Planning Theory
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
The Territory of the Grand Tetouan As Linear City: Between Description and Project
Urban Planning (ISSN: 2183–7635) 2020, Volume 5, Issue 2, Pages 218–228 DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i2.2863 Article The Territory of the Grand Tetouan as Linear City: Between Description and Project Victor Brunfaut * and Bertrand Terlinden Faculty of Architecture La Cambre-Horta, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; E-Mails: [email protected] (V.B.), [email protected] (B.T.) * Corresponding author Submitted: 1 February 2020 | Accepted: 1 June 2020 | Published: 30 June 2020 Abstract This article, based upon pedagogical experimentation in development in a master-level architecture studio at the ULB School of Architecture (Brussels), focuses on the concept of a linear city in a metropolitan context. This concept is pro- posed by the Grand Tetouan (North Morocco) spatial development scheme as a framework to think about the future of this territory. The interest of the concept lies in its being both a descriptive and project-oriented tool, which allows work- ing with students on the intricate relationship between these two moments of urban design. The coastal region has been the subject of a proposal for a “linear garden city” by a follower of Soria y Mata, Hilarión González del Castillo (1929), a project that left traces on the “palimpsest” (Corboz, 1983/2001) of the actual territory. The idea of the linear city, which has been, throughout the 20th century, a recurrent thematic in urban planning theory and practice dealing with the is- sue of industrial development of the modern city can be, in the specific case of the Grand Tetouan region, re-examined through the lens of tourism as an industry. -
Rethinking the Modern Programme Draft
Architecture, Design and Conservation Danish Portal for Artistic and Scientific Research Aarhus School of Architecture // Design School Kolding // Royal Danish Academy Rethinking the modern programme Hauberg, Jørgen; Bjerrum, Peter Publication date: 2016 Document Version: Peer reviewed version Link to publication Citation for pulished version (APA): Hauberg, J., & Bjerrum, P. (Accepted/In press). Rethinking the modern programme: - a retrospective review into the possibilities of a social and natural sustainable urbanization.. Paper presented at Regional Urbanism in the Era of Globalisation, Huddersfield, United Kingdom. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 25. Sep. 2021 Rethinking the modern programme - a retrospective review into the possibilities of a social and natural sustainable urbanization. Peter Bjerrum, Emeritus dr.arch. Institute of Architecture and Planning The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, School of Architecture Email: [email protected] Jørgen Hauberg, Assoc.Prof. -
Garden Cities Located in What Now Are the Suburbs of Berlin
focus | 2009 | volume VI 53 GAR D EN CITIES: LESSONS FROM GERMANY Kar L ECKE R T Karl Eckert is a senior at Ebenezer Howard’s lessons and the Garden City movement spread throughout Europe the BCRP program, City between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th. In this article, Karl Eckert and Regional Planning Department, Cal Poly. discusses the origins of the movement and the translation of the concept to Germany. During a recent trip, he visited and studied tSiemensstadt and Britz, two garden cities located in what now are the suburbs of Berlin. In reading the book Cities of Tomorrow by Sir Peter Hall, one comes to realize the profession of planning is a relatively new field of expertise. Modern day city planning stems from the early 1900’s when the societies of the developing world were dealing with the menace of the urban slum, a new phenomenon spurred by industrial forces and a rise in migratory populations to major city centers for employment. Developing ideas that would counter-attack this dire urban condition would soon define and establish what is known today as city planning. Life in the Slums Peter Hall’s Cities of Tomorrow elaborates on how, during the period of 1880 to 1920, major cities such as London, Berlin, Paris and New York experienced complications with slum populations. These cities exhibited high concentrations of poor residents within areas defined by the lack of physical maintenance, crowded conditions, disregard for sanitation, and general social decline. Andrew Figure 1 Mearns, a pamphlet writer of the time, described the slums of London with clarity: The Siemens factory, which was the main employment outlet “Few who read these pages have any conception of what these pestilential human rookeries for those living in are, where tens of thousands are crowded together amidst horrors which call to mind what we Seimensstadt. -
From the Garden City Movement Onwards
