI-1-39 (T. B. Carter). Gallion). San Bernardino Co.: San Bernardino, VIII-7-41 Kern Co.: Bakersfield, X-29-43 (C. S. Morley). (C. R. Tower). Los Angeles Co.: Alhambra, VIII-28-41. Alta- San Diego Co.: San Diego, XI-25-42 (C. R. dena, IV-28-41. Arcadia, XI-10-28. Azusa, XI-21- Tower and C. E. Ehmann). 39. Beverly Hills, XII-8-41. Burbank, XII-27-39. San Francisco Co.: San Francisco, VIII-29-38 Covina, IV-2-36 (V. E. Williams). Downey, VIIE (F. J. March). 18-41. Encino, 111-29-40. Glendale, X-1036 (V. E. San Mateo Co.: Colma, X-28-31 (F. J. March). Williams). Inglewood, 111-14-39. Long Beach X-16- Santa Barbara Co.: Santa Barbara, VII-27-43 35 (V. E. Williams). Los Nietos, X-28-38. hlon- (C. E. Ehmann and K. P. Allen). rovia, IV-16-36 (V. E. Williams). Montebello, III- Siskiyou Co.: Edgewood, V-4-50 (J. H. Kodigou). 8-40 (C. R. Tower). Monterey Park, X-10-38. North Sonoma Co.: Forestville, XI-13-41 (M. R. Bell). Hollywood, XII-11-39. Pacoima, XII-15-40, Pasa- Ventura Co.: Ventura, IX-10-43 (R. A. Young). dena, 1-12-33 (L. E. Myers). Pomona, VI-21-41, San Gabriel, VIII-4-36 (V. E. Williams). San Pedro, IV-5-39. Sierra Madre, IX-12-41. Temple City, XI-17-39. Van Nuys, VI-3-36 (V. E. Williams). Hemiberle sia degenerata (Leonardi) Merced Co.: Los Banos, VI-8-42 (E. C. MC- Degenerate scale Daniel). Merced, 111-2240 (C.H. Kinsley). (Pl. 1 middle row, center; fig. 33) Napa Co.: Napa, 11-3-41 (W. D. Butler). Orange Co.: Anaheim, IX-7-43 (Wymore). Corona Chrysornphalus degeneratus Leonardi, 1896, Riv. del Mar, VI-26-41 (C. K. Tower). Fullerton, IJI- Patol. veg., 4:345. 29-44 (R. J. Bumgardner). Santa Ana, VI-1941 Aspidiotus (Chrysornphalus) degeneratus (Leo- (C. R. Tower). nardi), Cockerell, 1897. U.S.D.A. Div. Ent. Placer G.: Auburn, XII-1931 (C. K. Turner). Bull. 6 Tech. Ser., p. 29. Riverside Co.: Riverside, 111-23-50 (Barcon). Hemiberlesia degenerata (Leonardi), Ferris, 1941, Sacramento Co.: Roseville, 11-19-32 (J. E. Atlas of Scale Insects, Ser. III:342. Bachman). Sacramento, 11-27-33 (hi. L. Jones). Type locality: Portici, Italy. San Bernardino Co.: Ontario, VII-11-41 (C. R. Type host: Camellia japonica, camellia. Tower). Redlands, '1-27-47. San Bernardino, VIII- Relation to host: Apparently restricted in its 14-41 (C. R. Tower). Upland, VII-16-41 (C. R. feeding habits to the leaves. Adult female Tower). scale yellowish or cream-colored, becoming San Diego Co.: San Diego, 1-29-40 (R. R. Mc- white around the subcentrally situated exuviae, Le an). circular, slightly convex; scale of the male San Joaquin Co.: Lodi, V-12-34 (F. J. March). similar to female in color, broadly oval. Stockton, IV-1-46 (J. Solari). Additional hosts: Aralia, Camellia spp., Citrus Santa Barbara Co.: Santa Barbara, 1-13-43 (J. limon, Eurya japonica, Eurya ochnacea, Ilex B. Steinweden). Fig. 32. Hemiberlesia cyanophylli (Signoret), Cyanophyllum scale. Fig. 33. Hemiberlesia degenerata (Leonardi), degenerate scale. ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 69

Santa Clara Co.: San Jose, V-2-34 (F. J. March). Aspidiotus townsendi Cockerell, 1896, Psyche, Santa Cruz Co.: Santa Cruz, VII-27-42 (M. R. 7(1):20. Bell). Aspidiotus pseudospinosus Woglum, 1906, Canad. Sonoma Co.: Sebastopol, XI-12-41 (M. R. Bell).’ Ent., 38:75, illus. Stanislaus Co.: Modesto, 1-23-40 (J. B. Stein- Aspidiotus epigaeae Marlatt, 1908, U.S.D.A., Bur. weden). Ent., Tech. Ser. 16:2, pp. 21-22, illus. Tehama Co.: Red Bluff, VIII-1932 (€3. B. Whit- Hemiberlesia bowardi (Cockerell), Ferris, 1938, ney). Atlas of Scale Insects, Ser. II:240. Tulare Co.: Dinuba, XI-2-39 (F. G. Lackland). Type locality: Canyon City, Colorado. Lemon Cove, VII-19-46 (F. G. Lackland). Visalia, Type host: Prunus sp., fruit of cultivated plum. 111-24-39 (0. L. Hemphill). Relation to host: Characteristically occurring on Ventura Co.: Camarillo, VI-10-40 (J. S. Schall). the leaves of the host, occasionally on the Santa Paula, 111-24-43 (J. S. Schall). Saticoy, fruit. Adult female scale whitish, fhand 111-17-38 (E. L. Smith). Ventura, VII-20-38 (R. A. rather thin, usually circular although at times Young). modified by its habit of settling against a leaf Yo10 Co.: Ciarksburg, XI-22-43 (Morgan). vein, exuviae subcentral; male scale similar to that of the female in color, elongate oval, exuvia subcentral. Hemiberlesia fraxini McKenzie Additional hosts: Presumably recorded from a long Ash scale series of host plants although many of these (Fig. 34) records are doubtful because of misidentifi- cations. Ferris (1938) records the following Nemiberlesia fraxini McKenzie, 1944, Calif. Dept. hosts for this scale: Epigaea repens. Fraxinus, Agric. Bull. 33:1, pp. 53-54, illus. Maclura pornifera, tMagnolia, Malus pumila, Type locality: Indio (near La Quinta), Riverside Prunus perszca, Prunus spp., and Sabal. In County, California. addition to the hosts listed by Ferris, California Type host: Fraxinus velutina, Arizona ash. State Department of Agriculture collections Relation to host: Occurring on the leaves of ash indicate the species occurrence on Zlex cotnuta, and causing noticeable injury by removing Ilex opaca, Maranta, Prunus anneniaca, Pyra- chlorophyll from the leaf tissue. Adult female cantha, and Viburnum scale yellowish, flat, almost circular, exuvip Discussion: subcentrally placed, male scale similar in color Of the California Hemiberlesia this species to that of the female, elongate oval, exuvia appears more closely related to Hemiberlesia toward one end. cymophylli (Signoret), differing chiefly in the Additional hosts: Fraxina velutina is the only absence of a sclerotized third lobe. recorded host on which this scale has been California records: taken. Orange Co.: Santa Ana, XII-10-46 (P. E. Martin). Discussion: Riverside Co.: Hemet, XII-7-44 (0.H. Eggen). This scale is closely related to Hemibeylesia San Jacinto, IX-16-47 (R. W. Harper). colorata (Cockerell) (this species not present in California), but differs in the total absence of supernumerary perivulvar pores and in the arrange- Hemibedesia Iatuniae (Signoret) ment of dorsal macroducts on the pygidium. Hemi- Latania scale berlesia degenerata(Le0nardi) probably approaches (Pl. 1, middle row, right; fig. 36) Jtaxini taxonomically more than any other Cali- fornia species of this genus. Aspidiotus lataniae Signoret, 1869, Ann. SOC.ent. California records: Fr., 4(9): 124. Riverside Co.: Indio (near La Quints), XII-17-43 Aspidiotus cydoniae Comstock, 1881, Rep. U.S. (F. R. Platt). This is type collection. D.A. for 1880, p. 295. Aspidiotus punicae Cockerell, 1893, Jour. Inst. Jamaica, 1:225. Hemiberlesia howatdi (Cockerell) Aspidiotus cydoniae variety tectus Maskell, 1897, scale Howard Ent. Mon. Mag., 33:240. (Fig. 35) Aspidi otus implicatus Maskell, 1897. Ent. Mon. Aspidiotus howmdi Cockerell, 1895, Canad. Ent., &g., 33:241: 2 7: 16. Aspidiotus diffinis variety lateralis Cockerell,

ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 71

1897, Div. Ent., Bull. 6, Tech. Ser., U.S.D.A. Merced Co.: Gustine, VI-24-42 (W. A. McDaniel). p. 23. La Braza, XI-1-43 (E. A. Danison). Merced, 1-22-40 Aspidiotus (Hemiberlesia) crawii Cockerell, 1897, (J. W. Dixon). Div. Ent., Bull. 6, Tech. Ser., U.S.D.A., pp. 5 Napa Co.: Napa, VI-27-32 (A. C. Browne). and 23. Orange Co.: Capistrano, 111-16-34 (D. W. Tubbs). Aspidiotus greenii Cockerell, 1898, Ent. Mon. Corona del Mar, VI-25-41 (C. Y. Tower). Costa Mag., 34:184. Mesa, 11-23-41. Santa Ana, X-20-41 (D. D. Sharp). Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret), Ferris, 1938, Tustin, VII-24-30 (P. S. Barth). Atlas of Scale Insects, Ser. II:241. Riverside Co.: Elsinore, 1-21-43 (F. R. Platt); Type locality: Presumably France. Riverside , XII- 10-4 7. Type host: Latania palm. Sacramento Co.: Sacramento, IX-29-36 (W. B. Relation to host: The species occurs on any part Carter). of the host, although perhaps most commonly San Bernardino Co.: Ontario, 11-8-32 (G. A. on the bark. Scale of the female grayish or Pohl). white, the exuviae darker, quite convex with San Diego Co.: Carlsbad, 111-18-34 (D. F. Pal- exuviae toward one side, the scale thus having mer). Chula Vista E-15-38 (W. Binney). Eocinitas, a slightly tilted appearance; male scale unknown. V-1-34 (H. L. McKenzie). San Diego, XI-2-39 Additional hosts: This scale is exceedingly (C. K. Tower). omnivorous in its feeding habits and has been San Francisco Co.: San Francisco, V-4-38 (J. recorded from an endless series of hosts in all B. Steinweden). tropical and subtropical parts of the world. A San Joaquin Co.: Escalon, 11-6-32 (Huerlin). few of the California hosts include: Acacia, Stock ton, 111-1-44 (J. B. Steinweden). Tracy, Cedrus, Euonymus, Fatsia, Fuchsia, Gladiolus XII-2 1-38 (J . W. Dixon). (corms in ground) Grevillea, I-ledera helix, San Mateo Co.: Colma, X-21-31 (F. J. March). Kentia, Olea europeae, Per sea, Philodendron, Villbrae, X-21-31 (F. J. March). Rosa, Rubus, Salix, and Yucca Santa Barbara Co.: Carpenteria, 111-26-35 (G. E. Discussion: Woodhams). Goleta, X-16-36 (W. S. Cummings). This scale is very common in California on a Santa Barbara, X-28-43 (J. B. Steinweden). wide range of hosts including almost all woody Sonoma Co.: Santa Rosa, XI-5-41 (M. R. Bell). plants, except perhaps oaks and some conifers. Tulare Co.: Dinuba, XI-28-39 (F. L. Lackland). It is very closely allied to Hemiberlesia rapax Visalia, IV-11-36 (0. L. Hemphill). (Comstock) but differs from it mainly in the pos- Ventura Co.: Camarillo, XII-10-37 (L. T. Strat- session of perivulvar pores, more slender confor- ton). Oxnard, 1-8-36 (L. T. Stratton). Santa Paula, mation and membranous second and third pygidial 111-29-34 (E. L. Smith). Ventura, 1-21-36 (E. L. lobes and a slightly smaller anal opening removed Smith ). by a greater distance from the median lobes. Yuba Co.: Marysville, IX-9-42 (H. A. Crane). California records: Listed below are a few of the locality records accumulated in the collection of the California State Department of Agriculture: Hemiberlesia palmae (Cockerell) Alameda Co.: Berkeley, IX-15-41 (M. R. Bell). Tropical palm scale Oakland, V-21-40 (F. J. March). (Fig. 37) Fresno Co.: Fresno, 111-10-39 (J. W. Dixon). Parlier, V-14-40 (T. B. Gallion). Reedley, XII-12- Aspidiotus palmae Cockerell, 1893, Ent. Mon. 39 (T. B. Gallion). Mag., 39:39-40. Kern Co.: Bakersfield, X-9-46 (J. W. Dixon). Aspidiotus palmae Morgan, 1893, Ent. Mon. Mag., Delano, 1947. 39:40. Los Angeles Co.: Downey, XI-5-36 (V. E. Furcuspis palmae (Morgan), MacGillivray, 192 1, Williams). Brentwood, X-30-? (V. E. Williams). The Coccidae, p. 407. Gardena, 111-23-42 (F. R. Platt). West Los Angeles, Hemiberlesia pulmae (Cockerell), Ferris, 1938, V-24-44. Los Angeles, IV-11-38 (V. E. Williams). Atlas of Scale Insects, Ser. II:242. Montebello, 1-9-34 (C. R. Tower). Pomona, VII-9- Type locality: Jamaica. 41 (C. R. Tower). Whittier, XI-12-31. Type host: Cocos nucilera (coconut palm). Marin Co.: Mill Valley, 1-6-44 (M. R. Bell). San Relation to host: Occurring on the leaves. Adult Rafael, XII-29-43 (M. R. Bell). female scale oval, quite convex, white, exuviae Mendocino Co.: Ukiah, X-29-41 (M. R. Bell). subcentral and dark; male scale not observed. W dm u v) E dm a

n 4d W I W 3 V 0 Y

34 P a

.*m C m Y m 4- n CI aJ I 0 ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 73

Additional hosts : Aechmea weilbachia, Billbergia, Orange Co.: Brea, 111-19-53 (W. M. Amling). Bromeliads, Ficus, and .Muss paradisiaca sapi- Ventura Co.: Piru, V-21-43 (C. R. Tower). entum. Discussion: This species is similar to Hemiberlesia cyano- Hemiberlesia quercicola Ferris phylli (Signoret) but differs from it principally in Irregular oak scale the extraordinary development of the pygidial (Fig. 39) plates which are all larger and longer than the median and other lobes. Other key characters Hemiberlesia quercicola Ferris, 1941, Atlas of include an unsclerotized second pygidial lobe, Scale Insects, Set. II:344. and a strongly sclerotic, toothlike, third lobe. Type locality: Banner, San Diego County, Calif- Hemiberlesia palmae (Cockerell) was found ornia. established in a California nursery in 1942. Since Type host: Quercus engelmanni, Engelmann oak. that time it has been eradicated whenever dis- Relation to host: Occurring in bark cracks and covered. The species has not been collected for under bark flakes. Adult female scale irregular several years, thus indicating the possibility of in shape because of its habitat, although its being eradicated from the state. believed to be almost circular and with sub- California records: central exuviae, yellowish and normally covered Los Angeles Co.: Brentwood, X-30-? (V. E. with secretion. Scale of male not observed. Williams). Gardena, 111-2342 (F. K. Platt). West Additional hosts: Quercus spp. Los Angeles, V-24-44. Discussion: According to Ferris (1941) the “generic position of this species is extremely doubtful.” Hemiberlesia popularum (Marlan) Actually the species more closely resembles Poplar scale Aonidia shastae (Coleman) though in H. quercicola (Fig. 38) the adult female is not partly enclosed in the second exuvia. Ferris states the assignment of Aspidiotus (Hemiberlesia) popularum Marlatt, this species to Hemiberlesia is geographically 1908, Bur. Ent., Bull. Tech. Ser., U.S.D.A., sound, and it seems probable that the species is 16:2-23, illus. actually a member of that generic stock. Diasp idiot us pop ularum (Marla tt), MacGill ivray , California records: 1921, The Coccidae, p. 414. San Diego Co.: Banner, 1939 (G. F. Ferris). Hemiberlesia popularum (Marlatt), Ferris, 1938, Palomar Mt. State Park, XI-27-54 (R. F. Wilkey). Atlas of Scale Insects, Ser. II:243. Type locality: Deming, New Mexico. Type host: Populus sp., cottonwood. Hemiberlesia rapax ( Comstock) Relation to host: Occurring on the bark of its Greedy scale host. Scale of the female yellowish-white, oval, (Fig. 40) high convex, the submarginal exuviae darker; male scale white, elongate oval, exuviae toward Aspidiotus rapax Comstock, 1881, Rep. U.S.D.A. one end. for 1880, p. 307, illus. Additional hosts: Baccharis viminea, Fraxinus Aspidiotus convexus Comstock (in part), 1894, sp., Pluchea sericea, Salis, Ulmus pumila, and Canad. Ent., 26:287. Viscum album. Aspidiotus tricolor Cockerell, 1877, Canad. Ent., Discussion: 29:266. The large anal opening and the lack of develop- Aspidiotus lucumae Cockerell, 1899, Biol. cent- ment of the. second and third pairs of pygidial amer., 2:2, p. 22. lobes relate this species rather closely to Hemi- Aspidiotus camelliae Signoret, various authors berlesia Iataniae (Signoret). However, the greatly (see remarks by Ferris below). reduced plates and the more numerous dorsal Hemiherlesia rapax (Comstock), Ferris, 1738, Atlas pygidial macroducts readily separate it for that of Scale Insects, Ser. II:244. species. Ferris (1938) has made the following remarks rela- California records: tive to synonymy of Aspidiotus canlelliae Los Angeles Co.: Antelope Valley, 11-11-55 (G. Signoret. “It has been maintained by various Brown and L. E. Myers). Lancaster, XII-16-42 authors that this species is that which was (W. E. Shilling). recorded by Signoret as Aspidiotus camelliae

ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 75

Boisduval and this name has even been attri- San Luis Obispo Co.: San Luis Obispo, XI-1737 buted to Signoret as author, although he specif- (Fetters). ically ascribed it to Boisduval and was San Mateo Co.: San Mateo, XII-21-36 (I. J. evidently not proposing the name as new. Campbell). Unless an examination of Signoret’s specimens Santa Cruz Co.: Watsonville, 1-18-52 (L. C. should show that he was actually dealing with Hus ton). this species the author is not prepared to dis- Ventura Co.: Camarillo, VI-10-38 (R. A. Young). place the name rapax, the application of which Ventura, V-4-37 (F. L. Smith). is definite, in favor of any doubtful identification of Signoret’s specimens, or any even more doubtful identification of Boisduval’s Lindingaspis rossi (Maskell) species.” Black araucaria scale Type locality: California and Florida. (PI. 1, bottom row, center; fig. 41) Type host: Various trees and shrubs. Relation to host: Occurring on the leaves and Aspidiotus rossi Maskell (for 1870), Trans. N.Z. bark. Adult female scale gray, markedly convex, Inst., 23:3. the darker exuviae near one end, the scale thus Chtysomphalus rossi (Maskell), Kuwana, 1933, having a strongly tipped-over appearance. Male Minist. Agric. Forest. Japan, Sci. Bull., 3:32, scale unknown. illus. Additional hosts: This scale is recorded from Lindingaspis rossi (Maskell). Ferris, 1938, Atlas innumerable hosts in all parts of the United of Scale Insects, Ser. II:246. States, except possibly the extreme northern Lindingaspis rossi (Maskell), McKenzie, 1950, part. There is a possibility that it may be found Microentomology, 15(3): 98-124, illus. upon almost any woody plant. The identification of this species is somewhat Discussion: beclouded. It rests upon identification of Hemiberlesia rapax is readily identifiable by Australian material apparently made by Froggatt the relatively huge anal opening situated near the and upon material from the vicinity of Sydney, median pygidial lobes, the absence of perivulvar Australia, which agrees with this. pores, the weakly indicated second and third Type locality: Adelaide, Melbourne, and Sydney, pygidial lobes and the few, very small, delicate Australia. dorsal pygidial macroducts. It is very closely Type host: Originally reported as on “almost related to Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret), its every kind of plant. ” tttwin” species, but the absence of the perivulvar Relation to host: Occurring on the leaves of the pores in rapax affords an easy separation. host. Scale of the female quite flat, circular, California records: Only a few specific localities very dark brown or black, exuvia black and are listed for this species since it is so very almost centrally located; scale of the male generally distributed throughout the State. slightly elongate oval, dark brown, with exuvium Alameda Co.: Berkeley, V-3-38 (L. E. Myers). near one end. There is a rather thick ventral Niles, XI-2-49. scale formed by the adult female. Kern Co.: Taft, 111-27-50 (J. Stockton). Additional hosts: Abutilon, Artemisia, Araucaria Los Angeles Co.: Altadena, IV-18-35 (L. E. spp., Camellia, Citrus. Caccolobis, Eucalyptus, Myers). Van Nuys, 111-9-33 (L. E. Myers). Euonymus, Ficus (fig and rubber tree), Gardenia, Monterey Co.: Aromas, VIII-12-3 1 (A. C. Browne). Hedera helix, Hyssop, Nerium oleander, Olea Orange Co.: Orange, X-5-38 (T. B. Gallion). europaea, palm, Rzcinocarpos, Sequoia (red- Santa Ana, VIII-25-36 (C. E. Norland). wood), and Xanthorrbea.. Placer Co.: Auburn, 111-18-35 (F. Clark). Discussion: Riverside Co.: Beaumont, XI-3-50 (L. Cordill). As far as is known this is the only species of Sacramento Co.: Sacramento, 111-1-33 (W. B. Lindingaspis in California. It is rather closely Carter). related to L indingaspis floridana Ferris (known in San Bernardino Co.: San Bernardino, IV-8-48. the United States from West Palm Beach, Florida), San Diego Co.: El Cajon, XI-5-34. Palm City, but differs in possessing a submarginal, lateral VII-8-30 (L. S. Jones). series of dorsal medium-sized pygidial macroducts San Francisco Co.: San Francisco, X-10-28 originating at or near the lateral scar and extend- (F. J. March). ing posteriorly. San Joaquin Co.: Stockton, 111-5-52 (W. Bottel). California records:

ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 77

Los Angeles Co.: Alhambra, X-16-36 (V. E. Melanaspis obscura (Comstock) Williams). Los Angeles, VIII-14-42, (C. R. Tower). Obscure scale Pasadena, V-11-31 (L. S. Jones). Sierra Uadre, (Fig. 42) XI-27-36 (V. E. Williams). Orange Co.: Fullerton, 1944 (L. K. Gillogly). Aspidiotus obscurus Comstock, 1881, Rep. U.S.- Garden Grove, VII-24-43 (Andres). Y orba Linda, D.A. for 1880, p. 303, illus. 11-20-47 (Newson and Bruington). Aspidiotus (rMelanaspis) obscurus (Comstock), San Diego Co.: Chula Vista, VII-27-44 (C. E. Cockerell, 1897, Div. Ent. Bull. 6, Tech. Ser., Ehmann). San Diego, VIII-20-43 (D. F. Palmer). U.S.D.A., pp. 13 and 21. San Luis Obispo Co.: San Luis Obispo, VI-19- Chrysomphalus obscurus (Comstock), Leonardi. 42 (M. R. Bell). 1899, Kiv. Patol. veg., 7:206. Santa Barbara Co.: Montecito, XI-29-43 (R. P. Melanaspis obscura (Comstock), Keifer, 1941, Allen). Santa Barbara, XII-22-47 (R. W. Harper Calif. Dept. Agri., mimeo. Fol. No. 12. and R. P. Allen). Alelanaspzs obscura (Comstock), Ferris, 1941, Ventura Co.: Santa Paula, V-23-48 (R. A. Atlas of Scale Insects, Ser. III:361. Young). Santa Susana, 1-28-32 (W. M. Dunning). Type locality: Washington, District of Columbia, Simi, VII-5-32 (L. Onstot). Ventura, VII-1931 (C. United States of America. R. Tower). Type host: Quercus pkellos, willow oak. Relation to host: Exposed on the bark of the host. Adult female scale dark gray, circular, flattened, Nelanaspis lilacina (Cockerell) exuviae subcentral and blackish; male scale Dark oak scale somewhat smaller than the female and elongate (Fig. 4la) elliptically. Additional hosts: Acer, Carya illiiioensis, Cast- Aspidiotus lilacinus Cockerell, 1898, Ann. Mag. anea, COMUS, Corsicana, Hicoria pecan, jug- Nat. Hist., 7(2):26. lans, Prosopis, Prunus reverchoni, Quercus Chtysotnphalus lilacinus Cockerell, 1899, biol. coccinea, Wuercus spp., and Vitis. cent-amer., 2( 2):27. Discussion: Pelomphala lilaciiza (Cockerell), MacGilIivray, This scale is the only other species of hlelana- 1921, The Coccidae, p. 442. spis formerly represented, at least, in California. n4elanaspis lilacina (Cockerell), Ferris, 1941, It was originally discovered infesting pecan in Atlas of Scale Insects, Set. "357. California during 1933 and was later the object Type locality: Dripping Spring, Organ Mountains, of an intensive eradication program. Since 1941 New Mexico.. no living specimens of this scale have been found Type host: Quercus sp., oak. in the state. Relation to host: A barkinfesting species, usually Melanaspis otscura is easily differentiated not much concealed. Adult female scale dark from ,\I. lilacina (Cockerell) by the absence of gray, circular, flattened, exuviae subcentral perivulvar pores, these structures present in the and blackish; male scale smaller than the latter. species. female and elongate, exuvia at one end. California records: Additional hosts: Recorded only from various Los Angeles Co.: Van Nuys, 111-3-33 (L. E. species of Quercus. Ferris' records include Myers). Quercus agrifolia, Q. engelmanni, Q. texana, San Diego Co.: El Cajon, VI-13-34. Flinn Q. undulata, and Quercus spp. springs, 1-22-35 (M. L. ]ones). Lemon Grove, Discussion: VI-22-34 (E. T. Gammon). Mt. Helix, VI-28-34 This species is readily distinguished from (E. T. Gammon and 2. Gammon). Nelanaspis obscura (Comstock) by the absence of perivulvar pores, which are present in the latter species. Nuculaspis californica (Coleman) hielanaspis lilacina is extremely rare in Cali- Black pine leaf scale fornia having been collected thus far from only (PI. 1, bottom row, right; fig. 43) two localities in San Diego County. California records: Aspidiotus abietis (Schrank), 1776, Beitrage zur San Diego Co.: Banner, 1939 (G. F. Ferris). Naturgeschichte Inseckten, p. 48 (as a mis- Descanso, XI-39-55 (G. W. Schwegel and J. P. identification). Dion). Aspidiotus pini Comstock (not of Bouchg) 1881, v) n

Re ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 79

Rep. U.S.D.A. for 1880, p. 306 illus. (Pre- San Diego Co.: Pine Valley, VII-27-32 (W. V. occupied by earlier Aspidiotus pini of Bouche‘). Shear). Aspidiotus californicus Coleman, 1903, Jour. N.Y. San Luis Obispo Co.: San Luis Obispo, 11-18-48 Ent. SOC.,2:64, illus. (S. hi. kather and R. hi. Drake). Nuculaspis californica (Coleman), Ferris, 1938, Santa Clara Co.: Cobb Mountain, hit. lIamilton Atlas of Scale Insects, Ser. Ik251. Range, VI-1901 (G. A. Coleman). Palo Alto, IV- Ferris (1938) states “The name Aspidiotus 25-31 (H. €1. Keifer). pini of Comstock was preoccupied by the much Santa Cruz Co.: Santa Cruz, IV-10-34 (F. J. earlier Aspidiotus gini of Bouchk. March) . “Comstock’s species has at times been placed Shasta Co.: Hat Creek, V-15-41 (H. L. Mc- as a synonym of the European Aspidiotus abietis Kenzie). h.kCloud, 1740 (G. F. Ferris). (Schrank), but if material from Italy identified by Solano Co.: Fairfield, 111-26-34 (0. A. Kurtz). Leonardi as the latter species is correctly identi- Sonoma Co.: IV-1-30 (Hremner). fied this cannot be the case.” Yo10 Co.: Woodland, XI-8-37 (C. H. Hardy). Type locality: Cobb Mountain, Mount Hamilton Range, Santa Clara County, California. Type host: Pinus sabiniana, digger pine. Quadraspidiotus forbesi (Johnson) Relation to host: Infesting the needles only. Adult Forbes scale female scale blackish-brown, elongate possibly (Fig. 44) owing to needle shape, exuviae centrally located; scale of the male darker, elongate Aspidiotus forbesi Johnson, 1896, Ent. News, oval, exuvia central. 7:151. Additional hosts: Pinus cembroides, Pinus lumber Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) forbesi Johnson, tiana, Pinus mitis, Pinus murrayana, Pinus Cockerell, 1897. Div. Ent. U.S.D.A. Bull. 6, ponderosa, Pinus radiata, Pinus rigida, and Tech. Ser., pp. 5 and 21. Pseudotsuga taxifolia. Aspidio tu s (Aspidie 11 a) forG e si J oh n s on, L e on ard i , Discussion: 1898, Riv. Patol. veg., 6:223. According to available literature, Nuculaspis Aspidiotus fernaldi variety hesperius Cockerell, californica is the only species of this genus in 1902, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7) 9:450. California. Superficially the species resembles Quadraspidiotus jorbesi (Johnson), Ferris, 1938. Aspidaspis florenciae (Coleman), although the Atlas of Scale Insects, Ser. II:256. presence of a well-developed fourth pygidial lobe Type locality: Not specifically indicated in the in californica readily separates the two forms. original description. Recorded from various Certain forested areas in Lassen and San localities in Illinois. Ferris, 1938, suggests Bernardino counties of California have been that Champaign may be selected. seriously damaged by this scale. In the summer Type host: Recorded as occurring principally on of 1955 spray applications were made to control wild and cultivated cherry. the species in the highly recreational areas of Relation to host: Occurring on the bark of its Crestline and Lake Arrowhead in southern host. Adult female scale gray, elongate oval, California. high convex, the exuviae near one end; male California records: scale elongate, exuvia near one end. Alameda Co.: Livermore, XII5-54 (E. K. Stro- Additional hosts: Recorded from a long list of bridge). hosts a few of which include: Carya illinoensis, Butte Co.: Chico, 111-18-44 (R. G. White). CeItis, Cydonia oblonga, Ilex aquifolium, Ligus- Lassen CO.: Susanville, V-15-53 (E. T. Gam- trum, Malus pumila, Prunus cerasus, Prunus mon). sp. (plum), and Rhamnus. LOSAngeles Co,: Azusa, XI-6-44. Los Angeles, Discussion: XI-6-44 (R. H. Smith). This species is rather closely related to Quad- Modoc Co.: Timber Mt., 111-16-40 (J. W. Johnson), raspidiotus pemiciosus (Comstock) from which it Placer Co.: Colfax, VII-24-32 (Fourness). differs most conspicuously in the presence of Sacramento Co.: Sacramento, XII-l?-34 (D. perivulvar pores. It may be differentiated from the Custer). other California species, Q. juglans-regiae (Com- San Uernardino Co.: Crestline, IV-18-40 (J. M. stock), in the presence of a membraneous prosoma Miller and S. T. Carlson). Lake Gregory, VI-16-55 as compared to derm sclerotization of this area in (14. L. McKenzie). the latter form.

ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 81

California re cords: Contra Costa Co.: Walnut Creek, X-11-43 (Wei- Kings Co.: Hanford, 111-11-41 (T. B. Gallion). mer and Anderson). Sacramento Co.: Mayhews, V-9-35 (M. L. Jones Inyo Co.: Lone Pine, IV-25-39 (J. W. Dixon). and H. H. Keifer). Sacramento, VII-16-47 (J. W. Kern Co.: Bakersfield, V-5-41 (J. W. Dixon). llixon). Oildale, XII-28-38 (J. R. Clark). Shafter, 11-19-35 Tulare Co.: Porterville, XII-20-50 (0. A. Hemp- (C. S. Morley). hill). Visalia, 1-4-41 (0. A. Hemphill). Los Angeles Co.: Baldwin Park, 11-15-44 (Ca- Yo10 Co.: Davis, 111-7-47 (E. T. Gammon). meron, Roof, Byers). Los Angeles, VII-2035 (C. Woodland, IV-30-37 (S. L. Lockwood). R. Tower). Montebello, V-11-36 (C. K. Tower). Pomona, IV-4-35. San Gabriel Canyon, 111-12-33 (C. R. Tower). Quadraspidiot us juglans-regiae (Comstock) Orange Co.: Anaheim, IV-20-39 (R. J. Bumgard- Walnut scale ner). Orange, 1-4-32 (C. Kilgore). (Pi. 2, top row, left; fig. 45) Riverside Co.: Perris,? XI-10-43 ?(F. R. Platt). San Bernardino Co.: Fontana, IV-6-37 (G. A. Aspidiotus juglans-regiae Comstock, 1881, Rep. Pohl). Ontario, 11-5-44 (C. R. Tower). U.S.D.A. for 1880, p. 300, illus. San Diego Co.: El Cajon, VI-22-34. Kancho Aspidiotus juglans-regiae variety pruni Cockerell, Santa Fe, VI-28-34 (E. T. Gammon). San Diego, 1834, Canad. Ent., 26:132. 111-4-35 (E. T. Gammon). Asp idiot us juglans-regiae variety a1 b us Cockerell , Ventura Co.: Camarillo, XI-30-39 (C. Gammon). 1894. Canad. Ent., 26:132. Oxnard, IV-27-33 (Stratton). Ventura, IV-26-33 Aspidiotus fernaldi Cockerell, 1898, Ann, Mag. (L. E. Myers). Nat. Hist., 7(2):323. Aspidiotus fernaldi variety albiventer Hunter, 1899, Kans. Univ. Quart., 8:G. Quadraspidiotus persiciosus (Cornstock) Aspidiotus fernaldi variety cockerelli Parrott, San Jose scale 1899, Canad. Ent., 31:lO. (PI. 2, top row, center, fig. 46) Aspidiotus glandulijerus Cockerell, 1902, Ohio Nat., 2:287. Aspidiotus pemiciosus Comstock, 1881, Rep. Quadraspidiotus juglans-regiae (Cornstock), Ferris, U.S.D.A. for 1880, p. 304, illus. 1938, Atlas of Scale Insects, Ser. II:257. Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) perniciosus Comstock, Type locality: Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, Cockerell, 1897, Div. Ent., U.S.U.A., Bull. 6, California. Tech. Ser., p. 30. Type host: Jugland regia, English walnut. AonidieIla pemicosa (Comstock), Berlese and Relation to host: Occurring 011 the bark. Adult Leonardi, 1898. Chermotheca Italica, 3:53. female scale gray, almost circular or slightly Cornstockasp is p erniciosa (Comstock), hlacGilli- oval, moderately convex, exuviae subcentral; vray, 1921, The Coccidae, p. 438. male scale similar in color to that of adult Quadraspidiotus pemiciosus (Cornstock), Ferris, female, elongate oval, exuvia near one end. 1938, Atlas of Scale Insects, Ser. 11:259. Additional hosts: This species has been reported Type locality: Santa Clara County, California. from a long list of hosts throughout the United Type host: Originally described from examples States. A few of these hosts include: Adelia collected from ?apple, pear, plum and other neomexicana, Uetula, Cornus, Fraxinus, JugIans tree s. ? spp., Photinia ar6utifolia. Pinus, Prunus per- Relation to host: Occurring primarily on the bark, sica, Rosa, Salix, Ulmus, Vitis, and Zanthoxy- although it may commonly infest the fruit and lum infrequently the leaves. Adult female scale Discus s i on : gray, circular, slightly convex, exuviae sub- In this species, the constriction between meso- central; male scale similar in color to that of thorax and metothorax is distinctly marked, and adult female, slightly elongate, exuvia near one the prosoma is heavily sclerotized. These char- end. acteristics readily differentiate it from the other Additional hosts: Even though this species seems two California species, Quadras$idiotus fothesi especially to prefer deciduous trees, it has (Johnson) and Q. perniciosus (Comstock). been recorded from a long list of host plants, California records: a few of which are here included: Acacia, Aloe, Alameda Co.: Oakland, V-1-40 (G. B. Laing). Azalea, Hums, Citrus, Cotoneaster, Crataegus, ai a U a 9J a 0 h ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 83

Hedera, Juglans, Nerium, Per sea, Pinus, Pyra- Targionia gutierreziae (Cockerell and Parrott), cantha, Olea, Rosa, Tamarix, Ulmus, and Vitis. Leonardi, 1901, Riv. Patol. veg., 8:343-344. Discussion: Chorizaspidiotus gutierreziae (Cockerell and Par- This species is very similar to Quadraspidiotus rott), MacGillivray, 192 1, The Coccidae, p. 432. forhesi (Johnson), from which it differs chiefly Aspidiotus (Targionia) helianthi Parrott, 1899, in the absence of perivulvar pores. Canad. Ent., 3 1: 176. California records: Rhizaspidiotus helianthi (Parrott), MacGillivray, This species is very generally distributed 1921, The Coccidae, p. 431. throughout California. A few records taken from Rhizaspidiotus dearnessi (Cockerell), Ferris, authentically determined specimens in the Cali- 1938, Atlas of Scale Insects, Ser. II:263. fornia State Department of Agriculture collection Type locality: Bruce Peninsula, Ontario, Canada. are here included: Type host: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, bearberry. Butte Co.: Chico, 111-16-36 (E. H. Fosen). Dur- Relation to host: Ferris. (1938) states that this ham, IV-20-36 (K. Swett). species occurs on the crowns and stems, and Fresno Co.: Fresno, V-30-35 (E. H. Fosen and at times below the ground surface. Adult female M. L. Jones). scale gray or brownish, circular, convex, exu- Los Angeles Co.: Los Angeles, 1-3-39 (M. R. viae central, and with a strong ventral scale Bell). formed; male scale elongate, brown, exuvia Merced Co.: Gustine, 111-2-40 (A. J. Dunlap). near one end. Orange Co.: Santa Ana, XII-22-37 (R. J. Bum- Additional hosts: Ambrosia, Aplopappus hetern- gardner). phyllus, Aplopappus lmicifolius, Aplopappus Placer Co.: Baxter’s, 1-2-39 (J. B. Steinweden). linearifolius, Artemisia fili/olia, Aster, Rac- Newcastle, X-19-36 (S. L. Lockwood). charis p ilularis. Ceanothus americana, Com- Sacramento Co.: Auburn, VIII-30-37 (H. E. Cat- posite, Corethrogyne, Eriogonum jasciculalum, lin). Folsom, IX-28-3 7 (W. Travioli). Sacramento, Franseria dumosa, Grindelia cuneifolia, Gutier- XI-12-28 (P. H. Fahle). Walnut Grove, XI-9-34 (A. rezia lucida, Helianthus, Larrea, Parthenium E. Morrison). incanum. and Viguiera tenuijolia San Diego Co.: Escondido, V-28-36 (S. B. Os- Discussion: born). San Diego, 11-20-35 (J. 0. Rrodeur). This is the only species of the genus known to San Joaquin Co.: Lodi, 11-26-37 (S. L. Lock- occur in California. There appears to be consider- wood). Stockton, V-25-37 (P. F. Wright). able variation in the shape of the pygidium as Santa Cruz Co.: Santa Cruz, V-23-35 (C. V. well as in the prominence of the crenulat‘ions Dick). Watsonville, 1-1933 (A. C. Browne). along the pygidial margins. The number of macro- Sutter Co.: Yuba City, XII-21-33 (T. D. Urbans). ducts appear also to vary considerably. Tulare Co.: Orosi, XII-13-40 (S. L. Lockwood). California records: Ventura Co.: Camarillo, 11-27-36 (E. L. Smith). Kern Co.: Coalinga, XI-3-49 (H. Wallace). Ros- Oxnard, VII-28-39 (C. Gammon). Santa Paula, coe, 111-17-36 (L. E. Myers). Sanger, IV-16-34 (L. IV-10-40 (R. A. Young). E. Myers). Semmler. Yo10 Co.: Davis, 1-8-35 (C. H. Hardy). Wood- Los Angeles Co.: Azusa, IV-21-34 (L. E. land, 1-9-33 (C. H. Hardy). Myers). Lancaster (near), IV-26-36 (G. F. Ferris). Yuba Co.: Marysville, 11-22-35 (H. A. Crane). Monterey Co.: Pacific Grove (G. F. Ferris). Riverside Co.: Coachella, 11-12-36 (F. S. Stick- my). Rhizaspidiotus dearnessi (Cockerell) San Mateo Co.: Pigeon Point (G. F. Ferris). Dearness scale Santa Clara Co.: Palo Alto (G. F. Ferris). (Fig. 47) Tulare Co.: Mineral King, VIII-25-46 (G. F. Ferris). Aspidiotus deamessi Cockerell, 1898, Canad. Ent., 30:226. Targionia deamessi (Cockerell), Leonardi, 1901, Selenaspidus albus McKenzie Riv. Patol. veg., 8:343. White euphorbia scale Remotaspidiotus dearnessi (Cockerell), MacGilli- (PI. 2, top row, right; fig. 48) vray, 1921, The Coccidae, p. 434. Aspidiotus (Targionia) gutierreziae Cockerell and Selanaspidus albus McKenzie, 1953, Calif. Dept. Parrott, 1899, Industrialist, pp. 277-282. Agric. Bull. 42:53-56, illus. .*aJ N 0 3 P

ln VI u 0 I a" ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 85

Type locality: Norco, Riverside County, Cali- Relation to host: Occurring principally on the fornia. leaves, fruit, and green twigs. Larger twigs Type host: Euphorbia Caput-Medusae (Euphorbi- and branches are less affected. Adult female aceae). scale flat, circular, pale brown, the centrally Relation to host: Occurring on the leaves. Scale placed exuviae being darker; male scale almost of the female circular, white, with yellowish- white, oval; exuvia subcentral. brown subcentral exuviae; male scale not Additional hosts: This scale has been recorded observed. from a wide variety of hosts from around the Additional hosts: Euphorbia captiosa, E. fimbra- world in tropical and subtropical regions. A few tum, E. polygona, E. pulvinata. E. submammil- of the hosts are here listed: Citrus. Cocos laris, and E. truncata. nucijera, Croton, Cycas Circinalis, Gardenia, Discussion: iMangifera indica, Nerium oleander, Olea, Persea, This species may be differentiated from Selen- and Rosa aspidus rubidus McKenzie by the character of the Disc us sion: median and second pygidial lobes, which are This species is easily separated from our other approximately the same size and shape and are California Selenaspidus by the presence of peri- smoothly rounded, together with the presence of vulvar pores. Only one nursery infestation of this a prominent ventral submarginal sclerotized scale has been found in California. Apparently prosoma1 spur. In Selenaspidus rubidus the second the infested plants (Croton) had escaped detection pygidial lobes are noticeably smaller than the in the nursery for a period of almost one year. median ones, and both exhibit notching; also The infestation was eradicated during March, instead of a submarginal prosoma1 spur there is 1947, by the California State Nursery Service. evident in this position a sclerotized boss. California records: This scale has caused considerable damage to Alameda Co.: Oakland, 111-21-47 (G. B. Laing Eupharbia grown commercially. Heavily infested and S. M. Mather) (in a nursery). plants are usually destroyed by burning. California records: Selenaspidus rubidus McKentie Los Angeles Co.: La Caiiada, 111-1246 (M. Brownish euphorbia scale Wagner). Angeles, IV 23-34 (G. A. Fricke). Los (Fig. 50) Riverside Co.: Norco, a-19-44 (F. R. Platt). San Diego Co.: Carlsbad, X-14-47 (D. F. Pal- Selenaspidus rubidus McKenzie, 1953, Calif. Dept.' mer). Escondido, 11-8-46 (C. E. Ehmann). Agri. Bull., 42:57-58, illus. Type locality: San Diego, San Diego County, California. Selenaspidus art iculatus (Morgan) Type host: Euphorbia fasciculata (Euphorbiaceae). Rufous scale Relation to host: Occurring on the leaves. Scale (Fig. 49) of the female essentially circular, of a uniform brownish color, exuviae subcentral, generally Aspidiotus articulatus Morgan, 1889, Ent. Mon. darker; male scale not observed. Mag., 25:352. Additional hosts: Euphorbia captiosa, E. Caput- Asp idiotus (Selenaspidus) art iculat us Morgan, Medusae, E. mammillaris, and E. tuberculata. Div. Ent., U.S.D.A. Bull. 6, Tech. Ser. 14:23. Discussion: Selenasp idus art iculatus (Morgan), Leonardi, This species is allied to Selenaspidus albus 1898, Riv. Patol. veg., 6:211. McKenzie but differs from it in having the second Pseudaonidia articulata (Morgan), Marlatt, 1907, pair of pygidial lobes noticeably smaller than Proc. Ent. SOC. Wash., 10:135, illus. median lobes and both pairs notched on either Pseudaonidia articulata variety simplex de Char- side. In Selenaspidus albus the first and second moy, Marlatt, 1907, Proc. Ent. SOC. Wash., pygidial lobes are approximately equal in size 10: 135-136. and are smoothly rounded. S. rubidus possesses Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan), Ferris, 1938, a ventral submarginal sclerotized boss on pro- Atlas of Scale Insects, Set., II:265. soma instead of a spur. Type locality: Demerara, British Guiana. California records: Type host: Dictyospenna album, white princess Los Angeles Co.: Los Angeles, VII-16-37 (L. palm. E. Myers).

ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 87

San Diego Co.: San Diego, VII-29-44 (C. E. Type host: AllenrolJea occzdentalis (Chenopodi- Ehmann). aceae). Ventura Co.: Ojai District, VII-7-48 (V. Holmer). Relation to host: Occurring on the stems of the host, generally quite near the ground. Adult female scale white, elongate; scale of the male Tmgionia bigeloviae (Cockerell) smaller although of similar color and form to Bigelovia scale that of female. (Fig. 51) Additional hosts: Atriplex sp. Discussion: Aspidiotus (HemiLerlesia) bigeloviae Cockerell, This species is very closely allied to Aonido- 1877, U.S.D.A. Div. Ent. Bull. 6, Tech. Ser., mytilus vatiabilis Ferris, from which it differs in p. 20. the absence of perivulvar pores, and in having the L eonardianna bigeloviae (Cockerell), MacGilli- dorsal pygidial macroducts of a uniform size. vray, 1921, The Coccidae, p. 450. California records: Targionia bigeloviae (Cockerell), Ferris, 1938, Fresno Co.: Tranquillity (near), 111-1939 (G. F. Atlas of Scale Insects, Ser. II:267. Ferris). Type locality: Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, Inyo Co.: Deep Springs, X-1928 (G. F. Ferris). California. Type host: Bigelovia Lrachylepis. Relation to host: Occurring on the stems and AonidomytiZus ceanothi (Ferris) crowns. Adult female scale circular, bright Ceanothus scale reddish-brown except for whitish exuviae, rather (Pl. 2, middle row, left; fig. 53) flat, exuviae subcentral; male scale similar in color to that of adult female, elongate, exuvia near one end. Lepidosaphes ceanothi Ferris, 1919, Stanford Additional hosts: Gutierrezia, and Lepidospartum Univ. Publ., pp. 62-63, illus. squamatum. Mytilaspis concolot Cockerell, Essig, 1909, Discussion: Pomona Coll. Jour. Ent. 1:57 (misidentifica- This species resembles Targionia yuccarum tion). (Cockerell), known frbm southwestern United Aonidomytilus ceanothi (Ferris), Ferris, 1937. States, but differs in having smaller pygidial Atlas of Scale Insects, Ser. I:6. lobes and poorer developed scleroses at the bases Type locality: Mount Tamalpais, Marin County, of pygidial lobes. California. California records: Type host: Ceanothus jepsoni, Inyo Co.: Deep Springs, 111-23-37 (G. F. Ferris). Relation to host: Occurring on the bark of the Los Angeles Co.: Los Angeles (L. E. Myers). host. Adult scale of both sexes white and San Dimas, 111-1 1-29. elongate. Santa Barbara Co.: Cuyarna Valley, 111-30-35 (G. Additional hosts: Betula alba, Ceanothus glinosus F. Ferris). variety?, Ceanothus integerrimus, and Ceano- thus spp., Cercocarpus. Discussion: Tribe DIASPIDINI This species is distinguishable from all other known species of the genus by the very great The genera and species of California Diaspidini reduction of the pygidial gland spines, and by the are arranged alphabetically. much reduced, irregular, and inconspicuous median and second pygidial lobes. California records: Aonidomytilus bilobis Ferris Butte Co.: Oroville, 111-15-27 (L. E. Myers). Bilobed scale El Dorado Co.: Larson Valley, XII-29-54 (L. (Fig. 52) Mobley and S. Lockwood). Placerville, XII-23-47 (C. E. Browning). Aonidomytilus hilohis Ferris, 1941, Atlas of Scale Imperial Co.: Imperial Valley, 111-20-26 (F. Insects, Set. III:272.. Bingham). Type locality: Near Tranquillity, Fresno County, Kern Co.: Kernville (above), 111-28-50 (G. F. California. Ferris). d (II V v) V W n 0

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Lake Co.: Kelseyville, 11-22-43 (P. S. Lange). Type locality: Near Roscoe, San Fernando Valley, Madera Co.: Chowchilla, VI-23-42 (D. Holler). Los Angeles County, California. North Fork, VII-27-42 (E. T. Gammon). Type host: Sambucus sp., elderberry. Marin Co.: Mount Tamalpais, 1718 (G. F. Ferris). Relation to host: Occurring in the bark cracks. Nevada Co.: Grass Valley, IV-19-48 (W. H. Adult female scale white or pale brown, elon- Brooks). gate, slender and irregular probably owing to Orange Co.: Garden Grove, 1-9-38 (J. B. Stein- conforming to its surroundings; male scale weden). smaller but similar in color and shape to that Placer Co.: Dutch Flat, 1-9-38 (J. B. Stein- of adult female. weden). Additional host: Catalpa. Shasta Co.: Redding, IX-19-08 (R. W. Doane). Discussion: Ventura Co.: Santa Paula, V-14-48 (J. L. Schall). This species is rather closely related to Aoni- domytilus biiobis Ferris from which it differs chiefly in having pedvulvar pores and dorsal Aonidoniytilus concolor (Cockerell) pygidial macroducts of variable size. Concolor scale California records: (Fig. 54) Los Angeles Co.: Glendale, X-25-48 (H. Marsh). Roscoe, V-3-35 (L. E. Myers). Mytilaspis albus variety concolor Cockerell, 1893, San Bernardino Co.: Highland, X-19-49 (G. M. Psyche, 6:572. Harper) (in nursery). Mytilaspis concolor variety viridissima Cockerell San Diego Co.: Banner, 111-1937 (G. F. Ferris). and Parrott, 1897, Industrialist, p. 276. Lepidosaphes concolor (Cockerell), Ferris, 1919, Stanford Univ. Publ., pp. 60-61, illus. Aulacaspis rose (Bouchk) Aonidomytilus concolor (Cockerell), Ferris, 1737, Rose scale Atlas of Scale Insects, Ser. I:7. (PI. 2, middle row, center; fig. 56) Type locality: Las Cruces, New Mexico. Type host: “chenopodiaceous plant” (probably Aspidiotus iosae Bouch;, 1834. Naturgeschichte an Atriplex). des Inseckten, p. 14. Relation to host: Occurring normally on the stems. Diaspis rosae (Bouche)), Signoret, 1869, Ann. SOC. Adult female scale white or slightly greenish, ent. Fr., Ser. 4:7, p. 44, illus. elongate; male scale similar in form and color. Aulacaspis rosae (Bouchg), Cockerell, 1896, Bull. Additional hosts: Aplopappus laricifolius. A tri- Bot. Dept. Jamaica, 3:259. plex, t3orrichia frutescens, Encelia fatinosa, Aulacaspis tosue (Bouch;), Ferris, 1936, Atlas of ttericaceous plant,” Franseria, Pedilanthus Scale Insects, Ser. 1:lO. macrocarp a, and SuaeJa Aulacaspis rosae (Bouch;), Scott, 1952, Micro- Discussion: entomology, 17(2):40, illus. This species may be differentiated from Aoni- Type locality: Europe. domytilus ceanothi (Ferris) by its well-developed Type host: Rosa sp., rose. gland spines which frequently accommodate two Relation to host: Occurring on the stems of the or three ducts, whereas in the latter form these host. Adult female scale circular, flat and gland spines are exceedingly minute. white, with a subcentral exuviae; male scale California records: elongate, white, carinated and felted, with Fresno Co.: Panoche Creek, IV-28-47 (J. W. exuvia at one end. Dixon). Additional hosts: Commonly found on closely Imperial Co.: Algodones, XII-11-44, (A. J. Han- related members of the Rosaceae, including son and C. G. Anderson). Andrade, 111-30-45 (A. such plants as raspberry and blackberry. J. Hanson and C. G. Anderson). Discussion: Inyo Co.: Independence, XII-18-40. This the only known species of Aulacaspis in San Diego Co.: San Diego, 111-4-32. North America. It is immediately separable from somewhat similar species of Chionaspis and Aowidorn ytilus vmiabil is Ferris Phenacaspis by the angular fotm of the prosoma, Variable scale which is also swollen and exceeds the postsoma (Fig. 55) in width. Aonidomytilus variabilis Ferris, 1938, Atlas of California records: Scale Insects, Ser. II:138. This species is very generally distributed Q U v)

8.4 -0 0 U c 0 U ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 91

throughout California from the extreme northern spp., Juniperus spp. , and Sequoia sempervirens. to the southern end. A few of the locality records Discus s ion: are here included, some of these representing For years this species has not been recognized nursery infestations. nor segregated from the Juniper scale, Catulaspis Alameda Co.: Niles, XI-3-49 (W. S. Sibray). uisci (Shrank). Balachowsky (1954) has very Butte Co.: Chico, 11-9-34 (M. L. Jones). adequately described the Cardaspi's species Fresno Co.: Fresno, IV-11-39 (T. B. Gallion). occurring in the Palearctic region, and his trea- Glenn Co.: Willows, IX-15-32 (C. H. Spurlock). tise iocludes the forms found in California. Kern Co.: Bakersfield, X-28-40 (T. B. Gallion). Carulaspis minima is easily differentiated from Kings Co.: Hanford, X-9-41 (J. W. Dixon). C. visci by lack of a marginal pygidial macroduct Los Angeles Co.: Hollywood, 1-19-37 (Schlenz). between the median lobes, whereas this macro- Orange Co.: Buena Park, 111-21-35 (C. S. Mor- duct is present in the latter species. Comstock ley). Costa Mesa, IV-8-42 (R. J. Bumgardner). ( 1883) claims that minima is readily distinguished Placer G.: Lincoln, 111-1-40 (S. L. Lockwood). from uisci by the form of the scale of the male, Sacramento Co.: Folsom, IX-27-37(W. Travioli). which is described as being without carinae. Sacramento, 111-2 1-39 (0.Ohrt). This character does not seem too reliable, and San Bernardino Co.: Needles, XI-6-41 (G. A. little emphasis is placed upon it. Pohl). California records: San Diego Co.: San Diego, 11-20-35 (J. 0. Fresno Co.: Fresno, X-9-47 (J. W. Dixon). Brodeur). Los Angeles Co.: Hawthorne, 111-24-39 (M. R. San Joaquin Co.: Stockton, 11-19-47 (J. W. Bell). D ixon) . Monterey Co.: Cannel, VII-9-42 (M. R. Bell). San Mate0 Co.: Redwood City, XI-4-43 (Gray Orange Co.: Santa Ana, VI-4-32 (D. W. Tubbs). and Hess). Sacramento Co.: Sacramento, 111-1-39 (1. B. Santa Clara Co.: San Jose, 11-6-35 (D. B. Cus- Steinweden). ter). San Diego Co.: La Jolla, X-31-33 (R. R. Mc- Santa Cruz Co.: Santa Cruz, IX-1931 (C. V. Lean). National City, IX-28-55 (L. Haworth and Dick). D. Sprague). Ocean Beach, XI-25-55 (D. Sprague Tehama Co.: Corning, 11-26-35 (R. 0. Brandt). and J. Wilson). San Diego, 111-17-36 (R. R. Tulare Co.: Tulare, IX-6-40 (F. G. Lackland). McLean). Ventura Co.: Camarillo, VIII-8-37 (C. Gammon). Santa Barbara Co.: Santa Barbara, IX-29-47 Ventura, VI-20-40 (C. R. Tower). (F. B. Treloor). Yuba Co.: Marysville, VII-30-43 (A. W. Wor- Solano Co.: Vallejo, XI-17-55 (L. A. Black and ledge). P. C. Martinelli). Tulare Co.: Visalia, XII-15-47 (0. L. Hemphill). Yuba Co.: Marysville, XI-6-42 (A. W. Worledge). Carulaspis minima (Targioni) Minute cypress scale (Fig. 5Ga) Carulaspis uisci (Schrank) Juniper scale Diaspis minima Targioni, 1869, Cat. cocc. ital., (Pl. 2, middle row, right; fig. 57) p. 43. Diaspis minima Targioni, Comstock, 1883, 2d. Coccus visci Schrank, 1781. Enumeratio insec- Rep. Dept. Ent. Cornel1 Univ., 2:96. torum Austriae, pp. 296 and 588. Diaspis minima Targioni, King, 1702, Canad.. Ent., Aspidiotus juniperi Bouchg, 1851. Stettin. ent. 34:61. Ztg., 12:112. Carulaspis minima (Targioni), Balachowsky, 1954, Diaspis carueli Targioni, 1869. Catalogue, p. 43. hlern. Sci. L'Inst. Past., pp. 210-212, illus. Carulaspis viscz (Schrank), Ferris, 1937, Atlas of Type locality: Europe. Scale Insects, Ser. I:12. Type host: Thuja sp., arborvitae. Type locality: Europe. Relation to host: Adult female scale white or Type host: Viscum album, mistletoe. light gray, circular, exuviae approximately Relation to host: Adult female scale white or central; male scale elongate, white and only whitish-green, circular, exuviae central; male slightly carinated. scale elongate, white, and slightly tricarinate. Additional hosts: Cdlitris atticulata, Cupressus Additional hosts: Chamaecypmis, Cryptomeria .. c U ZJ 0 8 Y 0 4.

In In 6 .d L4 ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 93

japonica, Cupressus spp., Juniperus virginiana, Fundaspis americana (Johnson), MacGillivray, Juniperus spp., L ibocedrus decurrens, Picea, 1921, The Coccidae, p. 338. Pinus filifolia, Sequoia gigantea, Sequoia Chionaspis americana Johnson, Ferris, 1937, sempemirens, and Thuja. Atlas of Scale Insects, Ser. I:15. Discussion: Type locality: Illinois. This is a common species occurring quite Type host: Ulmus americana, American elm. generally throughout the entire United States. Relation to host: Occurring on the bark of its Carulaspis visci (Shrank) may be segregated from host. Adult female scale white, elongate, 6. minima (Targioni) by the presence of a mar- exuviae at one end; male scale similar in color ginal macroduct between the median pygidial to that of adult female, elongate but much lobes, whereas this structure is absent in the smalle r. later species. Additional hosts: Ferris (1937) lists Celtis as an California records: additional host of this scale insect, and the This species is very generally distributed State Department of Agriculture records show throughout California. Consequently, only a few mulberry (Moms sp.) as an added species. specific localities from which it has been taken Discussion: are here included. A few of these represent The median pygidial lobes being closely nursery infestations. appressed throughout their entire length, their Alameda Co.: Hayward, V-2-38 (J. B. Stein- mesal margins straight and their outer margins weden and M. L. Jones). twice notched, serve as diagnostic characters Butte Co.: Chico, VI-20-41 CR. Swett). in distinguishing this species from other Glif- Contra Costa CO.: Walnut Creek, XI-21-41 (M. ornia Chionaspis. R. Gell). This scale is reported as capable of damaging Fresno Co.: Fresno, IX-16-43 (G. Beevor). young elm trees. It has, apparently, persisted in Humboldt Co.: Eureka, XII-1931 (Peacock). California for many years without becoming too Kern Co.: Shafter, VII-14-41 (T. B. Gallion). aggressive. A recent nursery infestation was Los Angeles Co.: Los Angeles, VII-13-36 detected after a few elm trees had been sold to (V. E. Williams). South Pasadena, VII-31-33 (V. retail trade with no record of purchaser. The E. Williams). remainder of the infested elms were treated to Madera Co.: Madera, 11-29-40 (J. W. Dixon). prevent further spread throughout the state. Mendocino Co.: Ukiah, 111-2-39 (J. B. Stein- California records: weden). Los Angeles Co.: Beverly Hills, VII-25-33 (V. Merced Co.: Delhi, 11-49-40 (C. H. Kinsley. E. Williams). Los Angeles, VIII-4-36, (V. E. Merced, VII-20-44 (C. H. Kinsley). Williams). San Gabriel, VII-11-39. Orange Co.: La Habra, V-1-42 (K. D. Sloop). Orange Co.: Santa Ana, IX-28-54 (R. A. Mack- Placer Co.: Auburn, 11-13-42 (H. W. Marshall). essy and J. B. Walden). New Castle, 111-23-42 (H. W. Marshall). San Diego Co.; National City, IX-28-55 (D. San Bernardino Co.: San Bernardino, VIII-7-41 Sprague and L. Haworth). (Cl R. Tower). .- San Diego Co.: Oceanside, XI-18-40 (C. R. Tower). San Francisco Co.: San Francisco, VII-26-41 Chionaspis cotni Cooley (hl. R. Eell). Dogwood scale Santa Cruz Co.: Santa Cruz, VII-24-41 (M. R. (Fig. 59) Bell). Stanislaus Co.: Modesto, XI-3-41 (J. W. Dixon). Chionaspis comi Cooley, 1899, Mass. Expt. Sta. Turlock, 11-2-40 (A. Post). Spec. Bull., p. 15. Tulare Co.: Visalia, IV-1-39 (0. L. Hemphill). Chionaspis corni Cooley, Ferris, 1937, Atlas of Scale Insects, Set. 1:16,’ Type locality: Reading, Massachusetts. Chionaspis arnericana Johnson Type host: Comus paniculata, dogwood. Elm scurfy scale Relation to host: Occurring on the bark of the (Fig. 58) host. Adult female scale white, elongate, exuviae at one end; male scale of the same color Chionaspis americana Johnson, 1896, Ent. News, and shape as that of the adult female, only 7:150. smaller, exuvia at one end.

ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 97

Additional host: In addition to Cornus, the species Los Angeles Co.: Tarzana, IV-14-41. is represented in the State Department collec- Riverside Co.: Banning, VIII-28-23. (C. R. tion on Ribes sp. Tower). Coachella, IV-26-23. Riverside, Vu[-13-44 Discussion: (C. Z. Yonge). The most distinctive feature of this species is San Bernardino Co.: Barstow, 11-22-43 (C. J. the character of the median pygidial lobes which Hayward). Colton, V-5-50 (G. Harper). Needles, have their mesal margins straight, and are broadly XI-4-41 (G. Pohi and A. Breech). Trona, VII-17-40 divergent and somewhat longer than the free outer (J. P. Coy). margin. These characters, plus the fact that the San Diego Co.: Borrego Valley, VI-20-52 (L. species generally occurs on Cornus, readily dis- Hayworth). tinguishes this species from other California Stanislaus Co.: Modesto, IV-22-40 (H. E. Ch ionasp is. Wallace). California records: Tulare Co.: Tulare, 1-22-41 (0.A. Hemphill). Butte Co.: Paradise, VII-3039 (H. H. Keifer). Los Angeles Co.: Quincy, VII-5-34 (L. E. Myers). Chionaspis /ur/ura (Fitch) Madera Co.: Bass Lake, VII-13-42 (J. Wilson). Scurfy scale Placer Co.: Pilot’s Hill, VI-12-38 (J. B. Stein- (Fig. 61) weden). Santa Clara Co.: Mountain View, 1900 (S. I. Kuwana). Aspidiotus /ur/utus Fitch, 1856. Trans. N.Y. State Shasta Co.: Castle Crag, V-14-52 (K. P. Allen). Agric. SOC. 16:352. Aspidiotus cerasi Fitch, 1856. Trans. N.Y. State Agric. SOC.16:368. Chionaspis etrusca Leonardi Aspidiotus Ham’sii (Walsh), 1867. Practical Ento- Tamarix scale mologist, p. 119. (Fig. GO) Chionaspis furfurus variety fulvus King, 1899, Psyche, 8:334. Chionaspis etrusca Leonardi, 1908, Ann. Agric., Chionaspis /ur/ura (Fitch), Ferris, 1937, Atlas of 8:44. Scale Insects, Ser. 1:18. Cbionaspis sassceri Cockerell and Robbins, 1907, Type locality: New York, New Yotk. Jour N.Y. Ent. SOC., 17(3):105, illus. (mis- Type host: Pynrs communis, pear. identification). Relation to host: Occurring on the bark of host. Chionaspis etrusca Leonardi, Ferris, 1737, Atlas Adult female scale white, elongate, exuviae at of Scale Insects, Ser. k17. one end; male scale white, narrow and elongate, Type locality: Europe. and somewhat carinate. Type host: Tmarix sp. Additional hosts: According to Ferris (1937) the Relation to host: Occurring on the bark. Adult host list is long, but the species seems to female scale white, elongate and unusually occur especially on rosaceous trees such as broad, exuviae near one end; male scale Crataegus, Cydonia oblonga, Malus pumila, smaller, white, elongate, exuvia at one end. Prunus spp. (cherry), and Pyrus communis. Additional hosts: Recorded only from Tamarix. California State Department of Agriculture Discussion: records indicate this species as infesting Chionaspis ettusca Leonardi approaches C. Betula and Cotoneaster. ortholobis Comstock, but differs from it chiefly Discusdon: in the lateral notching of the well-separated This is the so-called “scurfy scale” of eco- median pygidial lobes. The median lobes of C. nomic entomologists. To date it has been found ortholobis are set closely together, smoothly only in California nurseries, although it is sus- rounded, and without notches. pected that owing to the sale of certain movable California records: nursery plants the species may be established Glenn Co.: Willows, 111-31-55 (C. Cordill and at other points in California. C. Lowlard). It is especially marked by the shape of the lmperial Co.: Calexico, XIIr20-48 (A. J. Hansen median pygidial lobes. These lobes are set close and C. G. Anderson). together, are low, and apically rounded giving a Kern Co.: Bakersfield, VII-27-50 (C. S. Morley). suggestion of being turned back to back. The McFarland, VII-13-48 (J. J. Kalstrom). median yoke is elongate and conspicuously ai 4m U v) a 0 0

0z ru 0 0

Ci7 0 c ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 99

sclerotic, and each median lobe has a basal Chionaspis ortholobis Comstock transverse, sclerotic bar. Cottonwood scale Glifomia records: (Fig. 63) Fresno Co.: Fresno, IV-13-39 (J. W. Dixon). San Diego Co.: San Diego, XII-17-53 (G. W. Chionaspis ortholobis Comstock, 1881, Rep. U.S.- Schwegel). D.A. for 1880, p. 317, illus. Chionaspis salicis-nigrae (Walsh), 1868. First Report on Noxious and Beneficial Insects of Chionaspis Sanders gleditsiae Illinois, p. 40 (misidentification). Honey locust scale Chionaspis Comstock, Ferris, 1937, (Fig. 62) ortholobis Atlas of Scale Insects, Set. k22. Chionaspis Rleditsiae Sanders, 1902, Ohio Nat.. Type locality: San Bernardino, San Bernardino 3:413. County, California. Chionaspis.gleditsiae Sanders, Dietz and Morrison, Type host: Salix sp., willow.. 1916, Coccidae or Scale Insects of Indiana, Relation to host: Occurring on the bark of the p. 271, illus. host. Adult female scale white, elongate with Chionaspis gleditsiae Sanders, Ferris, 1937, exuviae at one end; male scale white, narrow, Atlas of Scale Insects, Ser. 1:19. and elongate, and noncarinate. Type locality: Columbus, Ohio. Additional hosts: In addition to Salix, Ferris Type host: Gleditsia triacanthos, honey or sweet ( 1937) records Ahus, Arctostaphylos patula, locust.. Ceanothus spp., and Rhamnus purshiana The Relation to host: Occurring on the bark, adult species is represented in the State Department female scale grayish to white, elongate, broader of Agriculture collection on Fremontia Cali- at posterior end, exuviae near one end; male fomica scale smaller, white, elongate, carinated, exu- Discussion: via at one end. The scales oftentimes tend to Ferris (1937) indicates that certsin specimens be covered with the host epidermis and to be taken on Ceanothus in central and northern Cali- gray and inconspicuous. fornia exhibit slight morphological differences Additional hosts: Recorded only from Gleditsia from typical ortholobis, but that this evidence is t riacant hos. not sufficient to justify a separation. The species Discus sion: is very closely related to Chionaspis sassceri The identification of this species rests upon Cockerell and Robbins. the degree of fusion and nature of yoking of the California records : median pygidial lobes, combined with the disui- El Dorado Co.: Fallen Leaf Lake, VIII-1-44 bution and arrangement of the dorsal pygidial (H. H. Keifer). Meeks Bay, VII-25-48 (H. T. Os- ducts. The species shows a very slight degree of born). Phillips, VIII-1-44 (H. H. Keifer). median pygidial lobe yoking as compared to other Inyo Co.: Bishop, X-12-52 (A. M. Boyce). Car- California Chionaspis. roll Creek, 1936 (G. F. Ferris). According to L. E. Myers, Entomologist, Los Kern CO.: Kernville, XII-10-38 (L. E. Myers). Angeles County Agriculture Commissioners Office, Los Angeles Co.: Llano, VIII-8-46 (R. K. there was just one small infested locust tree in Bishop). North Hollywood, XII-8-39 . Otterbein, a 5-gallon can which had been in a nursery for 1- 17-39. several years before sold to the present owner. Madera Co.: North Fork, 1928 (G. R. Struble). Immediately after discovery on December 1, 1954, Orange CO.: Capistrano, 1-16-39 (C. E. Norland). the tree was destroyed. It is suspected, however, Orange, XII-8-43 (L. R. Gillogly). Santa Ana, that other such trees may have been sold to retail IV-14-43 (J.B. Walden). trade with no record of sales and, as a result, Riverside Co.: San Jacinto Mountains, X-6-39 the scale may be established elsewhere. (F. R. Platt). California records: San Bernardino Co.: Big Bear Like, IX-6-33 (L. Los Angeles Co.: Los Angeles, XII-1-54 (K.. C. E. Myers). Cedar fine Park, VI-28-33 (M. S. Stephens). U'alsh). San Bernardino, 1936 (H. L. McKenzie).

ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 10 1

San Diego Co.: Flinn Springs, X-2-41 (A. W. Chionaspis sassceri Cockerell and Robbins, Fer- Lewis). Jamacha, V-7-53 (R. M. Hawthorne and ris, 1942, Atlas of Scale Insects, Ser. IV:387. R. J. Buckner). San Diego, 111-27-40, (J. W. Dixon). According to Ferris (1942) “at least one pub- San Ysidro, 1-25-43 (C. Gammon). lished reference under the name Chionaspis Tuolumne Co.: Groveland, VIE644 (C. E. etrusca Leonardi exists, this being based upon Gustafson). erroneous conclusions.’’ Ventura Co.: Montalvo, 11-16-48 (T. L. Nasal- Type locality: Fallbrook, San Diego County, road). Ventura, 11-23-38 (E. L. Smith). California. Type host: Described from orange. Relation to host: Described as occurring on the Chionaspis sdicis-nigrae ( Walsh) twigs. Adult female scale elongate, gray, Black willow scale smooth, exuviae at one end; male scale white, (PI. 3, top row, left; fig. 64) narrow, and elongated. Additional hosts: In addition to orange the only Aspidiotus salicis-nigrae Walsh, 1868. First other recorded host is Ceanothus. Report on Noxious and Beneficial Insects of Discussion: Illinois, p. 40. According to Ferris (1942) “this species is Mytilaspis salicis Le Baron, 1871, Trans. Iowa exceedingly close to Chionaspis ortholohis Com- Hort. SOC.,p. 140 (preoccupied). stock, so much so that the writer is not entirely Chionaspis salicis (Linnaeus), 1881, Rep. U.S.- convinced that the two are really distinct.” In D.A. for 1880, p. 320 (misidentification). sassceri the median lobes of the pygidium are Chionaspis ortholobis Bruneri Cockerell, 1898, noticeably rounded and are separated from each Canad. Ent., 30:133. other to their bases, and the sclerotic zygosis Chionaspis salicis-nigrae (Walsh), Ferris, 1937, of the median lobes is short. Chionaspis ortho- Atlas of Scale Insects, Ser. I:24. lobis, on the other hand, has the median lobes Type locality: Illinois. contiguous for part of their length, and the basal Type host: Salix nigra, black willow. zygosis is narrow and elongate. Relation to hosts: Occurring on the bark of the California records: host species. Adult female scale snow white, Riverside Co.: Idyllwild, VI-1936 (D. W. Clancy). quite thick and heavy, exuviae at one end; male San Diego Co.: Fallbrook (F. Austin). scale white, elongate, and with an indistinct median carina. Additional hosts: In addition to Salix the species Chionaspis wistariae Cooley has been reported on Amelanchier, Cornus, Wistaria scale Liriodendron, and Populus spp. (Fig. 66) Discussion: According to Ferris (1937) the types of this Chionaspis wzstariae Cooley, 1897. Canad. Ent., species are known to have been destroyed, and 29:280. the recognition of it rests upon the work of Chionaspis wistariae Cooley, Ferris, 1942. Atlas Cooley. The species is characterized chiefly of Scale Insects, Ser. IV:388. by the submedian dorsal duct groups of segments Type locality: Originally described from speci- three and five, with about one-half or more of the mens from Japan taken in quarantine at San ducts very small, and submedian group of segment Francisco, California. six at times composed entirely of small ducts. Type host: Wistaria California records: Relation to host: Occurring mainly on the bark. Lassen Co.: Susanville, V-18-31 (F. H. Taylor). According to Takahashi (in correspondence) Modoc Co.: Alturas, VIII-6-36 (H. Hunt). the leaf-infesting species, here treated as Ventura Co.: El Rio, IV-25-36 (E. L. Smith). Phenacaspis fujicola Kuwana, is considered a Montalvo, 11-8-35 (E. L. Smith). Saticoy, V-1-36. dimorphic form of Chionaspis mistariae Cooley. (E. L. Smith). Ventura, VIII-14-33. I believe it advisable to treat the species independently until positive indications of synonomy are based on critically controlled Chionasp is sassceri Cockerell and Robbins trans fer experiments. Sasscer scale Scale of the female white, elongate, with (Fig. 65) exuviae at one end; male scale white, smaller, Chionaspis sasscen’ Cockerell and Robbins, 1909. elongate and narrow, and quite definitely Jour. N.Y. Ent. SOC.,17(3):105, illus. tricarinate.

ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 10 3

Additional hosts: Alnus and Salix are recorded Diaspis Loisduualii Signoret, Ferris, 1937. Atlas hosts in addition to Wistaria of Scale Insects, Ser. I:32. Discussion: Type locality: Luxembourg, Germany. The character of the finely dentate median Type host: Orchid (under glass). pygidial lobes, the narrow, elongate zygosis of Relation to host: Primarily a leaf-infesting spe- these lobes, and the narrow and acute second cies. Adult female scale white, transparent, pygidial lobes distinguishes this species from quite thin, flat, circular, exuviae subcentral;. other Glifornia Chionaspis. male scale white, elongate, tricarinate. Chionaspis wistariae Cooley was recently Additional hosts: This scale is principally a (1755) transferred to genus Phenacaspis Cockerell greenhouse pest. Cattleya and Cymbidium and Cooley by Ferris (Microentomology, 20(3):53- orchids appear to be the most common hosts, 54, illus.). According to Ferris the transfer was although other orchids, palms, cactus, Maranta, made because the basal zygosis of the median and certain tropical plants may be attacked. lobes was not developed enough to bring about a Discus sion: contiguity of the lobes themselves-a character This species is characterized chiefly by the which apparently defines Chionaspis. However, presence of lateral lobes on the prosoma. How- the degree of development of this zygosis in ever, an examination of a considerable series of wistariae would, in my opinion, still justify its specimens indicates this character is evidently retention in Chionaspis, variable, since some examples have a lobe on The leaf-infe sting species on Wistaria in Calif- one side of the body and not on the other, whereas ornia is here considered to be Phenacaspis juji- others of the same series may have no prosoma1 cola Kuwana. Takahashi (in correspondence) lobes at all. The companion species, Diaspis believes this species to be a dimorphic form of cocois Lichtenstein, is discussed in this bulletin. Chionaspis wistariae Cooley, although I am It shows no trace of lateral lobes on prosoma. inclined to leave the status of these two species There may be only one species involved in this unchanged until experimental crossbreeding has complex, although further investigations are proven otherwise. needed to prove this. California records: California records: Alameda Co.: Treasure Island, X-3-40 (G. B. This species is common in greenhouses through- Laing). out California. A few specific localities are Los Angeles Co.: Compton, VI-17-36 (V. E. listed below: Williams). Glendale, VIII-27-38. Inglewood, VIII- Alameda Co.: Berkeley, XI-24-37 (D. B. hlackie). 27-26 (L. E. Myers). Los Angeles, X-18-35 (V. E. San Leandro, 1-21-44 (M. R. Bell). Williams). Maywood, IX-9-35 (V. E. Williams). Fresno Co.: Fresno, XII-20-44 (J. W. Dixon). Pasadena, 111-5-40. San Pedro, IX-23-35 (V. E. Los Angeles Co.: Los Angeles, XI-17-41 (D. B. Williams). Mackie). San Diego Co.: San Diego, X-27-54 (K. H. Marin Co.: Larkspur, SI-28-43 (M. R. Bell). Baker). Monterey Co.: Del Monte, X-24-33 (F. J. March). Orange Co.: Santa Ana, VI-12-41 (C. R. Tower). Riverside Co.: Palm Springs, 11-1747. Sacramento Co.: Sacramentp, 11-21-41 (J. B. Diaspis boisduvalii Signoret Steinweden). Boisduval scale San Bernardino Co.: Chino, VII-10-42 (C. R. (Fig. 67) Tower). San Diego Co.: San Diego, IV-3-30 (K. R. Diaspis boisduvalii Signoret, 1867, Ann. SOC. McLean). ent. Fr., 4(9):432. San Francisco Co.: San Francisco, VIII-29-38 Aulacaspis boisduvalii (Signoret), Cockerell, (F. J. March). 1873, Gdnrs’ Chron., 3(8):548. San Mateo Co.: Redwood City, IV-28-42 (M. R. Aulacaspis cattleyae (Cockerell), 1897, Bioi. Bell). cent-amer., 2(2):30. Santa Barbara Co.: Santa Barbara, VI-23-35 (G. Diaspis cattleyae (Cockerell), 1702. Entomologist, E. Woodhams). 35:59. Ventura Co.: Oxnard, VIII-3-39 (C. Gammon). 6 Ld u ul 1" c)u m u

u --I Ld u v) ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 10 5

D iasp is bromeliae (Kerner) Aulacaspis coccois (Lichtenstein), Cockerell, Pineapple scale 1899, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 273. (PI. 2, bottom row, center; fig. 68) Diaspis Loisduvalii coccois Lichtenstein, Fernald, 1903, Catalogue of Coccidae, p. 228. Coccus bromeliae Kerner, 17 78. Naturgeschichte Diaspis cocois Lichtenstein, Ferris, 1937, Atlas des Inseckten, pp. 20 and 52. of Scale Insects, Ser. I:32. Cbermes bromeliam (Kerner), Boisduval, 1867. Type locality: France. Entomologie Horticole, p. 334. Type host: Cocos nucifera, coconut palm. Aulacaspis bromeliae (Kerner), Cockerell, 1894, Relation to host: A leaf-infesting species. Adult Canad. Ent., 26:33. female scale white, transparent, quite thin, Diaspis brorneliae (Kerner), Ferris, 1737, Atlas flat, circular, exuviae subcentral; male scale of Scale Insects, Ser. I:33. white, elongate, tricarinate. Type locality: Europe (in hot houses). Additional hosts: Chamaerops humilis, Cocos Type host: Ananas comosus (=sativus) , pineapple. spp., Kentia sp., Latania cornmersoni, Livis- Kelation to host: A leaf-infesting species. Adult tonia sp., Phoenix sp., Roystonea regia female scale white, rather thin, flat, circular, Discussion: the exuviae subcentral; male scale white, This species is extremely close to Diaspis elongate, and tricarinate. boisduvalii Signoret except that it normally shows Additional hosts: The most common host is pine- no trace of the prosomatic lateral lobes, nor apple, Ananas comosus. Other hosts include does it normally possess submedian groups of Anthericum, Dill Lergia, Bromelia p ingiun, and pores on the fifth abdominal segment. The ques- a number of other plants; some records of which tion as to whether this is a distinct species can are very possibly erroneous. be settled only by much more extended investi- Discussion: gations and research. It is here considered to be This species is readily differentiated from a distinct species and is treated as such in the other California Diaspis by the few and large present bulletin. See figure 67 as an aid in identi- dorsal ducts of the pygidium. fying the species. California records: California re cords : Los Angeles Co.: Compton, VI-16-36 (V. E. Alameda Co.: Hayward, XII-1934 (J. F. March). Williams). Long Beach, X-9-41. Montebello, VII- Oakland, XI-24-37 (F. J. March). 20-36 (V. E. Williams). North Hollywood, VII-16- Kern Co.: Bakersfield, 11-19-41 (C. S. Morley). 36 (V. E. Williams). West Los Angeles, VI-2-36, Los Angeles Co.: Beverly Hills, X-2-40 (V. E. (V. E. Williams). Williams). Los Angeles, V-13-35 (V. E. Williams). Madera Co.: Madera, 11-29-42 (T. B. Gallion). Montebello, X-15-37 (V. E. Williams). Pasadena, Orange Co.: Santa Ana, 111-19-41 (H. Mitchell). XI-10-36 (V. E. Williams). San Rernardino Co.: Colton, XI-3-55 (W. Burr). Orange Co.: Corona del Mar, IV-10-41 (K. D. San Diego Co.: Leucadia, X-19-39 (R. R. Mc- Sloop). Santa Ana, 111-20-41. Lean). San Diego, IX-19-40 (C. R. Tower). Sacramento Co.: Sacramento, IV-19-34 (M. L. San Francisco Co.: San Francisco, XI-1-32 (F. Jones). J. March). San Diego Co.: Encinitas, VII-5-44 (C. E. Santa Barbara Co.: Santa Barbara, VII-27-43 Ehmann). San Diego, IV-4-30 (S. L. Lockwood). (C. E. Ehmann and R. P. Allen). San Mateo Co.: San Mateo, IX-27-50 (B. Edwards). Santa Clara Co.: Saratoga, 111-23-54 (L. R. Santa Barbara Co.: Santa Barbara, 1-20-41 (F. Cody). J. March). Ventura Co.: Ventura, XI-20-39 (R. Young). Santa Cruz Co.: Watsonville, 11-5-35 (L. R. Sherill). Ventura Co.: Ventura, 11-9-36 (F. R. Lewis). Diaspis cocois Lichtenstein Cocos scale (See fig. 67 for comparison) Diaspis echinocacti (BouchC) Cactus scale Diaspis coccois Lichtenstein, 1882, Bull. SOC. (PI. 2, bottom row, right; fig. 69) ent. Fr., 6(2):36. Diaspis tentaculatus Morgan, 1893, Ent. Mon. Aspidiotus echinocacti Bouch; 1883. Naturges- Mag., 29:41. chichte der Schadlichen Garten Insecten, p. 53.

ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 107

Diaspis calyptroides Costa, 1835. Fauna del Type host: Arctostaphylos sp., manzanita. Kegno di Napoli, Cocciniglie, p. 20. Relation to host: Occurring on the leaves. Adult Diaspis cacti Comstock, 1883, 2d Rep. Dept. Ent. female scale light brown, moderately convex, Cornel1 Univ., p. 91, illus. circular, and with a subcentral exuviae; male Diaspis calyptroides variety opuntiae Cockerell, scale unknown. 1893, Jour. Inst. Jamaica, 1:256. Additional hosts: Known only from Arctostaphylos Diaspis echinocacii (Bouch;), Ferris, 1937, Atlas SPP. of Scale Insects, Ser. 1:36. Discussion: Type locality: Southern Europe. This species is rather closely related to Type host: Cactus. Diaspis parasiti McKenzie, differing from it in Relation to host: Occurring on the stems, fruit, possessing dorsal submedian groups of macro- and leaves. Adult female scale white, circular, ducts from the pygidium to metathorax. A few flat, exuviae dark, central, or subcentral; male dorsal microducts are in this same area in D. scale elongate, white, felted, exuvium at one parasiti. Furthermore, D. manzanitae is apparently end. restricted to manzanita whereas parasiti is found Additional hosts: Apparently restricted to the only on mistletoe. Cactaceae. California re cords: Discussion: Butte Co.: Paradise, 111-28-39 (R. Swett). The character of the median pygidial lobes, Los Angeles Co.: Arroyo Seco Canyon near which are all very much the same size, and the Pasadena, IV-3-32 (L. E. Myers). San Dimas association of this species with cacti serve to Canyon, X-17-37 (V. E. Williams). Saugus, IV- distinguish this form from other California Diaspis 17-40. species. San Bernardino Co.: Redlands, IV-20-10 (L. California records: (Childs). Butte Co.: Palermo, XI-1936 (Fitzgerald). San Diego Co.: Jacumba, 111-1939 (G. F. Fresno Co.: Kingsburg, 111-8-37 (F. J. March). Ferris). Oiidale, VII-11-34 (B. L. Fox). Santa Barbara Co.: Guadalupe (R. Patterson). Los Angeles Co.: Los Angeles, X-20-42 (R. H. Santa Clara Co.: Saratoga (near), XII-?-17 (G. Smith). F. Ferris). Madera Co.: Madera, XII-9-41 (G.Beevor). Shasta Co.: Castella, VI-19-33 (E. Bethel). Riverside Co.: Norco, X-1-47 (C. R. Tower). Redding, 1914 (R. W. iloane). Palm Springs, VIII-27-42 (C. R. Tower). Tulare Co.: Three Rivers, 111-11-49 (0. L. Sacramento Co.: Sacramento, XII-17-34 (D. H. Hemphill). Custer). San Bernardino Co.: Redlands, XI-1948. San Diego Co.: Escondido, X-24-36 (J. Brunton). Diaspis pmasiti McKenzie Ramona, IX-25-37 (R. R. McLean). Mistletoe scale San Mateo Co.: Redwood City, X-5-34 (B. B. (Fig. 71) Martin). Stanislaus Co.: Modesto, XII-22-31 (E. T. Diaspis parasiti McKenzie, 1947, Calif. Dept. Hamlin). Agtic. Bull., 36(3):108-109, illus. Ventura Co.: Ojai, XI-24-33 (J. A. Van). Type locality: San Jacinto, Riverside Co., Chi- Yuba Co.: Marysville, IX-18-34 (H. A. Crane). fornia. Type host: Phoradendron flawescens, American mistletoe. Diaspis manzanitae (Whitney) Relation to host: Occurring on the so-called Manzanita scale leaves of the host. Adult female scale light (Pl. 2, bottom row, left; fig. 70) brown, circular, with exuviae .central; scale of the male elongate, quite similar in color to that Aulacaspis manzanitae Whitney, 1913, Pomona of the female, exuvium near one end. Coli. Jour. Ent. Zool., 5(1):50, illus. Additional hosts: Known only from mistletoe. Diaspis manzanitae (Whitney), Ferris, 1937, Atlas Discussion: of Scale Insects, Ser. I:38. This species is related to Diaspis manzanitae Type locality: Bowman, Colfax, Dutch Flat, (Whitney) differing from it in possessing only Towle, and Blue Canyon in central California. dorsal submedian groups of microducts from the u m u a

aJ 4 m V u) ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 109 pygidium to metathorax, whereas in manzanitae Aspidiotus piricola Del Guercio, 1894. I1 Natura- there are macroducts in these positions. Further- lista Siciliano, p. 142 (=pyricola, misspelling). more. D. parasiti infests only mistletoe whereas Diaspis ostreaefonnis Signoret, 1869, Ann. SOC. D. manzanitae is found on manzanita. ent. Fr., Ser. 4(9):439 (preoccupied). California records: Diaspis /allax Horvath, 1897, Rev. Ent. Fr., Imperial Co.: Winterhaven district, 111-23-55 16:95. Ferris (1937) indicates that “According (G. Beevor). to Lindinger all these names are synonyms of Riverside Co.: Coachella, XI-15-49 (R. W. the still earlier Aspidiotus betulae Baeren- Harper, G Beevor and R. M. Hawthorne). Indio, sprung, but this seems to be quite conjectural. XI-30-48 (R. C. Dickson). San Jacinto, VII-23-46 The synonymy with Diaspis leperii Signoret, (R. P. Allen). however, seems quite clear. Diaspis snowii Hunter was erroneously referred to synonymy with this species by the Fernald Catalogue.” Duplachionaspis spartinae (Comstock) Epidiaspis leperii (Signoret), Ferris, 1937, Atlas Cord grass scale of Scale Insects, Ser. I:51. (Fig. 72) Type locality: France. Type host: Prunus persica, peach.. Chionaspis spartinae Comstock, 1883, 2d Rep. Relation to host: Infesting the bark, often hidden Dept. Ent. Cornel1 Univ., p. 106, illus. under lichens. Adult female scale white or Dug Iach ion as pis spurt inae (Comstock), Ferris, gray, circular, the exuviae subcentral; male 1937, Atlas of Scale Insects, Ser. I:48. scale elongate, white felted, noncarinate, Type locality: Woods Hole, Massachusetts. exuvium at one end. Type host: Spartina strictu, cord grass. Additional hosts: The hosts of this species are Relation to host: Infesting the dorsal or top side normally rosaceous trees such as prune, plum, of the leaves of the host. Adult female scale and pear. The scale occurs abundantly on conspicuously white, elongate, rather rough, Christmas Berry, Photinia (Heteromeles) arbuti- transversely quite convex, exuviae at one end; folia, and has also been collected on maple, male scale elongate, similar in color to that of Acer sp., and walnut, Juglans sp., in California. adult female, exuvium terminal. Discussion: Additional hosts: Recorded only from Spartina This species is commonly known as the “Italian strictu. Pear Scale’’ of economic entomologists. It differs Discuss ion: from Epidiaspis salicicola Ferris in either com- The numerous dorsal pygidial macroducts, pletely lacking second pygidial lobes or these together with the scales association with Spar- represented only as a mere point, whereas in E. tina, should readily differentiate this species salicicola these lobes are well developed. from other related forms. California records: California records: This species is widespread in California. A Napa Co.: Kuss Island, VII-21-53 (H. H. Kei- few of the specific locality records are listed fer). below: San Diego Co.: Coronado Beach, VIII-17-15 Alarneda Co.: Niles, 1-30-40 (J. B. Steinweden). (E. Bettel). Oakland, X-2-41 (51. li. Bell). San Francisco Co.: San Francisco Bay, 1316 Butte Co.: Paradise, VIII-20-43 (E. H. Fosen). (G. F. Ferris). Colusa Co.: Colusa, 111-15-48 (H. W. Gray). Santa Clara Co.: Santa Clara, (G. F. Ferris). Contra Costa Co.: Danville, X-16-41 (M. R. Bell). Kings Co.: Hanford, 111-7-41 (T. B. Gallion). Ep idiaspis 1eperii (Signoret ) Los Angeles Co.: La Habra, XII-4-42 (H. Mit- Italian pear scale chell). Los Angeles, IX-27-39 (C. R. Tower). (Fig. 73) Marin Co.: San Rafael, 1-2-41 (M. K. Bell). Merced Co.: Merced, V-2-42 (J. Wilson). Diaspis leperii Signoret, 1869, Ann. SOC. ent. Napa Co.: Napa, XII-10-43 (S. V. Weimer). Fr., Series 4(9):437 (Zleperii, an inadmissible Nevada Co.: Nevada City, VII-15-47 (J. W. emendation of the original spelling). Dixon). Diaspis pyri Colve;, 1881. Estudios sobre Sacramento Co.: Carmichael, 111-5-37 (31. L. algunos Insectos de la familia de 10s Coccidos, Jones). Elk Grove, 1-20-31 (A. C. Browne). p:33. Sacramento, 111-24-3 1 (C. Haenggi). .*m E ."U 0 .+-I.* E 4 Q a

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San Diego Co.: Fallbrook, 111-1544 (S. V. Fiorinia pellucida Targioni, 1869. Introduzione Weimer and G. F. Prole). Warner Hot Springs, alla seconda memoria per gli studi Salle 111-2643 (H. Mitchell). cocciniglie, e catalogus dei gen. e sp. della San Joaquin Co.: Stockton, 111-21-38 (P. F. famiglia, p. 42. Wright). Fiorinia camelliae Comstock, 1881, Kep. U.S.D. A. San Luis Obispo Co.: San Luis Obispo, XI-25-47. for 1880, p. 329. San Mateo Co.: Burlingame, VIII-20-41 (I. J. Ukleria fioriniae (Targioni), Comstock, 1883, 2d Campbell). Redwood City, 111-6-39 (I. J. Camp- Rep. Dept. Ent. Cornell Univ., p. 111. bell). Uhleria camelliae (Corns tock), Comstock, 1883, Santa Clara Co.: Campbell, 1-28-48 (T. B. Gal- 2d Rep. Dept. Ent. Cornel1 Univ., p. 111. lion). Gilroy, X-14-32 (B. B. Whitney). Palo Alto, Fiorinia pnlmae Green, 1896, Ind. Mus. Notes, IIX-15-34 (G. Becker). San Jose, XII-30-29 (S. L. 4s. Lockwood). Fiorinia fioriniae (Targioni), Ferris, 1937, Atlas Santa Crut Co.: Watsonville, 1-12-49 (C. V. of Scale Insects, Ser. I:55. Dick). Type locality: Europe. Solano Co.: Fairfield, 1-30-34 (C. H. Wren). Type host: Not known to writer. Suisun, VI-19-40 (H. W. Marshall). Vallejo, XI- Relation to host: Occurring normally on the leaves. 26-40 (H. W. Marshall). Adult female scale yellowish or brown, elon- Stanislaus Co.: Modesto, 111-7-44 (J. Wilson). gate, quite translucent, composed of the second Tulare Co.: Keedley, 111-1341 (0. A. Hemphill). skin, with perhaps a slight terminal waxy Visalia, 1-8-41 (0. A. Hemphill). appendage, first exuvium at anterior end; male Ventura Co.: Ojai, XI-3-32 (E. L. Smith). scale white, felted exuvium terminal. Yo10 Co.: Davis, XI-10-47. Additional hosts: This species infests a long list of hosts usually in greenhouses. It seems to favor palms especially. A few of its hosts Epidiaspis salicicola Ferris include Anthurium, Camellia, Hedera, Ilex, Salicicola scale Laurus, Persea. Leptospemum laevigatum, (Fig. 74) Phoenix, Podocatpus, Rhus, Strelitzia, and Taxus. Epidiaspis salicicola Ferris, 1938, Atlas of Scale Discussion: Insects, Ser. 11:142, illus. This species is a common greenhouse scale. Type locality: Phoenix, Arizona. The pygidial margin has but three or occasionally Type host: Phoradendmn californicum, mesquite four large, and no small, macroducts; this char- mistletoe. acter normally serves to distinguish it from other Kelation to host: Occurring exposed on the small California Fiorinia. twigs of its host. Adult female scale brownish, California re cords: slightly darker than straw-color, circular, rather This species is quite common in California convex, exuviae subcentral; male scale straw- nurseries. A few of the specific localities are colored and with a very faint median carina, listed below: exuvium at one end. Alameda Co.: Hayward, X-7-41 (M. R. Bell). Additional hosts: Populus sp., and Sdix. Oakland, XI-3-32 (B. B. Whitney). Discussion: Riverside Co.: Riverside, 1-29-49. Related to Epidiaspis leperii (Signoret) but San Diego Co.: Coronado, 11-8-36 (J. G. Brun- differing from it in having well-developed second ton). Pacific Beach, XI-18-42 (D. F. Palmer). pygidial lobes. San Diego, XII-2-31 (S. B. Osbom). California records: Tulare Co.: Exeter, V-18-43 (J.M. Awbrey). Kern Co.: Bakersfield, XI-4-41 (T. B. Gallion). Yuba Co.: Marysville, 111-8-48. Ventura Co.: Fillmore, 1935 (E. L. Smith).

