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Rural to Urban Migration, and Natural Increase. Rural Areas in Developing Countries Have Few Jobs, Apart from Subsistence Farming –

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Rural to Urban Migration, and Natural Increase. Rural Areas in Developing Countries Have Few Jobs, Apart from Subsistence Farming – PAPER 1: GLOBAL GEOGRAPHICAL ISSUES – CHALLENGES OF AN URBANISING WORLD Cities grow for two main reasons: rural to urban migration, and natural increase. Rural areas in developing countries have few jobs, apart from subsistence farming – and people often live in poverty. In the cities there are more jobs, better education and better health facilities and people are generally better off. These factors help to pull people to the city – this is called rural to urban migration. People why migrate to cities tend to be young (in their 20s and 30s) and they often start families once they are settled. So, the birth rate rises, causing the natural increase to rise also. This is sometimes called internal growth, which helps drive up the population of the world’s cities. Mumbai (India) Los Angeles (USA) A megacity is a city with more than 10 million people. Population: 20 million. Growth at 2.9% a Population: 12.9 million. Growth at 1.1% a year. The informal economy refers to jobs that have little or no record of year (hyperurbanisation). 60% of the More slowly than cities in developing countries employment, so there is no tax paid and there is little job security. population live in slums like Dharavi. The formal economy refers to jobs with contracts of employment and more job security. People pay tax. Size: 603km2. 1000 people arrive in Mumbai Size: 12 250km2. LA grew rapidly in the 1960s and Hyperurbanisation is where the urban population is growing so fast every day. Over 1 million people live in Navi 70s, because people from other parts of the USA Mumbai – mostly middle class people were attracted by California’s climate & lifestyle. that the city can’t cope with people’s needs. moving out of Mumbai Industries are attracted by low tax rates, but Megacities in the developed world have grown as with little tax income governments don’t a result of merging with other growing cities have the money to provide essential (conurbations) and sprawling of the city. services. They end up un overcrowded, unplanned slums. Economic activities: services, manufacturing, Economic activities: trade, entertainment, construction, entertainment and leisure. aerospace and technology, oil, fashion and clothing, tourism. In the megacities of the developing world, Most people in developed countries work in the thousands of people work in the informal formal economy with relatively few people in the economy. informal sector. CHALLENGES OF AN URBANISING WORLD KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER QUESTIONS 1. Cities grow for two main reasons. List one 2. What is the other reason why cities grow? 3. The movement of people from the country side to the city is called? 4. What is a megacity? 5. What is hyperurbanisation? 6. How many people live in Mumbai? 7. What jobs do people do in Mumbai? 8. In Mumbai are people most likely to work in the informal or formal sector? 9. How many people live in Los Angeles? 10. Why have megacities in the developed world grown? PAPER 1: GLOBAL GEOGRAPHICAL ISSUES – CHALLENGES OF AN URBANISING WORLD The quality of life for people in favelas is low, and poor housing contributes Rapid urbanisation and industrialisation in developing countries has created big to that. A lot of the homes are fairly solid – made from brick, wood and steel, environmental problems such as water pollution because many factories use and many have electricity. There are some well-established communities that rivers as a dump for industrial waste. have self-help clinics, food halls and meeting places. Air pollution can also be a problem. Exhaust gases from vehicles and smoke Elsewhere, more-temporary slum housing is built from anything that is from burning rubbish and factory chimneys pollute the air. As the Indian available – wood, cardboard, plastic sheeting etc. The slums: economy grows, more electricity is needed, which is generated from burning • Are usually overcrowded fossil fuels. • Lack proper sanitation • Experience pollution and disease • Are often built on marginal land. Rag-picking (making money from other people’s rubbish) is an important part of the informal economy. Up to 60% of the workers work in the informal economy. Other jobs might include selling food from roadside stalls, cleaning car windscreens and so-on. Socio-economic Environmental Better access to services e.g. health care and education and resources such as clean water supply and electricity in Mumbai than in surrounding rural For example in the slum of Dharavi while areas. Some rural area have no electricity at all. there are shacks and open sewers, there are •In poorer residential areas (like Dharavi) there is good community spirit and support thousands of factories that recycle material. •Water treatment plants provide safe water piped directly to areas of the city. Almost everything here is recycled from •More employment opportunities in industry+manufacturing electronic good and clothes this stimulates