From the Garden City Movement Onwards Utopianism in British Garden Cities Rick William Moerman Department of Human Geography Examiner: Mads Barbesgaard SGEM08 Supervisor: Anders Lund Hansen Spring 2020 2 Abstract With the publication of Garden Cities of To-Morrow in 1898, Ebenezer Howard gave the go-ahead to the Garden City Movement. Howard’s concept of the garden city arose from his anti-capitalist critiques. Many industrial cities in the United Kingdom were facing urbanization problems, leading to the working class living in terrible circumstances in the suburban areas. This process caused a poor quality of life, housing shortages, polluted air and water and a lack of access to nature. At the same time, the countryside lacked career opportunities and a lack of (cultural) amusement. Howard proposed the garden city as a new alternative to both ways of living. A garden city would have a green character and a blooming cultural life. Surrounding greenbelts and enough job opportunities would make the city self-sustainable. The reactions to Howard’s utopian ideas were mainly positive, leading to the construction of two garden cities in the United Kingdom. Letchworth and Welwyn Garden City were located close to London and offered a way of living as proposed by Howard. These projects were considered successful, leading to the establishment of the related New Town Movement. This movement eventually led to the creation of 28 new and self-sustaining towns all over the United Kingdom. Meanwhile, the two original garden cities had developed into rich commuter towns which had become too expansive for the working class population. -
OLMSTED TRACT; Torrance, California 2011 – 2013 SURVEY of HISTORIC RESOURCES
OLMSTED TRACT; Torrance, California 2011 – 2013 SURVEY OF HISTORIC RESOURCES II. HISTORIC CONTEXT STATEMENT A. Torrance and Garden City Movement: The plan for the original City of Torrance, known as the Olmsted Tract, owes its origins to a movement that begin in England in the late 19th Century. Sir Ebenezer Howard published his manifesto “Garden Cities of To-morrow" in 1898 where he describes a utopian city in which man lives harmoniously together with the rest of nature. The London suburbs of Letchworth Garden City and Welwyn Garden City were the first built examples of garden city planning and became a model for urban planners in America. In 1899 Ebenezer founded the Garden City Association to promote his idea for the Garden City ‘in which all the advantages of the most energetic town life would be secured in perfect combination with all the beauty and delight of the country.” His notions about the integration of nature with town planning had profound influence on the design of cities and the modern suburb in the 20th Century. Examples of Garden City Plans in America include: Forest Hills Gardens, New York (by Fredrick Law Olmsted Jr.); Radburn, New Jersey; Shaker Heights, Ohio; Baldwin Hills Village, in Los Angeles, California and Greenbelt, Maryland. Fredrick Law Olmsted is considered to be the father of the landscape architecture profession in America. He had two sons that inherited his legacy and firm. They practiced as the Olmsted Brothers of Brookline Massachusetts. Fredrick Law Olmsted Junior was a founding member of The National Planning Institute of America and was its President from 1910 to 1919. -
Programs and Problems of City Planning in the Soviet Union
Washington University Law Review Volume 1963 Issue 1 Symposium: Land Use Planning 1963 Programs and Problems of City Planning in the Soviet Union Zigurds L. Zile University of Wisconsin Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_lawreview Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, Housing Law Commons, and the Land Use Law Commons Recommended Citation Zigurds L. Zile, Programs and Problems of City Planning in the Soviet Union, 1963 WASH. U. L. Q. 19 (1963). Available at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_lawreview/vol1963/iss1/3 This Symposium is brought to you for free and open access by the Law School at Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Washington University Law Review by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PROGRAMS AND PROBLEMS OF CITY PLANNING IN THE SOVIET UNION ZIGURDS L. ZILE* INTRODUCTION This article traces the forty-five year history of city planning in the Soviet Union. It describes and interprets the landmark events and the periods of progress which have alternated with periods of stagna- tion and retreat. The focus is on the principal normative acts and the agencies charged with their execution. Soviet writings, especially those for foreign readers, propagate the notion that truly far-reaching city planning is possible only where private ownership of land is absent, where housing is publicly owned and where a single economic plan directs the national economy, as is the case in the Soviet Union. The same writings imply that Soviet planners have actually learned to control urban growth and are routinely creating individualized cities which blend into their physical environment and reflect the residents' ethnic and cultural heritage." In fact, there is wide disparity between plans and results. -
A Centenary Review of Transport Planning in Canberra, Australia
