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The Territory of the Grand Tetouan As Linear City: Between Description and Project

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The Territory of the Grand Tetouan As Linear City: Between Description and Project Urban Planning (ISSN: 2183–7635) 2020, Volume 5, Issue 2, Pages 218–228 DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i2.2863 Article The Territory of the Grand Tetouan as Linear City: Between Description and Project Victor Brunfaut * and Bertrand Terlinden Faculty of Architecture La Cambre-Horta, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; E-Mails: [email protected] (V.B.), [email protected] (B.T.) * Corresponding author Submitted: 1 February 2020 | Accepted: 1 June 2020 | Published: 30 June 2020 Abstract This article, based upon pedagogical experimentation in development in a master-level architecture studio at the ULB School of Architecture (Brussels), focuses on the concept of a linear city in a metropolitan context. This concept is pro- posed by the Grand Tetouan (North Morocco) spatial development scheme as a framework to think about the future of this territory. The interest of the concept lies in its being both a descriptive and project-oriented tool, which allows work- ing with students on the intricate relationship between these two moments of urban design. The coastal region has been the subject of a proposal for a “linear garden city” by a follower of Soria y Mata, Hilarión González del Castillo (1929), a project that left traces on the “palimpsest” (Corboz, 1983/2001) of the actual territory. The idea of the linear city, which has been, throughout the 20th century, a recurrent thematic in urban planning theory and practice dealing with the is- sue of industrial development of the modern city can be, in the specific case of the Grand Tetouan region, re-examined through the lens of tourism as an industry. The exploration is based on an analytical approach by the use of the notion of urban material (Boeri, Lanzani, & Marini, 1993; Viganò, 1999), an approach that creates the conditions of understanding (describing/designing) the existing territory through the mapping of its physical elements, a description that can then be used to develop an analysis of the forms of production of these elements and the complexity of their uses: how the city is, formally and socially, built (Secchi, 1989). Keywords architecture teaching; city; linear city; Tetouan region; Morocco; urban planning Issue This article is part of the issue “Territories in Time: Mapping Palimpsest Horizons” edited by Chiara Cavalieri (UCLouvain, Belgium) and Elena Cogato Lanza (EPFL, Switzerland). © 2020 by the authors; licensee Cogitatio (Lisbon, Portugal). This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribu- tion 4.0 International License (CC BY). 1. Introduction project-oriented, as it has been proposed by several ur- ban planners and/or thinkers, since the expression’s coin- This article focuses on an ongoing pedagogical experi- ing by Arturo Soria y Mata for its project of linear devel- ence (still in process at the time of writing) developed opments for the extension of Madrid, in the years 1880 in a master-level architecture studio at the ULB School (Soria y Puig, 1968). The territory proposed for the study of Architecture (Brussels). This experience is being devel- had been the subject, already in 1913, of a proposal oped in the context of the Grand Tetouan region (North for “the first linear city of Africa” by Soria y Mata (the Morocco), a context that allows reflecting upon the con- north of Morocco was then under Spanish protectorate, cept of the linear city. The interest of this concept lies in an administration that lasted from 1912 until 1956; see the fact that it is both descriptive and project-oriented: Soria y Mata, 1913). The proposal—which gave birth to descriptive, as this expression can be (and is being) used the development of a railway infrastructure connecting to define specific forms of linear urban developments; Ceuta to Tetouan (thoughtlessly dismantled after the end Urban Planning, 2020, Volume 5, Issue 2, Pages 218–228 218 of the Protectorate) and initiated a process of urban- 2. Elements of Conceptualization and ization along the coastline—legitimates the use of the Contextualization concept in the global framework of the urban planning development scheme (Royaume du Maroc, Ministère 2.1. A Rapid Overview of the Idea of the Linear City, de l’Aménagement du Territoire de l’Environnement de Project and/or Phenomenon l’Urbanisme et de l’Habitat , 2017) proposed by the provincial authorities. The model of the linear city can be traced back to the The work being developed with the students started end of the 19th century and the famous project of in the spring semester of 2019, with an attempt to ‘ciudad lineal’ conceived for suburban development in compare the Tetouan-Ceuta territory with notorious Madrid by Spanish engineer Arturo Soria y Mata (Cohen, paradigms of linear urban developments (i.e., the via 2002; Collins, 1960). This development, structured