Fiorinia japonica Kuwana Fwrinia fioriniae (Targioni) Coniferous fiarinia scale Palm fiorinia scale (Fig. 76) (Fig. 75) Diaspis fioriniae Targioni, 1867. Studii sulle Fiorinia fioriniae variety japonica Kuwana, 1902, Cocciniglie, p. 14. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 3(3):79.

ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 113

Fiorinia japonica Kuwana, Ferris, 1742, Atlas of side along pygidial margin instead of five or less Scale Insects, Ser. IV:394. of these structures in this position. Type locality: Tokyo, Gifuken, and Shigaken, California records: Japan. Alameda Co.: Berkeley, XI-12-48 (G. B. Laing). Type host: Podocarpus macrophyllus maki (chi- Hayward, V-3-39 (F. J. March). Oakland, XI-3-32 nensis) and Pinus sp. (B. B. Whitney). Relation to host: Occurring on the needles. Adult . Los Angeles Co.: Gardena, V-5-53 (L. E. female scale pale yellowish-brown, composed French). chiefly of the enlarged second exuvia which is covered with a thin film of wax, sometimes with darker median area and bordered with a narrow Fiorinia theae Green fringe of a secretionary waxy material; male Tea scale scale elongate, white, with a terminal exuvium. (Fig.. 78) Additional hosts: Abies spp., Cedrus atlantica, Podocarpus ~pp.,and Tsuga spp. Fiorinia theae Green, 1900, Ind. Mus. Notes, 5:3. Discussion: Fiorinia theae Green, Ferris, 1942, Atlas of Scale This species is very specific in its host prefer- Insects, Set. IV:395. ences, being restricted to coniferous representa- Type locality: India. tives. It is characterized by possessing four Type host: Camellia sinensis, common tea: large marginal pygidial macroducts followed by a Relation to host: Occurring on the leaves. Adult few smaller macroducts, and the antennae are female scale composed chiefly of the sclero- noticeably enlarged and set at the apex of the tized second exuvia, which has a longitudinal head. The pygidium is not elongate. elevated ridge covered by a very thin film of: California records: wax, quite dark brown, elongate oval, and with Los Angeles Co.: Culver City, 11-2-42. Harbor the posterior end quite pointed; male scale City, 11-25-38 (V. E. Williams). Los Angeles, XII- elongate, white, with a terminal exuvia. 14-38 (J. B. Steinweden). San Pedro, IV-11-38 Additional hosts: Camellia spp., Euya, Ilex spp., (L. E. Myers). and Olea glandulifera. Discussion: This species is readily recognizable from other Fiorinia juniperi (Bouchi) California Fion'nia by the small marginal ducts Juniper fiorinia scale of the pygidium and by the tubular process (Fig. 77) between the antennae. Fiorinia theae Green has been found only in Aspidiotus juniperi Bouch;, 1851, Stettin. Ent. California nurseries. Whenever found, however, Ztg., 12:112. it is eradicated. Diaspis juniperi (Bouchg), Signoret, 1869, Ann. California records: SOC.ent. Fr., 4(9):437. Contra Costa Co.: El Cerrito, 1-18-45 (M. R. Type locality: Europe. Bell). Type host: Juniperus communis, common juniper. Fresno Co.: Fresno, X-23-52 (H. V. Dunnegan). Relation to host: Occurring on the leaves of its Los Angeles Co.: Glendale, VI-4-41. Pasadena, host. Adult female scale pale yellowish-brown, 1-31-41. Pomona, 1-19-44. Sierra Madre, IX-12-41. elongate, composed of a second skin., exuviae Temple City, VII-16-41. at one end, often covered by a whitish secre- Orange Co.: Costa Mesa, 11-20-47 (J. B. Walden tion; male scale elongate, white, felted, exu- and L. J. Liekhus). vium terminal. Santa Clara Co.: Los Gatos, 1-27-53 (A. Mutten- Additional hosts: Podocat.pus. berg and C. Howe). Discussion : This species has been found only in California nurseries. It has persisted in at least one north- Furchadiaspis zmniae (Morgan) ern California nursery for a period of more than Cycad scale ten years. Recent control measures in this nursery (Fig. 79) have, however, apparently eradicated the scale. It is different from other California Fiosinia by Diaspis zamiae Morgan, 1890, Ent. Mon. Mag., having seven or eight large macroducts on one 26:44.

ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 115

Flowardia elegans Berlese and Leonardi, 1895. notes, upon two plants labeled Achras zapota Chermotheca Italica I( 18). and Elaeocarpus cyaneus, respectively.” Aulacaspis elegans (Berlese and Leonardi), King, Relation to host: Occurring on the leaves, twigs, 1899, Psyche, 8:350. and certain fruits. Adult female scale very Furchadiaspis zamiae (Morgan), Ferris, 1937, large, measuring &om 2.5 to 3 mm. in diameter, Atlas of Scale Insects, Ser. I:59. broadly oval to almost circular, white or gray- Type locality: Oporto, Portugal. white, usually concealed beneath epidermis of Type host: Zamia villosa. host thus obscuring its color, exuviae sub- Relation to host: Occurring on the leaves. Adult marginal; male scale not known, the species female scale white, oval, or subcircular, moder- probably being parthenogenetic. ately convex, exuviae at one end; male scale Additional hosts: Recorded from a long list of unknown. hosts a few of which include: Acalypha, Alla- Additional hosts: This species normally infests manda cathartica var. Scbottia, Andira, Annona, various cycads of the genera Cycas and Zamia. Begonia, Bixa, Camellia, Carica, Castanea, Only one exception has been recently noted on Gsuarina, Cinriamomum, Citrus, Coffea, Strelitzia nicolai in a California nursery. Euphorbia pulcberrima, Ficus, Flacourtia, Discussion: Hibiscus, lasminum. Ligustncm, Microglossa, The host specificity of this scale insect aids Plumen’a, Punica, and Wistaria. in its identification. Superficially it resembles a Discus s i on: Diaspis but lacks perivulvar pores and possesses This is the so-called “mining or bi-clavate” numerous dorsal ducts which are scattered over scale of economic entomologists. the abdomen. No other members of this genus are The scale has the habit of burrowing beneath represented in California. the epidermal layer of the twig or leaf which it The species occurs on the leaves of various infests. It is invariably obscured by the layer of cycads and is rather frequently found in California tissue under which the scale has grown. The large nurseries. size of this species, together with its heavily California records : sclerotized and broadly turbinate prosomatic Alameda Co.: Oakland, IV-17-39 (F. J. March). region and the prominent median lobes each Los Angeles Co.: Hawthorne, VII-9-40. Ingle- with a conspicuous clubshaped sclerosis, makes wood, 111-10-38. Los Angeles, XI-4-54 (C. W. identification a relatively simple matter. Bridges). San Marino, VI-13-38 (V. E. Williams). In California it is principally a nursery pest Santa Monica, V-19-52 (G. Beevor). and whenever found has been the object of rigid San Francisco Co.: San Francisco, (0. E. treatment, often resulting in complete plant de- Bremner). struction. An infestation noted in 1929 in a glass San Mateo Co.: Millbrae, X-19-31 (F. J. March). conservatory in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, Santa Clara Co.: Palo Alto, 1917 (G. F. Ferris). California, has persisted for over twenty years in spite of applied control measures. California records: lio wardia biclavis ( Comstock) Los Angeles Co.: Brentwood, IV-8-41. Monte- Mining scale bello, V-27-43. West Los Angeles, X-16-40. (Fig. 80) San Diego Co.: Encinitas (quarantine from Walnut Creek, Solano County, California), IX-16- Chionaspis (?) biclavis Comstock, 1883, 2d Rep. 47 (H. L. Oldham). San Diego, VII-3-42 (U. F. Dept. Ent. Cornel1 Univ., p. 98. Palmer). Megalodiasp is L icl avis (Comstock), Malenotti, San Francisco Co.: San Francisco, IX-1929 (J. Paoli, 1915, Kedia, 11:256. B. Steinweden). Howardia hiclavis (Comstock), Ferris, 1937, Atlas of Scale Insects, Sei. I:65. Type locality: Washington, D.C. (in a conserva- K u wanasp is p seudole ucaspis ( Ku wan a) tory). Bamboo diaspidid Type host: According to Comstock (1883), “It (Fig. 81) has been found upon the following named plants: Diospyms ebenum, Ficus IaurifoIia, a Leucaspis bamhusae Kuwana, 1902, Proc. Calif. species of Tamarindus, and according to my Acad. Sci., 3(3):74, illus. 0 n0 E a n

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W v ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 117

Chionasp is p seudoleucasp is Kuwana, 1923. accepted that Coccus beckii Newman and Dobuts ugaku-zasshi, 35:323. Aspidiotus citricola Packard are the same Tsukushiasp is pseudoleucaspis (Kuwana), Ku- species, but Leonardi has indicated that both wana, 1928. Minist. Agtic. Forest., Japan, are the same as the still earlier Aspidiotus pin- Sci. Bull., No. 1:31, illus. naefonnis Bouchk. On the other hand, pimzae- Kuu,anaspis pseudoleucuspis (Kuwana), Ferris, formis was originally described from an orchid, 1941, Atlas of Scale Insects. Ser. III:288. and there occur on orchids species of this -’ According to Ferris (1941), “the change in genus which could easily be confused with specific name from bambusae to pseudoleu- beckii but are distinct. It appears that the caspis was occasioned by the fact that Kuwana identification of pinnaeformis is purely specu- at one time mistakenly referred the species to lative and consequently the opinion is here Chionaspis, a genus in which the name Eambu- maintained that it should not replace a name sue preoccupied, a secondary homonym thereby the application of which is definitely known.” being created. Under the present rules of nomen- Type locality: Europe. clature the original name cannot be restored in Type host; Orange, the case of such secondary homonyms, what- Relation to host: Occurring on the bark, leaves, ever the error which resulted in a homonym and fruit. Adult female scale elongate, broader being produced.” at posterior end, brownish, exuviae at one end; Type locality: Kokura, Kiushiu, Japan. male scale smaller, elongate, similar to female Type host: Bamboo. in color, exuvium terminal. Relation to host: Infesting the canes. Adult female Additional hosts: The principal host of this scale white, elongate, moderately broad, exuviae at is Citrus, and the species is found wherever one end; male scale not seen by me, but accord- these fruits are grown throughout the world. It ing to Kuwana is similar in form and color to has been, however, recorded from many other adult female, and also possesses a distinct hosts, but in view of the possible misidentifi- median keel. cation of members of Lepidosaphes, many of Additional hosts: Recorded only from bamboo. these records are in error. A few of the other Discussion: authentic hosts include Buxus, Elaeagnus, and This species occurs only on bamboo in Cali- Ilex. fornia. There should be no difficulty in separating Discussion: it from any other California diaspidid. This species is known to economic entomo- California records: logists as the “purple scale” of citrus. The Los Angeles Co.: Camarillo, VII-28-55 (W. M. species is perhaps most closely related to Jones). Harbor City, 11-27-47 (L. E. Myers). Los Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus), differing from it Angeles, IV-26-38 (F. R. Platt). by the total absence of marginal sclerotized spurs San Diego Co.: San Diego, IV-6-49 (R. W. Har- on the abdominal segments which are always per). present in ulmi. Santa Barbara Co.: Montecito, V-9-49 (R. W. Lepidosaphes beckii .is considered a serious Harper). pest of Citms in certain coastal areas in southern Santa Clara Co.: Palo Alto, 111-17-51 (B. California. Edwards). California records: A few of the California locality records for this species are given below: Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman) Alameda Co.: Berkeley, IX-25-41 (M. R. Bell). Purple scale Contra Costa Co.: Richmond, XII-30-49. (PI. 3, top row, right; fig. 82) Del Norte Co.: Crescent City, 1-20-48 (L. Mob- ley). Coccus beckii Newman, 1869, Entomologist, 4:217. Los Angeles Co.: Inglewood, XII-7-33 (Mil- Aspidiotus citricola Packard, 1869, Guide to bmth). La Habra, XI-17-42 (T. B. Gallion). Los Study of Insects, p. 527. Angeles, V-28-32 (Smoyer). Montebello, V-1935 Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman), Ferris, 1937, (V. E. Williams). Whittier, XII-1932 (C. R. Tower). Atlas of Scale Insects, Ser. I:71. Orange Co.: Anaheim, VIII-2-38 (A. L. Stratton). Ferris (1937) says, regarding the synonymy Capistrano, 111-16-34 (D. W. Tubbs). Newport, of this species; “The proper name to be applied XII-9-38 (T. Balkam). Santa Ana, 11-16-32 (L. E. to this species is in doubt. It is commonly Myers). P) 4 u(d v)

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Riverside Co.: Kiverside, 11-1949. Sonoma Co.: Sa'nta Rosa, 111-11-49 (P. F. Sacramento Co.: Sacramento, 11-9-46 (J. B. Wright ). Steinweden). Tulare Co.: Tulare, IX-14-50 (Kalstrom). Visalia, San Diego Co.: San Diego, XI-22-40 (C. R. XI-24-4 1 (J. W. Dixon). Tower). Ventura Co.: Ojai, 1-26-42 (R. Young). Venturs, San Mateo Co.: San Mateo, X-2-29 (A. W. Tate). V-13-40 (R. Young). Santa Barbara Co.: Goleta, XII-13-32 (G. Wood- hams). Santa Barbara, 1-16-48. Santa Clara Co.: Los Gatos, XII-20-39 (R. J. Lepidosapbes chinensis Chamberlin B umg ardner). Chinese lepidosaphes scale Solano Co.: Fairfield, VIII-1940 (H. W. Marshall). (Fig. 84) Sutter Co.: Yuba City, VIII-20-34 (C. E. Ring). Ventura Co.: Port Hueneme, VIII-21-47 (W. M. Lepidosaphes chinensis Chamberlin, 1925, Pan- Dunning). Santa Paula, XII-20-47 (J. D. Taylor). Pacific Ent., 2:85, illus. Ventura, XII-27-47 (V. Holmer). Lepidosaphes chinensis Chamberlin, Ferris, 1938, Atlas of Scale Insects, Ser. II:143. Type locality: Canton, China. Lepidosaphes camelliae Hoke Type host: Magnolia Camellia scale Relation to host: Occurring on the leaves and (Fig. 83) stems of host. Adult female scale elongate, moderately broad, dark reddish-brown, exuviae Lepidosaphes camelliae Hoke, 1922, Ann. Ent. at one end; male scale quite long and slender, SOC.Amer., 14:339, illus. similar in color to that of adult female, exuvium Lepidosaphes camelliae Hoke, Ferris, 1937, Atlas at one end. of Scale Insects, Ser. I;72. Additional hosts: Cymbidium sp. (orchid). Type locality: Mississippi (various localities). Discussion: Type host: Camellia japonica. This species may be distinguished from Lepido- Relation to host: Occurring on the leaves. Adult srrphes heckii (Newman) by the presence of female scale elongate although quite broad and marginal spurs and sclerotized bosses on seg- flat, brownish, exuviae at one end; male scale ments one to five, whereas in Eeckii the marginal elongate, similar in color to that of adult female, spurs are lacking and the sclerotized bosses are e xuvi urn terminal. present only on segments one, two, and four. It Additional hosts: Camellia spp. differs from Lepidosaphes ufmi (Linnaeus) in Discussion: having the sclerotized bosses on segments one This species may be readily recognized by the to five, these usually lacking in ulmi. paucity and large size of the dorsal pygidial California records : macroducts. It has been found only in California Los Angeles Co.: Los Angeles, VII-17-34 (A. nurseries. Whenever detected in a nursery it is Toyne); V-29-35 (V. E. Williams). given eradicative treatment to prevent further spread. Lepidosaphes destefanii Leonardi California records: De Stefan scale Butte Co.: Chico, 11-19-42 (J. B. Steinweden (Fig. 85) and R. Swett). Contra Costa Co.: El Cerrito, 11-27-48 (S. M. Lepidosaphes destefanii Leonardi, 1907, Bull. \lather). Lab. zool. Portici, 1:167, illus. Fresno Co.: Fresno, VIII-17-43 (M. R. Bell). Alytilococcus destelanii (Leonardi), Pegazzano, Humboldt Co.: Eureka, 1V-17-42 (M. R. Bell). 1951, Redia, 36:291-299, illus. Los Angeles Co.: Pasadena, VII-1939. San Lepidosaphes destefanii Leonardi, Armitage, 1952, Gabriel, VII-3 1-39. 33d Ann. Rep., Calif. Dept. A&., Sacramento, Orange Co.: Santa Ana, 1-19-43 (D. D. Sharp). 41(4):209. Sacramento Co.: Sacramento, IX-24-42 (W. B. Type locality: Italy. Carter and J. B. Steinweden). Type host: PhillyTea media (Oleaceae). San Bernardino Co.: San Bernardino, 111-4-41 Relation to host: Occurring on the bark. Adult (G. A. Pohl). Upland, XII-16-43 (A. C. Appel). female scale narrow, elongate, grayish-brown, San Diego Co.: San Diego, XII-14-44 (D. F. often covered with epidermis from plant, exu- Palmer). viae at one end; male scale not seen.

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Additional hosts: Olea europaea, olive. quite different in the two forms. However, it has Discussion: since been proven by Lupo (1943) and later con- This species is included within a complex firmed by Stafford and Barnes (1948) that fici- group of forms closely related to Lepidosapbes foliae is a dimorphic summer form of ficus. A ficus (Signoret). The species is apparently detailed drawing of jicus (fig. 84) and its dimor- confined to Sonoma County, the present infes- phic form (fig. 851, is here presented. tations extending from an area one-half mile California records: south of Cloverdale to approximately five miles Fresno Co.: Fresno, X-13-38 (H. H. Keifer). south of that city on the Italian swiss Colony Kingsburg, XI-15-40 (0. L. Hemphill). Sanger, property at Asti. Another infestation occurs in an X-4-39 (T. B. Gallion). old abandoned olive orchard on a hillside one- Glenn Co.: Orland, VIII-28-47 (E. Otis). fourth mile west of Highway 101 at Geyserville, Kern Co.: Bakersfield, X-29-52 (C. M. Finnell). which is three miles farther south. Kings Co.: Hanford, VIII-31-48 (R. P. Allen). California records: Lemoore, IX-1-48 (R. Pi Allen). Sonoma Co.: Asti, IV-14-52 (R. P. Allen). Madera Co.: Madera, 111-6-42 (G. Beevor). Cloverdale, IV-3-52 (L. J. Garrett and R. P. Orange Co.: Buena Park, XI-17-52 (D. H. Allen). Geyserville, IV-17-52 (R. P. Allen, H. T. Byers). Cypress, 111-6-53 (D. H. Byers). Fullerton, Osborn, and L. J. Garrett). 111-12-52 (A. Johnson and D. H. Byers). San Diego Co.: Paradise Valley, XII-24-41 (D. F. Palmer). Vista, 11-18-53 (G. W. Schwegel L ep idosaphes ficus (Signoret) and C. R. Tower). Fig scale San Joaquin Co.: Stockton, 11-14-40 (J. W. (Figs. 86 and 87) Dixon). Santa Clara Co.: San Jose, VII-1939 (A. M. Mytilaspis ficus Signoret, 1870, Ann. SOC. ent. Foster). Fr., 4(10):94. Tulare Co.: Dinuba, XI-24-39 (Lackland). Mytilaspis /ici/oli Berlese, 1903, Atti 1st. Incorr- Visalia, V-5-49 (0. L. Hemphill). agiamento, 5(5), illus. Alytilococcus ficifoliae (Berlese), Lupo, 1943, Lepidosaphes gloverii (Packard) Boll. Lab. ent. Portici, 5:186-205, illus. Glover scale Lepidosaphes ficifoliae (Berlese), Ferris, 1937, (Fig. 88) Atlas of Scale Insects, Ser. I:73. Lepidosaphes ficus (Signoret), Ferris, 1938, Atlas Coccus glouerii Packard, 1869, Guide to Study of of Scale Insects, Ser. II:144. Insects, 1:527. Lepidosaphes ficus (Signoret), Stafford and Aspidiotus glouerii (Packard) 1870, 7th Rep. Mass. Barnes, 1948, Hilgardia 18( 16). Rd. Agric., (18691, p. 259. Type locality: Cannes, France. A4y tilasp is glouerii (Packard). Comst ock, 188 1, Type host: .Ficus, cultivated fig.. Rep. U.S.D.A. for 1880, p. 323. Relation to host: Occurring on the twigs in the Mytilella sexspina Hoke, 1922, Ann. Ent. SOC. winter time and as a dimorphic form on the Amer., 14:341, illus. leaves during early and midsummer. AduIt Lepidosaphes gloverii (Packard). Ferris, 193 7, female scale on twigs elongate, moderately Atlas of Scale Insects, Ser. I:74. slender, dark brown, the usual lepidosaphine Type locality: Florida. type, with exuviae at one end. Adult female Type host: Citrus. scale on leaves elongate, brownish, appearing Relation to host: Occurring on the bark, leaves, distorted presumably as a result of pressure of and fruit. Adult female scale slender, elongate, surrounding leaf hairs, having a jointed appear- brownish, exuviae at one end; male scale ance; male scale similar in shape and color to similar to adult female in color, exuvia terminal. that of adult female only much smaller. Additional hosts: Euonymus, Magnolia, palms, Additional hosts: Taken also from Juglans and Salix, and Sciadopitys uerticillata. Ulmus. Discussion: Discussion: The adult female scale of this species has the For many years this species and Lepidosaphes dorsum of the thoracic region and the first abdom- Jicifoliae (Rerlese) were considered distinct inal segment heavily sclerotized, the interseg- species-and for a good reason since rnorpho- mental lines remaining membranous. Also abdom- logical details exhibited on the pygidium were inal segments 2-4 with rather well-developed E' U 0 w

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lateral lobes, each of which has a distinct Orange Co.: Orange, XII-5:46 (J. Walden and sclerotized, small, sharp, marginal thornlike J. B. Steinweden). Santa Ana, VI-6-46 (J. B. spur. These characters serve to identify the Walden). species. Riverside Co.: Rivetside, V-17-47 (F. R. Platt). I California records: San Diego Co.: San Diego, X-9-47 (D. F. Pal- Alameda Co.: Oakland, XI-2-32 (B. B. Whitney mer). and F. J. March). San Mateo Co.: Colma, V-7-43 (C. Sill). Los Angeles Co.: Los Angeles, V-28-32 Santa Barbara Co.: Santa Barbara, IX-12-44 (C. , (Smoyer). E. Ehman and R. P. Allen). Orange Co.: Capistrano, 111-16-34 (D. W. Tubbs). Ventura Co.: Ventura, 1-27-48 (Holmer and San Diego Go.: Paradise Valley, XII-24-41 (I). Bricke r). F. Palmer).

Lepidosaphes kackieana McKenzie Lepidosaphes machili (Maskell) Mackie scale Cymbidium scale (Fig. 90) (Fig. 89) Lepidosaphes mackieana McKenzie, 1943, Calif. Mytilaspis machili Maskell, 1898, Trans. N.Z. Dept. Agric. Bull., 32(2):153-155, illus. Inst., 30:230. Type locality: West Los Angeles, Los Angeles Aspidiotus pomorum Bouch;, 1851, Stettin. ent. County, California. Ztg., 12:llO (according to Ferris, 1942, in part Type host: Dendmbium merlini. orchid. as a misidentification by Kuwana in 1901). Kelation to host: Occurring under the sheath on Lepidosaphes pini/ormis (Bouchk), 1851, Stettin. leads just above plant crown. Adult female ent. Ztg., 12:111 (according to Ferris, 1942, as scale narrow elongate, pale brown, exuviae a misidentification combined with disregard of terminal; male scale narrow elongate, resem- the rules of nomenclature by Lindinger in 1934). bling the adult female in color except possibly Lepidosaphes tuberculata Malenotti, 1916, Redia, somewhat lighter, exuvium terminal. 12:183, illus. Additional hosts: Recorded only on Dendrobium Lepidosaphes cymbidicola Kuwana, 1925. Imp. spp., orchids. Plant Quaran. Serv., Tech. Bull. 2:27, illus. Discussion: L ep iriosaph es machili (Maskell), Ferris, 1942, This species specifically attacks Dendrokiurn Atlas of Scale Insects, Ser. IV:397. orchids grown in nursery environment. It is closely Type locality: Japan. related KO Lepidosaphes noxia McKenzie but dif- Type host: i\fachilus thunbergii. fers in having the median lobes laterally serrate Relation to host: Occurring on the stems (leads) whereas in noxia these lobes are only slightly and leaves of orchids. Adult female scale elon- once-notched on each side. gate, dark brown, exuviae terminal; male scale California records: smaller, narrow elongate, of the same color as Los Angeles Co.: Hawthorne, IV-21-42 (F. R. that of the adult female, exuvium at one end. Platt and V. E. Daniels). West Los Angeles, Additional hosts: Cinnamomum spp., Cycas, Cym- VIII-20-42 (C. l<. Tower, E. L. Myers, and H. L. I;idium spp., Tetradymia glauca, and many McKenzie). orchid genera. Discussion: Lep idoscrphe s maskell i (Cockerell) This species of Lepidosaphes may be immedi- Maskell scale ately recognized from other members of the genus (Fig. 9 1) by the ocular spines on the prosoma. Severe infestations of this scale are often found, princi- Mytila#is pallida variety maskelli Cockerell, pally on orchids, in California nurseries. 1897, Amer. Nat., 31:704. California records: Lepidosaphes newsteadi (Sulc), Ferris, 1938, Alameda Co.: Berkeley, VI-1-36 (G. B. Laing). Atlas of Scale Insects, Ser. II:136 (misidentifi- Los Angeles Co.: Altadena, IV-28-41. Arcadia, cation). XI-7-40. San Gabriel, VI-27-40. Santa Monica, L epidosap hes pallida ( Maskell), Zimmerman, 1948. VIII-29-40. West Los Angeles, VI-19-41 (J. B. Insects of Hawaii, 5 :422-426 (mi side nti fica- Steinweden). tion).

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Lepidosaphes maskelli Cockerell, Balachowsky, Lepidosaphes noxia McKenzie 1954, Les Cochenilles Palearctiques de la Noxius scale Tribu des Diaspidini, Mem. Sci. Inst. Past., (Fig. 92) pp. 87-91, illus. Type locality: Hawaiian Islands, from Japan. Lepidosaphes noxia McKenzie, 1746, Proc. Type host: Podocarpus, conifer. Hawaii. Ent. SOC.,12(3):611-613, illus. Relation to host: Occurring on the needles. Adult Type locality: San Leandro, Alameda County, female scale quite slender, elongate, pale California. brown, exuviae terminal; male scale elongate, Type host: Dendrobium deari, orchid. of the same color as adult female, exuvium at Relation to host: Scale insects occurring on the one end. leads of orchids, concentrating particularly Additional hosts: Cephalotaxus, Cryptomeria japo- where the leaf partly surrounds the lead. Adult nica, Juniperus, Picea, Sciadopitys verticil- female scale elongate, pale brown, exuviae lata, Sequoia sempewirens, and other conifers. terminal; male scale smaller, much lighter in Discussion: color than female, exuvium at one end. Balachowsky (1954) has indicated that Lepido- Additional hosts: Known only from orchid plants saphes maskelli (Cockerell) is very closely of the Dendrobium group. related to two other coniferous infesting species, Discussion: L epidosaphes newsteadi (Sulc) and L epidosap he s This species is closely related to Lepidosaphes juniperi Lindinger, differing chiefly in the pres- mackieana McKenzie, but differs in the character ence of a single (occasionally 2) submarginal of the median lobes which are only slightly once- dorsal pygidial macroduct on the fifth abdominal notched on each side, whereas in mackieana they segment as compared to 3 or 4 in the other spe- are laterally serrate. cies. The last two named species of Lepidosaphes California record: are not found in California. Alameda Co.: San Leandro, 11-9-44 (M. R. Bell). In correspondence of December 15, 1949, Dr. Harold Morrison, Coccidologist of the United States Department of Agriculture, pointed out the Lepidosaphes sciadopitysi McKenzie apparent confusion which has existed regarding Umbrella pine Lepidosaphes the identity of the Lepidosaphes species infesting (Fig. 93) coniferous hosts in North America, and after his review stated: “I have no reason to believe that Lepidosaphes sciadopitysi McKenzie, 1755, Pan- Lepidosaphes newsteadi is present in this country Pacific Ent. 3 l(4): 187-190, illus. and expect that all records of this, including that Type locality: San Marino, Los Angeles County, by Ferris (Atlas 11:146), will ultimately be as- California. signed elsewhere.” Type host: Sciadopitys verticillata, umbrella An infestation of Lepidosaphes maskelli (Cock- pine. erell) infesting Sciadofiitys verticillata in the Relation to host: Occurring on the needles. Adult Huntington Gardens, San Marino, Los Angeles female scale quite slender, averaging approxi- County, has persisted since 1935 in spite of mately 1.40 mm. long, brownish, exuviae ter- repeated attempts to control it by spraying. This minal; male scale smaller, similar in color to species is intermixed with Lepidosaphes sciado- that of adult female, exuvium terminal. pitysi h4cKenzie. Both species are indistinguish- Additional hosts: Recorded only on umbrella pine, able externally on the needles. Microscopically, Sci ado p it y s vert icill at a. however, maskelli differs from sciadopitysi chiefly Discussion: in the absence of three sets of lateral abdominal In California L epidosaphes sciadopitysi Mc- spurs, these present in sciadopitysi, and a one- Kenzie is found intermixed with L. maskelli spined antenna as compared to a two-spined in (Cockerell) on the needles of umbrella pine in s ci ado p i ty s i. the Huntington Gardens, San Marino, Los Angeles California records: County. This is the only known infestation of Los Angeles Co.: Compton, IV-17-35 (L. E. L. sciadopitysi in the state. The scale has per- ?dyers). Hawthorne, 1-14-42. Los Angeles, IV-3-39 sisted for years in spite of repeated attempts to (L. E. Myers). San Marino, X-25-47 (R. W. Harper). control it by spraying. San Diego Co.: Enchitas, 11-5-46 (C. E. Eh- Both Lepidosaphes sciadopitysi and L. maskelli mann). are indistinguishable externally on the needles. Santa Clara Co.: Palo Alto. Morphologically, on microscope slides, however,

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L. sciadopitysi differs from L. maskelli chiefly Ferris (1937) states the following: “The in the presence of three sets of lateral abdominal synonymy of this species is much confused, spurs, these lacking in maskelli, and a two-spined certain of the names which are placed under it antenna as compared to only one-spined in mas- in the Fernald Catalogue having later been kelli. revived by European authors or placed as California record: synonyms of other species. About all that can Los Angeles Co.: San hhrino, X-25-49 (R. W. be said definitely at present is that it is the Harper). species which is commonly accepted as having been the Coccus ulmi of ,Linnaeus, the Aspi- diotus pomorum of Bouche, which became the Lepidosaphes tokwnis (Kuwana) Mytilaspis pomomm (Bouche‘) of Signoret and Croton scale later authors.’’ (Fig. 94) Type locality: Europe. . Type host: Ulmus carpinifolia (elm). Mytilaspis newstedi variety tokionis Kuwana, Relation to host: Occurring either on bark or 1902, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 3(3):81. leaves. Adult female scale elongate slender, Mytilaspis aunculata Green, 1907, Trans. Linn. rather variable in form, being curved or straight SOC.Lond. Zool. 12(2):5, illus. to conform with the surface of its host and Lepidosaphes lasianthi (Green), Ferris, 1938, conditions of crowding, gray to purplish, exu- Atlas of Scale Insects, Ser. 11:145 (misidenti- viae at one end; no male scale present, the fication). species apparently being parthenogenetic. Lepidosaphes tokionis (Kuwana), Ferris, 1942, Additional hosts: The list of hosts on which this Atlas of Scale Insects, Ser. IV:398. species has been reported is long, and it may Type locality: Tokyo, Japan. occur upon .almost anything except conifers. Type host: Codiaeum spp. Ferris (1937) records it from the leaves of Relation to host: Occurring on the leaves. Adult cultivated bean. A few other hosts include: female scale elongate, narrow pale brown, exu-, Araujia, Ruxus sp., butternut, Ceanothus, viae terminal; except for its smaller size the Cotoneaster, Crataegus, Eriogonum parvifolium, male scale is of the same shape and color as Genista, Gladiolus. Ilex aquijolium, Juglans that of the adult female, exuvium at one end. cinerea, Juglans spp., Olea europaea, Photinia Additional hosts: Codiaeum vatiegatum, croton. (Heternmeled arbutifolia. Populus, Prunus amy- Discus sion : gdalus, Prunus emarginata, Prunus spp., Pyrus, This species is recognizable by the develop- Ribes, Salix, and Syringa spp. ment of cephalic lobes on the anteriot prosoma Discussion: and by the acute median pygidial lobes which are This species is perhaps most easily confused serrate on mesal margin. with Lepidosaphes Geckii (Newman) being dis- California records: tinguished from it by possessing lateral spurs on Alameda Co.: Oakland, IV-22-47 (S. M. Mather). the abdominal segments which are entirely lacking San Lorenzo, 1-2-52. in beckii. LOS Angeles Co.: Los Angeles, VIII-26-53 (8. The suggestion has been made that there are W. Kemper). two forms of this species in North America, one San Mateo Co.: Menlo Park, 1-25-51 (B. E. occurring on lilac and the other on willow and Edwards). other hosts. At the moment no differences have been noted which would merit nomenclatorial recognition. California records: Lep id0 sap hes ulmi (Linnaeu s) This species is widely distributed throughout Oystershell scale California. A few of the specific localities from (PI. 3, middle row, center; fig. 95) widely separated areas are here listed: Alameda CO.: Albany, IX-11-41 (W. R. Bell). Coccus ulmi Linnaeus, 1758, System. Nat., 10th Berkeley, IX-22-41 (M. R. Bell). Hayward, X-6-41 ed. 1:455. (M. R. Bell). Aspidiotus pomorum Bouch;, 185 1, Stettin. ent. Alpine Co.: Woodfords, IX-14-41 (E. A. Breech). Ztg., 12:llO. Amador Co.: Silver Lake, VII-24-40 (G. Beevor). Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus), Ferris, 1937, Atlas Butte Co.: Chico, 1-14-52 (L. Hosbrook). Para- of Scale Insects, Set. I:76. dise, 1-20-42 (L. Kartman). m

In 5 .dx 0 C ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 129

Contra Costa Co.: San Pablo, V-20-44 (H. T. Leucaspis cockerelli (de Charmoy) Osborn and F. M. Semans). Cockerell scale El Dorado Co.: Kyburz, IX-5-38 (S. S. Smith). (Fig. 96) Placerville, IV-6-41 (F. Herbert). Salmon Falls, IX-8-28 (M. L. Jones). Fiorinia cockerelli de Charmoy, 1899. Proceed- Fresno Co.: Fresno, X-5-42 (J. W. Dixon). ings of the Societk Amicale Scientifique de Sanger, 1-27-43 (J. W. Dixon). Mauritius, p. 33. Lake Co.: Calistoga, V-2-37 (Brandt). Leucodiaspis cockerelli (de Charmoy), Lindinger, Los Angeles Co.: Glendale, VII-7-41. Los 1308, Jahrb. hamburg, wiss. Anst., 25:121. Angeles, 111-24-41. Leucaspis cockerelli (de Charmoy), Ferris, 1?41, Mendocino Co.: Navarro, X-28-43 (Gray and Atlas of Scale Insects, Ser. "289. Hess). Leucodiaspis cockerelli (de Charmoy), Zimmer- Merced Co.: Le Grand, 111-30-48 (T. D. South- man, 1948, Insects of Hawaii, 5:374-376, illus. ward). Merced, VII-20-29. Type locality: Maritius. Modoc Co.: Alturas, VII-6-49 (H. T. Osborn). Type host: Citrus. Monterey Co.: Prunedale, XI-23-43 (Cameron and Relation to host: Occurring on the leaves or Ramsay). Soledad, IV-13-54 (R. P. Allen and R. petioles. Adult female scale slender and elon- V. Empatan). gate, composed mainly of the greatly elongated, Napa Co.: Napa, IV-25-52 (K. P. Allen). sclerotized second exuvia which is covered by Nevada Co.: Nevada City, 111-3-36 (M. Bellue). a thin film of wax, brownish, although wax film Peavine, IV-30-48 (H. M. Armitage). may make it appear whitish; male scale not Placer G.: Emigrant Gap, IX-9-38 (S. S. Smith). observed. Folsom, VI-11-41 (H. W. Marshall). Additional hosts: Bactris sp., Cattleyia sp., Sacramento Co.: Sacramento, VII-23-36 (E. L. Chamaedorea. Chrysalidocatpus lutescens, Stanle y ). Dendtohium, Dracaena, palms, Eup rit ch ardia San Diego Co.: San Diego, 111-13-47 (K. H. grandis, and Smilax. The fact that these hosts Baker). are monocots would suggest an error in the San Joaquin Co.: Stockton, X-28-43 (Griswold). citation of the original host. San Mateo Co.: Half Moon Bay, XI-12-43 (Gray Discussion: and Hess). Menlo. Park, IV-1-52 (B. E. Edwards). This scale was found in a California nursery. Santa Barbara Co.: Santa Barbara, E-15-39 (C. The species is rather closely related to Leucaspis R. Tower). japonica Cockerell, differing in shape of pygidial Santa Clara Co.: San Jose, VII-8-36 (L. R. lobes and plates. Cody). Stanford University X-23-35 (L. E. Myers). California records: Santa Cruz Co.: Aptos, VII-28-41 (M. R. Bell). San Mateo Co.: Colma, VII-8-53 (C. W. Bridges Watsonville, IX-30-47 (R. W. Cogswell). and C. M. Sill). Siskiyou Co.: Scott's Valley, VII-26-39 (S. L. L ockwood) . Solano Co.: Dixon, V-14-40 (H. W. Marshall). Leucaspis portaeaureae Ferris Vallejo, X-8-52 (L. A. Black). Podocarpus leucaspis scale Sonoma Co.: Santa Rosa, XI-6-41 (0. E. Brem- (Fig. 97) ner). Sonoma, 1-8-48 (T. B. Gallion). Stanislaus Co.: Modesto, VII-14-36 (M. M. Leucaspis portaeaureae Ferris, 1942, Atlas of Schrock). Scale Insects, Ser. IV:399. Tehama Co.: Vina, XII-8-41 (Newsom). Type locality: San Francisco, California (origin- Tulare Co.: 1-11-44 (J. W. Dixon). ally from New Zealand). Ventura Co.: Cullignas Creek, IX-3-42 (Travis). Type host: Podocarpus acutijolia. Santa Paula, IX-18-41 (L. R. Gillogly). Relation to host: Occurring on the needles. Adult Yo10 Co.: Davis, 111-7-47 (E. T. Gammon). Little female scale slender and elongate, composed Holland, XII-31-38 (E. E. Fix). of a heavily sclerotized second exuvia and an daJ ld u v) .-v) 4

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elongate first exuvia which overlaps the second Santa Barbara Co.: Cuyama Valley, 111-17-55 exuvia at terminal end, often partly concealed (G. Beevor). by a thin film of wax, color brown to gray-brown depending on waxy secretion; male scale unknown. Neopinnasp is harp eri McKenzie Additional hosts: Taken only on Podocatpus. Harper scale Discussion: (Fig. 99) The pygidial lobes of this species resemble the pygidial plates except for a slightly more Neopinnaspzs harperi McKenzie, 1949, Calif. pronounced sclerotization. Also the gland tuber- Dept. Agric. Bull., 38(3):123-126. cles on prosoma are confined to an elongate Type locality: Montecito, Santa Barbara County, crowded group near each anterior spiracle. These California. characters serve to positively identify this spe- Type host: Ceratonia siliqua, carob. cies. Relation to host: Occ-urring principally on the California records: bark of twigs and branches 'and, in cases of San Francisco Co.: San Francisco, V-4-38 (J. heavy infestations, on the trunk of the host 8. Steinweden, S. Smith and M. L. Jones). species. Observed also at leaf bases in and about the leaf petioles, but apparently seldom infesting the expanded leaf surface. Adult Lineaspis cupressi (Coleman) female scale elongate and narrow, generally California lineaspis scale more or less irregular in shape, whitish with a (Fig. 98) light brown tinge in part, the first and second exuviae when exposed of a bright bronze; male Leucaspis cupressi Coleman, 1903, Jour. N.Y. scale not observed and apparently nonexistent. Ent. SOC., 11:71, illus. Additional hosts: This species is extremely Cupidaspis cupressi (Coleman), MacGillivray, omnivorous, having been recorded from fifty 1921, The Coccidae, p. 363. host species at the time it was described. In Lineaspis cupressi (Coleman, Ferris, 1937, Atlas addition to Ceratonia siliqua (carob) the pre- of Scale Insects, Ser. I:78. ferred hosts appear to be Aberia caffra, Ceasal- Type locality: Lake County, California. pinia echinata, Ceanothus arboreus, Hakea Type host: Cupressus goveniana saligna, Lagunaria Patersonii, Photinia serru- Relation to host: Occurring on the foliage. Adult lata, Prunus caroliniana, Prunus ilicifolia, female scale slightly elongate, white, the exu- Prunus lusitanica, and Prunus Lyoni. Some viae terminal end covered with a secretion; secondary or casual hosts include: Acacia male scale white, elongate, exuvium apical. decurrens variety dealbata, Acacia longifor ia, Additional hosts: Cupressus forbesii, Cupressus Acacia melanoxylon, Acer p almatum, Arbutus macna b iana, Cupre ssu s macro catpa, J unip erus unedo, Azara microphylla, Camellia jccponica, monosperma, Iunipems pachyphloea, Juniperus Ceanothus spinosus, Cotoneaster rnicrophylla, utahensis, Juniperus spp., and Libocedrus Crataegus sp., Cytisus scoparius, Diospyros utahensis. kaki, Escallonia rubra, Euonymus japonicus, Discussion: Ficus Carica, Fraxinus sp., Grewia caffra, This species is apparently restricted in its host Jasminum revolutum, Juglans nigra, Juglans preferences to members of the Cupressaceae. The regia, Ligustrum ovalifolium, hfacadamia temi- median pygidial lobes are smaller than the second folia variety intergrifolia, Magnolia sp., Nerium pair, and this character aids in the identification oleander, Olea europaea, Persea americana, of the species. Pittosporum undulatum, Populus sp., Prunus California records: amygdalus, Prunus persica, Punica granatum, Kern Co.: Tehachapi, 11-14-46 (C. S. Morley Pyrus communis, Rosa sp., Salix discolor, Salix and J. B. Steinweden). sp., ScBinus molle, Schinus terrebinthinthifolia, Lake Co.: Cobb, VI-3-35 (D. Custer). Sparmannia, and Um5elIularia Californica. Los Angeles CO.: Newhall, VIII-13-30 (G. R. Discussion: Gorton). Neopinnaspis harperi apparently has some Orange Co.: Coal Canyon, 1-1935 (C. K. rower). affinities for certain Pinnaspis and Lepidosaphes San Diego Co.: Otay Mountain, XII-9-35 (A. species, and for this reason it is suspected to be Forbes, D. Taylor, and H. H. Keifer). an introduced rather &an a native species. 4 aJ c 4