Progress in Planning 87 (2014) 1–32 www.elsevier.com/locate/pplann A centenary review of transport planning in Canberra, Australia Paul Mees School of Global, Urban and Social Studies, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia Abstract For the most important periods in its 100-year history, Canberra, Australia, has been planned around the car, with eliminating traffic congestion the number one planning goal. During the last decade, this vision of Canberra has been increasingly questioned, with both Territory and Commonwealth planning bodies advocating a more ‘transit-oriented’ urban form. Trends in transport usage rates and mode shares have not, however, followed the new planning directions: the car remains dominant, while public transport usage rates remain much lower than those achieved in Canberra in past decades. The 2013 centenary of Canberra offers an opportunity to review the development of one of the world’s few comprehensively planned capital cities. This paper explores the reasons behind Canberra’s apparent ‘love affair’ with the car, and corresponding poor public transport performance. It traces trends in policies and usage rates over the last half-century. In particular, it explores the remarkable, but largely forgotten, transport turnaround that took place in Canberra between the mid-1970s and mid-1980s. Transport policy changes introduced by a reformist federal government saw public transport usage rates double in a decade, while car usage stopped growing. For a time it appeared that the national capital was leading the way towards a transit-oriented future. Significantly, the turnaround was achieved without any substantial change to Canberra’s density and urban form. -
Foundations of Modern American City Planning
FOUNDATIONS OF MODERN AMERICAN CITY PLANNING Most historians agree that modern American city planning began in the late 1800’s. Some affix the date to 1893 and the Columbian Exposition in Chicago, though there is less orthodoxy regarding this moment than 15 years ago. In contrast to the earlier Colonial planning period (Philadelphia, Savannah, Williamsburg, etc.) wherein plans preceded development, planning in the 1800s generally responded to the urbanization stimulated by the industrial revolution in existing and haphazardly developing cities. The American Industrial Revolution occurred in two waves, the first in 1820-1870 and the second in 1870-1920. The U.S. grew from 7% urban in 1820 to 25% urban in 1870 and 50% urban in 1920. Several social movements categorized as precursors to modern American city planning (public health, sanitary reform, settlement house and housing reform, parks planning) responded to the challenges and consequences of chaotic urbanization prior to modern planning’s beginnings. The City Beautiful movement was a fifth response at about the same time that modern planning began. The Garden Cities Movement simultaneously commenced in England and was imported soon after. American planning grew out of and hoped to provide a broader, more comprehensive vision to these movements. Five interrelated and overlapping 1. Sanitary Reform Movement movements of the 19th Century have 2. Parks Planning/Parks Systems Movement profound effect on the first half of 3. Settlement House/Housing Reform Movement the 20th Century 4. Garden City Movement 5. City Beautiful Movement Movement Attributes Sanitary Reform (extensive overlap An outgrowth and response to the accelerating with and sometimes referred to as urbanization of the U.S. -
Sustainable Compact City As an Alternative Concept of Urban Development in Indonesia
SUSTAINABLE COMPACT CITY AS AN ALTERNATIVE CONCEPT OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN INDONESIA Agus Dharma Tohjiwa, Yudi Nugraha Bahar Department of Architecture, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning, Gunadarma University, Jakarta Indonesia Email : [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT Nowadays urban population particularly settled in cities is more increasing over the world. This trend leads to an opinion that urban area tends to become the hardest places of energy consumption. There is a kind of consensus considered that sustainable development take an essential role to urban development in the future. A sustainable development is a concept of development which syncronize a collaboration between the needs and limited resources. This urban sustainable development indicator could be seen on its balanced factors of economics, social and environmental. Compact city is one of a growing discourse on examining the patterns in space and form of the sustainable city. In a compact city, there is a high emphasize focused on the program of urban containment, namely to provide a mix-use concentration that socially sustained. Some policies of scenario used to be taken to create a compact city are not only to improve hi-densed settlement with its assmilation and to develope a mixed land use between residential and commercial but also to maintain a clear boundary between housing and farmland. The idea of Compact city is originated by compact model development of most historic cities in europe. However, the problem of the idea remarkably questioned whether the concept is suitable in accord with the urban development character in developing countries. The UNCHS has predicted that in 2015 about 22 of 26 mega-cities will be in developing countries. -
A Linear City Development Under Contemporary Determinants
