PAPER 1: GLOBAL GEOGRAPHICAL ISSUES – CHALLENGES OF AN URBANISING WORLD

Cities grow for two main reasons: rural to urban migration, and natural increase. Rural areas in developing countries have few jobs, apart from subsistence farming –

and people often live in poverty. In the there are more jobs, better education and better health facilities and people are generally better off. These factors help to pull people to the – this is called rural to urban migration.

People why migrate to cities tend to be young (in their 20s and 30s) and they often start families once they are settled. So, the birth rate rises, causing the natural increase to rise also. This is sometimes called internal growth, which helps drive up

the population of the world’s cities.

Mumbai () Los Angeles (USA)

A megacity is a city with more than 10 million people. Population: 20 million. Growth at 2.9% a Population: 12.9 million. Growth at 1.1% a year. The informal economy refers to jobs that have little or no record of year (hyperurbanisation). 60% of the More slowly than cities in developing countries employment, so there is no tax paid and there is little job security. population live in slums like . The formal economy refers to jobs with contracts of employment and more job security. People pay tax. Size: 603km2. 1000 people arrive in Size: 12 250km2. LA grew rapidly in the 1960s and Hyperurbanisation is where the urban population is growing so fast every day. Over 1 million people live in Navi 70s, because people from other parts of the USA Mumbai – mostly middle class people were attracted by California’s climate & lifestyle. that the city can’t cope with people’s needs. moving out of Mumbai

Industries are attracted by low tax rates, but Megacities in the developed world have grown as with little tax income governments don’t a result of merging with other growing cities have the money to provide essential (conurbations) and sprawling of the city. services. They end up un overcrowded, unplanned slums.

Economic activities: services, manufacturing, Economic activities: trade, entertainment, construction, entertainment and leisure. aerospace and technology, oil, fashion and clothing, tourism.

In the megacities of the developing world, Most people in developed countries work in the thousands of people work in the informal formal economy with relatively few people in the economy. informal sector.

CHALLENGES OF AN URBANISING WORLD KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER QUESTIONS

1. Cities grow for two main reasons. List one

2. What is the other reason why cities grow?

3. The movement of people from the country side to the city is called?

4. What is a megacity?

5. What is hyperurbanisation?

6. How many people live in Mumbai?

7. What jobs do people do in Mumbai?

8. In Mumbai are people most likely to work in the informal or formal sector? 9. How many people live in Los Angeles?

10. Why have megacities in the developed world grown?

PAPER 1: GLOBAL GEOGRAPHICAL ISSUES – CHALLENGES OF AN URBANISING WORLD

The quality of life for people in favelas is low, and poor housing contributes Rapid urbanisation and industrialisation in developing countries has created big to that. A lot of the homes are fairly solid – made from brick, wood and steel, environmental problems such as water pollution because many factories use and many have electricity. There are some well-established communities that rivers as a dump for industrial waste. have self-help clinics, food halls and meeting places. Air pollution can also be a problem. Exhaust gases from vehicles and smoke Elsewhere, more-temporary slum housing is built from anything that is from burning rubbish and factory chimneys pollute the air. As the Indian available – wood, cardboard, plastic sheeting etc. The slums: economy grows, more electricity is needed, which is generated from burning • Are usually overcrowded fossil fuels. • Lack proper sanitation

• Experience pollution and disease • Are often built on marginal land.

Rag-picking (making money from other people’s rubbish) is an important part of the informal economy. Up to 60% of the workers work in the informal economy. Other jobs might include selling food from roadside

stalls, cleaning car windscreens and so-on.

Socio-economic Environmental Better access to services e.g. health care and education and resources such as clean water supply and electricity in Mumbai than in surrounding rural For example in the slum of Dharavi while