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The genus Neopinnaspis McKentie was recently male scale more slender than adult female (1955) synonomyzed with Africaspis MacGillivary although essentially the same color. by Ferris (Microentomology, 20(2):23, illus.). Additional hosts: The scale occurs mainly on However, I do not accept this change for the rosaceous host types of the genus Prunus. Of following reasons: Neop innaspis possesses dorsal these, almond, peach, plum, nectarine, and marginal pygidial macroducts with orifices several prune seem preferred. Collections of this scale times larger than the median and other macroducts, have been made on Cydonia vulgaris, Prunus whereas in Africaspis the orifices of all the amygdalus, Prunus ameniaca, Prunus bok- macroducts are approximately the same size hariensis, Prunus ulomestica, Prunus persica, throughout. Also, in Neopinnaspis the marginal Prunus spp., and Spiraea veitchi (seedling). pygidial macroduct orifices are essentially verti- Discussion: cal to pygidial margin, whereas in Africaspis This species is known as “Hall Scale” to these structures are predominately parallel to the economic entomologists. It is the subject of in- margin. Other differences are exhibited in the tense eradication by the Federal Department of median pygidial lobes, these apparently much more Agriculture. The minute size of this scale spe- closely appressed in Neopinnaspis than in Afri- cies, together with a paucity of morphological casp is. details on the prepared slide example, precludes The above remarks have been based upon an confusion with other diaspidids in California. examination of paratype, cotype, and other exam- California records: ples of several species of Africaspis which were Butte Co.: Chico, 11-3-34 (C. F. Kinman). Oro- kindly made available to me, as a loan, by Dr. W. ville, VII-2-46 (H. Richardson and L. F. Hosbrook). J. Hall and Dr. D. J. Williams, both of the British Yo10 Co.: Davis, X-13-47 (F. M. Summers). Museum (Natural History) in London. To them I express my sincere appreciation. Specimens of Africaspis actually examined include: Alricaspis Pallulaspis ephedrae Ferris Laphiae Hall (paratype), A. chifiingae Hall (para- Ephedra scale type), A. communis variety diospyros Hall (co- (Fig. 101) type), A. communis variety berlinae Hall (cotype), and A. (Chionaspis) caffra Brain. Pallulaspis ephedrae Ferris, 1937, Atlas of Sca’le California records: Insects, Ser. I:@. Santa Barbara Co.: Montecito, IV-12-49 (K. W. Type locality: Darwin Mesa, Inyo County, Calif- Harper). Santa Barbara, V-17-49 (R. W. Harper and ornia. R. J. Reid). Type host: Epnedra nevadensis. Relation to host: Occurring on the stems. Accord- ing to Ferris (1937) the adult female scale is Nilotaspis hdli (Green) elongate, thin, white, almost transparent, the second exuvium, which occupies about half its Hall scale (PI. 3, top row, center; fig. 100) length, showing as a brown patch, the exuviae terminal; male scale white, elongate, exuvium at one end. Lepidosaphes (Coccomytilus) halli Green, 1923. Additional hosts: Recorded only from Ephedra Minist. Agric., Egypt, 36:63, illus. n evadensis. Nilotaspis halli (Green), Ferris, 1741, Atlas of Discussion: Scale Insects, Ser. III:301. This species is distinguishable from other Nilotaspis halli (Green), Keifer, 1741. Calif. Ilept. similar North American species by the absence of Agric. mimeo., Fol. 13. perivulvar pores, combined with the well-separated, Type locality: Cairo, Egypt broad median pygidial lobes, well-developed Type host: Prunus sp. second lobes, unpaired marginal ducts of the Relation to host: Occurring in cracks of the bark. pygidium, few and scattered dorsal pygidial ducts, Adult female scale very small, elongate, rather and absence of gland spines on the prepygidial short and broad, generally more or less irregu- abdominal segments. lar, whitish with a light brown tinge, second California re cords : exuvia, when exposed, a bright yellow brown; Inyo Co.: Darwin Mesa, VI-1930 (G. F. Ferris). m

I I ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 137

Padatoreopsis chinensis (Marlatt) P ml ator ia B I anchardii (Targ ioni Toz zetti) Chinese obscure scale Parlatoria date scale (Fig. 102) (Fig. 103)

Parlatoria chinensis Marlatt, 1908, U.S.D.A. Bur. Coccus Rlanchardii Targioni Totzetti, 1868, Ent., Tech. Ser. 16:30, illus. Societa Italiana de Scienze Naturali, p. 725. Parlatoreopsis chinensis (Marlatt), Ferris, 1942, Aonidia Rlanchmdii Targioni Tozzetti, 1892, Boll. Atlas of Scale Insects, Ser. IV:405. SOC.ent. ital., 33:170. Parlatoreopsis chinensis (Marlatt), McKenzie, Apteronidia blanchardi (Targioni), Berlese, 1895, 1745, Microentomology, 10(2):84, illus. Riv. Patol. veg., 4:80 (footnote). Type locality: Tientsin, China. Parlatoria victrix Cockerell, 1896, Entomologist, Type host: Crab apple. 29:52. Relation to host: Occurring on bark of twigs. Parlatoria proteus variety palmae Maskell, 1898, Adult female scale approximately circular or Trans. N.Z. Inst., 30:229, illus. irregular, gray, thin, flattish, exuviae at one Websteriella blanchardi (Targioni), MacGillivray, end; male scale elongate, similar in color to 1921, The Coccidae, p. 247. the female, exuvium apical. Parlatoria blanchardii (Targioni), Ferris, 1937, Additional hosts: Recorded from a long list of Atlas of Scale Insects. Ser. I:85. hosts some of which are: Aesculus, Albizzia, Parlatoria Erauchardi [sic] (Targioni-Tozzetti), Amnia, Asimina, Hauhina, Betula, Bmussonetia, Borkhsenius, 1937. U.S.S.R. People’s Comis- Cassia, Cornus, Coylus, Cotoneaster, Cratae- sariat for Agriculture, Plant Quarantine Ad- gus, Elaeagnus, Euonymus, Ficus, Hibiscus, ministration, Plant Quarantine of Georgia, p. Iuglans, Ligustrum, Maclura, hlalus sp. (crab- 186. apple ), Ne rium, 0 le a, P bo t in i a, P ist achia, P arl at oria b lan ch ardi ( Tar gioni-To z z ett i) , Mor- Pittosporum, Prunus, Pyracantha, Pyms, Rham- rison, 1939, U.S.D.A. misc. publ., 344~7,illus. nus, Rhus, Ribes, Robinia, Rosa, ‘Salix, Spiraea, Parlatoria blanchardi (Targioni-Tozzetti), Boyden, Syringa, Thuja, Tilia, Viburnum, Zanthoxylum, 1941, U.S.D.A. misc. publ., 433:21, illus. and Zizyphus. Parlatoria B lanchardii (Targioni-Tozzetti), Mc- Discussion: Kenzie, 1945, Microentomology, 10(2):58, illus. This species is the “Chinese obscure scale” Type locality: Sahara Desert, Africa. of economic entomologists. According to the Type host: Phoenix dactylifera, date palm. present author (1945) the genus is native to the Relation to host: Occurring on leaves and fruit of Manchurian subregion of the Palearctic region. In the host. Adult female scale made up in la’rge California the scale has been found scattered part of the second exuvia and an apical append- throughout the Huntington Gardens and in several age of wax, the exuviae yellowish-brown with adjoining blocks outside these gardens. Appar- the thin and semitransparent first exuvia at the ently the infestation is one of long standing. anterior end, scale appearing thin and light; Evidence obtained in the course of survey and male scale elongate, white with the exuvia research conducted by the Federal Bureau of pale. Entomology in Missouri, and information available Additional hosts: Recorded only fiom various concerning the infestation in Florida, indicate palms. In addition to date palm, the Doum palm the species is not a serious economic pest in the (Hyphaene thebaica), the Canary .Island palm parts of the United States where it is now known (Phoenix canmiensis), and the native California to occur. This species is a member of the Parla- fan palm (Washingtonia /ilifera) are also listed toriine Series. The group is characterized by as hosts. having marginal pygidial macroducts between Discussion: seventh and eighth segments, with associated This species is the “parlatoria date scale” of clavate scleroses. economic entomologists. In California it has been California records: the subject of a successful eradication program, Los Angeles Co.: Pasadena, V-28-48 (V. sponsored by the Federal Bureau of Entomology Daniels and R. W. Harper). San Marino, V-14-48 and Plant Quarantine during 1928-1936. (R. W. Harper). The host specificity of this species, together Um a 0 0 L 0 I U

-u' 16 U v) m .r(" 0 L d Mm a m ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 139 with the total absence of ventral duct tubercles California by its color, shape, and general habitus. on the prosoma, serves to identify this scale from California records: other California parlatorias. This species is very common in California California records: greenhouses and may be found out-of-doors infest- Imperial Co.: El Centro, 11-2-14 (F. W. Warte). ing plants growing in protected places. A few of Riverside Co.: Indio, 1929, (B. L. Boyden). the California State Department of Agriculture Coachella, 1724. records include: In addition to the above localities, Boyden Butte Co.: Chico, XII-24-37 (R. Swett). Oroville, (1741) lists Coachella Valley in Riverside County V-14-41 (J. B. Steinweden). with the following areas infested with this scale: El Dorado Co.: Placerville, 111-24-32 (A. C. Arabia District, Coachella; Martinez District; Browne). Mecca; Palm Springs; Thermal and West Side Fresno Co.: Fresno, 1-12-40 (J. W. Dixon). District. In Imperial Valley of Imperial County he Kings Co.: Hanford, 11-26-41 (T. B. Gallion). reports Heber and Holtville as additional infested Los Angeles Co.: Monterey Park, X-16-36 (V. areas. E. Williams). Marin Co.: San Rafael, 111-11-37 (T. Peryam). Merced Co.: Merced, V-12-42 (Casebolt). Parlatoria camelliae Comstock Monterey Co.: Monterey, VI-13-42 (R. N. Weir). Camellia parlatoria scale Napa Co.: Napa, 11-3-41 (W. D. Butler). (PI. 3, middle row, left; fig. 104) Orange Co.: Orange, 1-13-33 (J. B. Walden). Placer G.: Auburn, XII-18-37 (J. W. Dixon). Parlatoria pergandii variety camelliae Comstock, Riverside Co.: Riverside, X-19-42 (C. E. Eh- 1883, Rep. Dept. Ent. Cornel1 Univ., 2:144, mann). illus. Sacramento Co.: Roseville, 11-3-32 (B. B. Parlatoria pergandii Comstock, Kuwana, 1925. Whitney). Sacramento, 11-27-33 (M. L. Jones). Imp. Plant Quaran. Serv. Japan, Rev. Bur., San Bernardino Co.: Uplands, VII-3-42 (C. R. Tech. Bull. 1, pl. 2, illus. Tower). Parlatoria camelliae Comstock, Morrison, 1739, San Diego Co.: San Diego, XII-5-44 (D. F. U.'S.D.A. misc. publ., 344:8, illus. Palmer). Parlatoria camelliae Comstock, Keifer, 1941. San Joaquin Co.: Lodi, 1-13-40 (J. W. Dixon). Calif. Dept. Agric. mimeo., Fol. number 2. San Mateo Co.: Colma, 11-18-44 (Cresta). Parlatoria camelliae Comstock, Ferris, 1742, Santa Clara Co.: San Jose, VII-24-32 (M. R. Atlas of Scale Insects, Ser. IV:400. Bell). Parlatoria camelliae Comstock, McKenzie, 1745, Sonoma Co.: Molino, XI-14-41 (M. R. Bell). Microentomology, 10(2):58-57, illus. Stanislaus Co.: Oakdale, 11-6-45 (W. McDaniel). Type locality: Washington, District of Columbia. Sutter G.: Live Oak, XII-14-37 (J. W. Dixon). Type host: Camellia sp. Yo10 Co.: Woodland, IV-1-47 (Collister). Relation to host: Occurring principally on the Yuba CO.: Marysville, IV-22-42 (A. W. Worledge). leaves. Adult female scale elongate oval, moderately convex, white or gray, second exu- Parlatoria crotonis Douglas via pale except for a dark median area which is Croton parlatoria scale yellowish or at times with a faint greenish hue; (Fig. 105) male scale elongate, gray. Additional hosts: Acer, Aegle, Azalea, Berberis, Parlatoria proteus variety crotonis Douglas, 1887, Cinnamomum, Citrus, Codiaeum, Euonymus, Ent. Mon. Mag., 23:242. Ilex, jasminum, Mangifera, Melia azadirachtai Parlatoria p ergandei variety cm tonis Cockerell, Myrtus, Olea, Osmanthus, Poncirus, Quercus 1892, Insect Life, 4:334. acuta, Quercus myrsinaefolia, and Vitis. Pariatoria greeni Banks, 1706, Philipp. Jour. Discussion: Sci., 1:222-231, illus. This species is reported as the most important Parlatoria cmtonis Douglas, Morrison, 1939, U.S.- scale pest of Camellia in California. This scale D.A., misc. publ., 344:12, illus. seems easy enough to determine on camellias Parlatoria cmtonis Douglas, Ferris, 1742, Atlas since it differs from other camellia scales in of Scale Insects, Ser. IV:401. rn cn fD

E; -4 ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 141

Parlatoria crotonis Douglas, McKenzie, 1945, Parlatoria oleae (Colvee?), McKenzie, 1952, Calif. Microentomology, 10(2):61-62, illus. Dept. Agric. Bull., 410): 127-138, illus. Parlatoria crotonis Douglas, Zimmerman, 1348, Type locality: Spain. Insects of Hawaii, 5:396, illus. Type host: Olea europaea, olive. Type locality: London. Relation to host: Occurring on the leaves or bark Type host: Codiaeum sp., croton.. of host. Adult female scale oval, moderately Relation to host: Occurring principally on the convex, white or gray, with brownish exuviae, leaves. Adult female scale elongate, flat, second exuvia not exceptionally large, more or distinctly yellowish, exuviae at one end, the less c0vere.d with wax; male scale elongate, second exuvia yellowish or greenish with irreg- white, flat, the exuvia apical and usually brown ular darker median area; male scale elongate or blackish. and yellowish. Additional hosts: In California this scale has Additional hosts: Acer, Dendmbium, Ficus, 1IIi- been collected by coqty and state inspectors cium, and Laurus nobilis. Its occurrence on from about 211 host species. Many of these these hosts is to be regarded as doubtful until hosts will not, however, support the scale by confirmed. themselves and must depend upon replenishment Discussion: from more preferred hosts. The preferred hosts This species is apparently most closely related include Cotoneaster spp., Ligustrum spp., to Parlatoria camelliae Comstock but differs in MahonSa aquifolium, Photinia arbutifolia, Prunus the enlargement of the eyespot into a stout proso- amygdalus, Prunus armeniaca, Prunus domes- mal marginal spur. tics, Prunus persica, Rosa spp., and Syringa California records : spp. The scale has not been found on conifers Los Angeles Co.: Los Angeles, VI-24-35 (V. E. or citrus in California. Williams). Discussion : This is the ?Olive parlatoria scale? of economic entomologists. Specifically, it may be distin- Parlatoria oleae (CoIveQ) guished from other California parlatorias by Olive parlatoria scale possessing four pygidial plates instead of the (Pl. 3, middle row, right; fig. 106) usual three, between third and fourth pygidial lobes. Parlatoria oleae Colvee?, 1880, Gac. agric. hdinist. California records: Foment0 Spain, 14(2):39. This scale has spread consistently since its Parlatoria calianthina Berlese and Leonardi, original discovery at Fresno in 1934, until now it 1895, Riv. Patol. veg., 3:346.. ranges from San Diego County in the southern Parlatoria affinis Newstead, 1897, Trans. Ent. part of the state to Sutter and Yuba counties in SOC.London, p. 97. the north. The heaviest concentration occurs in Parlatoria (Euparlatona) calianthina Berlese and the central valleys of California, ranging from Leonardi, Leonardi, 1903, Estratto dagli Anndi Kern to San Joaquin County. Only a few specific della R. Scuola Superiore di Agricoltura in localities are here given: Portico, 5:16, illus. Butte Co.: Biggs, 111-24-54 (P. Hart and Martin Parlatoria oleae (Colvee?) , Nichol and Wehrle, Glynn). Gridley, IV-13-54 (M. Glynn and P. Hart). 1935, Arizona Agric. Expt. Sta., Tech. Bull. Oroville, 111-3-53 (H. Shaffer). 56:ZOl-235, illus. Colusa Co.: Maxwell, XI-10-55 (F. F. Sandridge Parlatoria oleae (Calve;), Ferris, 1937, Atlas of and K. G. Whitesell). Scale Insects, Ser. I:87. Contra Costa Co.: Antioch, V-6-54 (R. P. Allen). Syngenaspis oleae (Colvee?), Rorkhsenius, 1937. Fresno Co.: Fresno, X-23-34 (C. Canfield). U.S.S.R. People?s Commissariat for Agriculture, Glenn Co.: Willows, XI-10.52 (S. T. Ancell). Plant Quarantine of Georgia, Division of Scien- Kern CO.: Buttonwillow, V-1-45 (C. E. Ehmann). tific Literature, p. 87, illus. Los Angeles Co.: El Monte, IV-19-48 (V. E. Parlaloria oleae (Colvee?), Morrison, 1937, U.S.- Daniels and Dyer). Glendale, 111-27-47 (V. E. D.A. misc. publ. 344, p; 15, illus. Daniels). Los Angeles, VI-14-48 (V. E. Daniels). Parlatoria oleae (Colvee), Keifer, 1741, Calif. Sylmar, 111-3-48 (V. E. Daniels). Dept. Agric. mimeo. Fol. no. 1 Orange Co.: Fullerton, XII-6-50 (D. H. Byers). Purlutoriu oleue (Calve;), McKenzie, 1945, Micro- Placer Co.: Lincoln, XII-16-52 (H. J. Crawford). entomology, 10(2):69-70, illus. Roseville, IV-28-47 (Collister). u 0 ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 143

Riverside Co.: Riverside, IV-20-53 (N. Getz and Whenever this scale is found in California it Dill). is eradicated. Infestations of chaff scale have Sacramento Co.: Sacramento, 11-24-47 (F. Daly). persisted for several years in certain southern San Bernardino Co.: Cucamonga, IV-26-51 (R. California localities, although the species does Camblin). not seem to spread aggressively throughout the San Diego Co.: Poway Valley, IV-27-52 (F. state. Thorn e). California records: San Joaquin Co.: Stockton, IV-18-46 (W. G. Los Angeles Co.: Monrovia, VI-25-53 (L. E. Vettel). Tracy, 14-49 (F. Hutchings). Myers). Pomona, VII-23-35 (V. E. Williams). Stanislaus Co.: Denair, IV-1947 (E. E. Butman). Sacramento Co.: Roseville, 11-18-4 1 (J. 8. Hughson, 11-27-47 (E. E. Butman). Modesto, I-24- Steinweden). 47 (E. T. Gammon). San Diego Co.: Pacific Beach, 11-25-48 (K. H. Sutter Co.: Yuba City, V-29-47 (E. T. Gammon). Baker and K. W. Harper). San Diego, IV-5-47 (R. Tulare Co.: Visalia, 1-11-43 (J. W. Dixon). W. Harper and F. T. Thorne). Tuolumne Co.: Sonora, X-10-52 (H. H. Sherrard). Ventura Co.: Santa Paula, 111-14-42 (R. A. Yuba Co.: Marysville, 111-12-52 (R. W. Nelson). Young). Ventura, IV-19-34 (D. Fraser).

Parlatoria pergandii Comstock Chaff scale P mlatoria pitto spori Maskell (Fig. 107) Pittosporuni diaspidid (Pl. 3, bottom row, left; fig. 108) Parlatoria pergandii Comstock, 1881, Rep. U.S.- D.A. for 1880, p. 327, illus. Parlatoria pittospori Maskell, 1890, Trans. N.Z. Parlatoria sinensis Maskell, 1897, Ent. Mon. Mag., Inst., 23:ll. 3 2:24 1. Parlatcria myrtus Maskell, 1830, Trans. N.Z. Parlatoria pergandii Comstock, Ferris, 1937, Atlas Inst., 23: 12. of Scale Insects, Ser. I:88. Parlatoria dryandrue Fuller, 1897, Jour. Bur. Syngenasfiis pergandii (Cornsrock), Borkh senius, Agric. Western Australia, 4:1344. 1737. U.S.S.R. Peoples’ Comissariat for Agri- Parlatoria petrophilae Fuller, 1877, Trans. Ent. culture, Plant Quarantine Administration, Plant SOC.London, p. 468. Inspection of Georgia, Division of Scientific Parlatoria pittospori Maskell, Morrison, 1939, Literature, p. 88. U.S.D.A., misc. publ. 344, p. 20, illus. Parlatoria pergundii Comstock, Morrison, 1939, Parlatoria pittospori Maskell, Keifer, 1341. Calif. U.S.D.A., misc. publ. 344, p. 18, illus. Dept. Agric., mimeo. Fol. no. 4. Parlatoria pergandii Comstock, McKenzie, 1945, Parlatoria pittospon‘ Vaskell, Ferris, 1942, Atlas Microentomology, 10(2):70-71. of Scale Insects. Ser. IV:402. Parlatoria pergandei Comstock, Zimmerman, 1948. P ad ato ri a p it to spo ri Mask ell, 34 cK e nzi e, 194 5, Insects of Hawaii, 5:396, illus. Microentomology, 10(2):71-72, illus. Type locality: Florida. Type locality: Australia. Type host: Citrus. Type host: Pittosporum unclulatum. Relation to host: Occurring on the bark, leaves, Relation to host: Occurring on the leaves and and fruit of host. Adult female scale oval, stems. Adult female scale elongate oval, whitish, gray or light brown, the exuviae darker, slightly convex, grayish or light brown, exuviae not unusually enlarged; male scale elongate terminal and moderately large, second exuvia oval and the same color as that of adult female. yellowish with a darker median area; male scale Additional hosts: Aucuba, Buxus, Elaeagnus, elongate and slightly lighter in color than Euonymus, Garcinia morella, Jasminum amplexi- female. caule, Myrtus, Severinia buxi folia, Tutcheria Additional hosts: Agonis Jlexuosa, Banksia sp., spectabilis, Vitis, and Yucca. Buxus Galearica, Callistemon sp., Cedrus Discussion: deodara, Cot oneast er micro phylla, Cycas, D ios- This is the “chaff scale” of economic entomol- ma, Dracaena draco, Dryandra sp., Erica sp., ogists. The species is very closely related to Hakea sp., Haworthia neilu, Leptosspemum Parlatoria theae Cockerel1 but differs in the laeuigatum. Leucadendron sp., Macrozarnia absence of a derm pocket between posterior spir- co ral I ip e s, AI a1 us s p ., M elal e uc a n esoph il a, acle and body margin and fewer perivulvar pores. Mimosa sp., Nuytsia jloribunda, Olea europeae, n n P,

0 cn R ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 145

Petrophila linearis, Phoenix canariensis, Pime- Parlatoria proteus (Curtis), McKenzie, 1945, lea linifolia, Pinus halepensis, Pinus radiata Microe ntomology , 1O( 2):72-73, ill us. (=insignis), Pittospoturn tobira, Podocarpus Parlatoria proteus (Curtis), Zimmerman, 1948. elongatus, Rosa sp., Viburnum titius, and Insects of Hawaii, 5:396-404, illus. Xantb orrb oe a. Type locality: England. Discussion: Type host: Described as occurring on succulent This species appears to belong to the pergandii, leaves of a plant in greenhouses. Morrison proteus, and cmtonis complex, but may be sepa- (1339) suggests that this host might have been rated from all of these by the presence of dorsal t*an Aloe or Amaryllis.” macroducts on the intermediate part of the pygid- Relation to host: Occurring on bark, leaves, or ium and on the segment anterior to this. fruit of host. Adult female scale elongate oval, The scale has reportedly damaged deodar slightly convex, very thin and delicate, semi- cedar (Cedrus deodara) in San Diego County. In transparent, second exuvia quite large, general nurseries it is eradicated when found. color yellowish-brown; male scale elongate, California records; white, exuvia yellowish-brown. Alameda Co.: Hayward, VII-17-53 (S. W. Sibray). Additional hosts: The preferred hosts of Parlatoria Los Angeles Co.: Los Angeles, IV-26-38 (F. R. proteus (Curtis) belong to two plant families, Platt). Montebello, IV-25-35 (V. E. Williams). Orchidaceae and Palmaceae. The scale has been Pasadena, V-11-48 (R. W. Harper). San Marino, reported from the Orchidaceae on Aerides, V-27-48 (V. E. Daniels and R. W. Harper). Arachnanth e rosea, Hrassia, Cattleya, Coelo- San Diego Co.: Chula Vista, VII-23-48 (D. F. gyne flaccida, Cymbidium, Cypripedium, Dendro-. Palmer). National City, VII-27-48 (U. F. Palmer). bium, Epidendrum, Grammatop hy llum sp eciosurn, San Diego, XII-28-43 (3. B. Steinweden and C. R. li.lax ili aria t enui fol ia, Phal aenop sis, R enan tbera, Tower). Rhynchostylis retusa, Saccolabium, Schom- burg&ia lyonsi, Stereochilus fasciata, Tricho- centrum albo-purpureum, and Vanda From the Palmaceae on Areca, Coccotbrinax, Patlatoria proteus (Curtis) Cocos, Kentia, Phoenix dactylijma, Sabal. and Thrinax. Proteus or Sanseveria scale Other hosts include Agave, Aglaonema, Aspi- (Fig. 109) distra, Billbmgia, Citrus, Cycas. Dieffenbachia sequine, Gossypium (Thunbergia), Hedera, Aspidiotus proteus Cutis, 1843. Gdnrs.’ Chron., RIacrozamia, Alangifera indica, Maranta massan- p. 676. geana, Monstera deliciosa, Philadelphus. Philo- Diaspi s P aslatoris Targioni-To zzetti, 1867. M6m. dendron, Quercus, Sansevieria, and Yucca. SOC. ital. Sci. nat., 3(3):14. Discussion: P ad atori a orbicularis Targion i-Tozze tti , 1868. This scale is a rather common one infesting Coccidarum Catalogus, SOC. ital. Sci. nat., certain nursery plants, and whenever found eradi- 11:735. cation measures are employed to destroy it;. The Aspidiotus targionii del Guercio, 1894. 11 Natur species appears to be rather closely allied to alista Siciliano, number 8. pergandii but may be separated from it by the Parlatoria (Euparlatoria) proteus (Curtis), Leon- presence of a spurlike eyespot on the prosoma nardi, 1903. Estratto dagli Annali della R.Scuola and the considerably fewer numbers of submarginal superiore di Agricoltura in Portici, 5:23, illus. pygidial macroducts. Parlatoria proteus (Curtis), Kuwana, 1925. Imp. California records: Plant Quaran. Serv., Japan Rev. Bur., Tech. Alameda Co.: Berkeley, IV-28-47 (G. B. Laing). Bull., l:lO, illus. Kern Co.: Bakersfield, XI-9-53 (E. Finnell). Parlatoria proteus (Curtis), Ferris, 1937, Atlas of Los Angeles Co.: Gardena, III-4-42. Lennox, Scale Insects, Set. I:@. VII-9-41. Los Angeles, 1-13-37 (V. E. Williams). Syngenaspis proteus (Curtis), Borkhsenius, 1937. Montebello, IV-6-44 (J. B. Steinweden and L. E. U.S.S.R. People’s Comissariat for Agriculture, Myers). San Gabriel, XI-13-36 (V. E. Williams). Plant Quarantine Administration, Plant Quaran- Orange Co.: Santa Ana, 111-21-41 (C. R. Tower). tine Inspection of Georgia, Division of Scien- Sacramento Co.: Sacramento, XII-4-47 (S. M. tific Literature, p. 89. Mather and J. B. Steinweden). Patlatoria p noteus (Curtis), Morrison, 1939. US.- San Diego Co.: San Diego, XII-9-52 (J. 0. Wible D.A. misc. publ. 344:22, illus. and R. F. Wilkey). EJ C .r( a.. h

i i;: ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 147

San Francisco Co.: San Francisco, IV-26-44 (J. Additional hosts: Acer, Aucuba, Rauhinia pur- B. Steinweden). purea, Camellia japonica, Camellia sinensis, San Mateo Co.: Colma, IV-22-42 (M. R. Bell). Celtis, Citrus, Codiaeum, Cornus, Crataegus, San Mateo, 111-18-53 (C. M. Sill). Diospyros, Enkianthus, Eriobotrya, Euonymus, Santa Barbara Co.: Santa Barbara, VI-30-47 (I. Euphorhia pulcherrima (Poinsettia), Hibiscus, B. Treloar). P ersea. Photinia arbuti jolia, P runus (apricot, Santa Cruz Co.: Santa Cruz, XI-21-S2 (C. Lip- plum, cherry, peach), Pyracantha, Pyrus, Rosa, ska). Staphylea, Syringa, and Viburnum Solano Co.: Vallejo, VIX-2-43 (kl. R. Bell). Discussion: Stanislaus Co.: Turlock, V-8-51 (J. Kalstrom). This species is very closely related to Parla- toria pergandii Comstock but may be separated by the presence of a derm pocket between posterior Parlatoria theae Cockerell spiracle and body margin, and by the normally Tea parlatoria scale more numerous perivulvar pores in both anterior (Fig. 110) and posterior groups. In California the species does not seem to Pariatoria theae Cockerell, 1896, Psyche, Vol. 7, exhibit aggressive tendencies like Parlatoria Suppl., p. 21. oleae (ColveS), although when found in nurseries Pariatoria theae variety viridis Cockerell, 1896, eradication methods are employed to eliminate it. U.S.D.A. Div. Ent., Tech. Ser. 4:43. California records: Patlatoria tkeae variety euonymi Cockerell, 1897, Los Angeles Co.: Altadena, XI-19-36 (V. E. Amer. Nat., 31:591. Williams). Glendale, V-23-40. Hollywood, V-27-36 Parlatoria (Euparlatoria) theae Cockerell, Leon- (V. E. Williams). Los Angeles, 1-8-57. Pasadena, ardi, 1903. Estratto dagli Annali della K. Scuola V-11-48 (R. W. Harper). San Gabriel, VII-28-36 superiore di Agricoltura in Portici, 5: 19. (V. E. Williams). San Marino, VI-4-48 (H. M. Armi- Parlatoria tbeae Cockerell, Kuwana, 1925. The cage, R. W. Harper, and L. E. Myers). Diaspine Coccidae of Japan, part 1. Imp. Plant San Diego Co.: Point Loma, 11-29-48 (R. W. Quaran. Serv., Japan Rev. Bur., Tech. Bull. Harper and K. H. Baker). 1:12. illus. Parlatoria dives Bellio, 1929. Boll. Lab. Zool. Portici, 22:234, illus. Phenacaspis jujicola Kuwana Syngenaspis theae (Cockerell), Borkhsenius, 1937. Fujicola scale Coccidae of quarantine value for U.S.S.R. and (Fig. 111) related species. U.S.S.R. People’s Comissariat for Agriculture, Plant Quarantine Administra- Phecacaspis jujicola Kuwana, 193 1. Minist. Agric. tion, Plant quarantine Inspection of Georgia, Forest. Japan, Sci. Bull. 2:&9, illus. Division of Scientific Literature, p. 88, illus. Type locality: Angyo, Saitama-ken, Japan. Parlatoria theae Cockerell, Morrison, 1939, US.- Type host: Wistaria chinensis variety multijrcga. D.A. misc. publ. 344:25, illus. Relation to host: Occurring on the leaves. Adult Parfatoria tbeae Cockerell, Ferris, 1942, Atlas of female scale elongate, narrowest in front, Scale Insects, Ser. IV:403. rounded posteriorly, somewhat triangular in Parlatoria theae Cockerell, McKenzie, 1945, Micro- outline, thin and semitransparent, whitish, with entomology, lO(2): 74-75, illus. first exuvia grayish-yellow, second exuvia dark Type locality: Originally described from speci- brown with yellowish end; male scale elongate, mens taken in quarantine. snowy white, sides parallel, exuvla at one end. Type host: The variety vitidis was described from Additional hosts: Recorded only from Wistaria. specimens from “ornamental plant” from Japan, Discussion: taken in quarantine, and the supposed variety Takahashi (in correspondence) indicates this euonymi, from Euonymus from Japan. species is a dimorphic form of Chionaspis uistar- Relation to host: Occurring commonly on the twigs iae Cooley. At present I am inclined to leave the of the host. Adult female scale oval, rather flat, status of fujicola unchanged until substantial grayish-brown, second exuvia almost black or evidence indicates otherwise. with a greenish tinge and the first exuvia black; California records: male scale elongate, and of essentially the This species is very rare in California having same color as that of adult female. been found in only two localities thus far. 71 0 0 L n0 h.. 'aJ -c V m0 Y ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 149

Los Angeles Co.: Inglewood, VIII-27-26 (F. S. Riverside Co.: Arlington, X-14-42 (C. E. Eh- Stickney). mann). San IXego Co.: Chula Vista, X-27-50 (IC. H. San Bernardino Co.: San Bernardino, VIII-7-4 1 Baker). Vista, IX-30-54 (G. Becket). (C. R. Tower). San Diego Co.: San Diego, 1-7-47 (F. T. Thorne). Phenacasp is p inifoliae ( Fitch) J Sun Crest, XII-26-38 (M. R. Bell). Pine needle scaie Santa Cruz Co.: Santa Cruz, VII-22-42 (M. R. (PI. 3, bottom row, center; fig. 112) Bell). Stanislaus Co.: Modesto, III-11-41 (J. W. Dixon). Aspidiotus pinifoliae Fitch, 1855. Second Report Trinity Co.: Trinity Center, VIII-30-53 (H. H. on the Insects of New Yo&, p. 488. Keifer). Afytilaspis pinifoliae (Fitch), Le Baron, 1871. Tulare Co.: Sequoia National Park, VIII-18-40 First Report on the Noxious and Beneficial (F. G. Lockland). Insects of Illinois, p. 83. Tuolumne Co.: Dardanelle, IX-6-36 (H. M. Chionaspis pini/oliae (Fitch), Comstock, 1881, Krebs). Kep. U.S.D.A. €or 1880, p. 318. Chionaspis pini folii (Fitch), Riley, 1882, her. Nat., 16:5 14. Phenacaspis sandwicerrsis Full away J Chionaspis pinifoliae variety semiaurea Cockerell, Oleander scale 1895, Amer. Nat., 29:731. (Fig. 113) Phenacaspis pinijoliae (Fitch), Ferris, 1937. Atlas of Scale Insects, Ser. k93. Phenacaspis eugeniae (Maskell) variety sand- Type locality: New York. wicensis Fdlaway, 1932, Proc. Hawaii. Ent. Type host: Pznus sp., pine. SOC.,8(1):103-104. Kelation to host: Occurring on the needles. Adult Pbenacaspis sandwicen sis Fullamay, Zimme rm an, female scale usually quite slender, its shape 1948. Insects of Hawaii, 5:384-386, illus. depending- somewhat upon the needie width, Type locality: Hawaii. white, exuviae terminal; male scale elongate, Type host: Not indicated. white, exuvia at one end. Relation to host: Occurring on the leaves and Additional hosts: According to published records huit. Adult female scale snow-white, pyriform, the species apparently occurring on all species slightly convex, exuviae terminal, yellowish- of pine (Pinus spp.), and various related hosts brown; male scale elongate, white, felted, and such as fir (Abies spp.) and spruce (Picea tricarinate. The young scale upon settling pro- spp.). Ferris (1937) reports the species infest- duce conspicuous coils of glistening wax ing Pseudotsuga taxifolia Records in the Calif- threads. ornia State Department of Agriculture files Additional hosts: Zimmerman (1948) records the include Cedrus deodara, Taxus brevifolia, and following hosts of this scale; Aleutites moluc- Torreya cali/omica as additional hosts infre- can- Bamboo, Canrmgium odoraturn. Cocos quently attacked. nucifera, Nangifera indica, htoraea bicolor, Discussion: Nerium oleander, and Sirelitzia regirra The occurrence of this scale on members of the Discussion : Pinaceae (pine family) aids in its determination. This species of scale was found infesting California records: StreZitzia resina growing in gallon cans in a This species is very common and widespread California nursery. The infested plants originated throughout California. A few of the California in Hawaii. Fifty plants were involved in the nurs- records are here listed: ery, and of these, twenty had been sold to retail Alameda Co.: Piedmont, V-15-31 (F. J. March). trade before the infestation was detected. As a Butte Co.: Oroville, XI-27-36 (W. L. Stile). result it is assumed that the scale is established El Dorado Co.: Tahoe Valley (H. H. Keifer). in California. The remaining thirty plants have Los Angeles Co.: Glendale, V-3-38 (V. E. been treated to eradicate the infestation. Williams). Los Angeles, IV-4-38 (V. E. Williams). This species is very closely allied to Phena- Monterey Co.: Marina, XI-17-39 (F. J. March). caspis fujicola Yuwana, differing from it in pos Nevada Co.: Nevada City, IV-8-41 (J. W. Dixon). sessing mesal paraphyses of the median lobes Placer Co.: Auburn, XII-4-36 (F. Clark). Donner which are strongly arcuate. Phenacnspis sand- Lake, XII-193 1 (Milbrath). wicensis is recorded from several hosts, although 150 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY never from Wistaria, whereas F. fujicola is doubtful and consequently are not cited here. apparently restricted to this host only. Ferris and Kao (1947) record the following hosts California records: as authentic for aspidistrae: Arecastrum mman- This species is exceedingly rare in California zoffianum (=Cocos pluntosa), Asplenium, Cassia having been taken only once in a nursery. fistula, Cassia siamea, Citrus, Cymbidiuni, Ficus Alameda CO.: San Leandro, IX-21-54 (J. V. L engh a1 en s is, Helicon ia rn e tal 1 ica, M on do, Nep h- Lon e rgan ). rolepis, Piper betle, Rhapis, and Thespesia pop uln ea 1) i s c us sion : Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret)J This species is very similar to Pinnaspis stra- Fern scale chani (Cooley). The scale of the female is brown (Fig. 114) in aspidistrae and white in stracbani. In stracbani (selected references only) the third pair of pygidial lobes are clearly indicated whereas in aspidistrae they are only very Chionaspis aspidistrae Signoret, 1869, Ann. Soc. slightly indicated or completely obsolete. ent. Fr., 4(9):443, illus. California re cords: Chionaspis brasiliensis Signoret, 1869, Ann. SOC. This species is a rather common one in Cali- ent. Fr., 4(9):444. fornia nurseries. A few of the specific localities Chionaspis latus Cockerell, 1896, Psyche, 7, from where it has been taken are here presented: Suppl., p. 53. Alameda Co.: Berkeley, X-25-43 (G. B. Laing). Hemichionaspis aspidistrae (Signoret), Cockerell, Fresno Co.: Fresno, IX-11-47 (J. W. Dixon). 1897, Amer. Nat., 31:592. Los Angeles Co.: Gardena, VIII-6-36 (V. E. Chionaspis aspidistrae Signoret, Green, 1899, Williams). Los Angeles, X-20-42 (R. H. Smith). Coccidae of Ceylon, 2:110, illus. Montebello, X-11-37 (V. E. Williams). H mi ch ion asp is asp idi st rae (Signoret ), Coole y , Orange Co.: Anaheim, XI-26-35 (C. E. Norland). 1899. Expt. Sta. Mass. Agric. Coll.,Spec. Bull., Tustin, XI-2-38 (F. Balkam). p. 46, illus. Sacramento CO.: Sacramento, VI-10-35 (R. M. Chionaspis aspidistrae (Signore t), Newstead, LeLong). 1901. Monog. of British Coccidae, k87, illus. San Bernardino Co.: San Bernardino, 1-24-47 Hemi chion asp is asp i di st rae (Signoret ), F e mald, (W. A. Burr). Upland, IX-18-41 (C. J. Hayward). 1903, Catalogue of Coccidae, p. 239. San Diego Co.: San Diego, VIII-16-39 (R. R. P inn asp is asp idi s true (Signoret ) , Lindin ger , 19 12. McLean). Die Schildlause, p. 79. San Francisco Co.: San Francisco, VI-12-41 (J. Hemichionaspis aspidistrae (Signoret), MacGilli- B. Steinweden). way, 1921. The Coccidae, p. 343. San Joaquin CO.: Stockton, 11-14-41 (J. W. Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret), Ferris, 1936, Dixon). Tracy, XI-25-4 1 (J. B. Steinweden). Atlas of Scale Insects, Ser. I:97. San Mateo Co.: Burlingame, 1-17-39 (I. J. Camp- Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret), Lupo, 1938, bell). Boll. Lab. 2001. Portici, 30:300, illus. Santa Cruz Co.: Watsonville, 11-20-41 (C. V. Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret), Ferris and Rao, Dick). 1947, Micorentomology, 12(2):30=32, ill us. Solano Co.: Fairfield, VI-29-43 (M. R. Bell).