economic growth, 40% of India’s trade every type of plastic, industrial waste to happens from here. soap. 80% of Mumbai's waste is recycled •Incomes in the city are higher and more reliable than in rural areas, with the average in Mumbai at $2845 per year, compared to the rest of here. Something the west would love to Opportunities Maharashtra, which is $1660 per year. achieve. •Urban poor provide a massive labour force who carry out essential jobs both in formal and informal sectors. Managing the growth of squatter settlements – 40% Mumbai live here – problems like lack of services, unplanned, overcrowded etc. Poor sanitation, Managing environmental issues – Litter is lack of water, land rights, poor health and low quality jobs are a huge issue not collected as many areas are illegal, this •Providing clean water - Many parts of Mumbai have limited basic services this causes illness and disease eg cholera is common – as standpipes come attracts mosquitos’ and malaria. Lack of on at 5:30am for 2hrs, this water must be rationed through the day. sanitation means water is polluted, this •Sanitation – 1 toilet per 500 people, and this waste goes straight into local rivers where clothes are washed and people drink from. often used to drink causing cholera. •Providing services health and education – Both are in very limited supply in the slum and need to be paid for. This means that very few children Unregulated industries and increasing Challenges attend school and so have limited job prospects. number of cars, increase the amount of air •Reducing unemployment and crime– The demand for skilled labour has meant that opportunities for unskilled worked are limited (more people less pollution and water pollution. All which is jobs available) and wages are low. This can cause crime rates to rise with pick pocketing and begging gangs operating. unregulated CHALLENGES OF AN URBANISING WORLD KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER QUESTIONS Sheet 2: 1. Rapid urbanisation has meant that factories use rivers for…? 2. What factor leads to the low quality of life for residents in favelas? 3. Temporary housing is built from? 4. What is a rag picking? 5. Up to 60% of workers work in which economy? 6. Name a social opportunity as a result of urban growth 7. Name a social challenge in these squatter settlements 8. How might the environment provide an opportunity for the residents of slums? 9. What is an environmental cvhallenge facing the slum authorities? 10. Air pollution is also a problem because… PAPER 1: GLOBAL GEOGRAPHICAL ISSUES – CHALLENGES OF AN URBANISING WORLD Squatter Settlements - Slums, Favelas – Case Study – Dharavi, Mumbai, India What are squatter settlements? Areas in cities that are built illegally, built by people who cannot afford proper housing. These people are usually rural to urban migrants. They build them with materials they can find, on land that doesn’t belong to them, They often have informal sector economy – cash in hand , no taxes, jobs created by the people themselves. They are built badly and are over-crowded &lack basic services like electricity. Life here is hard – no running water, no space, sewage, no police &some slums can be very dangerous and run by gangs. Often there is nowhere else for poor migrants to go. During monsoons season heavy rains make houses unstable. Due to no sewage and sanitation, water contamination is common and people get ill with diseases like cholera, diphtheria and hepatitis. In Dharavi, the settlement which is home to 1 million people per square mile. Good things - They do have a strong community spirit and barely any crime. Also almost everyone is employed in the informal sector. The city authorities of Mumbai want to improve the quality of life of the people who live there. Current approaches across Mumbai are for whole DEMOLITION of the slums which are replaced by high rise tower blocks with 14 stories for people to live in. The land upon which Dharavi is built is next to Mumbai’s financial district. This makes it a prime target for redevelopment. These types of redevelopment are planned for Dharavi by the Slum Rehabilitation Authority (SRA). They have proposed a $2billion development project. Advantages Disadvantages Infrastructure will be built, this will mean waste Recycling district will be lost – losing jobs and management services will be able to dispose of a way 80% of Mumbai waste is recycled waste effectively, this will improve the quality of •Very small flats 21m2 – this means life could life be worse because conditions are more •Industrial areas are away from residential areas, cramped and families could be broken up this will improve quality of life because people are •Lose its community spirit – as there is very safer little community space •Homes will have an address and people will be •As this area is now away from industrial registered by the authorities, this means taxes will areas, people will now have to commute to be collected and this money can be used to work improve services •Many poor people do not want to be •Clean water is piped to every home and sewage Is there another way to help improve the lives of the urban poor? recognised and pay taxes as they are too poor pipes take human waste away.
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