upon Emilia, in Northern Italy; the swiss shore of the Leman a broad avenue equipped with a tramway line, has been Lake; the Belgian ‘noordzee’ coast) and linear city carried on by Soria y Mata’s own company. Even though projects, realized or not: Soria y Mata’s ‘ciudad lineal,’ only a small part of the project was built, and though lost in Madrid (Prandi, 2016; Soria y Mata, 1913); Miljutin’s, its formal characteristics of being a linear urban devel- and later Le Corbusier’s, projects of industrial linear cities opment standing out in the countryside as it has been (Cohen, 2002); Victor Bourgeois and Renaet Braem’s pro- completely absorbed by further developments of the city posals of linear cities for the Belgian territory (Strauven, (the neighborhood is still called ‘ciudad lineal,’ see Cohen, 1985; Strauven, 2017); Michel Ecochard’s ‘combinat’ of 2002; Collins, 1960), the idea raised great interest. It was Casablanca-Fedala (Ecochard, 1951, 1955). The compar- soon adopted by urban planners, who saw in it a solu- ison addressed both formal (regarding dimensions, in tion in their quest of rational planning for urban develop- length and depth; architectural typologies…) and func- ments in the period of the industrial boom, mainly after tional (infrastructures, facilities…) issues, focusing on the World War I—and, therefore, after Soria y Mata’s death general idea of spatial distribution and social justice in 1920 (Prandi, 2016). The success of the concept at the (Secchi, 2013). Students then developed urban and ar- time can be illustrated by the creation of an international chitectural design proposals, based upon congruencies association devoted to it, the Association Internationale between the existing territory and issues (or principles) des Cités Linéaires (International Association for Linear identified in the paradigmatic examples studied. The un- Cities), founded in Paris in 1928 by Georges Benoit-Levy derlying idea was to cross theoretical positions and for- and endorsed by the CIAM (Hall, 2002, p. 117). The most mal principles with a territory already shaped by its famous sequel of Soria y Mata’s concept can be found history—with the ‘palimpsest’ formed by the territory in Russia and more specifically in the work of Nikolaï (Corboz, 1983/2001), conceiving an overall project for Miljutine. Jean-Louis Cohen (2002), in his introduction the linear city of Tetuan as a bead necklace on the exist- to the second edition of Miljutine’s book Sotsgorod, first ing linear road and highway infrastructure. The students’ published in Russia in 1930, describes the strange path design proposals, interesting as they were, showed a lack the concept of the linear city had taken to reach the of grip on reality. This led us to set up a semester studio soviet country. He underlines the role of the French completely devoted to the task of describing how the city economist Charles Gide as a passer between Soria y Mata is being built, nowadays, using the concept of ‘urban ma- and the Russian urbanists. Gide’s 1925 description of the terial’ (Viganò, 1999). This concept, proposed and devel- principle of the linear city clearly identifies the issue of: oped by Paola Viganò and Bernardo Secchi at the turn of the century, constitutes a methodological tool between A city that no longer has a center, where there would description and project, as an existing, material reality no longer be a brain but nerve centers scattered can be described through the identification of such ‘ur- through the length of the backbone, in such a way that ban materials’, while they can, at the same time, be seen each one would have the possibility of staying close as ‘building material’ for projects (built, or yet to come). to its particular center, its factory, its trading house, ‘Urban materials’ are the materials that build the urban these being themselves scattered all along the way. territory: in this view, their apparition, at specific times, (Charles Gide, 1925, as cited in Cohen, 2002, p. 18, and their use and combination, is what makes up the ter- translation by the authors) ritory as a palimpsest. The specific context of the Grand Tetouan region, and The influence of Miljutine’s schemes over Le Corbusier, its being thought of as a ‘linear city,’ gives the opportu- whose role in the diffusion of the concept through nity to work on the intertwining of urbanism (as disci- the modern architects and urban planning community pline) and urbanization (as a phenomenon), and to give is well-known, is very clear, despite being the object the students an understanding of the importance of a dis- of debates between the main protagonists (see Cohen, ciplinary position that gives equal attention to both. The 2002, p. 29). Le Corbusier’s integration of the concept concept of ‘urban material’ appears to be particularly ef- of the linear city in his writings came only after the fective, not only to develop that understanding but more Second World War, with the publication of Les Trois generally, in a pragmatic way, to work on these issues.
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