areas. Some rural area have no electricity at all. there are shacks and open sewers, there are •In poorer residential areas (like Dharavi) there is good community spirit and support thousands of factories that recycle material. •Water treatment plants provide safe water piped directly to areas of the city. Almost everything here is recycled from •More employment opportunities in industry+manufacturing electronic good and clothes this stimulates economic growth, 40% of India’s trade every type of plastic, industrial waste to happens from here. soap. 80% of Mumbai's waste is recycled •Incomes in the city are higher and more reliable than in rural areas, with the average in Mumbai at $2845 per year, compared to the rest of here. Something the west would love to Opportunities , which is $1660 per year. achieve. •Urban poor provide a massive labour force who carry out essential jobs both in formal and informal sectors. Managing the growth of squatter settlements – 40% Mumbai live here – problems like lack of services, unplanned, overcrowded etc. Poor sanitation, Managing environmental issues – Litter is lack of water, land rights, poor health and low quality jobs are a huge issue not collected as many areas are illegal, this •Providing clean water - Many parts of Mumbai have limited basic services this causes illness and disease eg cholera is common – as standpipes come attracts mosquitos’ and malaria. Lack of on at 5:30am for 2hrs, this water must be rationed through the day. sanitation means water is polluted, this •Sanitation – 1 toilet per 500 people, and this waste goes straight into local rivers where clothes are washed and people drink from. often used to drink causing cholera. •Providing services health and education – Both are in very limited supply in the slum and need to be paid for. This means that very few children Unregulated industries and increasing

Challenges attend school and so have limited job prospects. number of cars, increase the amount of air •Reducing unemployment and crime– The demand for skilled labour has meant that opportunities for unskilled worked are limited (more people less pollution and water pollution. All which is jobs available) and wages are low. This can cause crime rates to rise with pick pocketing and begging gangs operating. unregulated CHALLENGES OF AN URBANISING WORLD KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER QUESTIONS

Sheet 2: 1. Rapid urbanisation has meant that factories use rivers for…? 2. What factor leads to the low quality of life for residents in favelas?

3. Temporary housing is built from?

4. What is a rag picking?

5. Up to 60% of workers work in which economy?

6. Name a social opportunity as a result of urban growth

7. Name a social challenge in these squatter settlements

8. How might the environment provide an opportunity for the residents of slums? 9. What is an environmental cvhallenge facing the slum authorities?

10. Air pollution is also a problem because…

PAPER 1: GLOBAL GEOGRAPHICAL ISSUES – CHALLENGES OF AN URBANISING WORLD

Squatter Settlements - Slums, Favelas – Case Study – Dharavi, Mumbai, India What are squatter settlements? Areas in cities that are built illegally, built by people who cannot afford proper housing. These people are usually rural to urban migrants. They build them with materials they can find, on land that doesn’t belong to them, They often have informal sector economy – cash in hand , no taxes, jobs created by the people themselves. They are built badly and are over-crowded &lack basic services like electricity. Life here is hard – no running water, no space, sewage, no police &some slums can be very dangerous and run by gangs. Often there is nowhere else for poor migrants to go. During monsoons season heavy rains make houses unstable. Due to no sewage and sanitation, water contamination is common and people get ill with diseases like cholera, diphtheria and hepatitis. In Dharavi, the settlement which is home to 1 million people per square mile. Good things - They do have a strong community spirit and barely any crime. Also almost everyone is employed in the informal sector.

The city authorities of Mumbai want to improve the quality of life of the people who live there. Current approaches across Mumbai are for whole DEMOLITION of the slums which are replaced by high rise tower blocks with 14 stories for people to live in. The land upon which Dharavi is built is next to Mumbai’s financial district. This makes it a prime target for redevelopment. These types of redevelopment are planned for Dharavi by the Slum Rehabilitation Authority (SRA). They have proposed a $2billion development project.