Pinnasp is asp iciistrae ' (Signoret), Zimmerman, Stanislaus Co.: Oakdale, IV-6-40 (M. Schrock). 1948. Insects of Hawaii, 5:387, illus. Tulare Co.: Visalia, XI-25-41 (0. L. Hemphill). Type locality: Presumably France. Ventura Co.: Carnarillo, IX-22-41 (P. B. Travis). Type host: Aspidistra. Relation to host: Occurring on the leaves. Adult Pinnaspis buxi (Bouchg) female scale elongate, quite thick, definitely Boxwood scale J brown, exuviae terminal; scale male elongate, (Fig. 115) parallel-sided, white, felted, and bearing three longitudinal ridges. Aspidiotus buxi Bouch;, 1851, Stettin. ent. Ztg., Additional hosts: Since the original description 12:lll. this species has been recorded from numerous Alytilaspis (?) buxi Rouch;, Signoret, 1870, Ann. hosts in many parts of the world, especiaily SOC.ent. Fr., 4(10):93, illus. from plants grown under glass in northern Mytilaspis (?) pandani Comstock, 1881, Rep. regions. Many of these records are exceedingly U.S.D.A. for 1880, p. 473, illus. (It appears ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 151

safe to presume that the spelling of the specific This scale is very rare and has been found only name is a typographical error for pandani) in California nurseries and subsequently eradi- Pinnaspis hmbusae Cockerell, 1893, Ent. Uon. cated through the efforts of the California State Mag., 30:157. Nursery Service. Pinndspis pandani Comstock, Cockerell, 1893, California records: Ent. Mon. Mag., 29:157. Alameda Co.: Oakland, IV-24-47 (J. F. Gal- Pinnaspis buxi (Bouch;), Newstead, 1901. Uonog. l agher). British Coccidae, 1:207, illus. San Francisco Co.: San Francisco, 11-15-35 (J. Pinnaspis buxi, (Bouche)), Fernald, 1903, Catalogue 8. Steinweden and F. J. March). of Coccidae, p. 242. Pinnaspis Guxi, (Bouch;), Leonardi, 1920. Mono- grafia delle Cocciniglie Italiana, p. 179, illus. Pinnaspis strachani Pinnaspis huxi, (Bouch;), MacGillivtay, 1921, Lesser snow scale The Coccidae, p. 290. (Fig. 116) Pinnaspis siphonodontis Cockerell and Robinson, 1915, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 34:110, illus. Hemichionaspis minor strachani Cooley, 1899. Hemic hion asp i s p seudaspidi s trae G ree n, 19 16, Expt. Sta. Mass. Agric. Coll., Spec. Bull., Bull. Ent. Res., 7~58,illus. p. 54, illus. Pinnaspis sipljonodontis Cockerell and Robinson, Hemichionaspis marchali Cockerell, 1902, Bull. 12acGillivray, 1921, The Coccidae, p. 290. SOC.ent. Fr., 71:82. Pinnaspis pandani (Comstock), Lindinger, 1934, Hemichionaspis minor strachani Cooley, Fernald, Ent. Jahr., 43:164. 1903, Catalogue of Coccidae, p. 241. Pinnaspis buxi (Bouchg), Ferris, 1937, Atlas of Hemichionaspis marcbali Cockerell, Fernald, Scale Insects, Ser. 1:98. 1903, Catalogue of Coccidae, p. 240. Pinnaspis huxi, (Bouch;), Lupo, 1938, Boll. Lab. Hemichionaspis minor strachani Cooley, Kuwana, 7,001. Portici, 30:305, illus. 1903, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 3(3):75. Pinnaspis buxi (Bouchg), Ferris and Rao, 1947, Hemichionaspis townsendi Cockerell, 1905, Proc. hlicroentomology, 12$2):32-33, illus. Davenport Acad. Sci., 10:135. Pinnaspishuxi (Bouche), Zimmerman, 1948. Insects Hemichionaspis aspidistrae variety gossypii New- of Hawaii, 5:390, illus. stead, 1908, Jour. Econ. Riol., 3:37. Type locality: Europe. Pinnaspis temporaria Ferris, 1942, Atlas ot' Scale Type host: Uuxus sempervirens, common box. Insects, Ser. IV:407. Relation to host: Occurring chiefly if not entirely Pinnaspis marchali (Cockerell), Hall, 1946, Trans. on the foliage of its hosts. Adult female scale Roy. Ent. SOC.London, 97:529. elongate, expanded posteriorly, pale brown, Pinnaspis gossypi (Newstead), Hall, 1946, Trans. yellow or white, usually quite thin, flat, and Roy. Ent. SOC.London, 97:529, illus. translucent, body of female showing through Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley), Ferris and Rao, covering; male scale not known, indicating a 1947, Microentomology, 12(2):39-41, illus. probability that the species is parthenogenetic. Type locality: Abeokuta in Egbaland, West Africa. Additional hosts: It would appear that Pandanus Type host: Undetermined. is a preferred host of this species. Ferris and Relation to host: Commonly occurring on the Rao (1947) record it from the following hosts: twigs, although on some hosts it infests leaves, Aleurites montana, Anthurium. Artocarpus heter- and on palms it may occur on the leaves, fruits, ophyllus (= integrifolia), Cassia fistula, Drac- or husks. Adult female scale white, opaque, aena, Ficus glomerata, Hardwickia Ginata, elongate, and moderately broad, exuviae termi- Magnolia grandiflora, M ichelia champaks, Ner- nal; male scale white, felted, strongly tricari- ium indicum (aoabrum), Punica granatum, and nate, exuvia at one end. Tamarindus indica Additional hosts: Ferris and Rao (1947) list the Discussion: following species as hosts of strachani: Acacia This species is apparently parthenogenetic melanoxylon. Antigonon, Asparagus officinalis, since no males are known. The scale is usually Attalea sp., Cassia, Citrus, Cocos nucifera, white although gradation from this to brown on the Cycas reuoluta, Cyprip edium, Dodonaea uiscosa, same leaves is often observed. The fifth abdominal Elaeis guineensis. Fabaceous shrub, Ficus, segment is normally without any dorsal submar- Gossypium, hialvaceous plant, Mangifera indica, ginal macroducts, and this character aids in its mistletoe, Ochmma sp., Sapindus, and Tricho- ide nti fitation. santhex

ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 153

Host records of the California State Depart- Additional hosts: Apparently recorded only from ment of Agriculture include Cymbidium, Drac- Qu ercu s agri JoI ia aena, Hibiscus, Saintpaulia, and Sansevieria. Discussion: Discussion: The specificity of this scale on Quercus, This is the “lesser snow scale” of economic together with no vestiges of pygidial lobes, tends entomologists. The species has been found in to distinguish this scale from all other California California nurseries several times particularly on diaspidids. Sansevieria, ferns, and cycads. When discovered California records: it is subjected to rigid eradication. Los Angeles Co.: Claremont, 1-17-14 (E. 0. The species is rather closely related to Pin- Essig). naspis aspidistrue (Signoret), but differs from it San Diego Co.: Buckman Springs, 111-1939 (G. in having a scale which is normally white or gray, F. Ferris). whereas that of aspidistrae is brown. Ventura CO.: Santa Paula (near), 1910 (S. H. California re cords: Essig). Alameda Co.: Berkeley, 11-6-48 (W. S. Sibray). Oakland, 1-16-51 (W. S. Sibray and R. Allen). P. P seudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni) Kern Co.: Bakersfield, 111-18-48 W. Stockton). (I. White peach scale Los Angeles Co.: Los Angeles, X-24-47 (L. E. (Fig. 118) \ Myers). Pasadena, IX-22-36 (V. E. Williams). West 1 Los Angeles, X-24-47 (L. E. Myers). Diaspis pentagona Targioni, 1886, Riv. Bachcol- Riverside Co.: Palm Springs, X-8-47 (C. Whit- tura, 18(11). beck). Diaspis arnygdali Tryon, 1889, Report on Fungous San Bernardino Co.: Chino, XI-26-48 (W. Burr). Pests, p. 89. Ontario, XI-17-49 (R. F. Camblin). Diaspis Iunatus Morgan and Cockerell, 1892, Jour. San Francisco Co.: San Francisco, IX-18-44 (M. Inst. Jamaica, 1:137. R. Bell). Diaspis patellifonnis Sasaki, 1874. Bull. Agric. San Mateo Co.: South San Francisco, IV-30-53 Coll., Univ. Tokio, p. 107. (C. E. Bridges). Chionaspis prunicola Maskell, 1894, Trans. N.Z. Sqnta Barbara Co.: Santa Barbara, XII-23-47 Inst., 27:49. (R. W. Harper). Diaspis amygdali variety ruCra Maskell, 1898, Santa Clara Co.: Palo Alto, X-16-52 (G. F. Trans. N.Z. Inst., 30:228.* Prole). Aulacasp is pentagona (Targioni), Fernald, 1903, Ventura Co.: Oxnard, IX-16-53 (C. May). Catalogue of Coccidae, p. 234. Saskiaspis pentagona (Targioni), Kuwana, 1726. The Diaspine Coccidae of Japan IV, p. 9, illus. Protodiaspis agrifoliae Essig Pseudaulacaspis p enlagona (Targioni), Ferris, Oak protodiaspis scale 1937, Atlas of Scale Insects, Ser. I:109. (Fig. 117) J Type locality: Province of Como, Italy. Type host: Morus sp., mulberry. Protodiaspis agrij’olia Essig, 1914, Pomona Coll. Relation to host: Occurring on the bark, leaf, and Jour. Ent. Zool., 6(2):76-80, illus. fruit. Adult female scale white, subcircular, the Essigaspis agrifoliae (Essig), MacGillivray, 1921, exuviae near the margin; male scale elongate, The Coccidae, p: 324. white, and noncarinate. Protodiaspis agrifoliae Essig, Ferris, 1937, Atlas Additional hosts: This species has been recorded of Scale Insects, Ser. 1:lOO. from a long series of hosts including such Type locality: Near Santa Paula, Ventura County, diverse species as Catalpa, fern, Ficus, Frax- California. inus, Hibiscus esculentus, Hibiscus spp., Jug- Type host: Quercus agrifolia, coast live oak. lans, Ligusttum, Morus, Phoenix, Populus, Relation to host: Occurring exposed upon the Ptunus persica, Ricinus communis, and Syringa twigs and leaves of the host. Adult female scale Disc us sion: imbedded in leaf hairs, rather thick and brittle, This is the “white peach scale” of economic light gray to blackish, exuviae comparatively entomologists. The body form of the adult female large, terminal; male scale likewise imbedded is broadly oval, and the margins are strongly in leaf hairs, elongate, whitish to gray, exuvia lobed, IC is the only species of this genus repre- yellowish, terminal. sented in North America. aJ m 0 u) c. U m aJ a aJ .e” c 2 ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 155

C a1 i fo rn ia records : Quernaspis quetcus (Cornst ck) Los Angeles Co.: Pasadena, 111-1918 (K. W. Oak scale Doane). (Fig. 120) \P Sacramento Co.: Sacramento, 1919 (H. S. Smith). Chionaspis quercus Comstock, 1881, Rep. U.S.- D.A. for 1880, p. 319. P seudoparlatoria parlatorioides (Cornstock) Fundaspis quercus (Comstock), MacGillivray, False parlatoria scale 1920, The Coccidae, p. 338. (Fig. 119) Quernaspis quercus (Comstock), Ferris, 1937, J Atlas of Scale Insects, Ser. I:119. Aspidiotus (?) parlatorioides Comstock, 1883, 2d Type locality: San Fernando Valley, Los Angeles Rep. Dept. Ent. Cornel1 Univ., p. 64, illus. County, California. Pseudoparlatoria pusilla Green, 1922, Jour. Bom- Type host: Quercus lobata, California white oak. bay Nat. Hist. SOC., 28:1010, illus. Relation to host: Occurring on the bark. Adult P seudop ail atorza p ariato ri o ides (Com stock), F er- female scale grayish-white, elongate, broader, ris, 1942, Atlas of Scale Insects, Ser. N:417. and rounded at one end, narrowed at other, Type locality: Fort George, Florida. exuviae terminal; male scale smaller, elongate, Type host: Per sea borbonia (avocado). whitish, and slightly carinated. Kelation to host: Occurring principally on the Additional hosts: Recorded only from various oaks, leaves. Adult female scale flat, thin, and semi- Quercus spp., and Lithocaqus densiflorus (tan transparent, of a yellow or yellowish-brown oak). color, circular or oval, exuviae at one end; Discussion: male scale elongate, similar in color and texture The fused median pygidial lobes, the noticeable to that of adult female, exuvia terminal. scleroses surrounding the marginal ducts, and the Additional hosts: This species has been recorded scattered dorsal pygidial macroducts and host from a long list of hosts a few of which are: specificity easily distinguish this species from Acalypha, Bignonia, Camellia, Cestrum, Cin- other California diaspidids. namomum, Coleus, Cypripedium, Dianthus caryo- California records: pbyllus, Eythrina, fern, Ficus, Gaylussacia, Butte Go.: Chico, 11-10-45 (R. G. White). Hedera helix, Hibiscus, Ilex, lxora, Jacobinia, El Dorado Co.: Shingle Springs, IX-1-42 (H. L. Jasminum, Afagnolia, Nerium oleander, Olea McKenzie and H. H. Keifer). europaea, orchid (several genera), palm (several Los Angeles Co.: Canoga Park, 111-1634 (V. E. genera), Psidium, and Sabal. Williams). Puente, IV-17-40. Discussion: Sacramento Co.: North Sacramento, 11-1547 (J. This scale is known to California economic B. Steinweden). etornologists as the “false parlatoria scale.” The San Diego Go.: Flynn Springs, VI-23-31 (E. T. transparent nature of the scale covering, together Gammon and C. Gammon). San Diego, VII-25-34 with the widely separated median pygidial lobes (C.Osborn). with a forked gland spine between, and the paucity San Luis Obispo Co.: Paso Robles, IV-4-52 of the dorsal macroducts, serves as distinguishing (R. M. Hawthorne). characteristics of this scale. Ventura Co.: Ojai Valley, VIII-4-38 (R. Young). The scale is occasionally found in California nurseries infesting especially phoenix palms and Situlaspis atriplicis (Ferris) cypripedium orchids. Califo rni a records: Atriplex scale (Fig. 121) Alameda Co.: Berkeley, 111-16-42 (P. C. Ting and R. C. Clemens). Oakland, IX-26-47 (W. S. Pseudodiaspis atriplicis Ferris, 1919, Stanford Sibray). Univ. Publ., Univ. Ser., p. 53, illus. LOS Angeles Co.: West Los Angeles, VI-20-41 Situlaspis atriplicis (Ferris), Ferris, 1937, Atlas (J. B. Steinweden). of Scale Insects, Ser. I:121. Marin Co.: Belvedere, XII-15-50 (E. Cowen). Type locality: Tempe, Arizona. Larkspur, XII-28-43 (M. R. Bell). Type host: Attiplex sp. x u d ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 157

Relation to host: Occurring on the leaves and Relation to host: Occurring on the stems, gener- small twigs, Adult female small (scarcely 1 mm. ally partly concealed beneath any bark irregu- in diameter), white, circular, convex, exuviae larities. Adult female white, circular, convex, subcentral; male scale similar to adult female exuviae subcentral, ventral scale quite thick; in color and texture, elongate, exuvium terminal. male scale elongate, white, exuvium terminal. Additional hosts: Recorded only from Atriplex sp. Additional hosts: Recorded only from mistletoe. Discussion : Discussion: This species approaches most closely Situ- This scale is apparently quite rare in Calif- iaspis yuccae (Cockerell) from which it is easily ornia. Ferris (1937) states that “this species is distinguishable by its form and by the smaller referred with some doubt to Situlaspis, although anal opening situated in a different position. the only precise character which might justify its California records: generic separation is the absence of the usual LOSAngeles CO.: Palmdale, XI-1-34 (G. Murphy). marginal ducts in the intersegmental areas of the Riverside Co.: Desert Center, 111-2939 (G. F. pygidium. ” Ferris). * California records: San Diego Co.: Hauser Canyon, Marino Dam, XII-17-52 (R. F. Wilkey). Jacumba, XII-4-51 (G. W. Situlaspis daleae Ferris Schwegel). J uli an, (herbarium specimen). Dalea scale (Fig. 122) Sitdaspis yuccae (Cockerell) Situlaseis dale& Ferris, 1941, Adas of Scale Small situlaspis scale Insects, Ser. IIk320. (Fig. 124) Type locality: Indio (foot of mountains to north), Riverside County, California. Aspidiotus yuccae Cockerell, 1896, Psyche, Type host: Dalea sp. 7(1):20. Relation to host: Occurring on the small twigs, in Asp idio tus yuccae variety neomexican a Cockere11 , axils, and beneath bracts. Adult female scale 1898, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 7(2):25. roughly circular, irregular according to its Diaspis celtidis Cockerell, 1899, Canad. Ent., surroundings, quite high, convex, white, exu- 3 1: 106. viae central or subcentral and black; male Xemphilaspis pdinsoniae Cockerell, 1899, scale not recognized. Arizona Expt. Sta., Bull. 32, p. 282. Additional hosts: Recorded only from Dalea sp. Targionia yuccae (Cockerell), Fernald, 1903, Di s c us sion : Catalogue of Coccidae, p. 298. This species is a member of the genus Situ- P seudodiasp is parkinsoniae (Cockerell), Ferris, laspis, a group that seems confined to the desert Stanford Univ. Publ., Univ. Set., p. 56, illus. regions of southwestern United States, and north- Pseudodiasp is yuccae (Cocke cell), Ferri s, 1920, western Mexico. It is known only from the type lot. Canad. Ent., 52:64. California records: Neosignoretia yuccae (Cockerell), MacGillivray, Riverside Co.: Indio, 111-1912 (J. C. Bridwell). 1921, The Coccidae, p. 424. Situlaspis yuccae (Cockerell), Ferris, 1737, Atlas of Scale Insects, Set. I:125. Sitdaspis multipora (Ferris) Type locality: Ciudad Porfirio Diaz (=Juarez), Mistletoe situlaspis scale Mexico. (Fig. 123) Type host: Yucca sp. Relation to host: Occurring predominately on the Pseudodiaspis multipora Ferris, 1919, Ent. News, stems, although occasionally on leaf bases. 30:275-276, illus. Adult female scale quite small, not more than Pseuabdiaspis multipora Ferris, 1921, Stanford 1 mm. long, white, oval, flat, and with a large Univ. Publ., Univ. Ser., l(2):lOl. dark central exuviae; male scale white, elon- Situlaspis multipora (Ferris), 1937, Atlas of Scale gate oval, exuvium terminal. Insects, Set. I:123. Additional hosts: Recorded from many hosts some Type locality: Julian, San Diego County, Cali- of which are: Acacia, Cercidium, Condalia, f ornia . Fraxinus, grass, Larrea, Olea, Porliera, Ribes, Type host: Phoradendron fluvescens (mistletoe on Robiniu, Rosa, Simmondsia, Spiraea, Symphori- oak). carpos, Syringa. and Vitis. aJ Hm U ln ln .rla ln

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m aJ 4 d ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 159

Discussion: Additional hosts: In addition to Pseudotsuga faxi- This is an exceedingly small species, measur- folia and Abies spp., the species has been ing little more than 0.6 mm. in length in mounted recorded from several different species of Pinus. examples. The species is closely related to Discussion: Situlaspis atriplicis (Ferris), but differs in having The generic name of this species refers to the a more elongate oval body form, and much larger straw-colored scale. The host specificity of anal opening which is further removed from pygi- kelloggi on members of the pine family (Pinaceae) dial lobes than is the case of atriplicis. Peri- aids in the determination of this scale. The scale vulvar pores present or absent. In some specimens covering may be easily distinguished from that of they are vestigal, being little larger than seta Phenacaspis pinifoliae (Fitch), which occurs on bases; in others they may show on one side of the same hosts, by its straw color, that of pini- body and not on the other; not more than four or foliae being snowy white. five pores on either side. California records: California re cord s : Alameda Co.: Piedmont, 11-8-54 (W. A. Kroger). Butte Co.: Fairmont, IX-30-51 (H. H. Keifer). Los Angeles Co.: Arcadia, 11-21-53 (R. F. Imperial Co.: Calexico, 1-12-45 (A. J. Hansen Wilkey). Pasadena, 1-15-33 (L. E. Myers). Pomona, and C. G. Anderson). El Centro, 111-8-50 (C. R. VIII-30-49 (R. W. Harper). Tower). Mariposa Co.: Yosemite. Inyo Co.: Lone Pine, VIII-29-46 (J. W. Dixon). Mendocino Co.: Va’rious localities: VII-190 1 Kern Co.: Bakersfield, 111-10-49 (R. W.. Harper (G. A. Galewen). and C. S. Morley). Ford City, 111-3-42 (T. B. Monterey Co.: Tassajara Hot Springs (G. F. Gallion). Ferris). Kings Co.: Lemoore, VIII-14-41 (T. 8. Gallion). Santa Clara Co.: San Jose, VIII-31-54 (G. F. Orange Co.: Anaheim, 11-17-32. Prole). Stanford University (arboretum), XI14 5-0 1 San Bernardino Co.: Needles, XI-4-41 (G. A. (G. A.. Coleman). Pohl and A. E. Breech). Siskiyou Co.: Dunsmuir, VIII-25-01 (G. A. San Diego Co.: San Felipe Valley, 111-22-49 Co 1ema n) . (P. C. Ting). Sentenac Canyon, V-14-49 (F. L. Blanc). Unaspis euonymi (Comstock) Tulare Co.: Porterville, XI-29-50 (0. L. Hemp- Euonymus scale hill). (PI. 3, bottom row, right; fig. 126) Ventura Co.: Pine, X-28-47 (J. Allee). Chionaspis euonymi Comstock, 1881, Rep. U.S.- D.A. for 1880, p. 313, illus. Stramenaspis kelloggi (Coleman) Chionaspis euonymi Comstock, Lindinger, 1912. Kellogg scale Die Schildlause, p. 146. (Fig. 125) Chionaspis euonymi Comstock, Leonardi, 1920. Monogragia delle Cocciniglie Italiane, p. 226, Leucaspis kelloggi Coleman, 1903, Jour. N.Y. illus. Ent. SOC., 11:68, illus. Chionasp is euonyrni Comstock , MacGillivray , Dinaspis kelloggi (Coleman), Ferris, 1920, Stan- 1921. The Coccidae, p. 325. ford Univ. Publ., Univ. Ser., Biol. Sci., 1(1):47, Unaspis euonymi (Comstock), Ferris, 1937, Atlas illus. of Scale Insects, Ser. 1:130. Suturasp is kel loggi (Cole man), Ma cGillivray , Unaspis nakayamai Takahashi and Kanda, 1939, 1921, The Coccidae, p. 268. Annot. 2001. jap., 18:185. Strmnenaspis kelloggi (Coleman), Ferris, 1937, Unaspis euonymi (Comstock), McKenzie, 1947, Atlas of Scale Insects, Ser. I:127. Calif. Dept. Agric. Bull., 36(1):32. Type locality: Various localities in northern Onaspis euonyrni Comstock, Cantelo, 1953, Agric. California. Expt. Sta., Univ. Mass., Bull. 471:l-31, illus. Type host: Pseudotsuga tavifolia and Abies spp. Type locality: Norfolk, Virginia. Relation to host: Occurring on the foliage. Aduit Type host: Euonymus latifolius. female scale elongate and slender, straw-colored, Relation to host: Occurring on leaves and stems. exuviae apical; male scale similar but much Adult female scale dark-brown or purplish- smaller , ex uvi um t ermi n a1 . brown, broad, and flattened, generally with a

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slight median ridge, exuviae at one end; male C a1i f orn ia re cords: scale white, elongate, felted, and tricarinate. San Diego Co.: Mason Valley, X-3-46 (G. Bee- Additional hosts: In addition to Euonymus spp. vor). San Diego, 11-1920. this scale has been taken on Celastrus scandens, Daphne mezerem, Hibiscus, Jasminum. L onicera, Pachysandra tennin a1 is, Pach ist ima Tribe 0DON ASP IDINI canbyi, Periclymenum, Prunus cerasilera, Prunus pissardi, and Syringa vulgaris. Odotzaspis graminis Bremner Discussion: Grass root scale This species is readily recognized on Euonymus (Fig. 128) plants (see colored photograph). It is the only species of the genus represented in California. Odonaspis graminis Bremner, 1907, Canad. Ent., The scale is a serious pest to Euonymus and 39:368, illus. should be controlled whenever found. Odonaspis graminis Bremner, Ferris, 1920, Stan- California records : I ford Univ. Publ., Univ. Set. Biol. Sci., 1(1):57, Los Angeles Co.: Sierra Madre, 11-23-49 (R. W. illus. Harper and G. Beevor). Rugasp idis (=R ugaspidiotus) graminis ( Bremner), Marin Co.: San Anselmo, 111-1-51 (E. Cowen). MacGillivray, 1921, The Coccidae, p. 449. Sacramento Co.: Sacramento, 1-22-47 (E. T. Odonaspis graminis Bremner, Ferris, 1938, Atlas Gammon and F. Daly). of Scale Insects, Ser. II:K?. San Mateo Co.: Atherton, V-29-53 (L. L. Bar- Type locality: San Francisco, Presidio Hills, San rett). North Palo Alto, X-23-47 (V. A. Canavese). Francisco County, California. Santa Clara Co.: Palo Alto, V-1945 (G. F. Type host: Undetermined grass. Ferris). Relation to host: Occurring under sheathing at leaf bases and among scales on the roots. Adult female scale brownish, broadly oval, exuviae Xerophilaspis prosop idis (Cockerell) at one end; male scale not observed. Mesquite scale Additional hosts: This scale has been collected (Fig. 127) and recorded mainly from undetermined grasses. Ferris (1938) records it on a grass, Dmthonia Aspidiotus prosopidis Cockerell, 1895, Psyche, Califomica 7( 1): 15. Discussion: Xerophilaspis prosopidis (Cockerell), 1899. Check The form of the body of this scale, together List, Supplement, p. 396. with the distribution of dorsal and ventral pygi- Xerophilaspis prosopidis (Cockerell), Ferris, dial macroducts and the absence of perivdvar 1919, Stanford Univ. Publ., Univ. Ser., pp. pores and marginal pygidial scleroses, distin- 58-59, illus. guishes this species from other California Odon- Xemphilasp is prosopidis (Cockerell), Ferris, aspis. It is apparently quite rare in California. 1937, Atlas of Scale Insects, Ser. I:136. California re cords: Type locality: Near Phoenix, Arizona. Mendocino Co.: Mendocino City, IX-7-37 (G. F. Type host: Prosopis sp. (mesquite). Ferris). Relation to host: Occurring on the twigs of host. San Francisco Co.: San Francisco, Presidio Adult female shiny black, although often covered Hills, 1906 (E. M. Ehrhorn). with a whitish film, minute, almost circular, Santa Clara Co.: Stanford University, 111-1918 exuviae central or subcentral; male scale elon- (G. F. Ferris). gate, creamy white, exuvia near one end. Sonoma Co.: Fort Ross, IX-1937 (G. F. Ferris). Additional hosts: Recorded only from Prosopis sp. Discussion: Ferris (1937) states: ‘‘The curiously shaped Odonaspis penicillata Green body of the adult female with the produced and Penicillate scale sclerotized cephalic margin, the reduced pygidium (Fig. 129) with its two pairs of rounded lobes and its lack of perivulvar pores distinguish the species from Aspidiotus inusitatus Green, 1896. Coccidae of any others in our fauna.” Ceylon, Part 1:66 (misidentification). w C. ? w0

op, Iu In In a n D, nc ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 165

Odonaspis penicillata Green, 1905, Jour. Bombay of Agriculture records include Juncus, Sorghum Nat. Hist. SOC., 16:344, illus. halep ense, and Sorghum vulgare sudanense. Odonaspis penicillata Green, Ferris, 1938, Atlas Discussion: of Scale Insects, Set. II:164. The scale is apparently California’s most com- Type locality: Ceylon. mon Odonaspis species. It is easily differentiated Type host: Gigantochloa aspera. from Odonaspis graminis Bremner and 0. penicil- Relation to host: Occurring under sheathing bases lata Green in the possession of perivdvar pores, of the leaves, attached to the stem and not to lacking in the last-named species. Odonaspis leaf surface. Adult female scale brownish, mthae Kotinsky is rather widespread in Cali- elongate, broad anteriorly and tapering poster fornia, infesting in most instances bermuda grass. iorly, exuviae terminal; male scale brown, elon- California re cords: gate and slender, exuvia at one end. Fresno Co.: Fresno, 11-12-45 (J. W. Dixon). Additional hosts: Rambusa stenostachya, Hambusa Imperial Co.: Calexico, 11-1-45 (A. J. Hanson spp., and Ochlandra travancorica. and C. G. Anderson). Disc us sion: Kern Co.: Oildale, XII-7-39 (C. S. Morley). This species is readily recognizable by the Los Angeles Co.: Los Alamitos, V-31-34 (G. cluster of structures resembling gland spines that Garrettson). Los Angeles, 1-1935 (V. E. Williams). are situated apically on pygidium. Montebello, VII-22-36 (V.. E. Williams). Pacoima, California record s : XI-23-38. Los Angeles Co.: Altadena, 11-25-41. Glendale, Orange Co.: Orange, VII-14-3 1 (E. Johnson). 1-29-44. Harbor City, N-3-39. Los Angeles, XII- Riverside Co.: Palm Springs, VIII-27-42 (C. R. 7-36 (V. E. Williams). Montebello, XII-2-38. North Tower ). Hollywood, V-3-40. Palms, IV-12-38. San Gabriel, Sacramento Co.: Michigan Bar, XI-20-36 (T. E. IX-24-40. Sautelle, VI-24-35 (V. E. Williams). Bachm an). ‘West Los Angeles, VII-3-36 (V. E. Williams). San Diego Co.: Carlsbad, XI-26-41 (D. F. Orange Co.: Fullerton, 111-26-41 (K. D. Sloop). Palmer). San Diego, VIII-13-31 (R. R. McLean). Orange, 111-26-41 (J. H. Mitchell). Santa Ana, Vista, XI-17-36 (J. G. Brunton). 11-24-32. Ventura Co.: Santa Paula, XII-4-39 (G. Dent). San Diego Co.: Coronado, I-€5-44. Ventura, IV-10-40 (R. Young). Santa Barbara Co.: Santa Barbara, IV-4-47 (1. B. Treloar). Rugaspidiotus arizonicus ( Cockerell) Arizona rugaspidiotus scale Odonaspis ruthae Kotinsky Bermuda grass scale (Fig. 131) (Fig. 130) Diaspis arizonicus Cockerell, 1900, Canad. Ent., Odonaspis ruthae Kotinsky, 1915, Proc. Ent. SOC. 32:131. Wash., 17(3): 101-1 04, illus. R ug asp idiot u s arizon icu s ( Co cke r ell ), F erri s , Odonaspis graminis Bremner, Kotinsky, 1910, Proc. 1938, Atlas of Scale Insects, Ser. I1:168. Hawaii. Ent. SOC., 2(3):129 (as a misidentifi- Type locality: Wooton (west of Phoenix), Arizona. cation). Type host: Prosopis uelutina, velvet mesquite. Odonaspis ruthae Kotinsky, Ferris, 1938. Atlas of Relation to host: Occurring buried in deep cracks Scale Insects, Ser. II:165. and under bark scales. Adult female scale white Type locality: Honolulu, Hawaii. or brownish, anterior part somewhat swollen, Type host: Cynodon dactylon, Germuda grass. tapering posteriorly, exuviae at swollen end; Relation to host: Occurring beneath the sheathing male scale similar to female in texture and bases of the leaves and on the roots. Adult fe- color, elongate and slender, exuvia terminal. male scale white, broad, and elongate, tapering Additional hosts: Recorded by Ferris (1938) on posteriorly, exuviae at broad end; male scale Acacia flexicaulis, Lysiloma sp., and an unde- smaller, white, elongate, and slender, exuvia termined mimosaceous shrub. terminal. Discussion: Additional hosts: In addition to Bermuda grass, This species is extremely rare in California. Ferris (1938) records various “succulents” It differs from Rugaspidiotus-- nebulosus Ferris in and Echeveria SD. California State DeDartment possessing a sclerotized prosoma and a different a E.. 4 aJ I., I., aJ Lv U u" ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 167 position of anal opening and arrangement of dorsal Phoenicococcus madatti (Cockerell), Stickney, and ventral pygidial ducts. Barnes and Simmons, 1950. U.S.D.A., Cit. California records: 846:8-15, illus. Imperial Co.: Andrade, 111-30-45 (C. G. Ander- Type locality: Algeria. son and A. J. Hanson). Type host: Phoenix dactylifera, date palm. Relation to host: Occurring under the fibrous covering of the trunk or deeply imbedded at the Rugasp idiot us nebulosus Ferris bases of leaf petioles. Adult female scale red- Nebulose scale dish colored, more or less circular, slightly (Fig. 132) flattened, and surrounded by a ring of amorphous wax; adult male scale pale to dark pink, flat- Rugaspidiotus nebulosus Ferris, 1938, Atlas of tened, covered with a loose mass of white Scale Insects, Ser. II:171. filaments. Type locality: Azusa, Los Angeles County, Calif- Additional hosts: Phoenicococcus marlatti Cocke- ornia. re11 occurs chiefly on plants of the palm genus Type host: Eriogonum fasciculatum. Phoenix. In addition to Phoenix dactylifera the Relation to host: Occurring in cracks of the bark. species has been reported by Stickney (1934) Adult female white, elongate and, according to on Phoenix canatlensis and P. reclinata Ferris, “beset with threads of unconsolidated Stickney, Barnes, and Simmons (1950) indicate wax which gives it a fluffy appearance,” exu- the species will grow on Calamus, Daemonomps, viae at one end; male scale white, elongate, and Pandanus. and slender, exuvia terminal. Discussion: Additional hosts: Recorded only from Eriogonum This is the so-called “red date scale” of fasciculatum. economic entomologists. According to Ferris Discussion: (1942) “there is nothing known in our fauna that This scale is extremely inconspicuous being can be confused with this species. It bears no well hidden in bark cracks and crevices. It is evident similarity to any of the other species of apparently quite rare in California. It differs from Diaspididae, even to those which are pIaced in Rugaspidi otus nebulosus Ferris in having a mem- the same subfamily.” It occurs in various local- branous prosoma and a differently situated anal ities in California where the date palm has been opening, vulva, and pygidial ducts. introduced, principally in the Imperial and California records: Coachella valleys. Los Angeles Co.: Azusa, IV-21-32 (L. E. Myers). California records: Stickney, Barnes, and Simmons (1950) record this scale as generally distributed in California Subfamily PHOENICOCOCCINAE in Coachella, Imperial, and Salt River valleys as well as from various points from Needles east, Phoenicococcus marlatti Cockerell near Whittier and El Cajon. Specific records in Red date palm scale the California State Department of Agriculture (Fig. 133) files include the following: Imperial Co.: El Centro, 11-2-44 (G. M. Hess and Phoenicococcus marlatti Cockerell, 1897, Proceed. H. W. Gray). Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., p. 262. 1.0s Angeles Co.: Whittier, 11-20-42 (C. Gammon). Sphaerococcus draperi Newstead, 1906. Quart. Riverside Co.: Indio, 1-16-30 (S. L. Lockwood). Jour. Inst. Comm. Res. Trop., Liverpool Univ., Palm Springs, 1-28-43 (F. R. Platt). 1(2):70. Santa Barbara Co.: Montecito, E-6-55 (T. Tre- P hoen ico coccus marl att i (Cock erell), Stickn ey , loar and G. Beevor). 1934. U.S.D.A. Tech. Bull. 404:37-49, illus. Solano Co.: Wolfskill Ranch (near Winters), Phoenicococcus marlatti (Cockerell), Ferris, 1942, XII-4-47 (H. T. Osborn and T. B. Gallion). Atlas of Scale Insects, Ser. IV:444. Ventura Co.: Ojai, 111-22-47 (F. R. Lewis).

DISTRIBUTION TABLE

The table presents distributional information representing each diaspidid scale species by counties in California. Although several counties have no diaspidid scale species recorded from them, it is quite certain that representatives are present, and that if surveys were conducted diaspidids would be subsequently revealed. Information used to prepare this table was taken almost exclusively from the accurate records both in the card files and in the insect collections of the California State Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology. In a few instances, however, distribution and host records, as well as actual specimens, were made available by the Natural History Museum at Stanford University, California, and the Insect Identification Section, United States Department of Agriculture, Agri- cultural Research Section, Washington, D.C. Alameda Alpine Amador

Butte xx Calaveras - Conrrn cosra Del Norte El Doredo

Fresno XI Glenn

Imperial

xx Kings

Lassen

Los Angeles LXX Madera

Mariposa Mendocino Mercrd

Nap Nevada Orange Placer Plumas Riverside Sacramento San Benito San Bernardino San Diego xx San Francisco San Joaquin San Luis Obispo Sa0 Mateo Santa Barbara Santa Clara Sanra Guz Shasta Siens Siskiyou Solano Sonoma Stanislaus Sutter Tchama Trinity Tulare Tuolumne

~ xx x x

Yuba Alameda Alpine Amador Butte Cslavcras Colusa xx Contra Costa x Del Norte - El Dorado Fresno Glenn Hurnbldt Imperial lnyo Kern Kin86 Lake Lassen

XL xx xx xx Los hgeles Madera - Marin hlariposa Mendocino Merced Modoc Mono - hlonterey Napa Nevada XI Orange Placer Plumas Riverside xx Sacramento San Benito - San Bernardino xx San Diego San Francisco Saa Joaquin Sao Luis Obispo San Mateo Santa Barbara

Saota Clara Snnta Guz Shasta Sierra Siskiyou Solano Sonoma Stanislaus Sutter Tebama Trinity XI Tulare Tuolumne x x XI x Vencura xx Yolo - Yuba LITERATURE CITED

(General references only. Specific taxonomic literature for each California diaspidid is included under species concerned.)

BALACHOWSKY, A. America, Series I-IV, illustrated, Stanford 1954. Les Cochenilles Palearctiques de la University Press, California. Tribu des Diaspidini, pp. 1-450, illus- GREEN, E. E. trated, Memoires Scientifiques de L’Institut 1896-1922. The Coccidae of Ceylon, Parts 1-5, Pasteur, Paris. pp. 1-472, illustrated, London: Dulau and CARNES, E. K. Comp a ny . 1907. Second Biennial Report for 1905-1906, KUWANA, 1. pp. 155-222, illustrated, Commissioner of 1925-1933. The Diaspine Coccidae of Japan, Horticulture, State of California. Technical Bulletin, Parts 1-7, illustrated, COMSTOCK, J. H. Japan Department of Finance, lmperial 1881. Annual Report of the Commissioner of Plant Quarantine Service, Tokyo. Agriculture for the year 1880, pp. 176-373, MacGILLIVRAY, A. D. illustrated, United States Department of 1921. The Coccidae, pp. 1-502, Urbana, Illinois: Agriculture . Scarab Company. 1883. Second Report of the Department of Ento- McKENZIE, H. L. mology of Cornell University, Report for 1938. Microentomology (various issues), Natural 1881-1882, 2:46-143, illustrated, Agri- History Museum, Stanford University, cultural Experiment Station, Ithaca, New California. York. 1942-1953. Miscellaneous Scale Studies, Parts DIETZ, H. F., and H. MORRISON 1-12, illustrated, California Department 1916. The Coccidae or Scale Insects of Indiana, of Agriculture Bulletin, Sacramento, pp. 195-321, illustrated, Eighth Annual California. Report, Office of State Entomologist, MERRILL, G. B. Indianapolis, Indiana. 1953. A Revision of the Scale-Insects of Florida, FERNALD, h.1. E. 1:1-143, illustrated, State Plant Board 1903. A Catalogue of the Coccidae of the World, of Florida, Gainesville, Florida. Special Bulletin 88, pp. 1-360, Massachu- NEWSTEAD, R. setts Agricultural Experiment Station, 1900-1902. Monograph of the Coccidae of the Amherst, Massachusetts. British Isles, Volumes I and 11, illus- FERRIS, G. F. trated, London: Ray Society. 1936. Microentomology, (various issues), Natu- ZIMMERMAN, E. C. ral History Museum, Stanford University, 1948. Insects of Hawaii, Homoptera; Sternor- California hyncha, 5: 1-464, illustrated, Honolulu: 1937-1942. Atlas of the Scale Insects of North University of Hawaii Press. HOST LIST OF CALIFORNIA DIASPIDIDAE

The following host list of California Diaspididae PLANT FAMILY is arranged alphabetically by plant families, and ACANTHACEAE under each family the included genera are like- Jacobinia sp., Jacobinia wise set up. This is also true for the diaspidid Pseudoparlaton'a parlatorioides (Comstock), species, these being recorded in alphabetical 155 sequence under their respective host species. ACERACAE In setting up the host list of California Dias- Acer dasycarpum, Sugar maple pididae an attempt has been made to record Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), 61 every known host for each species with the Acer negundo exception of those forms which are obviously Diaspidiotus aesculi (Johnson), omnivorous. In these cases only a few of the 59 Acer palmatum more preferred hosts are indicated. Twenty-two Chrysomphalus dictyospenni (Morgan), species are here considered as omnivorous, and 53 Neopinnaspis hatperi McKenzie, these are listed alphabetically under their 133 Acer rubrum respective tribes as follows: Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky), 62 Tribe Aspiiliotini: Acer spp. Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), Aonidiella Diasp idiot us liquidambaris (Kotinsk y ), 62 citrina (Coquillett), Aspidiotus destructor hielanaspis obscura (Comstock), 77 Signoret, Aspidiotus hederae (Vallot), Aspid- Parlatoria camelliae Comstock, 137 iotus spinosus Comstock, Chrysomphalus Parlatoria cmtonis Douglas, 139 dictyospenni (Morgan), Chrysomphalus ficus AMARYL LIDACEAE Asmead, Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), Agave sp. I lemiterlesia lataniae (Signoret), Hember- Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), 37 lesia rapax (Comstock), Quadraspidiotus Aspidiotus hederae (Vallot), 47 forbesi (Johnson), Quadraspidiotus juglans- Parlatoria proteus (Curtis), 145 regiae (Comstock), and Quadraspidiotus Amaryllis sp. perniciosus (Comstock). Parlatoria proteus (Curtis), 145 Tribe Diaspidini: ANACARDIACEAE Chionaspis furfura (Fitch), Fiorinia fioriniae Mangi fera indica, Common mango (Targioni), Howardia biclavis (Comstock), Aspidiotus destructor Signoret, 47 L epidosaphes uimi (L innaeus), Parlatoreop sis Chrysomphalus /icus Ashmead, 55 chinensis (Marlatt), Parlatoria oIeae (Colveg), Parlatoria proteus (Curtus), 145 Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret), Pseudau- Phenacaspis sandwicensis Fullaway, 149 lacaspis pentagona (Targioni), and Pseudo- Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley), 151 p arl atoria p arl atorioides (Com stock). Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan), 85 174 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

PLANT FAMILY PLANT FAMILY

Mangijera spp. AQUIFOLIACEAE Hemiberlesia cyanophylli (Signoret), 65 llex aquifolium, Holly Parlatoria camelliae Cornstock, 139 Aonidiella citrina (Coquillett), 41 Pistacia atlantica, Pistache Aspidiotus hederae (Vallot), 47 Asp idasp is braunschvig i (Rungs ), 4 5 Chrysomphalus bifasciculatus Ferris, 51 Pistachia sp. Dynaspidiotus britannicus (Newstead), 65 Parlatoreopsis chinensis (Marlatt), 137 Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus), 127 Rhus ttilobata, Sumac Quadraspidiotus forbesi (Johnson), 79 Clavaspis covilleae (Ferris), 57 Ilex comuta Rhus spp. Chrysomphalus ficus Ashmead, 55 Chrysomphalus bifasciculatus Ferris, 51 Hemiberlesia cyanophylli (Leonardi), 65 Fiorinia fioriniae (Targioni), 111 Hemibetlesia howardi (Cockerell), 69 P&toreobs;s cbz'nensis (Matlatt), 137 Ilex integra Schinus molle, Pepper tree Hemiberlesia degenerata (Leonardi), 67 Neopinnaspis harperi McKenzie, 133 Ilex opaca Sch inus t erebin thifolia Hemiberlesia howardi (Cockerell), 69 Neopinnaspis harperi McKenzie, 133 llex sp. ANNONACEAE Fiorinia fioriniae (Targioni), 11 1 Annona cherimola, Cherimoya Fiorinia theae Green, 113 Chrysomphalus dictyospenni (Morgan), 53 Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman), 117 Annona spp. Parlatoria camelliae (Comstock), 139 Hemiberlesia cyanophylli (Signoret), 65 Pseudoparlatoria parlatorioides (Cornstock), Howardia biclavis (Cornstock), 115 155 Asirnina sp. ARACEAE Parlatoreopsis chinensis (Marlatt), 137 Aglaonema sp. Cananga odorata (= Canangium odoratum) Ylan- Parlatoria proteus (Curtis), 145 gyland Anthurium spp. Phenacaspis sandwicensis Fdlaway, 149 Fiorinia fioriniae (Targioni), 111 APOCYNACEAE Hemiberlesia cyanophylli (Signoret), 65 Allamanda cathartica variety Schottia, Schott Pinnaspis buxi (Bouch;), 150 common Allamanda Dieffenbachia seguine, Seguin tuftroot Howardia biclavis (Comstock), 115 Parlatoria proteus (Curtis), 145 Nerium indicum (= odorum), Sweetscented Monstera deliciosa, Ceriman oleander Parlatoria proteus (Curtis), 145 Pinnaspis buxi (Bouch;), 150 Philodendron sp., Philodendron Nerium oieander, Common oleander Acutaspis albopicta (Cockerell), 37 Chrysomphalus bifasciculatus Ferris, 51 Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret), 69 Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan), 53 Parlatoria proteus (Curtis), 145 Chrysomphalus ficus Ashmead, 55 Pothos aureus Lindingaspis rossi (Maskell), 75 ' Chrysomphalus ficus Ashrnead, 55 Neopinnaspis harperi McKenzie, 133 ARALIACEAE Phenacaspis sandwicensis Fullaway, 149 Aralia spp. Pseudoparlatoria parlatorioides (Comstock), Aonidiella citrina (Coquillett), 41 155 Chrysomphalus bifasciculatus Ferris, 51 Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan), 85 Hemiberlesia degenerata (Leonardi), 67 Nerium sp. Fatsia spp. Parlatoreopsis chinensis (Marlatt), 137 Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret), 69 Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Cornstock), 81 Hedera helix, Ivy Plumeria sp., Frangipani Aonidiella citrina (Coquillett), 41 Howardia biclavis (Comstock), 115 Aspidiotus hederae (Vallot), 47 Tabernaemontana sp. Chrysomphalus bifasciculatus Ferris, 5 1 Acutaspis albopicta (Cockerell), 37 Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan), 53 Chrysomphalus ficus Ashmead, 55 ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 175

PLANT FAMILY PLANT FAMILY Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret), 69 BOMBACACEAE Lindingaspis rossi (Maskell), 75 Ochroma sp., Balsa Pseudoparlatoria parlatorioides (Comstock), Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley), 15 1 155 BROME LIACEAE Hedera sp., Ivy Aechmea weilbachia Dynasp idiot us britannicus (Newstead), 65 Hemiberlesia palmae (Cockerell), 71 Fiorinia lioriniae (Targioni), 11 1 Ananas comosus, Pineapple Parlatoria proteus (Curtis), 145 Diaspis bromeliae (Kerner), 105 Quadrasp idiotus p emiciosus (Corns tock), 81 Billbergia sp., Airbrorn ASCLEPIADACEAE Diaspis bmmeliae (Kerner), 105 Araujia sp., Bladderflower Hemibetlesia palmae (Cockerell), 71 Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus), 127 Parlatoria proteus (Curtis), 145 Bromelia pingiun BAhrBUSEAE Diaspis bromeliae (Kerner), 105 Gigantochloa aspera, Giantgrass Bromeliads Odonaspis penicillata Green, 163 Hemiberlesia palmae (Cockerell), 71 BEGONIACEAE BUXACEAE Begonia sp. Buxus balearica, Spanish box Howardia biclavis (Comstock), 115 Parlatoria pittospori Maskell, 143 BERBERIDACEAE Bwcus sempetvirens, Common BOX Berberis spp., Barberry Aonidiella citrina (Coquillett), 41 Dynaspidiotus britannicus (Newstead), 65 Pinnaspis buxi (Bouch;), 150 Parlatoria camelliae (Comstock), 139 Buxus sempetvirens suffruticosa iblahonia aquifolium, Oregon grape Dynaspzdiotus britannicus (Newstead), 65 Aonidiella citrina (Coquillett), 41 BUXUSSP. Aspidaspis densiflorue (Bremner), 45 Dynaspidiotus britmnicus (Newstead), 65 Parlatoria oleae (Colve;), 141 Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus), 127 BETULACEAE Parlatoria pergmdii Cornstock, 143 Alnus spp., Alder Quadraspidiotus pemiciosus (Cornstock), 81 Chionaspis ortholobis Cornstock, 99 Pachysandra terminalis, Japanese Pachysandra Chionaspis wistariae Cooley, 101 Unaspis euonymi (Cornstock), 159 Diaspidiotus aesculi (Johnson), 59 Simmondsia sp., Jojoba Betula alba, Birch Situlaspis yuccae (Cockerell), 157 Aonidomytilus ceanothi (Ferris), 87 CACTACEAE Betula spp. Cactus Chionaspis lurfura (Fitch), 97 Chrysomphalus dictyospenni (Morgan), Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), 61 53 Diaspis boisduvalii Signoret, 103 Diaspidiotus uvae (Cornstock), 63 Diaspis echinocacti (Bouch;), Parlatoreopsis chinensis (Marlatt), 105 137 Cereus spp. Quadraspidiotus juglans-regiae (Comstock), Hemiberlesia cyanopbylli (Signoret), 65 81 Corylus sp., Filbert CAPPARIDACEAE Forchhammeria sp. Parlatoreopsis chinensis (Marlatt), 137 Clavaspis covilleae (Ferris), 57 B IGN ONIACE AE CAPRIFOLIACEAE Bignonia sp. Lonicera spp., Honeysuckle P seudop arla toria parlat orio ides (Cornstoc k ), Unaspis euonymi (Cornstock), 159 155 Penclymenum sp. Catalpa sp. Unaspis euonymi (Cornstock), 159 Aonidomytilus uariabilis Ferris, 83 Sambucus glauca, Elder Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnarn), 61 Diaspidiotus aesculi (Johnson), 59 Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni), 153 Sambucus spp. BIXACE A E Aonidomytilus variabilis Ferris, 89 Bixa sp., Anartotree Symphoricatpos sp. Howardia biclavis (Corns tock), 11 5 Situlaspis yuccae (Cockerell), 157 176 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

