The Urban Social Pattern of Navi Mumbai, India Malathi Ananthakrishnan Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Urban and Regional Planning John Browder, Chair Wendy Jacobson Paul Knox April , 1998 Blacksburg, Virginia Keywords: urban social pattern, Navi Mumbai, Bombay, urban planning - India Copyright 1998, Malathi Ananthakrishnan The Urban Social Pattern of Navi Mumbai, India Malathi Ananthakrishnan (ABSTRACT) This research thesis examines the emerging trends in urban social patterns in Navi Mumbai, India. Unlike the other planned cities of India, Navi Mumbai was specifically built as a planned decentralization of a large metropolitan city. The research focuses on explaining the urban social pattern of this particular case study. An urban social pattern reflects the social characteristics of the urban setting. In the case of Navi Mumbai, the government had a social agenda of promoting a social pattern based on socioeconomic distribution rather than an ethnic one. Analysis of the data provides an insight to the results of this social agenda, and provides a basis to frame new ones. Thus, the study not only addresses a basic research question, but also has policy implications. The research involves a comprehensive review of secondary source material to establish the theoretical framework for the research. The review also involves an extensive inspection of urban social patterns across the world to better contextualize this particular case study. The research puts forth a model that explains the social pattern of Navi Mumbai by social area analysis using variables, which are drawn from social aspects of any city and indigenous factors of Indian settlements. The model depends not only on statistical analysis but also on interpretation of local conditions. This research situates the emerging social pattern in geographic literature in developing countries. This research was supported in part, by a grant from the College of Architecture and Urban Studies, Virginia Tech. Acknowledgment I would like to take this opportunity to thank my Advisor and Chair of my committee, Dr. John Browder. He was supportive of all my efforts to successfully complete this thesis. It would not have been possible without his help. Thank you also to my committee members, Dr. Jacobson and Dr. Knox, for the time and effort they contributed. Thanks also due to everyone in Navi Mumbai who helped me collect the data and all relevant information. Special thanks to Ms. Adusumilli, Senior planner, CIDCO, Mrs. Raje, Chief statistician, CIDCO, Dr. Venkatachalam and Dr. Sengupta at IIT-Bombay and Dr. Banerjee- Guha at the University of Bombay. I would also like to thank Prachi and Avesh Tapde for their hospitality in Navi Mumbai. Dr. Dyck and Dr. Bohland clarified many of my conceptual and analytical queries. I would like to give my appreciation for their support. I would also like to thank Dr. Randolph and Dr. Schubert for having made a grant available for me to carry out the field research. I am also grateful to my good friends Inga, Maneesha and Elda for not only helping me out with proof reading and other mundane things, but also for being there during the ups and downs of the entire process. I would like to thank my family for always encouraging me to think and my fiancé for his patience. Table of Contents 1. Introduction………………………………………………………………….. 1 1.1 Research Problem Statement 1.2 Significance of Thesis 1.3 Organization of the Thesis 2. The Research Setting…………………………………………………………. 3 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The Planning History of Bombay and the Greater Bombay region 2.3 The Creation of Navi Mumbai 2.4 The Draft Development Plan of 1973 2.5 Development Potential of the Site 2.6 Design Principles of Navi Mumbai 2.7 Social Agenda in the Planning of Navi Mumbai 2.8 Plan Implementation through the Public Administrative Framework 2.9 The Reality of Implementing the Plan 2.10 Conclusion 3. The Conceptual Framework………………………………………………….. 20 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Urban Form and Urban Pattern 3.3 Factors influencing Urban Form 3.4 The Evolution of the Urban Form of Indian Cities 3.5 Sociocultural Factors 3.5.1 Caste 3.5.2 Class 3.5.3 Religion 3.5.4 Language 3.5.5 Implications of the Sociocultural factors 3.6 The Built Form 3.7 Theories of Urban Social Patterns 3.7.1 Concentric Zone Theory 3.7.2 Sector Theory 3.7.3 Multiple Nuclei Theory 3.8 Case Study of Urban Social Patterns 3.8.1 Western Cities 3.8.2 Third World Cities 3.8.3 Indian Cities 3.9 Conclusion 4. Research Design……………………………………………………………… 38 4.1 Social Area Analysis 4.2 Hypothesis 4.3 Operationalization 4.4 Data Collection 4.5 Methodology 4.5.1 Descriptive Analysis 4.5.2 Cluster Analysis 4.5.3 Principal Component Analysis 4.5.4 mapping and Overlays 4.6 Data Analysis 5. Presentation of Data………………………………………………………….. 