Advantages Disadvantages Infrastructure will be built, this will mean waste Recycling district will be lost – losing jobs and management services will be able to dispose of a way 80% of Mumbai waste is recycled waste effectively, this will improve the quality of •Very small flats 21m2 – this means life could life be worse because conditions are more •Industrial areas are away from residential areas, cramped and families could be broken up this will improve quality of life because people are •Lose its community spirit – as there is very safer little community space •Homes will have an address and people will be •As this area is now away from industrial registered by the authorities, this means taxes will areas, people will now have to commute to be collected and this money can be used to work improve services •Many poor people do not want to be •Clean water is piped to every home and sewage Is there another way to help improve the lives of the urban poor? recognised and pay taxes as they are too poor pipes take human waste away. This reduces the to do this number of diseases like cholera Yes, one that allows improvement to the slum itself. •Ancient communities within the slum are lost •The Mumbai slum sanitation project – improving sanitation facilities in slums •Dharavi currently is safe and has crime and urban = Towns and cities Rural = countryside by building toilet blocks (currently 500 hundred share the same toilet and 1 in 20 Urbanisation is the growth in the proportion of a country’s communal areas. Also at risk are the local population living in urban areas. The rate of urbanisation differs use the street for a toilet) shops and markets and the community spirit between countries that are richer than those that are poorer. •The Mumbai Slum electrification project – Many parts do not have electricity which has taken generations to develop will HIC have very slow rates of urbanisation: In richer parts of the and rely on bottled gas for cooking and heating, this is expensive and dangerous world, urbanisation happened historically and most of the be lost. The locals would prefer small population now already live in urban areas. Many people in urban (fumes, risk of fire etc) Over 10,000 slum dwellers in Mumbai have been improvements to the existing slum such as areas in HICs desire a better quality of life and are moving to rural provided with new or upgraded electricity connections. improvements in drainage. area. Here they can commute to cities (because of better transport) •Incremental housing strategies– Developing informal slums into permanent or work from home (better communication). LIC are less economically developed e.g. Ethiopia. Not many of the residential areas by making gradual improvements. Families are given the right population live in urban areas . However, people are starting to to the land on which their home is build and a grant given to make move away from jobs in farming (rural areas) to urban areas. They improvements. They work with an architect to design their homes. Local are experiencing rapid urban growth. NEE are those where economic development is increasing rapidly community stays together and has a say e.g. India and Brazil. They are experiencing rapid urban growth.

CHALLENGES OF AN URBANISING WORLD KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER QUESTIONS Sheet 3

1. Name an alternative name for squatter settlements 2. Life is hard in these squatter settlements because…?

3. What is the population density in Dharavi?

4. What do the city authorities want to do?

5. What is hyperurbanisation?

6. How much money was funded for this project?

7. How might infrastructure construction help improve quality of life?

8. How might people’s lives be made worse by the slum project? 9. Why will people have to commute to work?

10. What is the Mumbai sanitation project?

Factors affecting the rate of urbanisation PAPER 1: GLOBAL GEOGRAPHICAL ISSUES – CHALLENGES OF AN URBANISING WORLD 1. Rural-urban migration - is the movement of people from rural to urban area. The rate is affected by push-pull theory. Push Factor Pull Factor Push factors – things that encourage people to leave (Push them out) Pull factors Less well paid jobs, Natural disasters, More jobs in urban areas that are often better paid, - things that encourage people to move to an area (Pull them to an area) Mechanisation of agriculture – farms require Access to better health care and education, join family 2. Natural increase - birth rate is higher than death rate so population growth fewer workers so there are fewer , members, People think they will have a better quality 3. Young people move to urban areas to find work. These people then have Desertification, Conflict / War, shortage of of life and standard of living, children, which increases the proportion of people living in urban areas services (education, water and power). 4. High rates of urbanisation leading to the growth of megacity (a city with more that 10 million people living there). Two third of megacities are in LIC+NEEs.

Social Economic

Increase economic development Better access to services e.g. health care and education •As industry develops (industrialisation), more people move to urban areas to work in factories – •Better access to resources such as clean water supply and electricity there are more jobs and better wages than rural areas •Industries create and sell goods on the international market. Manufactured goods make greater profits than unprocessed goods so industrialised countries get wealthier

Opportunities Socio-economic Environmental

If cities grow rapidly waste disposal services, sewage systems and environmental regulation for Many people who move to urban areas from rural areas end up living in squatter settlements

factories can’t keep up with the growth (slums) – settlements that are built illegally in and around the city, by people who cant ford •Rubbish isn’t collected so it leaves toxic rubbish heaps, which damage the environment formal housing •Air pollution comes from burning fossil fuel from vehicles and factories • Badly build and over crowded •Sewage and toxic chemicals can get into rivers, causing health problems and harming wildlife •No access to basic services (running water, sanitation, electricity) •Infrastructure like road systems may not be able to cope with the growing number of vehicles. Challenges •Unclean conditions and lack of access to medical services mean people often have poor health Congestion causes an increase in greenhouse gas emissions which cause global problems. Locally, •No access to education problems with health and acid rain also occu •High levels of unemployment and crime

Mumbai does not fit the exact model of land use being in sectors (image to left) because it was built around the harbour the CBD is not in the centre, but near the island tip. Also some industrial areas are near the port but land is so expensive that many have moved out to places such as , where land is cheaper. Wealthy suburbs are all inner city areas along the harbour or coastal waterfronts close to the CBD. Middle-low income areas are in older parts of the city on the island, further from the CBD. Low income groups live in ‘chawls’ which are low quality multi-storey buildings. The poorest 60% of people live in informal housing, squatter shacks on the outskirts, far from the CBD. There are thousands of people living on Mumbai’s streets.