PLANT FAMILY PLANT FAMILY Viburnum tinus, Laurestinus Viburnum Spiraea sp. Parlatoria pit tosp ori Ma skell, 143 Parlatoreopsis chinensis (Marlatt), 137 Viburnum sp. Situlaspis yuccae (Cockerell), 157 Aonidiella citrina (Coquillett), 41 Suaeda spp., Seepweed Aspidiotus spinosus Comstock, 49 Aonidoniy t i lus concol or ( Cockere 1I), 89 Chrysomphalus ficus Ashmead, 55 COMP OSITAE Dynaspidiotus britannicus (Newstead), 65 Ambrosia spp., Ragweed Hemiberlesia howardi (Cockerell), 69 Rhizaspidiotus dearnessi (Cockerell), 83 Parlatoreopsis chinensis (Marlatt ), 13 7 Aplopappus bet erophyllus, (= lsocoma wrightii), Parlatoria theae Cockerell, 147 J immyweed CARYOPHYLLACEAE Rhizaspidiotus dearnessi (Cockerell), 83 Dianthus caryophyllus, Carnation Aplopappus laricifolius Pseudoparlatoria parlatorioides (Comstock), Aonidomytilus concolor (Cockerell), 89 155 Rhizaspidiotus dearnessi (Cockerell), 83 CASUARINACEAE Aplopappus linearifolius Casuarina sp., Beefwood Rhizasp idiot us dearnessi (Cockerell), 83 Howurdia biclauis (Comstock), 115 Artemisia filifolia, Sage brush CELASTRACEAE Rhizaspidiotus dearnessi (Cockerell), 83 Catha edulis, Arabian tea Artemisia spp. Chrysomphalus bifasciculatus Ferris, 51 Lindingaspis rossi (Maskell), 75 Celastrus scandens, American Bittersweet Aster spp. Unaspis euonymi (Comstock), 159 Rhizaspidiotus deanzessi (Cockerell), 83 Euonymus japonicus Baccharis pilularis Neopinnaspis harperi McKentie, 133 Rhizaspidiotus dearnessi (Cockerell), 83 Euonymus latifolius Baccharis viminea Unaspis euonymi (Comstock), 159 Hemiberlesia popularum (Marlatt), 73 Euonymus spp. Bigelouia brachylepis Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), 39 Targionia bigelouiae (Cockerell), 87 Aonidiella citrina (Coquillett), 41 Composite Aspidiotus spinosus (Comstock), 49 Rhizaspidiotus dearnessi (Cockerell), 83 Chrysomphalus bifasciculatus Ferris, 51 Corethrogyne sp., Cottonaster Chrysomphalus dictyospenni (Morgan), 53 Rhizaspidiotus dearnessi (Cockerell), 83 Chrysomphalus ficus Ashmead, 55 Encelia farinosa Clauaspis covilleae (Ferris), 57 Aonidomytilus concolor (Cockerell), 89 Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret), 69 Franseria dumosa, Bursage Lepidosaphes gloverii (Packard), 121 Rhizaspidiotus dearnessi (Cockerell), 83 Lindingaspis mssi (Maskell), 75 Franseria spp. Parlatoreopsis chinensis (Marlatt), 137 Aonidomytilus concolor (Cockerell), 89 Parlatoria camelliae Comstock, 139 Grindelia cunefolia, Gumweed Parlatoria pergandii Comstock, 143 Rhizaspidiotus dearnessi (Cockerell), 83 Parlatoria theae (Cbckerell), 147 Gutierrezia lucida, Snakeweed Unaspis euonymi (Comstock), 159 Rhizaspidiotus dearnessi (Cockerell), 83 Pachistima canbyi, Canby Pachistima Gutierrezia spp., Snakeweed Unaspis euonymi (Comstock), 159 Targionia bigeloviae (Cockerell), 87 CHENOPODIACEAE Helianthus spp., Sunflower Allenrolfeu occidentalis, Pickleweed Rhizaspidiotus dearnessi (Cockerell), 83 Aonidomytilus bilobis Ferris, 87 L ep idosp artum squamat urn, Sca1 y br 00 m Atriplex sp. Targionia bigelouiae (Cockerell), 87 Aonidomytilus bilobis Ferris, 87 Microglossa sp. Aonidomytilus concolor (Cockerell), 89 Howardia biclauis (Comstock), 115 Situlaspis a.triplicis (Ferris), 155 Parthenium incanum Chenopodiaceous plant Rhizasp idiotus dearnessi (Cockerell), 83 Aonidomytilus concolor (Cockerell), 87 Pluchea sericea Spiraea vetchi, Seedling Clavaspis couilleae (Ferris), 57 Nilotaspis halli (Green), 135 Hemiberlesia popularum (Marlatt), 73 ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 177

PLANT FAMILY PLANT FAMILY Tetradymia glauca Zamia villosa Lepidosaphes machili (Maskell), 123 Furchadiaspis zamiae (Morgan), 113 Viguiera tenuifolia, Golden eye (= Gymnolomia Zamia spp., Cycad genus tenuilolia) Furchadiaspis zamiae (Morgan), 113 Rhizaspidiotus deamessi (Cockerell), 83 CYPERACEAE CORDUACEAE Cyperus altemifolius, Flatsedge Borrichia frutescens Chrysomphalus biJasciculatus Ferris, 51 Aonidomytilus concolor (Cockerell), 89 CORNACEAE EBENACEAE Aucuba japonica Diospyros ebenum, Ebony persimmon Chrysomphalus bifasciculatus Ferris, 51 Howardia biclavis (Comstock), 115 Aucuba sp. Diospyros &aki, Kaki.persimmon Aspidiotus hederae (Vallot), 47 Neopinnaspis harperi McKenzie, 133 Parlatoria pergandii Comstock, 143 Diospyros sp. Parlatoria theae Cockerell, 147 Diaspidiotus osborni (Newel1 and Cockerell), Cornus nuttalli, Dogwood 63 Diaspidiotus osbomi (Newel1 and Cockerell), Parlatoria theae Cockerell, 147 63 ELAEAGNACEAE Cornus racemosa (= paniculata), Gray dogwood Elaeagnus sp. Chionaspis corni Cooley, 93 Aonidiella citrina (Coquillett), 41 Cornus spp. Chrysomphalus bifasciculatus Ferris, 5 1 Chionaspis comi Cooley, 93 Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan), 53 Chionaspis salicis-nigrae (Walsh), 101 Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman), 117 Clavaspis disclusa Ferris, 57 Parlatoreopsis chinensis (Marlatt), 137 122elanaspis obscura (Comstock), 77 Parlatoria pergandii Comstock, 143 Parlatoreopsis chinensis (Marlatt), 137 ELAEOCARPACEAE Parlatoria theae Cockerell, 147 Elaeocarpus cyaneus Quadraspidiotus juglans-regiae (Comstock), Howardia biclavis (Comstock), 115 81 ERICACEAE CRASSULACEAE Arbutus menziesi, Pacific madrone Echeveria sp., Echeveria succulent Aspidaspis arctostaphyli (Cockerell and Odonaspis ruthae Kotinsky, 165 Robbins), 43 CUCURBITACEAE Diaspidiotus aesculi (Johnson), 59 Trichosanthes sp., Snakegourd Arbutus unedo, Strawberry madrone P innaspis strachani (Cooley), 151 Aonidiella citrina (Coquillett), 41 CYCADACEAE Neopinnaspis harperi McKenzie, 133 Cycas circinalis Arctostaphylos glauca, Manzanita Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan), 85 Asp idasp is arctostaphy 1i (Cockerell and Cycas revoluta Robbins), 43 Chrysompbalus bifasciculatus Ferris, 51 Arctostaphylos manzanita. Common manzanita Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley), 151 Aspidaspis arctostaphyli (Cockerell and Cycas spp. Robbins), 43 Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), 39 Arctostaphylos patula Asp idi o tus hederae (Vallot ), 47 Chionaspis ortholobis Comstock, 99 Chrysomphalus ficus Ashmead, 55 Arctostaphylos uva-wsi Furchadiaspis zamiae (Morgan), 113 Rhizaspidiotus deamessi (Cockerell), 83 Lepidosaphes machili (Maskell), 123 Arctostaphylos viscida, White leaf manzanita Parlatoria pit tospori Maskell, 143 Aspidaspis arctostaphyli (Cockerell and Parlatoria proteus (Curtis), 145 Robbins), 43 Macrozamia corallipes, Coralfoot Macrozamia Arctostaphylos spp. Parlatoria pittospori Maskell, 143 Aspidiotus hederae (Vallot), 47 Macrozamia sp. Diaspis manzanitae (Whitney), 107 Parlatoria proteus (Curtis), 145 178 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

PLANT FAMILY PLANT FAMILY Azalea spp. Euphorbia pulcherrirna, Common poinsettia Parlatoria camelliae Cornstock, 139 Howardia biclavis (Cornstock), 115 Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Cornstock), 81 Parlatoria theae Cockerell, 147 Enkianthus sp. Euphorbia pulvinata Parlatoria theae Cockerell, 147 Selenaspidus albus McKenzie, 83 Epigaea repens, Trailing arbutus Euphorbia submammi llaris Hemiberlesia howardi (Cockerell), 69 Selenaspidus albus McKenzie, 83 Erica sp., Heath Euphorbia truncata Parlatoria pittospori haskell, 143 Selenaspidus albus McKenzie, 83 Ericaceous plant Euphorbia tuberculata Aonidomytilus concolor (Cockerell), 89 Selenaspidus rubidus McKentie, 85 Gaylussacia sp., Huckleberry Pedilanthus macrocarpa Pseudoparlatoria parlatotioides (Cornsrock)! Aonidornyrilus concolor (Cockerell), 89 155 Ricinocatpos spp. Rhododendron spp. Lindingaspis mssi (Maskell), 75 Hemiberlesia cyanophylli (Signoret), 65 Ricinus communis, Castorbean EUPHORBIACEAE Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni), 153 Acalypha sp., Copperleaf Howardia biclavis (Cornstock), 115 FAGACEAE Pseudoparlatoria pariatorioides (Cornstock), Castanea spp., Chestnut 155 Howardia biclavis (Comstock), 115 Adelia neomexicana Meianaspis obscura (Cornstock), 77 Diaspidiotus aesculi (Johnson), 59 Fagus sylvatica, Beech Quadraspidiotus juglans-regiae (Cornstock), Diaspidiotus osbomi (Newel1 and 81 Cockerell), 63 Aleurites moiuccana Fagus spp. Phenacaspis sandwicensis Fullaway, 149 Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), 61 Aleurites rnontana, Mu-oiktree Lithocarpus densiflorus, Tanoak Pinnaspis buxi (Bouche), 150 Aspidaspis densiflorue (Bremner), 45 Codiaeum variegatum, Leaf croton Quemaspis quercus (Cornstock), 155 Lepidosaphes tokionis (Kuwana), 127 Quercus agri/oIia, California live oak Codiaeum spp. Diaspidiotus osborni (Newell and Cockerell), Lepidosaphes tokionis (Kuwana), 127 63 Parlatoria camelliae Cornstock, 119 Melanaspis lilacina (Cockerell), 77 Parlatoria cmtonis Douglas, 139 Protodiaspis agriloliae Essig, 153 Parlatoria theae Cockerell, 147 Quercus alba, white oak Croton Diaspidiotus osbomi (Newell and Cockerell), Lepidosaphes tokionis (Kuwana), 127 63 Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan), 85 Quercus brandegeei Eup horbia captiosa Diaspidiotus osborni (Newell and Cockerell), Selenaspidus albus McKenzie, 83 63 Selenaspidus rubidus McKenzie, 85 Quercus coccinea Euphorbia Caput-Medusae Melanaspis obscura (Cornstock), 77 Selenaspidus albus McKenzie, 83 Quercus engelmanni, Engelmann oak Selenaspidus rubidus McKenzie, 85 Hemiberlesia quercicola Ferris, 73 Euphorbia jasciculata Melanaspis lilacina (Cockerell), 77 Selenaspidus Tubidus McKenzie, 85 Quercus lobata, California white oak Euphorbia fimbriata Diaspidiotus osbomi (Newell and Cockerell), Selenaspidus albus McKenzie, 83 63 Euphorbia mamrnillaris Quemaspis quercus (Cornstock), 155 Selenaspidus rubidus McKenzie, 85 Quercus nigra Euphorbia polygona Diaspidiotus osborni (Newell and Cockerell), Selenaspidus albus McKenzie, 83 63 ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 179

PLANT FAMILY PLANT FAMILY Quercus phellos Chortinaspis consolidata Ferris, 51 hielanaspis obscura (Comstock), 77 Ochlandra travancorica Quercus texana Odonaspis penicillata Green, 163 Melaaspis lilacina (Cockerell), 77 Saccharum o//icinarum, Sugar cane Quercus undulata Aspidiotus destructor Signoret, 47 Diaspidiotus osborni (Newell and Cockerell), Sorghum halepense, Johnson grass 63 Odonaspis ncthae Kotinsky, 165 Aielanaspis lilacina (Cockerell), 77 Sorghum vulgare sudanense. Sudan grass Quercus wisiizenii Odonaspis ruthae Kotinsky, 165 Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnarn), 61 Spartina strictu, Cord grass Quercus spp. Duplachionaspis spartinae (Comstock), 109 Asp zdasp is densiflome (Bremner ), 4 5 GUTTIFERAE Aspidiotus hederae (Vallot), 47 Garcinia morella Clavaspis rlisclusa Ferris, 57 Parlatoria pergandzi Comstock, 143 Diaspidiotus aesculi (Johnson), 59 Diaspidiotus osbonzi (Newell and Cockerell), 63 HAMAMELIDACEAE Hemiberlesia quercicola Ferris, 73 Liquidamber styraciflua, Sweetgum Alelanaspis lilacina (Cockerell), 77 Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky), 62 Melanaspis obscura (Comstock), 77 HIPPOCASTANACEAE Parlatoria proteus (Curtis), 145 Aesculus calijornica, California buckeye Quernaspis quercus (Comstock), 155 Diaspidiotus aesculi (Johnson), 59 F LACOURTIACEA E Aesculus sp. Aberia ca/fra, Keiapple Parlatoreopsis chinensis (Marlatt), 137 Neopinnaspis harperi McKenzie, 133 HYPERICACEAE Azara microphylla, Boxleaf azara Hypericum sp., St. Johnswort Neopinnaspis hcqperi McKenzie, 133 Aspidiotus hederae (Vallot), 47 Flacourtia sp. Howardia biclavis (Cornstock), 115 IRIDACEAE GESNERIACEAE Gladiolus spp. Saintpaulia sp., African violet Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret), 67 Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley), 151 Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus), 127 GNETACEAE Libertia sp. Ephedra nevadensis Chtysomphalus bifasciculatus Ferris, 5 1 Pallulaspis ephedrae Ferris, 135 Moraea bicolor, Yellow moraea GRAMINEAE Phenacaspis sandwicensis Fullaway, 149 Bambusa stenostachya Odonaspis penicillata Green, 163 JUGLANDACEAE Bambusa spp. Carya illinoensis. Pecan Kuwanaspis pseudoleucaspis (Kuwana), 115 Clavaspis disclusa Ferris, 57 Odonaspis penicillata Green, 163 DiaspidiQtus ancylus (Putnam), 61 Phenacaspis sandwicensis Fullaway, 149 Diaspidiotus osbomi (Newell and Cockerell), Cynodon dactylon, Bermuda grass 63 Odonaspis ruthae Kotinsky, 165 Melanaspis obscura (Cornstock), 77 Danthonia californica Quadraspidiotus forbesi (Johnson), 79 Odonaspis graminis Bremner, 163 Carya spp. Grass (undetermined) Diaspidiotus osborni (Newell and Cockerell), Odonaspis graminis Bremner, 163 63 Situlaspis yuccae (Cockerell), 157 Diaspidiotus uuae (Comstock), 63 Hilaria rigida Juglans californica, Walnut Chortinaspis consolidata Ferris, 51 Clavaspis disclusa Ferris, 57 Hilatia spp- Diaspidiotus aesculi (Johnson), 59 180 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

PLANT FAMILY PLANT FAMILY Juglans cinerea, Butternut Alachilus thunb ergii Clauaspis disclusa Ferris, 57 Lepidosaphes machili (Maskell), 123 Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus), 127 Persea americana, Avocado Juglans nigra, Acutaspis albopicta (Cockerell), 37 Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnarn), 61 Aonidiella citrina (Coquillett), 41 Neopinnaspis harperi McKenzie, 133 Aspidiotus hederae (Vallot), 47 Juglans regia, Persian English walnut Aspidiotus spinosus Cornstock, 49 Clauaspis disclusa Ferris, 57 Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan), 53 Diaspidiotus aesculi (Johnson), 57 Chrysomphalus ficus Ashrnead, 55 Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnarn), 61 Neopinnaspis harperi McKenzie, 133 Neopinnaspis harperi McKenzie, 133 Persea borbonia, Redbay persea Quadraspidiotus juglans-regiae (Cornstock), Pseudoparlatoria parlatorioides (Cornstock), 81 155 Juglans spp. Persea spp. Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnarn), 61 Fiorinia fioriniae (Targioni), 11 1 Diasp idiotus osbomi (Newel1 and Cockerell), Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret), 69 63 Parlatoria theae Cockerell, 147 Lepidosaphes /icus (Signoret), 121 Quadrasp idiot us perniciosus (Cornst ock ), 81 Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus), 127 Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan), 85 Melanaspis obscura (Cornstock), 77 Umbellularia californica, Laurel Parlatoreopsis chinensis (Marlatt), 137 Asp idaspis arctostaphyli (Cockerell and Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni), 153 Robbins), 43 Quadrasp idio t us jug 1ans-reg iae (Cornstoc k ) , Neopinnaspis harperi McKenzie, 133 81 LEGUMINOSAE Quadrasp idiotus perniciosus (Cornstock), 81 Acacia decurrens variety deaibata, Silvergreen JUNCACEAE wattle acacia Juncus sp., Rush Neopinnaspis harperi McKenzie, 133 Odonaspis ruthae Kotinsky, 165 Acacia flexicaulis Rug asp idiot us arizoni cus (Cocker el I), 165 LABIATAE Acacia longifolia, Sidney acacia Coleus sp. Neopinnaspis harperi hlcKenzie, 133 Pseudoparlatoria parlatorioides (Cornstock), Acacia melanoxylon, Blackwood acacia 155 Neopinnaspis harperi McKenzie, 133 Hyssopus sp. Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley), 151 Lindingaspis rossi (Maskell), 75 Acacia paucispina LAURACEAE Clavaspis covilleae (Ferris), 57 Cinnamomum camphora, Camphor tree Acacia spp. Chrysomphalus bifasciculatus Ferris, 51 Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), 39 Cinnamomum spp. Aspidiotus hederae (Vallot), 47 Aspidiotus spinosus Constock, 49 Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan), 53 Howardia biclavis -(Cornstock), 115 Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret), 69 Lepidosaphes machili (Maskell), 123 Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Cornstock), 81 Parlatoria camelliae Cornstock, 139 Situlaspis yuccae (Cockerell), 157 P seudop arlatoria p arlatorioides (Cornstock ) Albizzia sp. 155 Parlatoreopsis chinensis (Marlatt), 155 Laurus nobilis, Grecian- laurel Andira sp., Angelintree Aonidia lauri (Bouche), 37 Howardia biclavis (Cornstock), 115 Chrysomphalus bifasciculatus Ferris, 51 Bauhinia purpurea, Purple bauhinia Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan), 53 Parlatoria theae Cockerell, 147 Dynaspidiotus britannicus (Newstead), 65 Bauhinia sp. Parlatoria crotonis Douglas, 139 Parlatoreop sis chinensis (Marlatt), 137 Laurus spp. Caesalpinia echinata Aspidiotus hederae (Vallot), 47 Neopinnaspis hatperi McKenzie, 133 Aspidiotus spinosus Cornstock, 49 Cassia fistula, Goldenshower Senna Fiorinia fioriniae (Targioni), 11 1 Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret), 150 ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 181

PLANT FAMILY PLANT FAMILY Pinnaspis buxi (Bouch;), 150 Wistaria sp. Cassia sp. Chionaspis wistariae Cooley, 101 Parlatoreopsis chinensis (Marlatt), 137 Howardia biclauis (Comstock), 115 Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley), 151 Phenacaspis fujicola Kuwana, 147 Ceratonia silzqua, Carob LILIACEAE Aspidiotus hederae (Vallot), 47 Aloe spp., Succulent Neopinnaspis harperi McKenzie, 133 Parlatoria proteus (Curtis), 145 Cercidium sp., Paloverde Quadrasp idiotus perniciosus (Cornstock), 8 1 Situlaspis yuccae (Cockerell), 157 Anthericum spp. Cytisus scoparius, Broom Chrysomphalus dictyospenni (Morgan), 53 Neopinnaspis harperi McKenzie, 133 Diaspis bromeliae (Kerner), 105 Dalea sp. Hemiberlesia cyanophylli (Signoret), 65 Situlaspis daleae Ferris, 157 Asparagus officinalis, Garden asparagus Erythrina crista-galli, Coralbean Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley), 151 Chrysomphalus /icus Ashmead, 55 Asparagus sp. Erythrina sp. Aspidiotus spinosus Cornstock, 49 Pseudoparlatoria parlatorioides (Comstock), Aspidistra spp. 155 Aonidiella citrina (Coquiliett), 41 et Fabaceous" shrub Chrysomphalus bifasciculatus Ferris, 5 1 Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley), 151 Chrysomphalus dictyospenni (Morgan), 53 Genista spp., Woodwaxen Chrysomphalus ficus Ashmead, 55 Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus), 127 Parlatoria proteus (Curtis), 145 Gleditsia triacanthos, Honey or Sweet Locust Pirmaspis aspidistrae (Signoret), 150 Chionaspis gleditsiae Sanders, 99 Cordyline spp. Hardwickia binata Chrysomphalus ficus Ashmead, 55 Pinnaspis buxi (Bouch;), 150 Dracaena draco, Dragon dracaena lnga sp. Parlatoria pittospori Maskell, 143 Acutaspis albopicta (Cockerell), 37 Dracaena spp. Hemiberlesia cyanophylii (Signoret), 65 Leucaspis cockerelli (de Charmoy), 129 Lysiloma sp. Pinnaspis buxi (Bouch;), 150 Rugasp idiotus arizonicus (Cockerell), 165 Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley), 151 Mimosa sp. Haworthia neilu, Succulent Parlatoria pittospori Maskell, 143 Parlatoria pittospori Maskell, 143 ttMimosaceous" shrub Mondo sp., Lilyturf Rugasp idiot us arizonicus (Cockerell), 165 Chrysomphalus bifasciculatus Ferris, 5 1 Prosopis velutina, Velvet mesquite Chrysomphalus ficus Ashmead, 55 Rugaspidiotus arizonicus (Cockerell), 165 Hemiberlesia cyanophyiii (Signoret), 65 Prosopis spp. Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret), 150 Melanaspis obscura (Cornstock), 77 Ruscus spp., Butchersbroorn Xerophilaspis prosop idis (Cockerell), 163 Dynaspidiotus britannicus (Newstead), 65 Robinia hispida, Locust Sansevieria spp. Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), 61 Chrysomphalus ficus Ashmead, 55 Robinia spp. Parlatoria proteus (Curtis), 145 Chrysomphalus ficus Ashmead, 55 Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley), 151 Parlatoreopsis chinensis (Marlatt ), 13 7 Smilax spp., Greenbrier Situlaspis yuccae (Cockerell), 157 Hemiberlesia cyanophylli (Signoret), 65 Tamarindus indica, Tamajind Leucaspis cockerelli (de Charmoy), 129 Pinnaspis bwci (Bouche), 150 Xanthorrhoea sp., Grasstree Tamarindus sp. Lindingaspis rossi (Maskell), 75 Howardia biclavis (Comstock), 115 Parlatoria pittospori Maskell, 143 Wistaria chinensis variety multijuga, Long- Yucca spp. cluster Japanese wistaria Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret), 69 Phenacaspis fujicola Kuwana, 147 Parlatoria pergandii Cornstock, 143 182 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

PLANT FAMILY PLANT FAMILY Yucca spp. (Continued) Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni), 153 Parlatoria proteus (Curtis), 145 Pseudoparlatoria p arlatorioides (Comstock ), Situlaspis yuccae (Cockerell), 157 155 LOGANIACEAE Unaspis euonymi (Comstock), 159 Buddleia sp., Butterfly bush Lagunaria Patersonii, Sugar plum tree Aspidiotus hederae (Vallot), 47 Neopinnaspis harperi McKenzie, 133 LORANTHACEAE Lagunaria sp. hili stletoe Aspidiotus spinosus Comstock, 49 Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley), 151 Malvaceous plant Situlaspis multipora (Ferris), 157 Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley), 151 Nuytsia floribunda, Australian firetree Thespesia populnea, Portiatree Parlatoria pittospori hhskell, 143 Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret), 150 Phoradendron californicum, Mesquite American- MARANTACEAE mistletoe Maranta massangeana, Arrowroot Epidiaspis salicicola Ferris, 11 1 Parlatoria proteus (Curtis), 145 Phoradendron flavescens, American mistletoe Alaranta spp., Arrowroot Diaspis parasiti McKenzie, 107 Hemiberlesia howardi (Cockerell), 69 Situlaspis multipora (Ferris:, 157 Diaspis boisduvalii Signoret, 103 Viscum album, mistletoe ME LASTOMACEAE Carulaspis visci (Schrank), 91 hficonia magnifica (= Cyanophyllum magnificum) Hemiberlesia cyanophylli (Signoret), 65 MAGNOLIACEAE MELIACEAE Illicium sp., Anistree Alelia azadirachta, Chinaberry Parlatoria crotonis Douglas, 139 Parlatoria camelliae Comstock, 139 Liriodendron tulip ifera, Tuliptree Melia sp. Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), 61 Parlatoria camelliae Comstock, 139 Liriodendron sp. MENISPERMACEAE Chionaspis salicis-nigrae (Walsh), 101 Hyperbaena denticulata Alagnolia grandiflora, Soujhern magnolia Acutasp is albop icta (Cockerel I), 3 7 Pinnaspis buri (Bouche), 150 MORACEAE Magnolia sp. Artocarp us bet erophyllus (= int egrifolius ), J ak- Aspidiotus spinosus Comstock, 49 fruit Hemiberlesia cyanophylli (Signoret), 65 Pinnaspis buxi (Bouch;), 150 HemiberIesia howardi (Cockerell), 69 Artocarpus sp. Lepidosaphes chinensis Chamberlin, 119 Aonidiella aurantii (hiaskell), 39 Lepidosaphes gloven'i (Packard), 121 Broussonetia sp., Paper mulberry Neopinnaspis harperi McKenzie, 133 P arlatoreopsis chinensis (Marlatt), 137 Pseudoparlatoria parlatorioides (Corns tock), Ficus benghalensis, Banyan fig 155 Pinnaspis aspidistrue (Signoret), 150 Michelia champaka, Champac Michelia Ficus Carica, Common fig Pinnaspis buxi (bouche), 150 Aspidaspis braunschivgi (Rungs), 45 MALVACEAE Neopinnaspia harperi McKenzie, I33 Abutilon spp., Flowering maple Ficus doescherii Lindingaspis rossi (Maskell), 75 Chrysomphalus ficus Ashmead, 55 Gossyp ium ( Thunb erg ia), Cotton Ficus elastica, Indiarubber fig Parlatoria proteus (Curtis), 145 Aonidiella citrina (Coquillett), 41 P innaspis struchuni (Cooley), 151 Chrysomphalus diciyospemi (Morgan), 53 Hibiscus esculentus, Okra Chrysomphalus ficus Ashmead, 55 Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni), 153 Ficus glomeratu, Cluster fig Hibiscus sp. P innaspis buxi (Bouch;), 150 Howardia biclavis (Comstock), 115 Ficus laurifolia ParZatoreopsis chinensis (Marlatt), 137 Howardia bzcIavzs (Comstock), 115 Parlatoria theae Cockerell, 147 Ficus spp. Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley), 151 Aspidiotus spinosus Comstock, 47 ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 183

PLANT FAMILY PLANT FAMILY Chrysomphalus bifasciculatus Ferris, 51 L ep tosp ennum laevigatum. Teatree Chrysomphalus dictyospenni (Morgan), 53 Fiorinia fioriniae (Targioni), 111 Hemiberlesia cyanophyll i (Signoret), 65 Parlatoria pittospori Maskell, 143 Howardia biclavis (Comstock), 115 Leptospennum sp., Teatree Hemiberlesia palmae (Cockerell), 71 Aonidiella citn'na (Coquillett), 4 1 Lepidosaphes ficus (Signoret), 121 Aielaleuca nesophila, Pink melaleuca Lindingaspis rossi (Maskell), 75 Parlatoria pittospori Maskell, 143 Parlatoieopsis chinensis (Marlatt), 137 Myrtus sp., Myrtle Parlatoria crotonis Douglas, 139 Aonidiella citrina (Coquillett), 41 Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley), 151 Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan), 53 Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni), 153 Parlatoria camelliae Comstock, 139 Pseudoparlatoria parlatorioides (Comstock), Parlatoria pergandii Comstock, 143 155 Psidium sp., Guava Maclura pornifera, Osage orange Aspidiotus destructor Signoret, 47 Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), 61 Pseudoparlatoria parlatorioides (Comstock), Diaspidiotus uvae (Comstock), 63 155 Hemiberlesia howardi (Cockerell), 69 OLEACEAE Alaclura sp. Fraxina velutina, Ash Parlatoreopsis chinensis (Marlatt), 137 Hemiberlesia fraxini McKenzie, 69 Morus spp., Mulberry Fraxinus spp., Ash Chionaspis americana (Johnson), 93 Clavaspis disclusa Ferris, 57 Diaspidiotus osborni (Newel1 and Cockerell), Diaspidiotus aesculi (Johnson), 59 63 Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), 61 Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni), 153 Hemiberlesia howardi (Cockerell), 69 MUSACEAE Hemiberlesia popularurn (Marlatt), 73 He liconia metal lica Neopinnaspis harperi McKenzie, 133 Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret), 150 Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni), 153 Heliconia rex Quadraspidiotus juglans-regiae (Comstock), Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan), 53 81 Musa paradisiaca sapientum. Banana Situlaspis yuccae (Cockerell), 157 Acutaspis albopicta (Cockerell), 37 Jasminum amplexicaule (= undulatum) Aspidiotus destructor Signoret, 47 Parlatoria pergandii Comstock, 143 Hemiberlesia palmae (Cockerell), 71 Jasminum revolutum, Jasmine Strelitzia nicolai Neopinnaspis harperi McKenzie, 133 Furchadiaspis zamiae (Morgan), 113 Jasminum spp. Strelitzia reginae, Bird-of-Paradise Flower Aonidiella citrina (Coquillett), 41 Chrysornphalus bifasciculatus Ferris, 5 1 Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan), 53 Chrysomphalus dictyospernii (Morgan), 53 Chrysomphalus ficus Ashmead, 55 Hemiberlesia cyanophylli (Signoret), 65 Howardia biclavis (Comstock), 115 Phenacaspis sandwicensis Fullaway, 149 Parlatoria camelliae Comstock, 139 Strelitzia sp. Pseudoparlatoria parlatorioides (Cornstock), Fiorinia fioriniae (Targioni), 11 1 155 MYRSINACEAE Unaspis euonymi (Comstock), 159 Jacquinia sp. Ligustrum japonicum, Japanese Privet Acutaspis albopicta (Cockerell), 37 Chrysomphalus bifasciculatus Ferris, 51 MYRTACEAE Ligustrum ovalifol ium Agonis flextsosa, Peppermint tree Neopinnaspis harperi McKenzie, 133 P arlatoria pittospori Maskell, 143 Ligustrum spp. Callistemon sp., Bottlebrush Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), 39 P arlatoria pittospori Maskell, 143 Aonidiella. citrina (Coquillett), 41 Eucalyptus spp. Aspidiotus hederae (Vallot), 47 Hemiberlesia cyanophylli (Signoret), 65 Howardia biclavis (Cornstock), 115 Lindingaspis rossi (Maskell), 75 Parlatoreopsis chinensis (Marlatt), 137 Eugenia spp. f arlatoria oleae (Calve;), 141 Hemiberlesia cyanophylli (Signoret), 65 Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni), 153 184 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

PLANT FAMILY PLANT FAMILY Ligustrum spp. (Continued) Leucaspis cockerelli (de Charmoy), 129 Quadraspidiotus forbesi (Johnson), 77 Parlatoria proteus (Curtis), 145 Olea europaea, Olive Coe logyn e f laccida, Orchid Aonidiella citrina (Coquillett), 4 1 Parlatoria proteus (Curtis), 145 Aspidiotus hederae (Vallot), 47 Cymbidium spp., Orchid Clavaspis covilleae (Ferris), 57 Aspidiotus hederae (Vallot), 47 Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), 61 Diaspis boisduvnlii Signoret, 103 Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret), 69 Lepidosaphes chinensis Charnberlin, 119 Lepidosaphes destefanii Leonardi, 119 Lepidosaphes machili (Maskell), 123 Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus), 127 Parlatoria proteus (Curtis), 145 Lindingaspis rossi (Maskell), 75 Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret), 150 Neopinnaspis harperi McKenzie, 133 Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley), 151 Parlatoria oleae (Calve;), 141 Cypripedium spp. Parlatoria pittospori Maskell, 143 Chrysomphalus ficus Ashmead, 55 Pseudoparlatoria parlatorioides (Comstock), Parlatoria proteus (Curtis), 145 155 Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley), 151 01 ea g 1andul if era Pseudoparlatoria parlatorioides (Comstock), Fiorfnia theae Green, 113 155 Olea sp. Dendrobium deari, Orchid Chrysomphalus bifasciculatus Ferris, 5 1 Lepidosaphes noxia McKenzie, 125 Parlatoreopsis chinensis (Marlatt), 137 Dendrobium merlini, Orchid Parlatoria camelliae Comstock, 139 Lepidosaphes mackieana McKenzie, 123 Quadraspidiotus p erniciosus (Comstock), 8 1 Dendrobium spp., Orchid Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan), 85 Lepidosaphes mackieana McKenzie, 123 Situlaspis yuccae (Cockerell), 157 Lepidosaphes noxia McKenzie, 125 Osmanthus fragrans Leucaspis cockerelli (de Charmoy), 129 Chrysomphalus ficus Ashmead, 55 Parlatoria crotonis Douglas, 139 + Hemiberlesia degenerata (Leonardi), 67 Parlatoria proteus (Curtis), 145 Osmanthus spp. Epidendrum tampens Aonidiella citrina (Coquillett), 41 Chrysomphalus dictyospenni (hlorgan), 53 Parlatoria camelliae Comstock, 139 Epidendrum sp., Orchid Phillyrea media, Parlatoria proteus (Curtis), 145 Lepidosaphes destefanii Leonardi, 119 Grammatophyllum speciosum, Orchid Syringa vulgaris, Common lilac Parlatoria proteus (Curtis), 145 Unaspis euonymi (Comstock), 159 Maxillaria tenuifolia, Orchid Syringa spp., Lilac Parlatoria proteus (Curtis), 145 Diaspidiotus aesculi (Johnson), 59 Odontoglossum spp. Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus), 127 Chrysomphalus dictyospenni (Morgan), 53 P arlatoreop sis chin ensis (Marla tt ), 137 Chrysomphalus ficus Ashmead, 55 Parlatoria oleae (Colvei), 141 Orchid Parlatoria theae Cockerell, 147 Diaspis boisduvalii Signoret, 103 Pseudaulacaspis pentagonu (Targioni), 153 Lepidosaphes machili (Maskell), 123 Situlaspis yuccae (Cockerell), 157 Pseudoparlatoria parlatorioides (Comstock), ONAGRACEAE 155 Fuchsia spp. Phalaenopsis sp., Orchid Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret), 69 Parlatoria proteus (Curtis), 14 5 ORCHIDACEAE Renanthera sp., Orchid Aerides sp., Orchid Parlatoria proteus (Curtis), 145 Parlatoria proteus (Curtis), 145 Rhynchostylis retusa, Orchid Arachnanthe rosea, Orchid Parlatoria proteus (Curtis), 145 Parlatoria proteus (Curtis), 145 Saccolabium sp., Orchid Brassia sp., Spider orchid Parlatoria proteus (Curtis), 145 Parlatoria proteus (Curtis), 145 Schomburgkia lyonsi, Orchid Cattleya sp. Parlatoria proteus (Curtis), 145 Diaspis boisduvalii Signoret, 103 ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 185

PLANT FAMILY PLANT FAMILY Stereochilus fasciata, Orchid Kentia fosteri Parlatoria proteus (Curtis), 145 Chrysomphalus ficus Ashmead, 55 Trichocentrum albo-p urp ureum, Orchid Kentia spp. Parlatoria proteus (Curtis), 145 Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan), 53 Vanda sp., Orchid Diaspis cocois Lichtenstein, 105 Parlatoria proteus (Curtis), 145 Hemiberlesia cyanophylli (Signoret), 65 Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret), 69 PALMACEAE Parlatoria proteus (Curtis), 145 Areca spp., Areca palm Latania commersoni, Red latania Chrysomphalus ficus Ashmead, 55 Diaspis cocois Lichtenstein, 105 Parlatoria proteus (Curtis), 145 Livistonia sp., Fan palm Arecastrum romanzoffianum (= Cocos plumosa), Diaspis cocois Lichtenstein, I05 Queen palm Palm Pinnaspis aspidistrue (Signoret), IS0 Comstockiella sabalis (Comstock), 59 Attalea sp. Diaspis boisduvalii Signoret, 103 Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley), 151 Lepidosaphes gloverii (Packard), 121 Bactris sp., spiny club palm Leucaspis cockerelli (de Charmoy), 129 Leucaspis cockerelli (de Charmoy), 129 Lindingaspis rossi (Maskell), 75 Calamus sp., Rattan palm Pseudoparlatoria parlaiorioides (Comstock), Phoenitococcus marlatti (Cockerell), 167 155 Chamaedorea sp. Phoenix canariensis, Canary date Leucaspis cockerelli (de Charmoy), 129 Chrysomphalus bifasciculatus Ferris, 5 1 Chamaerops humilis, Mediterranean Palm Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan), 53 Diaspis cocois Lichtenstein, 105 Parlatoria Blanchardii (Targioni-Tozzetti), Chtysalidocarpus lutescens, Yellow butterfly 137 palm Parlatoria pittospori blaskell, 143 Hemiberlesia cyanopbylli (Signoret), 65 Phoenicococcus marlatti (Cockerell), 167 Leucaspis cockerelli (de Charmoy), 129 Phoenix dactylifera, Date palm Coccothrinax sp., Silver palm Parlatoria Blanchardii (Targioni-Tozzetti), Parlatoria proteus (Curtis), 145 137 Cocos nucilera, Coconut Parlatoria proteus (Curtis), 145 Acutaspis albopicta (Cockerell), 37 Phoenicococcus marlatti Cockerell, 167 Chrysomphalus ficus Ashmead, 55 Phoenix humilis loureiri, Roebelen Date Diaspis cocois Lichtenstein, 105 Chrysomphalus ficus Ashmead, 55 Phenacaspis sandwicensis Fullaway, 149 Phoenix reclinata, Senegal date palm Pinnaspis strachmzi (Cooley), 151 Phoenicococcus marlatti (Cockerell), 167 Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan), 85 Phoenix spp. Cocos spp., Coconut Aspidiotus hederae (Vallot), 47 Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), 30 Diaspis cocois Lichtenstein, 105 Chrysomphaliw dictyospermi (Morgan), 53 Fiorinia fioriniae (Targioni), 11 1 Diaspis cocois Lichtenstein, 105 Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni), 153 Hemiberlesia cyanophylli (Signoret), 65 Rhapis sp., Ladypalm Parlatoria proteus (Curtis), 145 Aspidiotus spinosus Comstock, 49 Daemonorops sp., Devilratten palm Pinnaspis asp idistrae (Signoret), 150 Phoenicococcus marlatti (Cockerell), 167 Roystonea regia, Cuban Royal palm Dictyosperma sp., Palm Diaspis cocois Lichtenstein, 105 Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan), 53 Sabal sp., Palmetto Elaeis guineensis, African oilpalm Comstockiella sabalis (Comstock), 59 Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley), 151 Hemiberlesia howardi (Cockerell), 69 Eupritchardia grandis Parlatoria proteus (Curtis), 145 Leucaspis cockerelli (de Charmoy), 129 Pseudoparlatoria parlatorioides (Comstock), Hyphaene thebaica, Egyptian Doumpalm 155 Parlatoria Blanchardii (Targioni-Tozzetti), Thrinax sp., Thatch palm 137 Parlatoria proreus (Curtis), 145 186 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

PLANT FAMILY PLANT FAMILY Washingtonia filifera, California Washington Cupressus spp. palm Aonidia shastae (Coleman), 39 Parlatoria Blanchardii (Targioni-Tozzetti), Carulaspis minima (Targioni), 91 137 Carulaspis visci (Schrank), 91 luniperus communis, Commpn juniper PANDANACEAE Fiorinia juniperi (Bouche), 113 Pandanus veitchi, Screwpine Juniperus monospenna Chysomphalus ficus Ashmead, 55 Diaspidiotus coniferarum (Cockerell), 62 Pandanus spp. Lineaspis cupressi (Coleman), 133 Aspidiotus destructor Signoret, 47 Juniperus occidentalis Chrysomphalus dictyospenni (Morgan), 53 Diaspidiotus coniferarum (Cockerell), 62 Hemiberlesia cyanophylli (Signoret), 65 Juniperus pachyphloea Phoenicococcus marlatti (Cockerell), 167 Diasp idiotus coniferarum (Cockerell), 62 PAPAYACEAE Lineaspis cuptessi (Coleman), 133 Carica sp., Papaya Juniperus utahensis Howardia biclavis (Comstock), 115 Lineaspis cupressi (Coleman), 133 PINACEAE Juniperus virginiana Abies concolor, White fir Diasp idiot us coniferarum (Cocke re 11 ), 62 Diaspidiotus ehrhorni (Coleman), 62 Carulaspis visci (Schrank), 91 Abies spp. Juniperus spp., Juniper Fiorinia japonica Kuwana, 11 1 Aonidia shastae (Coleman), 39 Phenacaspis pinifoliae (Fitch), 149 Carulaspis minima (Targioni), 91 Stramenaspis kelloggi (Coleman), 159 Carulaspis visci (Schrank), 91 Araucaria spp. Lepidosaphes maskelli (Cockerell), 123 Lindingaspis rossi (Maskell), 75 Lineaspis cupressi (Coleman), 133 Callitris articulata Libocedrus decurrens, Incense cedar Carulaspis minima (Targioni), 91 Aonidia shastae (Coleman), 39 Cedrus atlantica, Atlas cedar Carulaspis visci (Schrank), 91 Fiorinia japonica Kuwana, 111 Diaspidiotus coniferarum (Cockerell), 62 Cedrus deodara, Deodar cedar Diaspidiotus ehrhomi (Coleman), 62 Parlatoria pittospori Maskell, 143 Libocedrus utahensis Phenacaspis pinifoliae (Fitch), 149 Lineaspis cupressi (Coleman), 133 Cedrus spp. Picea spp., Spruce Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret), 69 Carulaspis visci (Schrank), 91 Chamaecyparis spp., False cypress Lep idosaphes maskelli (Cockerell), 123 Carulaspis visci (Schrank), 91 Phenacaspis pinifoliae (Fitch), 149 Cryptomeria japonica Pinus cembroides Carulaspis visci (Schrank), 91 Nuculaspis californica (Coleman), 77 Lepidosaphes maskelli (Cockerell), 123 Pinus cembroides parryana Cup ressus forbesii, Cypress Diaspidiotus ehrhorni (Coleman), 62 Lineaspis cupressi '(Coleman), 133 Pinus coulteri, Pine Cupressus Goueniana, Cypress Aspidaspis florenciae (Coleman), 45 Aonidza shastae (Coleman), 39 Pinus filifolia Lineaspis cupressi (Coleman), 133 Carulaspis visci (Schrank), 91 Cupressus guadelupensis Pinus halepensis, Aleppo pine Diasp idiotus coniferarum (Cockerell), 62 Parlatoria pittospori Maskell, 143 Cypressus Macnabiana, Cypress Pinus lambertiana Aonidia shastae (Coleman), 39 Nuculaspis californica (Coleman), 77 Lineaspis cupressi (Coleman), 133 Pinus mitis Cypressus macroca+a Nuculaspis californica (Coleman), 77 Diaspidiotus coniferarum (Cockerell), 62 Pinus murrayana Lineaspis cupressi (Coleman), 133 Nuculaspis californica (Coleman), 77 Cup ressus sarg enti Pinus ponderosa, Yellow pine Diaspidiotus coniferarum (Cockerell), 62 Aspidaspis florenciae (Coleman), 45 ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 187