43 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Descriptive Analysis 5.3 Regional Scale – nodes 5.3.1 Principal Components Analysis 5.3.2 Cluster Analysis 5.3.3 Discussion 5.4 Sub-regional Scale – sectors 5.4.1 Principal Components Analysis 5.4.2 Cluster Analysis 5.4.3 Discussion 5.5 Conclusion 6. Interpretation / Discussion…………………………………………………… 65 6.1 Regional Scale 6.2 Sub-regional Scale 6.2.1 Socioeconomic Status and Sector Theory 6.2.2 Family Status and Concentric Zone Theory 6.2.3 Ethnic Status and Multiple Nuclei Theory 6.3 Summary 6.4 Potential Utility of the Research 7. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………… 74 Bibliography…………………………………………………………………….. 77 Glossary of Terms Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C Appendix D Appendix E Appendix F Appendix G List of Tables Table Title page number 2.1 Population Density of Bombay 4 2.2 Immigrant population of Bombay 5 2.3 Land Fragmentation in 1970 6 2.4 Household Income and Capacity to Pay 8 2.5 Population Density in Various Sectors of Bombay 16 2.6 Land Use of Navi Mumbai 17 4.1 Constructs and Variables 39 4.2 Survey Sampling 40 5.1 Constructs and Variables 43 5.2 Work Force 44 5.3 Number of Earners 44 5.4 Occupational Classification of Workforce 45 5.5 Household Income 46 5.6 Location of Education Institutions 47 5.7 Level of Education 47 5.8 Male Population 48 5.9 Female Population 49 5.10 Family Size 50 5.11 Type of Housing 51 5.12 Ownership of House 52 5.13 Housing built by CIDCO 52 5.14 Housing built by Private Enterprise 53 5.15 Year of Occupation 53 5.16 Previous Place of Residence 54 5.17 Religion 55 5.18 Language 56 5.19 Spatial Pattern of Variables 57 5.20 Attributes of Principal Components 60 5.21 Attributes of Principal Components 61 List of Figure Figure Title Page Number 2.1 Expansion of Bombay 2 2.2 Twin City Across the Harbor 5 2.3 Development Potential of the Site 7 2.4 Nodes of Navi Mumbai 11 2.5 Institutional Hierarchy in Implementation of Development Plan for 15 Navi Mumbai 2.6 Land Use of Navi Mumbai 18 3.1 Circle and Swastika Town Plans 26 3.2 Concentric Zone Theory 28 3.3 Sector Theory 29 3.4 Multiple Nuclei Theory 29 3.5 Urban Social Patterns 31 3.6 Plan of Delhi and New Delhi 32 3.7 Asian Ports 32 3.8 Latin American Cities 33 3.9 Pattern of Indian Cities 34 3.10 Theories of Urban Social Patterns and Corresponding Case Studies 36 5.1 Distribution of Single-earner Families 45 5.2 Frequency of Families with Income range Rs. 2651-4450 46 5.3 Frequency of Families with at least one individual with Secondary 48 Education 5.4 Frequency of Male Population in the age group 25-45 49 5.5 Frequency of Households with 4 or 5 members 50 5.6 Frequency of Houses built by CIDCO 51 5.7 Frequency of Housing built by CIDCO 52 5.8 Frequency of Houses built by Private Enterprise 53 5.9 Frequency of Tenure 54 5.10 Frequency of Bombay as Previous Place of Residence 55 5.11 Frequency of Hindus 56 5.12 Frequency of Muslims 56 5.13 Frequency of Marathi 57 5.14 Frequency of Malayalam 57 5.15 Components in Rotated Space 59 5.16 Loadings of Principal Components 59 5.17 Dendrogram using Average Linkages between groups 60 5.18 Loadings of Principal Components 62 5.19 Dendrogram using Average Linkages between groups 63 6.1 Cluster of Nodes of Navi Mumbai 65 6.2 Average Linkage between Factor Scores 66 6.3 Average Linkage between Variables 66 6.4 Clustering of Sectors of Vashi 67 6.5 Average Linkage between Factor Scores 68 6.6 Average Linkage between Variables 68 6.7 Hypothetical Sector Pattern for Socioeconomic variables 69 6.8 Distribution of Number of Earners 69 6.9 Distribution of Income 69 6.10 Hypothetical Concentric Pattern for Family Status variables 70 6.11 Distribution of Ownership of Apartment 70 6.12 Hypothetical Multiple Nuclei Pattern for Ethnic variables 71 6.13 Distribution of Households speaking Marathi 71 6.14 Distribution of Households which follow Islam 71 6.15 Clustering of Sectors 72 6.16 Score 1 72 6.17 Score 2 72 6.18 Score 3 72 Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Research Problem Statement The overall objective of this thesis is to determine what common patterns, if any, exist in the urban social pattern of planned towns in India. The urban social pattern is one of the many aspects of the urban form.