CHALLENGES OF AN URBANISING WORLD KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER QUESTIONS Sheet 4:

1. What is a push factor?

2. What is a pull factor

3. Name an example of each one for questions 1 and 2

4. What does the diagram at the bottom left of the sheet show?

5. Does Mumbai fit the traditional land use model?

6. Is the CBD in the centre of Mumbai?

7. The industrial areas are near..?

8. Where are the wealthy suburbs in Mumbai?

9. Low income groups live in…?

10. Where do middle income people live?

PAPER 1: GLOBAL GEOGRAPHICAL ISSUES – CHALLENGES OF AN URBANISING WORLD

A report by McKinsey, called Vison Mumbai suggested investing US$40 billion to improve Mumbai. It involved a partnership between the government, property companies and investors – so was typical of Top down development. The basic problem it tried to solve was Mumbai’s worsening quality of life. Slums have multiplied, and traffic congestion, pollution and water quality are all worse than in 2000. Vision Mumbai was based on ‘quick wins’ to improve Mumbai such as (1) restoring 325 ‘green’ spaces; (2) building 300 extra public toilets; (3) widen and beautifying main roads; (4) improve train capacity and safety. The main plan was based on property development. Dharavi would be demolished. It’s location made it worth US$10bn. Developers would buy land at a discount, and redevelop it. High rise blocks for slum dwellers would be built next to shopping malls, offices and luxury apartments.

Did Vision Mumbai work? By 2007, 200 000 people were moved and 45 000 homes demolished in Dharavi. New flats replaced slums. Piped water and sewerage systems were established for new flats. By 2015, 72 new trains were introduced on Mumbai’s railways, platforms raised to prevent deaths caused by people falling between the gaps. In 2015 new measures were introduced to improve air

quality. Many people prefer slum improvement (piped water, sewage treatment) instead of demolition. New 14 storey apartment have split communities. Rents now cost more than in slums. Small workshops would have to move or go out of business, affecting Mumbai’s recycling industry. Water quality is worsening because of sewerage discharge. Beaches are unsafe for recreation and slums

are growing so rapidly that improving sewage treatment and disposal in line with population growth is a long way off.

Lok Seva Sangam is a charity working in Mumbai. It raises its own funds and employs volunteers and was set up in 1976 to control leprosy in Chundabhatti. LSS does a number of jobs: (1) to survey communities to detect skin diseases; (2) setting up dermatology (skin) clinics; (3) running pharmacies (chemists) to dispense drugs used in treatment; (4) running kindergartens for young children to help parents. In 2015 LSS employed full time medical staff, including three physiotherapists, three nurses and several paramedics. LSS now works mainly in Baiganwadi to survey and detect diseases (TB and leprosy), to educate people about symptoms and treat people by persuading them that treatment is easy. LSS also works with communities to teach about health using education and group talks, street theatre and DVDs. Much of its work is with women focusing on sanitation, education bout vermiculture (in which worms reduce the bacteria in household waste by ‘eating it’. There are activities to raise money which at the same time improve the status of women. Of course, this is just one project in one community. It focuses on two diseases and education, and tries to extend community understanding of health. It is not city-wide, nor country-wide. of health. It is not city-wide, nor country-wide.

Bottom up development: is where experts work with Intermediate or appropriate technology – development schemes that meet the needs communities to identify their needs, offer assistance, and let of local people and the environment in which they live. people have more control of their lives

CHALLENGES OF AN URBANISING WORLD KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER QUESTIONS Sheet 5: 1. The three legs of the sustainability stool are…?

2. A report by Mckinsey suggested investing how much money?

3. What is top down development?

4. Why was Vision Mumbai typical of top down development projects

5. Vision Mumbai was based on quick wins. Name two.

6. Why was Dharavi going to be demolished?

7. How many people moved as a result of Vision Mumbai?

8. How many new trains per day were introduced?

9. Instead of demolition, people preferred..?

10. Why is water quality worsening?

11. What is Lok Seva Sangam?

12. List two jobs LSS does

13. Most of the work of LSS is with women focusing on..? 14. What is bottom up development?

15. The work of LSS raises money at the same time as…?