PLANT FAMILY PLANT FAMILY Nuculaspis californica (Coleman), 77 Hemiberlesia cyanophylli (Signoret), 65 Pinus ponderosa variety scopulorum Parlatoreopsis chinensis (Marlatt), 137 Diaspidiotus coniferarum (Cockerell), 62 PLATANACEAE Pinus radiata (= insignis), Monterey pine Platanus spp., Planetree Nuculaspis californica (Coleman), 77 Diaspidiotus uvae (Comstock), 63 Parlatoria pittospori Maskell, 143 POLYGONACEAE Pinus rigida Antigonon sp., Coralvine Nuculaspis califomica (Coleman), 77 Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley), 151 Pinus sabiniana, Digger pine Coccolobis spp., Sea grape Diaspidiotus ehrhorni (Coleman), 62 Lindingaspis rossi (Maskell), 75 Nuculaspis californica (Coleman), 77 Eriogonum fasciculatum, Flat top Eriogonum Pinus silvestris Rhizaspidiotus deamessi (Cockerell), 83 Lepidosaphes maskelli (Cockerell), 123 Rugaspidiotus nebulosos Ferris, 167 Pinus spp. Eriogonum parvi folium Fiorinia japonica Kuwana, 11 1 Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus), 127 Phenacaspis pinifoliae (Fitch), 149 POLYPODIACEAE Quadrasp idiot us juglans-regiae (Coms tock ), Asplenium sp., Spleenwort 81 Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret), 150 Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), 81 Fern Stramenaspis kelloggi (Coleman), 159 Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni), 153 Pseudotsuga taxijolia, Douglas fir Pseudoparlatoria parlatorioides (Comstock), Diaspidiotus ehrhorni (Coleman), 62 155 Nuculaspis californica (Coleman), 77 Nephrolepis sp., Sword-fern Phenacaspis pinifoliae (Fitch), 149 Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret), 150 Stramenaspis kelloggi (Coleman), 159 PROTEACEAE Sciadopitys verticillata, Umbrella pine Banksia sp. Lepidosophes gloverii (Packard), 121 Parlatoria pittospori Maskell, 143 Lepiodosaphes maskelli (Cockerell), 123 Dryandra sp. Lepidosaphes sciadopitysi McKenzie, 125 Parlatoria pittospori Maskell, 143 Sequoia gigantea Grevillea spp. Carulaspis visci (Schrank), 91 Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret), 69 Sequoia sempervirens, Redwood Nakea saligna Aonidia shastae (Coleman), 39 Chrysomphalus bifasciculatus Ferris, 5 1 Carulaspis minima (Targioni), 91 Neopinnaspis harperi McKenzie, 133 Carulaspis vis& (Schrank), 91 Hakea sp. Lepidosaphes maskelli (Cockerell), 123 Parlatoria pittospori Maskell, 143 Lindingaspis rossi (Maskell), 75 Leucadendron sp. Thuja spp., Arborvitae Parlatoria pittospori Maskell, 143 Carulaspis minima (Targioni), 91 Macadamia ternifolia variety integrifolia Carulaspis visci (Schrank), 91 Neopinnaspis harperi McKenzie, 133 Parlatoreopsis chinensis (Marlatt), 137 Petrophila linearis, Slimleaf Tsuga spp., Hemlock Parlatoria pittospori Maskell, 143 Fiorinia japonica Kuwana, 11 1 PUNICACEAE PIPERACEAE Punica granatum, Common pomegranate Piper betle, Betel pepper Neopinnaspis harperi MTKenzie, 133 Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret), 150 Pinnaspis buxi (Bouche), 150 PITTOSPORACEAE Punica sp. Pittosporum tobira, Tobira pittosporum Howardia blclavis (Comstock), 11 5 Parlatoria pittospori Maskell, 143 Pittosporum undulatum RHAMNACEAE Neopinnaspis, harperi McKenzie, 133 Ceanothus americana Parlatoria pittospori Maskell, 143 Rhizaspidiotus dearnessi (Cockerell), 83 Pittosporum spp. Ceanothus arboreus Chrysomphalus bifasciculatus Ferris, 51 Neopinnaspis harperi McKenzie, 133 188 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

PLANT FAMILY PLANT FAMILY Ceanothus glinosus variety ? Cydonia oblonga, Quince A on idomy t il us ceanothi (Ferris), 8 7 Chionaspis furfura (Fitch), 97 Ceanothus integerrimus Quadraspidiotus forbesi (Johnson), 79 Aonidomytilus ceanothi (Ferris), 87 Cydonia vulgaris Ceanothus jepsoni Nilotaspis halli (Green), 135 Aonidomytilus ceanothi (Ferris), 87 Cydonia spp. Ceanothus spinosus Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), 61 Neopinnaspis harperi McKenzie, 133 Eriobotrya sp., Loquat Ceanothus spp. Parlatoria theae Cockerell, 147 Aonidomytilus ceanothi (Ferris), 87 Malus pumila, Apple Aspidiotus bederae (Vallot), 47 Chionaspis furfura (Fitch), 77 Chionaspis ortholobis Comstock, 77 Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), 61 Chionaspis sassceri Cockerell and Robbins, Hemiberlesia howardi (Cockerell), 69 101 Quadraspidiotus forbesi (Johnson), 79 Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus), 127 Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), 81 Condalia sp., Condalia Malus spp., Apple, Crabapple Situlaspis yuccae (Cockerell), 157 Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), 61 Rhamnus californica, Buckthorn Parlatoreopsis chinensis (Marlatt), 137 Aspidiotus hederae (Vallot), 47 Parlatoria pittospori Maskell, 143 Rhamnus purshiana, Cascara buckthorn Photinia arbutifolia (= Heteromeles), Christmas Chionaspis ortholobis Comstock, 99 berry Rhamnus spp. Aonidiella citrina (Coquillett), 41 Dynaspidiotus britannicus (Newstead), 65 Epidiaspis leperii (Signoret), 109 Parlatoreopsis chinensis (Marlatt), 137 Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus), 127 Quadraspidiotus forbesi (Johnson), 79 Parlatoria oleae (Colved), 141 Zizyphus sp., Jujube Parlatoria theae Cockerell, 147 'Parlatoreopsis chinensis (Marlatt), 137 Quadrasp idiot us jug lans-reg iae (Comst oc k ), ROSACEAE 81 Amelanchier sp., Serviceberry P hot inia serrul uta Chionaspis salicis-nigrae (Walsh), 101 Neopinnaspis harperi McKenzie, 133 Atonia sp., Chokeberry Photinia sp. Parlatoreopsis chinensis (Marlatt), 137 Parlatoreopsis chinensis (Marlatt), 137 Cercocatpus spp., Mountain mahogany Prunus amygdalus, Almond Aonidomytilus ceanothi (Ferris), 87 Clavaspis covilleae (Ferris), 57 Cotoneaster micmphylla, Rockspray Cotoneaster Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), 61 Neopinnaspis harperi McKenzie, 133 Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus), 127 Parlatoria pittospori Maskell, 143 Neopinnaspis harperi McKenzie, 133 Cotoneaster spp. Nilotaspis halli (Green), 135 Chionaspis /ur/ura (Fitch), 97 Parlatoria oleae (Calve;), 141 Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus), 127 Prunus armeniaca, Apricot Parlatoreopsis chinensi? (Marlatt), 137 Diaspidiotus mcylus (Putnam), 61 Parlatoria oleae (Colvee), 141 Hemiberlesia howardi (Cockerell), 69 Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Cornstock), 81 Nilotaspis halli (Green)? 135 Crataegus spp., Hawthorn Parlatoria oleae (Colvee), 141 Chionaspis furlura (Fitch), 97 Parlatoria theae Cockerell, 147 Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), 61 Prunus bokhariensis Diaspidiotus osborni (Newel1 and Cockerell), Nilotaspis halli (Green), 135 63 Prunus caroliniana Diaspidiotus uvae (Comstock), 63 Neopinnaspis harperi McKenzie, 133 Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus), 127 Prunus cerasifera, Myrobalan plum Neopinnaspis harperi McKenzie, 133 Unaspis euonymi (Comstock), 159 Parlatoreopsis chinensis (Marlatt), 137 Prunus Cerasus, Sour cherry Parlatoria theae Cockerell, 147 Quadraspidiotus lorbesi (Johnson), 79 Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), 81 ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 189

PLANT FAMILY PLANT FAMILY Prunus domestica, Plum Pyms communis, Pear Ni€otaspis halli (Green), 135 Chionaspis furfura (Fitch), 97 Parlatoria oleae (Colve;), 141 Clavaspis covilleae (Ferris), 57 Prunus emarginata, Bitter cherry Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), 61 Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus), 127 Epidiaspis leperii (Signoret), 109 Prunus ilicifolia, Hollyleaf cherry Neopinnaspis harperi McKenzie, 133 Aonidiella citn'na (Coquillett), 41 Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), 81 Chrysomphalus bifasciculatus Ferris, 5 1 PY- SPP- Neopinnaspis harperi McKenzie, 133 Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus), 127 Prunus laurocerasus (= Laurocerasus), Laurel- Parlatoreopsis chinensis (Marlatt), 137 cherry Parlatoria theae Cockerell, 147 Aonidiella citrina (Coquillett), 41 Raphiolepis sp. Chrysomphalus bi/asciculatus Ferris, 51 Cbrysompbalus bi/asciculatus Ferris, 5 1 Prunus lusitanica Rosa sp. Neopinnaspis harperi McKenzie, 133 Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), 39 Prunus Lyoni. Catalina cherry Aonidiella citrina (Coquillett), 41 Aonidiella citrina (Coquillett), 41 Aqidiotus spinosus Comstock, 49 Neopinnaspis harperi McKenzie, 133 Aulacaspis rosae (Bouch;), 89 Prunus persica, Peach Chrysomphalus dictyospenni (Morgan), 53 Clavaspis disclusa Ferris, 57 Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret), 69 Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), 61 Neopinnaspis harperi McKenzie, 133 Epidiaspis leperii (Signoret), 109 Parlatoreopsis chinensis (Marlatt), 137 Hemib erlesia bo wardi (Cockerell ), 69 Parlatoria oleae (Colve;), 141 Neopinnaspis harperi McKenzie, 133 Parlatoria pittospori Maskell, 143 Nilotaspis halli (Green), 135 Parlatoria tbeae Cockerell, 147 Parlatoria oleae (Colve;), 141 Quadraspidiotus juglans-regiae (Comstock), Parlatoria theae Cockerell, 147 81 Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni), 153 Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), 81 Quadraspidiotus juglans-regiae (Comstock), Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan), 85 81 Situlaspis yuccae (Cockerell), 157 Prunus pissardi Rubus spp., Blackberry, Dewberry, Raspberry Diaspidiotus osborni (Newel1 and Cockerell), Aspidiotus spinosus Comstock, 49 63 Aulacaspis rosae (Bouch;), 89 Unaspis euonymi (Comstock), 159 Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret), 69 Prunus reverchoni Sorbus americana, Mountainash Melanaspis obscura (Comstock), 77 Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), 61 Prunus spp., Prune, plum, cherry RUBIACEAE Chionaspis /ur/ura (Fitch), 97 Cephalanthus occidentalis, Button-bush Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), 61 Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), 61 Diaspidiotus osbomi (Newel1 and Cockerell), Coffea spp., Coffee 63 Hemiberlesia cyanophylli (Signoret), 65 . Epidiaspis leperii (Signoret), 109 Howardia biclavis (Comstock), 11 5 Hemiberlesia howardi (Cockerell), 69 Gardenia jasminoides. Cape jasmine Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus), 127 Acutaspis albopicta (Cockerell), 37 Nilotaspis halli (Green), 135 Gardenia spp. Parlatoreopsis chinensis (Marlatt), 137 Chrysomphalus ficus Ashmead, 55 Parlatoria theae Cockerell, 147 Lindingaspis rossi (Maskell), 75 Quadraspidiotus forbesi (Johnson), 79 Selenaspidiotus articulatus (Morgan), 85 Quadraspidiotus p erniciosus (Comstock), 81 Ixora sp., bora Pyracantha spp., Firethorn Pseudoparlatoria parlatorioides (Comstock), Hemiberlesia howardi (Cockerell), 69 155 Parlatoreopsis chinensis (Marlatt), 137 RUTACEAE Parlatotia theae Cockerell, 147 Aegle sp., Baelfruit Quadrasp idzotus perniciosus (Comstock ), 8 1 Parlatoria camelliae Comstock, 139 190 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

PLANT FAMILY PLANT FAMILY Choisya temata, Mexican orange Epidiaspis salicicola Ferris, 111 Aonidiella citrina (Coquillett), 41 Hemiberlesia popularum (Marlatt), 73 Citrus limon, Lemon Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus), 127 Hemiberlesia degenerata (Leonardi), 67 Neopinnaspis harperi McKenzie, 133 Citrus sinensis, Orange Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni), 153 Acutaspis albopicta (Cockerell), 37 Salix argentea, Willow Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), 39 Diaspidiotus aesculi (Johnson), 59 Aonidiella citrina (Coquillett), 41 Salix discolor Chionaspis sassceri Cockerell and Robbins, Neopinnaspis harperi McKenzie, 133 101 Salix nigra, Black willow Chrysomphalus ficus Ashmead, 55 Chionaspis salicis-nigrae (Walsh), 101 Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman), 117 Salix spp. Citrus spp. Chionaspis ortholobis Comstock, 99 Acutaspis albopicta (Cockerell), 37 Chionaspis wistariae Cooley, 101

Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), 39 ~ Chrysomphalus dictyospenni (Morgan), 53 Aonidiella citrina (Coquillett), 41 Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), 61 Aspidiotus hederae (Vallot), 47 Epidiaspis salicicola Ferris, 111 Chrysomphalus bifasciculatus Ferris, 51 Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret), 69 Chrysomphalus dictyosp ermi (Morgan), 53 Hemiberlesia popularum (Marlatt), 73 Chrysomphalus ficus Ashmead, 55 Lepidosaphes glouerii (Packard), 121 Howardia biclavis (Comstock), 115 Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus), 127 Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman), 117 Neopinnaspis harperi McKenzie, 133 Lepidosaphes gloverii (Packard), 121 Parlatoreopsis chinensis (Marlatt), 137 Leucaspis cockerelli (de Charmoy), 129 Quadraspidiotus juglans-regiae (Comstock), Lindingaspis rossi (Maskell), 75 81 Parlatoria camelliae Comstock, 139 SAPINDACEAE Parlatoria pergandii Comstock, 143 Dodonaea viscosa Parlatoria proteus (Curtis), 145 Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley), 151 Parlatoria theae Cockerell, 147 Sapindus sp., Soapberry Pinnaspis aspidisrrae (Signoret), 150 Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley), 151 Pinnaspis sttachani (Cooley), 151 SAPOTACEAE Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), 81 Achras zapota, Sapodilla Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan), 85 Howardia biclauis (Comstock), 115 Diosma sp. SAXIFRAGACEAE Parlatoria pittospori Maskell, 143 Bergenia crassifolia, Rockfoil Poncirus sp., Trifoliate-orange Aspidiotus hederae (Vallot), 47 Parlatoria camelliae Comstock, 139 Escallonia rubra Seuerinia buxifolia, Boxorange Neopinnaspis harperi McKenzie, 133 Parlatoria pergandii Comstock, 143 Hydrangea quercifolia Zanthoxylum spp., Pricklyash Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), 61 Parlatoreopsis chinensis (Marlatt), 137 Philadelphus sp., Mockorange Quadraspidiotus juglans-regiae (Comstock), Parlatoria proteus (Curtis), 145 81 Ribes spp., Currant, Gooseberry Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnarn), 61 SALICACEAE Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus), 127 Populus candicans, Poplar Parlatoreopsis chinensis (Marlatt), 137 Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), 61 Situlaspis yuccae (Cockerell), 157 Populus fremontii SCROPHULARIACEAE Diaspidiotus aesculi (Johnson), 59 Russelia spp., Coralblow Populus trichocarpa Hemi berl esia cyanophy lli (Signoret ), 65 Diaspidiotus aesculi (Johnson), 59 SOLANACEAE Populus spp. Cestrum sp. Chionaspis salicis-nigrae (Walsh), 101 Pseudoparlatoria parlatorioides (Cornstock), Diaspidiotus aesculi (Johnson), 59 155 ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 191

PLANT FAMILY PLANT FAMILY Solanum spp., Nightshade Cbrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan), 53 Hemiberlesia cyanophylli (Signoret), 65 Chrysomphalus ficus Ashmead, 55 STAPHY LEACEAE Hemiberlesia degenerata (Leonardi), 67 Staphylea sp., Bladdernut Lepidosaphes camelliae Hoke, 119 Parlatoria theae Cockerell, 147 Neopinnaspis harperi McKenzie, 133 STERCULIACEAE Parlatoria theae Cockerell, 147 Frernontia cali/ornica, California Fremontia Camellia sinensis (= Thea sinensis), Common Chionaspis ortholobis Comstock, 99 tea Fiorinia theae Green, 113 TAMARICACEAE Parlatoria theae Cockerell, 147 Tamarix spp., Tamarisk Camellia sp. Chionaspis etrusca Leonardi, 97 Aonidiella citrina.(Coquillett), 41 Quadrasp idiot us perniciosus (Comst ock), 8 1 Aspidiotus hederae (Vallot), 47 TAXA CEA E Aspidiotus spinosus Comstock, 49 Cephalotaxus sp. Fiorinia fioriniae (Targioni), 111 Lepidosaphes maskelli (Cockerell), 123 Hemiberlesia degenerata (Leonardi), 67 Podocatpus acuti/olius, Thin leaf Podocarpus 'Hotuardia biclavis (Comstock), 115 Leucaspis portaeaureae Ferris, 129 Lepidosaphes camelliae Hoke, 119 Podocarpus andinus Lindingaspis rossi (Maskell), 75 Aonidiella taxus Leonardi, 43 Parlatoria camelliae Comstock, 139 Podocarpus elongatus, Fern Podocarpus Parlatoria theae Cockerell, 147 Aonidiella taxus Leonardi, 43 Pseudoparlatoria parlatorioides (Comstock), Parlatoria pittospori Maskell, 143 155 Podocarp us macropby1 la Eurya japonica Aonidiella taxus Leonardi, 43 Hemiberlesia degenerata (Leonardi), 67 Podocarpus macmpbyllus maki (= P. chinensis), Eurya ochnacea Shrubby yew Podocarpus Hemiberlesia degenerata (Leonardi), 67 Fiorinia japonica Kuwana, 11 1 Eurya sp. Podocatpus nageia Fiorinia theae Green, 113 Aonidiella taxus Leonardi, 43 Tutcheria spectabilis Podocarpus neriifolia Parlatoria pergandi Comstock, 143 Aonidiella taxus Leonardi, 43 THYMELAEACEAE Podocarpus sinensis Daphne mezereum, February Daphne Aonidiella taxus Leonardi, 43 Unaspis euonymi (Cornstock), 159 Podocarpus sp. Pimelea lini/olia, Riceflower Fiorinia fioriniae (Targioni), 11 1 Parlatoria pittospori Maskell, 143 Fioriniae japonica Kuwa?a, 111 TILIACEAE Fiorinia juniperi (Bouche), 113 Grewia ca//ra Leucaspis portaeaureae Ferris, 129 Neopinnaspis harperi McKenzie, 133 Taxus baccata, Yew Spannannia sp. Aonidiella taxus Leonardi, 43 Neopinnaspis harperi McKenzie, 133 Taxus brevifolia, Pacific Yew Tilia sp. Linden, Basswood Phenacaspis pinifoliae (Fitch), 149 Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), 61 Taxus spp. Patlatoreopsis chinensis (Marlatt), 137 Aspidiotus hederae (Vallot), 47 Aspidiotus spinosus Comstock, 49 ULMACEAE Chrysomphalus dictyospeki (Morgan), 53 Celtis occidentalis, Hackberry Fiorinia fioriniae (Targioni), 11 1 Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), 61 Torreya cali/ornica, Torreya Celtis spp., hackberry Phenacaspis pinifoliae (Fitch), 149 Chionaspis americana Johnson, 93 TERNSTRAEMIACEAE Parlatoria theae Cockerell, 147 Camellia japonica (= Thea japonica), Common Quadraspidiotus forbesi (Johnson), 79 camellia Ulmus americana, American elm Chrysomphalus bifascicu_latus Ferris, 51 Chionaspis arnericana Johnson, 93 192 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

PLANT FAMILY PLANT FAMILY Ulmus carpinifolia Parlatoria camelliae Comstock, 139 Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus), 127 Parlatoria pergandii Comstock, 143 Ulmus pumula Quadrasp idio tus jug lans-reg iae (Corns t ock ), Hemiberlesia pop ularum (Marlatt ), 73 81 Ulmus spp. Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), 81 Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), 61 Situlaspis yuccae (Cockerell), 157 Lepidosaphes ficus (Signoret), 121 Quadraspidiotus juglans-regiae (Comstock), ZYGOPHYLLACEAE 81 Larrea tridentata (= Couillea glutinosa), Creo- Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), 81 sotebush Clavaspis couilleae (Ferris), 57 VITACEAE Larrea spp. Amp el op s is tri cusp ida tu Rhizaspidiotus dearnessi (Cockerell), 83 Chrysomphalus bifasciculatus Ferris, 51 Situlaspis yuccae (Cockerell), 157 Vitis spp., Grape Porlieria angustifolia, Texas Porlieria Aspidiotus hederae (Vallot), 47 Hemiberlesia cyanophylli (Signoret), 65 Aspidiotus spinosus Comstock, 49 Porlieria sp., Porlieria Diasp idzotus osborni (Newel1 and Cockerell), Situlaspis yuccae (Cockerell), 157 63 ‘Succulents ’’ (severa1 f ami1 ies ) Diaspidiotus uuae (Comstock), 63 Odonaspis ruthae Kotinsky, 165 Melanaspis obscura (Comstock), 77 HOST INDEX

The following host index uses the botanical NAME nomenclature in Standardized Plant Names, 1942, Alder, see Alnus 2d ed., by Harlan P. Kelsey and William A. Aleurites moluccana (Euphorbiaceae), 178 Dayton. Both the common and the scientific Aleurites montana (Euphorbiaceae), 178 names are listed as aids in finding desired Allamanda cathartica variety Schottia (Apocyna- information. The page numbers refer to the host ceae), 174 list included on pages 173 to 172. Allenrolfea occidentalis (Chenopodiaceae), 176 Almond, see Prunus NAME Alnus spp. (Betulaceae), 175 Aberia caffra (Flacourtiaceae), 179 Aloe spp. (Liliaceae), 181 Abies concolor (Pinaceae), 186 Amaryllis sp. (Amaryllidaceae), 173 Abies spp. (Pinaceae), 186 Ambrosia spp. (Compositae), 176 Abutilon spp. (Malvaceae), 182 Amelanchier sp. (Rosaceae), 188 Acacia decurrens variety dealbata (Leguminosae), Ampelopsis tricuspidata (Vitaceae), 172 180 Ananas comosus (Bromeliaceae), 175 Acacia flexicaulis (Leguminosae), 180 Anattotree, see Bixa Acacia longifolia (Leguminosae), 180 Andira sp. (Leguminosae), 180 Acacia melanoxylon (Leguminosae), 180 Angelintree, see Andira Acacia paucispina (Leguminosae), 180 Anisetree, see Illicium Acacia spp. (Leguminosae), 180 Annona cherimola (Annonaceae), 174 Acalypha sp. (Euphorbiaceae), 178 Annona spp. (Annonaceae), 174 Acer dasycarpum (Aceracae), 173 Anthericum spp. (Liliaceae), 181 Acer negundo (Aceracae), 173 Anthurium spp. (Araceae), 174 Acer palmatum (Aceracae), 173 Antigonon sp. (Polygonaceae), 187 Acer rubrum (Aceracae), 173 Ap lop app us bet erop hyl lus (= is0 corn a wrig h t ii) Acer spp. (Aceracae), 173 (Compositae), 176 Achras zapota (Sapotaceae), 170 Aplopappus laricifolius (Compositae), 176 Adelia neomexicana (Euphorbiaceae), 178 Ap lop appus Zinearifolius (Compos itae ), 176 Aechmea weilbachia (Bromeliaceae), 175 Apple, see Malus Aegle sp. (Rutaceae), 189 Apricot, see Prunus Aerides sp. (Orchidaceae), 184 Arabian tea, see Catha Aesculus calijornica (Hippocastanaceae ), 177 Arachnanthe rosea (Orchidaceae), 184 Aesculus sp. (Hippocastanaceac), 177 Aralia spp. (Araliaceae), 174 African violet, see Saintpaulia Araucaria spp. (Pinaceae), 186 Agave (Amaryllidaceae), 173 Araujia sp. (Asclepiadaceae), 175 Aglaonema sp. (Araceae), 174 Arborvitae, see Thuja Agonis flexuosa (Myrtaceae), 183 Arbutus menziesi (Ericaceae), 177 Airbrom, see Billbergia Arbutus unedo (Ericaceae), 177 Albizzia sp. (Leguminosae), 180 Arctostaphylos glauca (Ericaceae), 177 194 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

NAME NAME

Arctostaphylos manzanita (Ericaceae), 177 Billbergia sp. (Bromeliaceae), 175 Arctostaphylos patula (Ericaceae), 177 Birch, see Betula Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (Ericaceae), 177 Bird-of-paradise-flower, see Strelitzia Arctostaphylos viscida (Ericaceae), 177 Bittersweet, see Celastrus Arctostcqbhylos spp. (Ericaceae), 177 Bixa sp. (Bixaceae), 175 Areca spp. (Palmaceae), 185 Blackberry, see Rubus Arecastrum rornanzo ffianum (= Cocos plumosa) Bladder flower, see Araujia (Palmaceae), 185 Bladder nut, see Staphylea Aronia sp. (Rosaceae), 188 Borrichia frutescens (Corduaceae), 177 Arrowroot, see Alaranta Bottlebrush, see Callistemon Artemisia filijolia (Compositae), 176 Box, see Buxus Artemisia spp. (Compositae), 176 Boxorange, see Seuerinia Artocarpus heterophyllus (= integrifolius) (Mora- Brassia sp. (Orchidaceae), 184 ceae), 182 Bromelia pingiun (Bromeliaceae), 175 Artocarpus sp. (Moraceae), 182 Broom, see Cytisus Ash, see Fraxinus Broussonetia sp. (Moraceae), 182 Asimina sp. (Annonaceae), 174 Buckeye, see Aesculus Asparagus officinalis (Liliaceae), 181 Buckthorn, see Rhamnus Asparagus sp. (Liliaceae), 181 Buddleia sp. (Loganiaceae), 182 Aspidistra spp. (Liliaceae), 181 Bursage, see Franseria Asplenium sp. (Polypodiaceae ), 187 Butchersbroom, see Ruscus Aster spp. (Compositae), 176 Butterfly bush, see Buddleia Atriplex sp. (Chenopodiaceae), 176 Butternut, see Juglans cinerea Attalea sp. (Palmaceae), 185 Buttonbush, see Cephalanthus Aucuba japonica (Cornaceae), 177 Buxus balearica (Buxaceae), 175 Aucuba sp. (Cornaceae), 177 Buxus semperuirens (Buxaceae), 175 Avocado, see Persea Buxus semperuirens suffruticosa (Buxaceae), 175 Azalea spp. (Ericaceae), 178 Buxus spp. (Buxaceae), 175 Azara microphylla (Flacourtiaceae), 179 Cactus (Cactaceae), 175 Baccharis pilularis (Compositae), i76 CaesaZpinia echinata (Leguminosae), 180 Baccharis vimznea (Compositae), 176 Calamus sp. (Palmaceae), 185 Bactris sp. (Palmaceae), 185 Callistemon sp. (Myrtaceae), 183 Baelfruit, see Aegle Gallirris articulata (Pinaceae), 186 Balsa, see Ochzoma Camellia japonica (= Thea japonica) (Ternstraemi- Bamboo, see Bambusa aceae), 191 Bambusa stenostachya (Gramineae), 179 Camellia sinensis (= Thea sinensis) (Ternstraemi- Bambusa spp. (Gramineae), 179 aceae), 191 Banana, see Musa Camellia sp. (Ternstraemiaceae), 191 Banksia sp. (Proteaceae), 187 Camphor tree, see Cinnamomum Barberry, see Berberis Cananga odorata (= Canangium odoratum) (Annon- Basswood, see Tilia aceae), 174 Bauhinia purpurea (Leguminosae), 180 Candlenuttree, see Aleurites moluccana Bauhinia sp. (Leguminosae), 180 Cape jasmine, see Gardenia jasminoides Beech, see Fagus Carica sp. (Papayaceae), 186 Beefwood, see Casuarina Carnation, see Dianthus Begonia sp. (Begoniaceae), 175 Carob, see Ceratonia Berberis spp. (Berberidaceae), 175 Cava illinoensis (Juglandaceae), 179 Bergenia crassifolia (Saxifragaceae), 190 Carya spp. (Juglandaceae), 179 Bermuda grass, see Cynodon Cassia fistula (Leguminosae), 180 Betula alba (Betulaceae), 175 Cassia sp. (Leguminosae), 181 Betula spp. (Betulaceae), 175 Castanea spp. (Fagaceae), 178 Bigelovia brachylepis (Compositae), 176 Castorbean, see Ricinus Bignonia sp. (Bignoniaceae), 175 Casuarina sp. (Casuarinaceae), 176 ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 195

NAME NAME

Catalpa sp. (Bignoniaceae), 175 Common manzanita, see Arctostaphylos Catha edulis (Celastraceae), 176 Common oleander, see Nerium Cattleya sy. (Orchidaceae), 184 Composite (Compositae), 176 Ceanothus americana (Rhamnaceae), 187 Condulia sp. (Rhamnaceae), 188 Ceanothus arboreus (Rhamnaceae), 187 Copperleaf, see Acalypha Ceanothus glinosus variety? (Rhamnaceae), 188 Coralbean, see Erythrina Ceanothus integerrimus (Rhamnaceae), 188 Coralblow, see Russelia Ceanothus jepsoni (Rhamnaceae), 188 Coralvine, see Antigonon Ceanothus spinosus (Rhamnaceae), 188 Cord grass, see Spartina Ceanothus spp. (Rhamnaceae), 188 Cordyline spp. (Liliaceae), 181 Cedar, see Cedrus Corethrogyne sp. (Compositae), 176 Cedrus atlantica (Pinaceae), 186 Cornus nuttalli (Cornaceae), 177 Cedrus deodara (Pinaceae), 186 Cornus racemosa (= paniculata) (Cornaceae), 177 Cedrus spp. (Pinaceae), 186 Comus spp. (Cornaceae), 177 Celastrus scandens (Celastraceae), 176 Corylus sp. (Betulaceae), 175 Celtis occidentalis (Ulmaceae), 191 Cotoneaster microphylla (Rosaceae), 188 Celtis spp. (Ulmaceae), 191 Cotoneaster spp. (Rosaceae), 188 Cephalanthus occidentalis (Rubiaceae), 189 Cotton, see Cossypiuni Cephalotaxus sp. (Taxaceae), 88 Co ttonas ter, see Corethrogyne Ceratonia siliqua (Leguminosae), 181 Crataegus spp. (Rosaceae), 188 Cercidium sp. (Leguminosae), 181 Creosote bush, see Larrea Cercocarpus spp. (Rosaceae), 188 Croton (Euphorbiaceae), 178 Cereus spp. (Cactaceae), 175 Cryptomen’a japonica (Pinaceae), 186 Ceriman, see Monstera Cupressus forbesii (Pinaceae), 186 Cestrum sp. (Solanaceae), 190 Cupressus Goveniana (Pinaceae), 186 Chamaecyparis spp. (Pinaceae), 186 Cupressus guadelup ensis (Pinace ae), 186 Chamaedorea sp. (Palmaceae), 185 Cupressus Macnabiuna (Pinaceae), 186 Chamaerops humilis (Palmaceae), 185 Cupressus macrocarpa (Pinaceae), 186 Chenopodiaceous plant (Chenopodiaceae), 176 Cupressus sargenti (Pineaceae), 186 Cherimoya, see Annona Cupressus spp. (Pinaceae), 186 Cherry, see Prunus Currant, see Ribes Chestnut, see Castanea Cycas circinalis (Cycadaceae), 177 Chinaberry, see r\.lelia Cycas revoluta (Cycadaceae), 177 Choisya ternata (Rutaceae), 190 Cycas spp. (Cycadaceae), 177 Chokeberry, see Amnia Cydonia oblonga (Rosaceae), 188 Chri stmas-berry, see Photinia Cydonia vulgaris (Rosaceae), 188 Cbry salido cavus lut escens (Pa lmacea e), 18 5 Cydonia spp. (Rosaceae), 188 Cinnamomum camphora (Lauraceae), 180 Cymbidium spp. (Orchidaceae), 184 Cinnamomum spp. (Lauraceae), 180 Cynodon dactylon (Gramineae), 179 Citrus limon (Rutaceae), 190 Cyp ems altemifolius (Cyperaceae), 177 Citrus sinensis (Rutaceae), 170 Cypress, see Cupressus Citrus spp. (Rutaceae), 190 Cypripedium spp. (Orchidaceae), 184 Coccolobis spp. (Polygonaceae), 187 Cytisus scoparius (I-eguminosae), 181 Coccothrinax sp. (Palmaceae), 185 Coconut, see Cocos Daemonorops sp. (Palmaceae), 185 Cocos nucilera (Palmaceae), 185 Dalea sp. (Leguminosae), 181 Cocos spp. (Palmaceae), 185 Danthonia californica (Gramineae), 179 Codiaeum variegaturn (Euphorbiaceae), 178 Daphne mezereum (Thymelaeaceae), 191 Codiaeum spp. (Euphorbiaceae), 178 Date, see Phoenix Coelogyne flaccida (Orchidaceae), 75 Dendrobium deari (Orchidaceae), 184 Coffea spp. (Rubiaceae), 187 Dendrobium merlini (Orchidaceae), 184 Coffee, see Coffeu Dendrobium spp. (Orchidaceae), 184 Coleus sp. (Labiatae), 180 Dewberry, see Rubus Combbush, see Petrophila Dianthus caryophyllus (Caryophyllaceae), 176 196 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

NAME NAME

Dictyospenna sp. (Palmaceae), 185 Fabaceous shrub (Leguminosae), 181 Dieffenbachia seguine (Araceae), 174 Fugus sylvatica (Fagaceae), 178 Diosma sp. (Rutaceae), 190 Fugus spp. (Fagaceae), 178 Diospyms ebenum (Ebenaceae), 177 False cypress, see Chumaecyparis Diospyms kdi (Ebenaceae), 177 Fatsia spp. (Araliaceae), 174 Diospyms sp. (Ebenaceae), 177 Fern (Polypodiaceae), 187 Dodonaea sp. (Sapindaceae), 190 Ficus benghalensis (Moraceae), 182 Dogwood, see Cornus Ficus carica (Moraceae), 182 Douglas fir, see Pseudotsuga Ficus doescherii (Moraceae), 182 Dracaena draco (Liliaceae), 181 Ficus elastica (Moraceae), 182 Dracaena spp. (Liliaceae), 181 Ficus glomerata (Moraceae), 182 Dryandra sp. (Proteaceae), 187 Ficus laurifolia (Moraceae), 182 Ficus spp. (Moraceae), 182 Echeveria sp. (Crassulaceae), 177 Fig, see Ficus Elaeagnus sp. (Elaeagnaceae), 177 Filbert, see Corylus Elaeis guineensis (Palmaceae), 185 Fir, see Abies Elaeocarpus cyme zs (Elaeocarpaceae), 177 Firethorn, see Pyracantha Elder, see Sambucus Firetree, see Nuytsia Elm, see Ulmus Flacourtia sp. (Flacourtiaceae), 179 Encelia farinosa (Compositae), 176 Fla tsedge, see Cy@erus Enkianthus sp. (Ericaceae), 178 Forchhammeria sp. (Capparidaceae), 175 Ephedra nevadensis (Gnetaceae), 179 Frangipani, see Plumeria Epidendrum tampens (Orchidaceae), 184 Franseria dumosa (Compositae), 176 Epidendrum sp. (Orchidaceae), 184 Franseria spp. (Cornpositae), 176 Epigaea repens (Ericaceae), 178 Fruxina velutina (Oleaceae), 183 Erica sp. (Ericaceae), 178 Fruxinus spp. (Oleaceae), 183 Ericaceous plant (Ericaceae), 178 Fremontia californica (Sterculiaceae), 88 Eriobotrya sp. (Rosaceae), 188 Fuchsia spp. (Onagraceae), 184 Eriogonum fasciculatu~n(Polygonaceae), 187 Eriogonum parvi folium (Polygonaceae), 187 Garcinia morella (Guttiferae), 179 Eythrina crista-galii (Leguminosae), 181 Gardenia jasminoides (Rubiaceae), 189 Erythrina sp. (Leguminosae), 181 Gardenia spp. (Rubiaceae), 189 Escallonia rubra (Saxifragaceae), 190 Gaylussacia sp. (Ericaceae), 178 Eucalyptus spp. (Nyrtaceae), 183 Genista spp. (Leguminosae), 181 Eugenia spp. (Myrtaceae), 183 Giantgrass, see Gigantochloa Euonymus jqonicus (Celastraceae), 176 Gigantochloa aspeta (Bambuseae), 175 Euonymus latifolius (Celastraceae), 176 Gladiolus spp. (Iridaceae), 179 Euonymus spp. (Celastraceae), 176 Gleditsia triacanthos (Leguminosae), 181 Euphorbia cuptiosa (Euphorbiaceae), 178 Goldeneye, see Viguiera Euphorbia Cuput-Medusae (Euphorbiaceae), 178 Goldenshower senna, see Cassia Euphorbia fasciculata (Euphorbiaceae), 178 Goldenweed, see Aplopappus Euphorbia fimbriata (Euphorbiaceae), 178 Gooseberry, see Ribes Euphorbia mammillaris (Euphorbiaceae), 178 Gossypium (= Thunbergia) (Malvaceae), 182 Euphorbia polygona (Euphorbiaceae), 178 Grammatophyllurn speciosurn (Orchidaceae), 184 Euphorbia pulchetrima (Euphorbiaceae), 178 Grape, see Vitis Euphorbia pulvinata (Euphorbiaceae), 178 Grass (Grarnineae), 179 E up horb i a s ubmamm i 11 ari s (E up hor bia c e ae ), 178 Grasstree, see Xanthorrhoea Euphorbia truncata (Euphorbiaceae), 178 Greenbrier, see Smilax Euphorbia tuberculata (Euphorbiaceae), 178 Grevillea spp. (Proteaceae), 187 Eupritchardia grandis (Palmaceae), 185 Grewza caffra (Tiliaceae), 191 Eutya japonica (Ternstraemiaceae), 191 Grindelia cunejolin (Compositae), 176 Eurya ochnacea (Ternsuaemiaceae), 191 Guava, see Psidium Eurya sp. (Ternstraemiaceae), 191 Gumweed, see Grindelia ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 197

NAME NAME

Gutienezia lucida (Compositae), 176 Juglans regia (Juglandaceae), 180 Gutierrezia spp. (Compositae), 176 Juglans spp. (Juglandaceae), 180 Jujube, see Zizyphus Hackberry, see Cellis Juncus sp. (Juncaceae), 180 Cfakea saligna (Proteaceae), 187 Juniper, see Juniperus liakea sp. (Proteaceae), 187 Juniperus communis (Pinaceae), 186 Hardwickia binata (Legurninosae), 181 Juniperus monosperma (Pinaceae), 186 Haworthia neilu (Liliaceae), 181 Juniperus occidentdis (Pinaceae), 186 Hawthorn, see Crataegus Iuniperus pachyphloea (Pinaceae), 186 Heath, see Erica Juniperus utahensis (Pinaceae), 186 Nedera helix (Araliaceae), 174 Juniperus virginiana (Pinaceae), 186 Hedera sp. (Araliaceae), 175 Juniperus spp. (Pinace-ae), 186 Helianthus spp. (Compositae), 176 Heliconin metallica (Musaceae), 183 Kak; persimmon, see D;ospyms Heliconia rex (Musaceae), 183 Keiapple, see Aberia Hemlock, see Tsuga Kentia fosteri (Palmaceae), 185 Hibiscus esculentus (Malvaceae), 182 Kentia spp. (Palmaceae), 185 Hibiscus sp. (Malvaceae), 182 Hilaria rigida (Gramineae), 179 Lagunaria Patersonii (Malvaceae), 182 Hilaria spp. (Gramineae), 179 Lagunaria sp. (Malvaceae), 182 Holly, see Ilex Larrea tridentata (= Covillea glutinosa) (Zygo- Honeysuckle, see Lonicera phyllaceae), 192 Huckleberry, see Gaylussacia Larrea spp. (Zygophyllaceae), 192 Hydrangea quercifolia (Saxifragaceae), 190 Latania cornmersoni (Palmaceae), 183 ffyperbaena denticulata (Menispermaceae), 182 Laurel, see Laurus and Umbellularia Hypericum sp. (Hypericaceae), 179 Laurelcherry, see Rosaceae Hyphaene thebaica (Palrnaceae), 185 Laurus nobi&is(Lauraceae), 180 Hyssop, see Hyssopus Laurus sp. (Lauraceae), 180 Hyssopus (Labiatae), 180 Leafcroton, see Codiaeum Lemon, see Citrus limon Ilex aquifolium (Aquifoliaceae), 174 Lep idospartuin squamatum (Compositae), 176 Ilex cornuta (Aquifoliaceae), 174 Leptospemum laevigatum (Myrtaceae), 183 Ilex integra (Aquifoliaceae), 174 Leptospennum sp. (Myrtaceae), 183 Ilex opaca (Aquifoliaceae), 174 Leucadendton sp. (Proteaceae), 187 Ilex sp. (Aquifoliaceae), 174 Libertia sp. (Iridaceae), 179 Illicium sp. (Magnoliaceae), 182 Libocedrus decurrens (Pinaceae), 186 Incense cedar, see Libocedrus Libocedrus utahensis (Pinaceae), 186 Znga sp. (Leguminosae), 181 Ligustrum japonicum (Oleaceae), 183 Ivy, see Hedera Ligustrum ovalifoliurn (Oleaceae), 183 lxora sp. (Rubiaceae), 189 Ligustrum spp. (Oleaceae), 183-184 Lilac, see Syringa Jacobinia sp. (Acanthaceae), 173 Lilyturf, see Mondo Jacquinia sp. (Myrsinaceae), 183 Linden, see Tilia Jasmine, see Jasminum Liquidamber styraciflua (Hamamelidaceae), 179 J asminum amp lexicaule (Oleaceae), 183 Liriodendron tulipi fera (Magnoliaceae), 182 Jasminum revolutum (Oleaceae), 183 Liriodendron sp. (Magnoliaceae), 182 Jasrninum spp. (Oleaceae), 183 Lithocatpus densiJ1orus (= Pasania) (Fagaceae), Jimmyweed, see Aplopappus 178 Johnson grass, see Sorghum halepense Liuistonia sp. (Palmaceae), 185 Jojoba, see Sinimondsia Locust, see Robinia Juglans californica (Juglandaceae), 179 Lonicera spp. (Caprifoliaceae), 175 Juglans cinerea (Juglandaceae), 180 Loquat, see Eriobotrya Juglans nigra (Juglandaceae), 180 Lysiloma sp. (Leguminosae), 181 198 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

NAME NAME Macadamia ternifolia variety integrilofia (Protea- Nightshade, see Solanum ceae), 187 Nuytsia floribunda (Loranthaceae), 182 hlachilus thunbergii (Lauraceae), 180 Maclura pomifera (Moraceae), 183 Oak, see Quercus Alaclura sp. (Loraceae), 183 Ochlandra travancorica (Gramineae), 179 Macrozamia corallipes (Cycadaceae), 177 Ocbmmn sp. (Bombacaceae), 175 Alacrozamia sp. (Cycadaceae), 177 Odontoglossum spp. (Orchidaceae), 184 Madrone, see Arbutus Olea eumpaea (Oleaceae), 184 Magnolia grandiflora (Magnoliaceae), 182 Olea glandulifera (Oleaceae), 184 Magnolia sp. (Magnoliaceae), 182 Olea sp. (Oleaceae), 184 Alahonia aquifolium (Berberidaceae), 175 Oleander, see Nerium hlafus pumifa (Rosaceae), 188 Olive, see Olea hlalus spp, (Rosaceae), 188 Orange, see Citrus sinensis Maivaceous plant (Malvaceae), 182 Orchid, see Orchidaceae, 184 Mung if era indica (Anacardiaceae ), 173 Oregongrape, see Mahonia Alangifera spp. (Anacardiaceae), 174 Osage orange, see Maclura Mango, see Afangifera Osmanthus fragrans (Oleaceae), 184 Manzanita, see Arctostaphylos Osmanthus spp. (Oleaceae), 184 Maple, see Acer Maranta massangeana (hlarantaceae), 182 Pacific madrone, see Arbutus Maranta spp. (Marantaceae), 182 P achistima canbyi (Celastraceae), 176 Maxillaria tenuifolia (Orchidaceae), 184 Pachysandra tenninalis (Bwcaceae), 175 Mediterranean palm, see Chamaemps Palm, see Palmaceae, 185 Melaleuca nesophila (Myrtaceae), 183 Palmetto, see Snbal hlelia azadirachta (Meliaceae), 182 Paloverde, see Cercidium Melia sp. (Meliaceae), 182 Pandanus veitchi (Pandanaceae), 186 Mesquite, see Prosopis Pandanus spp. (Pandanaceae), 186 Mexican orange, see Choisya Papaya, see Carica ,\.licmglossa sp. (Composi tae ), 176 Paper mulberry, see Broussonetia Michelia champaka (Magnoliaceae), 182 Parthenium incanum (Compositae), 176 hliconia magnilica (= Cyanop hyllum magnificum) Pawpaw, see Asimina (Melastomaceae), 182 Peach, see Prunus Mimosa sp. (Leguminosae), 181 Pear, see Pyms Mimosaceous shrub (Leguminosae), 181 Pecan, see Carya Mistletoe (Loranthaceae), 182 Pedilanthus macrocaTpa (Euphorbiaceae), 178 Mistletoe, see Loranthaceae Pepper, see Piper Mock orange, see Philadelphus Pepper tree, see Schinus Mondo sp. (= Ophiopogon sp.) (Liliaceae), 181 Peppermint tree, see Agonis ,Ifonstera deliciosa (Araceae), 174 P ericlymenum sp. (Caprifoliaceae), 175 AIoraea bicolor (Iridaceae), 179 Persea americana (Lauraceae), 180 Moms spp. (Moraceae), 183 P ersea borbonia (Lauraceae), 180 Mountain ash, see Sorbus Persea spp. (Lauraceae), 180 Mountain mahogany, see Cercocarpus Persian English walnut, see juglans Mulberry, see Aforus Persimmon, see Diospyros Mu-oiltree, see Aleurites Pettophila linearis (Proteaceae), 187 Muss paradisiaca sapientum (Musaceae), 183 Phalaenopsis sp. (Orchidaceae), 184 Myrtle, see illyrtus Philadelphus sp. (Saxifragaceae), 190 MyrLus sp. (Myrtaceae), 183 Phillyrea media (Oleaceae), 184 Philodendmn sp. (Araceae), 174 Nephrolepis sp. (Polypodiaceae), 187 Phoenix canariensis (Palmaceae), 185 Nerium indicum (= odorurn) (Apocynaceae), 174 Phoenix dactylifera (Palmaceae), 185 Nerium oleander (Apocynaceae), 174 Phoenix humilis lousei+i (Palmaceae), 185 Nerium sp. (Apocynaceae), 174 Phoenix reclinata (Palmaceae), 185 ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 199

NAME NAME

Phoenix spp. (Palmaceae), 185 Populus candicans (Salicaceae), 190 P horadendron Californicum (Loranthaceae), 182 Populus fremontii (Salicaceae), 190 P horadendron flavescens (Loranthaceae), 182 Populus trichocatpa (Salicaceae), 190 Photinia arbutifolia (= Heteromeles) (Rosaceae), Populus spp. (Salicaceae), 190 188 Porlieria angustifolia (Zygophylleae), 192 Photinia serrulata (Rosaceae), 188 Porlieria sp. (ZygophyIleae), 192 Photinia sp. (Rosaceae), 188 Portiatree, see Thespesia populnea Picea spp. (Pinaceae), 186 Pothos aureus (Araceae), 174 Pickleweed, see Allenrolfea Pricklyash, see Zanthoxylum Pimelea linifolia (Thymelaeaceae), 191 Privet, see Ligustrum Pine, see Pinus Prosopis velutina (Leguminosae), 181 Pineapple, see Ananas Prosopis spp. (Leguminosae), 181 Pinus cembroides (Pinaceae), 186 Prunus amygdalus (Rosaceae), 188 Pinus cembroides parryana (Pinaceae), 186 Prunus anneniaca (Rosaceae), 188 Pinus coulteri (Pinaceae), 186 Prunus bokhariensis (Rosaceae), 188 Pinus filifolia (Pinaceae), 186 Prunus caroliniuna (Rosaceae), 188 Pinus halepensis (Pinaceae), 186 Prunus cerasifera (Rosaceae), 188 Pinus lambertiana (Pinaceae), 186 Prunus Cerasus (Rosaceae), 188 Pinus mitis (Pinaceae), 186 Prunus domestica (Rosaceae), 189 Pinus murrayana (Pinaceae), 186 Prunus emarginata (Rosaceae), 189 Pinus ponderosa (Pinaceae), 186 Prunus ilicifolia (Rosaceae), 189 Pinus ponderosa variety scopulorum (Pinaceae), Prunus laurocerasus (= Laurocerasus) (Rosaceae), 187 189 Pinus radiata (= insignis) (Pinaceae), 187 Prunus lusitanica (Rosaceae), 189 Pinus rigida (Pinaceae), 187 Prunus Lyoni (Rosaceae), 189 Pinus sabiniana (Pinaceae), 187 Prunus persica (Rosaceae), 189 Pinus silvestris (Pinaceae), 187 Prunus pissardi (Rosaceae), 189 Pinus spp. (Pinaceae), 187 Prunus reverchoni (Rosaceae), 189 Piper belle (Piperaceae), 187 Prunus spp. (Rosaceae), 189 Pistache, see Pistacia Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Pinaceae), 187 P istacia atlant ica (Anacardiaceae), 174 Psidium sp. (Myrtaceae), 183 Pistachia sp. (Anacardiaceae), 174 Punica granatum (Punicaceae), 187 Pittosporum tobira (Pittosporaceae), 187 Punica sp. (Punicaceae), 187 Pittosporum undulatum (Pittosporaceae), 187 Pyracantha spp. (Rosaceae), 189 Pit t osporum spp. (Pittosporaceae ), 187 Pyms communis (Rosaceae), 189 Planetree, see Platanus Pyms spp. (Rosaceae), 189 Platanus spp. (Platanaceae), 187 PIuchea sericea (Compositae), 176 Queen palm, see Arecastrum Plum, see Prunus Quercus agrifolia (Fagaceae), 178 Plumeria sp. (Apocynaceae), 174 Quercus alba (Fagaceae), 178 Podocarpus acutifolius (Taxaceae), 191 Quercus brandegeei (Fagaceae), 178 Podocarpus andinus (Taxaceae), 191 Quercus coccinea (Fagaceae), 178 Podocatpus elongatus (Taxaceae), 191 Quercus engelmanni (Fagaceae), 178 Podocarpus macrophylla (Taxaceae), 191 Quercus lobata (Fagaceae), 178 Podocarpus macrophyllus maki (= P. chinensis) Quercus nigra (Fagaceae), 178 (Taxaceae), 191 Quercus phellos (Fagaceae), 179 Podocarpus nageia (Taxaceae), 191 Quercus undulata (Fagaceae), 179 Podocarpus neriifolia (Taxaceae), 191 Quetcus wislizenii (Fagaceae), 179 Podocarpus sinensis (Taxaceae), 191 Quercus spp. (Fagaceae), 179 Podocarpus sp. (Taxaceae), 191 Quince, see Cydonia Poinsettia, see Euphorbia pulcherrima Pomegranate, see Punica Ragweed, see Ambrosia Poncirus sp. (Rutaceae), 190 Raphiolepis sp. (Rosaceae), 189 Poplar, see Populus Raspberry, see Rubus 200 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

NAME NAME Rattanpalm, see Calamus Sequoia semperuirens (Pinaceae), 187 Redwood, see Sequoia Serviceberry, see Amelanchier Renanthera sp. (Orchidaceae), 184 Severinia bwijolia (Rutaceae), 190 Rhamnus calijornica (Rhamnaceae), 188 Silverpalm, see Coccothrinax Rhamnus purshiana (Rhamnaceae), 188 Simmondsia sp. (Buxaceae), 175 Rhamnus spp. (Rhamnaceae), 188 Smilax spp. (Liliaceae), 181 Rhapis sp. (Palmaceae), 185 Snakegourd, see Tri cho santh es Rhododendron spp. (Ericaceae), 178 Snakeweed, see Gutierrezia Rhus trilobata (Anacardiaceae), 174 Soapberry, see Sapindus Rhus spp. (Anscardiaceae), 174 Solanum spp. (Solanaceae), 191 Rhynchostylis retusa (Orchidaceae), 184 Sorbus americana (Rosaceae), 189 Ribes spp. (Saxifragaceae), 190 Sorghum halepense (Gramineae), 179 Rice flower, see Pimelea Sorghum vulgare sudanense (Gramineae), 179 Ricinocaipos spp. (Euphor biace ae ), 178 Spannrmnia sp. (Tiliaceae), 191 Ricinus communis (Euphorbiaceae), 178 Spartina strictu (Gramineae), 179 Robinia hispida (Leguminosae), 181 Spider orchid, see Brassia Robinia spp. (Leguminosae), 181 Spiraea ueitchi (Chenopodiaceae!, 176 Rockfoil, see Bergenia Spiraea sp. (Chenopodiaceae), 176 Rosa sp. (Rosaceae), 189 Spleenwort, see Asplenium Rose, see Rosa Spruce, see Picea Roystonea regia (Palmaceae), 185 Staphylea sp. (Staphyleaceae), 191 Rubus spp. (Rosaceae), 189 Steteocbilus jasciata (Orchidaceae), 185 Ruscus spp. (Liliaceae), 181 Strelitzia nicolai (husaceae), 183 Rush, see Juncus Strelitzia reginae (Musaceae), 183 Russelia spp. (Scrophulariaceae), 190 Strelitzia sp. (Musaceae), 183 Suaeda spp. (Chenopodiaceae), 176 Sabal sp. (Palmaceae), 185 Succulents (Several families) Saccharum officinanrm (Gramineae), 179 Sudan grass, see Sorghum vulgare sudanense Saccolabium sp. (Orchidaceae), 184 Sugar cane, see Saccharum Sagebrush, see Artemisia Sugar plum tree, see Lagunaria St. John’s-wort, see Hypericum Sumac, see Rhus Saintpaulia sp. (Gesneriaceae), 179 Sunflower, see Helianthus Salix argentea (Salicaceae), 190 Sweetgum, see Liquidamber Salix discolor (Salicaceae), 190 Sward fern, see Nephmlepis Salix nigra (Salicaceae), 190 Symp hori carpos sp. (Capr if0 liaceae ), 17 5 Salix spp. (Salicaceae), 190 Syringn wulgaris (Oleaceae), 184 Saltbush, see Atriplex Syringa spp. (Oleaceae), 184 Sambucus glauca (Caprifoliaceae), 175 Sambucus spp. (Caprifoliaceae), 175 Tabemaemontana sp. (Apocynaceae), I74 Sanswieria spp. (Liliaceae), 181 Tamarind, see Tamarindus Sapindus sp. (Sapindaceae), 190 Tamarindus indica (Leguminosae), 181 Sapodilla, see Achras Tamarindus sp. (Leguminosae), 181 Scalybroom, see Lepidospartum Tamarisk, see Tamarix Schinus molle (Anacardiaceae), 174 Tamm’x spp. (Tamaricaceae), 191 Schinus terebinthijolia (Anacardiaceae), 174 Tanoak, see Lithocarpus Schomburgkia lyonsi (Orchidaceae), 184 Taxus baccata (Taxaceae), 191 Sciadopitys uerticillata (Pinaceae), 187 Taxus brevifolia (Taxaceae), 191 Screwpine, see Pandanus Taxus spp. (Taxaceae), 191 Seagrape, see Coccolobis Tea, see Camellia sinensis Sea-oxeye, see Bom’chia Teatree, see Leptospennum Seepweed, see Suaeda Tetradymia glauca (Compositae), 177 Senna, see Cassia Thatchpalm, see Thrinax Sequoia gigantea (Pinaceae), 187 Thespesia populnea (Malvaceae), 182 ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 20 1

NAME NAME Thrinax sp. (Palmaceae), 185 Vzguiera tenuifolia (Compositae), 177 Thuja'spp. (Pinaceae), 187 Viscum album (Loranthaceae), 182 Tilia sp. (Tiliaceae), 171 Vitzs spp. (Vitaceae), 172 Torreya californica (Taxaceae), 171 Toyon, see Photinia arbutifolia Walnut, see luglans Trailing-arbutus, see Epigaea Washingtonia filifera (Palmaceae), 186 Trichocentrum albo-purpureum (Orchidaceae), 185 Willow, see Salix Trichosanthes sp. (Cucurbitaceae), 177 Wistaria chinensis variety nrultijuga (Legumino- Trifoliate orange, see Poncirus sae), 181 Tsuga spp. (Pinaceae), 187 Wistaria sp. (Leguminosae), 181 Tuftroot, see Dieffenbachia Woadwaxen, see Genista Tuliptree, see Liriodendmn Tutcheria spectabilis (Ternstroemiaceae), 191 Xanthorrhoea sp. (Liliaceae), 181

Ulmus americana (Ulmaceae), 171 Yellow butterfly palm, see Chrysalidocarpus Ulmus carpini/olia (Ulmaceae), 172 Yellow moraea, see Noraea bicolor Ulmus pumula (Ulmaceae), 172 Yellow pine, see Pinus ponderosa Ulmus spp. (Ulmaceae), 192 Yew, see Taxus Umbellularia califomica (Lauraceae), 180 Ylangylang, see Cananga odorata Umbrella pine, see Sciadopitys Yucca spp. (Liliaceae), 181

Vanda sp. (Orchidaceae), 185 Zamia villosa (Cycadaceae), 177 Vibunzum tinus (Caprifoliaceae), 176 Zamia spp. (Cycadaceae), 177 Viburnum sp. (Caprifoliaceae), 176 Zanthoxylum spp. (Rutaceae), 170 Zizyphus sp. (Rhamnaceae), 188

INDEX TO GENERA, SPECIES, AND HIGHER CATEGORIES

In the following index the names listed in italics NAME are synonyms, whereas those in roman letters Apteronidia, 137 represent distinct species. Subfamily, tribe, and arctostaphyli (Cockerell and Robbins), Aspi- generic names are likewise included in roman daspis, 43 letters. Arctostaphylos scale, see Aspidaspis arctosta- Both the common as well as the scientific name phyli, 43 are listed to help find the desired information. arecae Newstead, Aspidiotus, 53 Arizona rugaspidiotus scale, see Rugaspidiotus NAME arizonicus, 165 arizonicus (Cockerell), Rugaspidiotus, 165 abietis (Shrank), Aspidiotus, 77 Acutaspis, Ferris, 37 articulatus (Morgan), Selenaspidus, 85 Ash scale, see Hemiberlesia fraxini, albopicta (Cockerell), 37 69 aesculi (Johnson), Diaspidiotus, 59 Asiatic red scale, see Aonidiella taxus, 43 Aspidaspis, Ferris, 43 affinis Newstead, Parlatoria, 141 arctostaphyli (Cockerell and Robbins), 43 agrifoliae Essig, Protodiaspis, 153 braunschvigi (Rungs), agrumincola Gregorio, Aspidiotus, 53 45 densiflorae (Bremner), 45 albiventer Hunter, Aspidiotus (variety), 81 florenciae (Coleman), 45 albopicta (Cockerell), Acutaspis, 37 Aspidiotini (Tribe), 37 Albopicta scale, see Acutaspis albopicta, 37 Aspidiotus, Bouch;, 47 albus Cockerell, Aspidiotus (variety), 81 destructor Signoret, 47 albus McKenzie, Selenaspidus, 83 hederae (Vallot), 47 americana Johnson, Chionaspis, 93 spinosus Comstock, 49 amygt-lali Tryon, Diaspis, 153 a spidis t rae (Signoret ), Pinna spi s , 15 0 ancylus (Putnam), Diaspidiotus, 61 Atriplex stale, see Situlaspis atriplicis, 155 Aonidia, Targioni, 37 atriplicis (Ferris), Situlaspis, 155 Iauri (Bouch;), 37 Aulacaspis, Cockerell, 89 shastae (Coleman), 39 rosae (Bouch;), 89 Aonidiella, Maskell, 39 aurantii (hiaskell), Aonidiella, 39 aurantii (Maskell), 39 auricdata Green, Mytilaspis, citrina (Coquillett), 41 127 taxus Leonardi, 43 Aonidomytilus, Leonardi, 87 Bamboo diaspidid, see Kuwanaspis pseudoleucas- bilobis Ferris, 87 pis, 115 ceanothi (Ferris), 87 bambusae Cockerell, Pinnaspis, 151 concolor (Cockerell), 89 beckii (Sewman), Lepidosaphes, 117 variabilis Ferris, 89 Bermuda grass scale, see Odonaspis ruthae, 165 aonidum (Linnaeus), Chrysomphalus, 55 biclavis (Comstock), Howardia, 115 204 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

NAME NAME

Bifasciculate scale, see Chrysomphalus bifasci- ceanothi (Ferris), Aonidomytilus, 87 culatus, 51 Ceanothus scale, see Aonidomytilus ceanothi, 87 bi f ascicula t us Ferri s, Chry somp halus , 51 celtidis Cockerell, Diaspis, 157 Bigelovia scale, see Targionia bigeloviae, 87 cerasi Fitch, Aspidiotus, 97 bigeloviae (Cockerell), Targionia, 87 Chaff scale, see Parlatoria pergandii, 143 Bilobed scale, see Aonidomytilus bilobis, 87 Chemnaspidiotus. 63 bilobis Ferris, Aonidomytilus, 87 Chennes, 105 Black araucaria scale, see Lindingaspis rossi, chinensis Chamberlin, Lepidosaphes, 119 75 chinensis (Marlatt), Parlatoreopsis, 137 Black pine leaf scale, see Nuculaspis californica, Chinese lepidosaphes scale, see Lepidosaphes 77 chinensis, 119 Black willow scale, see Chionaspis salicis- Chinese obscure scale, see Parlatoreopsis chi- nigrae, 101 nensis, 137 Blanchardii (Targioni Tozzetti), Parlatoria, 137 Chionaspis, Signoret, 93 Boisduval scale, see Diaspis boisduvalii, 103 americana (Johnson), 93 boisduvalii Signoret, Diaspis, 103 corni Cooley, 93 Boxwood scale, see Pinnaspis buxi, 150 etrusca Leonardi, 77 brasilien sis Signoret, Chionasp is, 150 furfura (Fitch), 97 brauchardi (sic) (Targioni Tozzetti), Parlatoria, gleditsiae Sanders, 99 137 ortholobis Comstock, 99 braunschvigi (Rungs), Aspidaspis, 45 salicis-nigrae (Walsh), 101 Braunschvigi scale, see Aspidaspis braunschvigi, sassceri Cockerell and Robbins, 101 45 wistariae Cooley, 101 britannicus (Newstead), Dynaspidiotus, 65 Chorizaspidiotus, 83 bromeliae (Kerner), Diaspis, 105 Chortinaspis, Ferris, 51 Brownish euphorbia scale, see Selenaspidus consolidata Ferris, 51 rubidus, 85 Chrysomphalus, Ashmead, 51 Bmneri Cockerell, Chionaspis (variety), 101 bifasciculatus Ferris, 51 Buckeye scale, see Diaspidiotus aesculi, 57 dictyospermi (Morgan), 53 buxi (Bouch;), Pinnaspis, 150 ficus Ashmead, 55 citri Comstock, Aspidiotus, 39 cacti Comstock, Diaspis, 107 citricola Packard, Aspidiotus, 117 Cactus scale, see Diaspis echinocacti, 105 citrina (Coquillett), Aonidiella, 41 calianthina Berlese and Leonardi, Parlatoria, 141 cittinus Coquillett, Asp idiotus (Aonidiella), 4 1 California lineaspis scale, Lineaspis cupressi, Clavaspis, MacGillivray, 57.. 133 covilleae (Ferris), 57 California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii, 39 disclusa Ferris, 57 californica (Coleman), Nuculaspis, 77 coccineus Gennadius, Aspidiotus, 39 calyptroides Costa, Diaspis, 107 coccois Lichtenstein, Diaspis, 105 Camellia parlatoria scale, see Parlatoria camel- Coccus, 71, 105, 117, 121, 127 liae, 137 Cockerell scale, see Leucaspis, cockerelli, Camellia scale, see Lepidosaphes camelliae, 119 127 camelliae Signoret, Aspidiotus, 73 cockerelli Parrott, Aspidiotus (variety), 81 camelliae Comstock, Fiorinia, 111 cockerelli (de Charmoy), Leucaspis, 129 camelliae Hoke, Lepidosaphes, 117 cocois (Lichtenstein), Diaspis, 105 camelliae Cornstock, Parlatoria, 139 Coconut scale, see Aspidiotus destructor, 43 capparis Vallot, Chermes, 47 Cocos scale, see Diaspis cocois, 105 carueli Targioni, Diaspis, 71 cocotis Newstead, Aspidiotus, 47 Carulaspis, MacGillivray, 91 Comstockiella, Cockerell, 57 minima (Targioni), 71 sabalis (Comstock), 59 visci (Shrank), 71 concolor (Cockerell), Aonidomytilus, 89 castigatus Mamet, Chrysomphalus, 53 Concolor scale, see Aonidomytilus concolor, 89 cattleyae (Cockerell), Aulacaspis, 103 Conifer scale, see Diaspidiotus coniferarum, 62 ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 20 5

NAME NAME coniferarum (Cockerell), Diaspidiotus, 62 cocois (Lichtenstein), 105 Coniferous fiorinia scale, see Fiorinia japonica, echinocacti (Bouch;), 105 111 manzanitae (Whitney), 107 consolidata Ferris, Chortinaspis, 51 parasiti McKenzie, 107 convexus Comstock, Aspidiotus, 73 dictyospermi Morgan, Chrysomphalus, 53 Cord grass scale, see Duplachionaspis spartinae, Dictyospermum scale, see Chrysomphalus dictyo- 109 spermi, 53 corni Cooley, Chionaspis, 93 Dinaspis. 159 Cottonwood scale, see Chionaspis ortholobis, 99 disclusa Ferris, Clavaspis, 57 covilleae (Ferris), Clavaspis, 57 Discluse scale, see Clavaspis disclusa, 57 Covillea scale, see Clavaspis covilleae 57 dives Bellio. Parlatorza, 147 crawii Cockerell, Aspidiotus (Hemiberlesia), 71 Dogwood scale, Chionaspis corni, 93 Croton parlatoria scale, see Parlatoria crotonis, draperi Newstead, Sphaerococcus, 167 139 dryandrae Fuller, Parlatoria, 143 Croton scale, see Lepidosaphes tokionis, 127 Duplachionaspis, MacGillivray, 109 crotonis Douglas, Parlatoria, 139 spartinae (Comstock), 109 Cryptaspidiotus, 39 Dynaspidiotus, Thiem and Gerneck, 65 Cryp top by 11 asp is, 62 britannicus (Newstead), 65 Cupidaspis, 133 cupressi (Coleman), Lineaspis, 133 echinocacti (Bouchd), Diaspis, 105 cyanophylli (Signoret), Hemiberlesia, 65 Ehrhorn scale, see Diaspidiotus ehrhorni, 62 Cyanophyllum scale, see Hemiberlesia cyano- ehrhorni (Coleman), Diaspidiotus, 62 phylli, 65 elegans Berlese and Leonardi, Howardia, 115 Cycad scale, see Furchadiaspis zamiae, 113 Elm scurfy scale, see Chionaspis americana, 93 cydoniae Comstock, Aspidiotus, 69 Ephedra scale, see Pallulaspis ephedrae, 135 cymbidicola Kuwana, Lepidosaphes, 123 ephedrae Ferris, Pallulaspis, 135 Cymbidium scale, see Lepidosaphes machili, 123 Epidiaspis, Cockerell, 109 leperii (Signoret), 109 Dalea scale, see Situlaspis daleae, 157 salicicola Ferris, 111 daleae (Ferris), Situlaspis, 157 epigaeae Marlatt, Aspidiotus, 69 Dark oak scale, see Melanaspis lilacina, 77 Essigaspis, 153 Dearness scale, see Rhizaspidiotus dearnessi, 83 etrusca Leonardi, Chionaspis, 97 dearnessi (Cockerell), Rhizaspidiotus, 83 euonymi Cockerell, Parlatoria (variety), 147 degenerata (Leonardi), Hemiberlesia, 67 euonymi (Comstock), Unaspis, 159 Degenerate scale, see Hemiberlesia degenerata, Evaspidiotus, 65 67 Euonymus scale, see Unaspis euonymi, 159 densiflorae (Bremner), Aspidaspis, 45 De Stefan scale, see Lepidosaphes destefanii, fallax Cockerell, Aspidiotus, 47 119 fallax Horvath, Diaspis, 109 destefanii Leonardi, Lepidosaphes, 119 False parlatoria scale, see Pseudoparlatoria par- destructor Signoret, Aspidiotus, 47 latorioides, 155 Diaspidinae (Subfamily), 87 Fern scale, see Pinnaspis aspidistrae, 150 Diaspidini (Tribe), 87 jernaldi Cockerell, Aspidiotus, 81 Diaspidiotus, Berlese and Leonardi, 59 /ici/oZi Berlese, hfytilaspis, 121 aesculi (Johnson), 59 ficus Ashmead, Chrysomphalus, 55 ancylus Putnam, 61 ficus Ashmead, Chtysomphalus (misidentifica- coniferarum (Cockerell), 62 tion), 51 ehrhorni (Coleman), 62 ficus (Signoret), Lepidosaphes, 121 liquidambaris (Kotinsky), 62 Fig scale, see Lepidosaphes ficus, 121 osborni (Newel1 and Cockerell), 63 Fiorinia, Targioni, 11 1 uvae (Comstock), 63 fioriniae (Targioni), 111 Diaspis, Costa, 103 japonica Kuwana, 111 boisduvalii Signoret, 103 juniperi Leonardi, 113 bromeliae (Kerner), 105 theae Green, 113 206 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

NAME NAME fioriniae (Targioni), 11 1 Honey locust scale, see Chionaspis gleditsiae, Florence scale, see Aspidaspis florenciae, 45 99 florenciae (Coleman), Aspidaspis, 45 Howard scale, see Hemiberlesia howardi, 69 Florida red scale, see Chrysomphalus ficus, 55 howardi (Cockerell), Hemiberlesia, 69 Forbes scale, see Quadraspidiotus forbesi, 79 Howardia, Berlese and Leonardi, 115 forbesi (Johnson), Quadraspidiotus, 79 biclavis (Comstock), 115 fraxini McKenzie, Hemiberlesia, 69 fujicola Kuwana, Phenacaspis, 147 implicatus Maskell, Aspidiotus, 69 Fujicola scale, see Phenacaspis fujicola, 147 Insaspidiotus, 37 /uluus King, Chionaspis (variety), 97 inusitatus Green, Aspidiotus, 163 Fundaspis, 93, 155 Irregular oak scale, see Hemiberlesia quercicola, Furchadiaspis, MacGillivray, 113 73 zamiae Morgan, 113 Italian pear scale, see Epidiaspis leperii, 109 Furcaspis, 71 Ivy scale, see Aspidiotus hederae, 47 furfura (Fitch), Chionaspis, 97 jamaicensis Cockerell, Aspidiotus (variety), 53 gennadii Targioni, Aonidia, 39 Japonica Kuwana, Fiorinia, 111 glanduliferus Cockerell, Aspidiotus, 81 j uglans-regiae (Corns tock), Quadraspidiotus, 8 1 gleditsiae Sanders, Chionaspis, 99 Juniper fiorinia scale, see Fiorinia juniperi, 113 Glover scale, see Lepidosaphes gloverii, 121 Juniper scale, see Cardaspis visci, 91 gloverii Packard, Lepidosaphes, 121 juniperi Marlatt, Aonidia, 39 Gonaspidiotus, 39 juniperi Bouch;, Aspidiotus, 91 gossypii Newstead, Hemichionaspis (variety), 151 juniperi Leonardi, Fiorinia, 113 Grape scale, see Diaspidiotus uvae, 63 graminis Brernner, Odonaspis, 163 Kellogg scale, see Stramenaspis kelloggi, 159 Grass root scale, see Odonaspis graminis, 163 kelloggi (Coleman), Stramenaspis, 159 Grass scale, see Chortinaspis consolidata, 51 koebelei Townsend and Cockerell, Aspidiotus, 37 Greedy scale, see Herniberlesia rapax, 73 Kuwanaspis, MacGillivray, 115 greenii Cockerell, Aspidiotus, 71 .pseudoleucaspis (Kuwana), 115 greeni Banks, Parlatoria, 139 gutierreziae Cockerell and Parrott, Aspidiotus lanatus Morgan and Cockerell, Diaspis, 153 (Targionia), 83 lasianthi (Green), Lepidosehes (misidentification), 127 Hall scale, see Nilotaspis halli, 135 Latania scale, see Hemiberlesia lataniae, 69 halli (Green), Nilotaspis, 135 lataniae (Signoret), Hemiberlesia, 69 Harper scale, see Neopinnaspis harperi, 133 lateralis Cockerell, Aspidiotus (variety), 69 harperi McKenzie, Neopinnaspis, 133 latilobis Newell, Aspidiotus (variety), 61 Harn’sii (Walsh), Aspidiotus, 97 latus Cockerell, Chionaspis, 150 hederae (Vallot), Aspidiotus, 47 Laurel scale, see Aonidia lauri, 37 helianthi Parrott, Aspidiotus (largionia), 83 lauri (Bouchd), Aonidia, 37 Hemiberlesia, Cockerell, 65 Leonardianna, 87 cyanophylli (Signoret), 65 leonis Townsend and Cockerell, Aspidiotus (vari- degenerata (Leonardi), 67 ety), 37 fraxini McKenzie, 69 leperii (Signoret), Epidiaspis, 109 howardi (Cockerell), 69 Lepidosaphes, Shimer, 117 lataniae (Signoret), 69 beckii (Newman), 117 palmae (Cockerell), 71 camelliae Hoke, 119 popularum (Marlatt), 73 chinensis Chamberlin, 119 quercicola Ferris, 73 destefanii Leonardi, 119 rapax (Cornstock), 73 ficus (Signoret), 121 Hemichionaspis, 150, 151 gloverii Packard, 12 1 hesperius Cockerell, Aspidiotus (variety), 79 machili Maskell, 123 Holly scale, see Dynaspidiotus britannicus, 65 mackieana McKenzie, 123 ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 207

NAME NAME maskelli (Cockerell), 123 newsteadi (Sulc), Lepidosaphes, 123 noxia McKenzie, 125 Nilotaspis, Ferris, 135 sciadopitysi McKenzie, 125 halli (Green), 135 tokionis Kuwana, 127 noxia McKenzie, Lepidosaphes, 125 ulmi (Linnaeus), 127 Noxious scale, see Lepidosaphes noxia, 125 Lesser snow scale, see Pinnaspis strachani, 151 Nuculaspis, Ferris, 77 Leucaspis, Targioni, 129 californica (Coleman), 77 cockerelli (de Charmoy), 129 portaeaureae Ferris, 129 Oak protodiaspis scale, see Protodiaspis agri- L eucodiasp i s, 129 foliae, 153 lilacina (Cockerell), blelanaspis, 77 Oak scale, see Quernaspis quercus, 155 Lindingaspis, MacGillivray, 75 obscura (Comstock), Melanaspis, 77 rossi (Maskell), 75 Obscure scale, see Melanaspis obscura, 77 Lineaspis, MacGillivray, 133 obscurus (Comstock), Aspidiotus (Aelanaspis), cupressi (Coleman), 133 77 liquidambaris (Kotinsky), Diaspidiotus, 62 Odonaspidini (Tribe), 163 lucumae Cockerell, Aspidiotus, 73 Odonaspis, Leonardi, 163 graminis Leonardi, 163 machili Maskell, Lepidosaphes, 123 penicillata Green, 163 Mackie scale, see Lepidosaphes mackieana, 123 ruthae Kotinsky, 165 mackieana McKenzie, Lepidosaphes, 123 ohioensis York, Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus), 61 mangilerae Cockerell, Aspidiotus, 53 oleae (Colvie), Parlatoria, 141 Manzanita scale, see Diaspis manzanitae, 107 Oleander scale, see Phenacaspis sandwicensis, mantanitae (Whitney), Diaspis, 107 149 marchali Cockerell, Hemichionaspis, 151 Olive parlatoria scale, see Parlatoria oleae, 141 marlatti (Cockerell), Phoenicococcus, 167 oppugnatus Silvestri, Aspidiotus, 47 hiaskell scale, see Lepidosaphes maskelli, 123 opuntiae Cockerell, Diaspis (variety), 107 maskelli (Cockerell), Lepidosaphes, 123 orbicularis Targioni-Tozzetti, Parlatoria, 145 Melanaspis, Cockerell, 77 ortholobis Comstock, Chionaspis, 99 lilacina (Cockerell), 77 Osborn scale, see Diaspidiotus osborni, 63 obscura (Comstock), 77 osborni (Newell and Cockerell), Diaspidiotus, 63 Mesquite scale, see Xerophilaspis prosopidis, 163 ostreaeformis Signoret, Diaspis, 109 Megalodiaspis, 115 oxycrataegi Hollinger, Aspidiotus, 61 mexicana Cockerell, Comstockiella (variety), 59 Oystershell scale, see Lepidosaphes ulmi, 127 minima (Targioni), Carulaspis, 91 Mining scale, see Howardia biclavis, 115 p a1 1i da (Mas ke 11 ), L ep i do sap h es, 12 3 minor Berlese and Leonardi, Chrysomphalus, 53 Pallulaspis, Ferris, 135 Minute cypress scale, see Cardaspis minima, 91 ephedrae Ferris, 135 Mistletoe scale, see Diaspis parasiti, 107 Palm fiorinia scale, see Fiorinia fioriniae, 111 Mistletoe situlaspis scale, see Situlaspis multi- palmae Green, Fiorinia, 111 pora, 157 palmae (Coskerell), Hemiberlesia, 71 multipora (Ferris), Situlaspis, 157 paimae Maskell, Parfatoria (variety), 137 myrtus Maskell, Parlatoria, 143 Palmetto scale, see Comstockiella sabalis, 59 Mytilaspis, 87, 150 pandani Comstock, Mytilaspis (?), 150 parasiti McKentie, Diaspis, 107 Nebulose scale, see Rugaspidiotus nebulosus, p arkinsoniae Cockerell, Xerophilasp is, 157 167 Parlatoreopsis, Lindinger, 137 nebulosus Ferris, Rugaspidiotus, 167 chinensis (Marlatt), 137 neomexicana Cockerell, Aspidiotus (variety), 157 Parlatoria, Targioni, 137 Neopinnaspis, McKenzie, 133 Blanchardii (Targioni), 137 harperi McKenzie, 133 camelliae Comstock, 139 Neosignoretia, 63, 157 crotonis Douglas, 137 nerii Bouch6, Aspidiotus, 49 oleae (Colvie), 141 208 BULLETIN OF ThE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

NAME NAME pergandii Cornstock, 143 ptuni Cockerell, Aspidiotus (variety), 81 pittospori Maskell, 143 prunicola Maskell, Chionaspis, 153 proteus (Curtis), 145 Pseudaonidia, 85 theae Cockerell, 147 pseudaspidisfrae Green, Hemichionaspis, 151 Parlatoria date scale, see Parlatoria Blanchardii, Pseudaulacaspis, MacGillivray, 153 137 pentagona (Targioni), 153 parlatorioides (Comstock), Pseudoparlatoria, 155 Pseudodiaspis, 155, 157 Parlatoris Targioni-Tozzetti, Diasp is, 145 pseudoleucaspis (Kuwana), Kuwanaspis, 115 patellifonnis Sasako, Diaspis, 153 Pseudoparlatoria, Cockerell, 155 pellucida Targioni, Fiorinia, I1 1 parlatorioides (Comstock), 155 Pelomphala, 77 pseudospinosus Woglum, Aspidiotus, 69 penicillata Green, Odonaspis, 163 punicae Cockerell, Aspidiotus, 69 Penicillate scale, see Odonaspis penicillata, 163 Purple scale, see Lepidosaphes beckii, 117 pentagona (Targioni), Pseudaulacaspis, 153 purpurea Targioni, Aonidia, 37 pergandii Comstock, Parlatoria, 143 pusilla Green, Pseudoparlatoria, 155 perniciosa (Comstock), Aonidiella, 81 Putnam scale, see Diaspidiotus ancylus, 61 perniciosus (Comstock), Quadraspidiotus, 81 pyri Colve;, Diaspis, 109 persearum Cockerell, Aspidiotus, 49 persearum Cockerell, Aspidistus, 49 Quadraspidiotus, MacGillivray, 79 petrophilae Fuller, Parlatoria, 143 forbesi (Johnson), 79 Phenacaspis, Cooley and Cockerell, 147 juglans-regiae (Comstock), 81 fujicola Kuwana, 147 perniciosus (Comstock), 81 pinifoliae (Fitch), 149 quercicola Ferris, Hemiberlesia, 73 sandwicensis Fullaway, 149 quercus (Comstock), Quernaspis, Phoenicococcinae (Subfamily), 16%. Quernaspis, Ferris, 155 Phoenicococcus, Cockerell, 167 quercus (Comstock), 155 marlatti (Cockerell), 167 Pineapple scale, see Diaspis bromeliae, 105 rapax (Comstock), Hemiberlesia, 73 Pine needle scale, see Phenacaspis pinifoliae, Red date palm scale, see Phoenicococcus mar- 149 latti, 167 pini Comstock (not of Bouchg), Aspidiotus, 77 Redwood scale, see Aonidia shastae, 39 pinifoliae (Fitch), Phenacaspis, 149 Remotaspidiotus. 83 pinifonnis (Bouch;), Lepidosaphes, 123 Rhizaspidiotus, MacGillivray, 83 Pinnaspis, Cockerell, 150 dearnessi (Cockerell), Rhizaspidiotus, 83 aspidistrae (Signoret), 150 rosae (Bouch;), Aulacaspis, 89 buxi @ouch;), 150 Rose scale, see Aulacaspis rosae, 89 strachani (Cooley), 151 rossi (Maskell), Lindingaspis, 75 piricola Del Guercio, Aspidiotus, 109 rubidus McKenzie, Selenaspidus, 85 pittospori Maskell, Parlatoria, 143 rubra Maskell, Diaspis (variety), 153 Pittosporum diaspidid, see Parlatoria pittospori, Rufous scale, see Selenaspidus articulatus, 85 143 Rugaspidiotus, MacGillivray, I65 Podocarpus leucaspis scale, see Leucaspis arizonicus (Cockerell), 165 portaeaureae, 129 nebulosus Ferris, 167 pomorum Bouch;, Aspidiotus, 127 Rugaspidis, 163 Poplar scale, see Hemiberlesia popularum, 73 ruthae Kotinsky, Odonaspis, 165 popularurn (Marlatt), Hemiberlesia, 73 portaeaureae Ferris, Leucaspis, 129 sabalis (Comstock), Comstockiella, 59 prosopidis Cockerell, Xerophilaspis, 163 salicicola Ferris, Epidiaspis, 11 1 proteus (Curtis), Parlatoria, 145 Salicicola scale, see Epidiaspis salicicola, 111 Proteus or Sanseveria scale, see Parlatoria pro- salicis Le Baron, Myti1-i~. 101 teus, 145 sakis-nigrae (Walsh), Chionaspis, 101 Protodiaspis, Cockerell, 153 San Jose scale, see Quadraspidiotus perniciosus, agrifoliae Essig, 153 81 ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA 209

NAME NAME

Sanseveria scale, see Proteus scale temporaria Ferris, Pinnaspis, 151 Saskiaspis, 153 tentaculatus Morgan, Diaspis, 105 Sasscer scale, see Chionaspis sassceri, 101 theae Green, Fiorinia, 113 sassceri Cockerell and Robbins, Chionaspis, 101 theae Cockerell, Parlatoria, 147 sciadopitysi McKenzie, Lepidosaphes, 125 tokionis (Kuwana), Lepidosaphes, 127 Scurfy scale, see Chionaspis furfura, 97 townsendi Cock ere 11, Asp idiotus, 69 Selenaspidus, Cockerell, 83 townsendi Cockerell, Hemichionaspis, 151 albus McKenzie, 83 translucens Cockerell, Aspidiolus (variety), 47 articulatus (Morgan), 85 transparens Green, Aspidiotus, 47 rubidus McKenzie, 85 tricolor Cockerell, Aspidiotus, 73 semiaurea Cockerell, Chionaspis (variety), 149 Tropical palm scale, see Hemiberlesia palmae, serratus Newel1 and Cockerell, Aspidiotus, (vari- 71 ety), 61 Tsukushiaspis, 117 sexspina Hoke, MytiZelZa, 121 tuberculata Malenotti, Lepidosaphes, 123 shastae (Coleman), Aonidia, 39 simplex de Charmoy, Pseudaonidia (variety), 85 ulmi (Linnaeus), Lepidosaphes, 127 sinensis Maskell, Parlatoria, 143 Umbrella pine Lepidosaphes, see Lepidosaphes siphonodontis Cockerell and Robinson, Pinnaspis, sciadopitysi, 125 151 Unaspis, MacGillivray, 159 Situlaspis, MacGillivray, 155 euonymi (Cornstock), 159 atriplicis (Ferris), 155 uvae (Cornstock), Diaspidiotus, 63 daleae (Ferris), 157 uvaspis Lindinger, Aspidiotus, 63 multipora (Ferris), 157 yuccae (Cockerell), 157 vagabundus Cockerell, Aspidiotus, 49 Small situlaspis scale, see Situlaspis yuccae, variabilis Ferris, Aonidomytilus, 87 157 Variable scale, see Aonidomytilus variabilis, 87 snowii Hunter, Diaspis, 63 vastatrix Leroy, Aspidiotus, 47 solus Hunter, Aspidiotus (subspecies), 61 victrix Cockerell, Parlatoria, 137 spartinae (Comstock), Duplachionaspis, 107 viridis Cockerell, Parlatoria (variety), 147 Sp haerococcus, 167 viridissima Cockerell, Mytilaspis (variety), 89 Spinose scale, see Aspidiotus spinosus, 47 visci (Schrank), Carulaspis, 91 spinosus Cornstock, Aspidiotus, 49 strachani (Cooley), Pinnaspis, 151 Walnut scale, see Ouadraspidio tu s jug1 an s-regiae, Stramenaspis, Ferris, 159 81 kelloggi (Coleman), 159 White euphorbia scale, see Selenaspidus albus, Suturasp is, 159 . 83 Sweet gum scale, see Diaspidiotus .liquidambaris, White peach scale, see Pseudaulacaspis pcnta- 62 gona, 153 Syngenaspis, 141 Wistaria scale, see Chionaspis wistariae, 101 wistariae Cooley, Chionaspis, 101 Tamarix scale, see Chionaspis etrusca, 97 Tan oak scale, see Aspidaspis densiflorae, 45 Xerophilaspis, Cockerell, 163 Targionia, Signoret, 87 prosopidis Cockerell, 163 bigeloviae (Cockerell), 87 targionii del Guercio, Aspidiotus, 145 Yellow scale, see Aonidiella citrina, 41 taxus Leonardi, Aonidiella, 43 yuccae (Cockerell), Situlaspis, 157 Tea parlatoria scale, see Parlatoria theae yuZupae Bremner, Aspidiotus, 63 147 Tea scale, see Fiorinia theae, 113 zamiae (Morgan), Furchadiaspis, 113 tectus Maskell, Aspidiotus (variety), 67 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

VOLUME 5

THE AKMOlWD SCALE INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA

ERRATA AND SUPPLEMENTAL NOTES

HOWARD I.. McKENZIE

(Stare of California Departmerit of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology)

1957 THE ARMORED SCAU' I'h'C15 OF CdLIFORh?.A

EhYUTA Ah?D SUPPliEUWPARY IyO!l!7B

By Holarrd L- McKenzie (State of California Department of Agricult we, Bureau of khtomology) The following changes should be made in thts mlwras at the poin$s indicated. kge 21. htegory which keys out the Subfmily Dtaspidime should red a8 .Tollom : uAdUlt fenale with anal opening dOP30&* etc. kge 22e COyJlet 7 (e), SSCd half lohtch Wt HSnribSrleSia (9. 65)s Wit 1-t part which reads as follws: yone species without lobes and dth plate8 very small, but 202th V6?3 ltWgS QpmZW," - - -

&ge 20. Alter couplet 13 (11) to couplet 16 (14) a8 indicated on nsxt 8heete Cut out and glue in volume. hge 29. COupl8$ B (is), alter gtrat IUZUaa follow: "not present posterior to fifth segment, except, in one species8 for a single stabnrrrgtnal duot anterior to aeomci pygtdfal lobe; hrrowr in North America,* stc.

&ge 29. Alter couplet 2.3 (22) and include couplet 23R (kf) aa Indicated at bottoa, of next sheet. Cut out and glue tn volwne8 These coupleta should prece& couplst 29 (J?).. &ge $3. Bight COhmor, mmgmh, chavrge to (88e pig. a* Rzges 52 and 54. Figures 18 md 20 representing Chryswhalus bifamiCU2atua Perria and Chrmonphalps Jtcua Ashmead respecttvely are reversed.

&ge 57a Comnron ?&me of clavrrspis diaclusa Ferris is Dtscluse scale. kgea 112 ami 113. piortnia miperi bohamti, not Boucde TIM ortgtml reference to Leonardib dgscription i8 Redia, 339, 1906.

&Q@ 121e Right COlUWb, ftP8t PiZmgRLPh, daSt 8enten~e~Change figwe nWI&FS 08 follows: *A detailed drawing of fious (Fig. aS) and its dimorphic fom (Fig. 87). is her8 prssente&** hge 149. Profwsor G. P. Ferris (Micromtomology, 20 (S)=46-4?, 1955, illuse) has placed phenacrrspis s~ndwicensisPullarary 08 a syanyn of Phenaaa8pzS oocksrsllt (Cooley). kgs 176. Column one, bottom, Spiraea should go into Rosaceae 6. 189) instead Of Chen opodiaceae

Rage lae Left colum, correct tm m~spsllingsof Cupreasus.

* PCIblished in 1956 a8 Bolwns 5, Bulletin qf the Calf.fOrnia Insect SurVe&, by the Uhtverstty OJ Cultfomta Preas. Cut out couplets belotoand glue in velum% on pages indtoated

Itrgs 28

W (11)- Pypidirar tapering abFuptly, acute. mesal srgine of median puidtal loboa contfg- ww but not fmed. . . 0 e dleO@iMRfS (pa 1s) PyOidtu broad; Aodian pygidial lob@ air- tous but without waul mwtne contip UOW). 0 e e a14

16 (W). With elOngat8, Club-Shaped, intorncll. SCl8- rotix8d protmss arising from base each rrdtua pwidial lobe; dorstn of prosorrr 8 trongly 8clerotiaed aa far pas turforly aa first abdainal segtnaat. . . .nolmrdta (b. 115) Rf thout elongate, clubahaped, intenml sclerotia8d proc888 artsing frfron tar OJ mdr rrsdlez pyoidial lobe; prosom m6n- bmOW. e 0. 0. 15

15(14). Media pwfdial lobes Wll 8epolUt8d, t#i th on appaamnoo J a twforked gland spine betwen these lobm...... Pseudoparlatoria 6. 15.5) &dim pugtdial lobes mrioua, without a forked gland spine betwen Eut somtfmes utth a pair of distinctly separated gland spines In the Interspice. . . + . . .16 16(15). lhrgin of pygidia d th membranota, etc.

Etzge 29

2.5 (22). Third pugtdial lobe present, flattened, re- 8ex;bling firat lobule of aecond lobe in alae and form. e Rtllulaspia (p. 135) Thtrd pugidto1 lobe, if recognfslrble at all, merelua sclerotised point. e . 23A 2SA (83). Domal pvgidtol mcroducts, a3thoirgh few, arranged in deftnite segm6ntd row. . e NilOtapS8 (p. 195) Dorsal pygidial nncroducto scattered or in brood bands, not in segmental rows...... he spectee of Aonidwtilua (p. 87)

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