TIJANA TUFEK-MEMISEVIC*, EWA STACHURA** A linear city development under contemporary determinants Abstract The Linear City concept in spatial planning has been present since Soria y Mata’s proposal in 1882 (Collins, 1959). Yet, natu- rally conditioned elongated urban developments have not been a frequent subject of research. However, dynamic urbaniza- tion under ongoing processes of globalization have brought new conditions and challenges for cities, among them a strong impact of international financial markets on a city space. Cultural and recreational areas are being systematically replaced by commercial and office buildings what disrupts correct city structure. The set of conditions mentioned above relate to linear cities as well. Apart from analyzing possible causes of developing existing linear cities, this paper aims to examine their contemporary development possibilities determined by mentioned above factors. Sarajevo, BiH serves as case example. On the basic of extensive literature review the development possibilities have been recognized. In case of Sarajevo possible interventions appear as strengthening main transportation axes and establishing new centers along the city spine1. Keywords: Linear city, urban development, contemporary determinants of city development 1. The concept of linear development Ciudad Lineal as a settlement in close vicinity There have been many different stances on why or how the of Madrid (today it is a district of the city). linear development concept emerged in urban planning the- The linear concept -
Growth of the City Chennai
www.ijcrt.org © 2021 IJCRT | Volume 9, Issue 6 June 2021 | ISSN: 2320-2882 GROWTH OF THE CITY CHENNAI Based on Urban ecology T.M.A HAJEE HAFILA BANU , SIVAGANESH. P , S.BHAKYASRI Assistant Professor , Architect , Architect ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING AALIM MUHAMMED SALEGH ACADEMY OF ARCHITECTURE, CHENNAI, INDIA. SHIVA ARCHITECTS , T.KALLUPATTI , MADURAI , INDIA SM CONSTRUCTIONS, CHENNAI,INDIA Abstract: "A city should be built to give its inhabitants security and happiness." – Aristotle (Greek philosopher & scientist) . The English word “city” - from the Latin cīvitās, a highly organized community; city-state , (Wikipedia 2014),(UN-Habitat 2014) . The city planning is to elevate the 'quality of life' by making it ‘widely inclusive’ (spatially as well as socially) with the sustaining knowledge about the critical systems of the city . Chennai city one of the four metropolis of India , bounded by the coromandel coast on the east is the biggest commercial , cultural, economic & educational centre in South India is also the capital of the state of Tamil Nadu. The birth of the City , dates back to 1639 on the establishment of the British east India company in Chennai. The City is experiencing rapid urbanization in the recent times due to the uncontrolled growth of expansion which in turn is affecting the urban ecology. Urban ecology is a multidisciplinary approach to improving living conditions for the human population in cities, referring to the ecological functions.” This paper explores about the “Growth of the City – Chennai (on terms of Urban ecology) , studies about the theoretical models of Urban development as the background study along with the parameters of urbanization , and compares it with Chennai city on the same. -
2011 AICP Review Course HISTORY and THEORY
2011 AICP Review Course HISTORY AND THEORY February 2011 Kelly O’Brien, AICP, PP, LEED AP Professional Development Officer of Exam Prep American Planning Association – New Jersey Chapter MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW HISTORY AND THEORY History and Theory (and Law) 15% • History of planning • Planning law • Theory of planning • Patterns of human settlement MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW HISTORY AND THEORY Primary functions of planning • improve efficiency of outcomes • counterbalance market failures - balance public and private interests • widen the range of choice - enhance consciousness of decision making • civic engagement - expand opportunity and understanding in community MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW HISTORY AND THEORY Professionalization of Planning 1901 NYC: “New Law” regulates tenement housing 1907 Hartford: first official & permanent local planning board 1909 – Washington DC: first planning association – National Conference on City Planning – Wisconsin: first state enabling legislation permitting cities to plan – Chicago Plan: Burnham creates first regional plan – Los Angeles: first land use zoning ordinance – Harvard School of Landscape Architecture: first course in city planning MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW HISTORY AND THEORY Pre-modern to New Urban Form 1682 Philadelphia plan Grid system & William Penn neighborhood parks Thomas Holme 1695 Annapolis plan Radiocentric Francis Nicholson 1733 Savannah Ward park system Oglethorpe 1790 Washington Grand, whole city plan Pierre L’Enfant 1852-1870 Paris Model for “City Beautiful” Napoleon III; Haussmann 1856 Central Park First major purchase of F L Olmsted Sr parkland 1869 Riverside, IL Model curved street FL Olmsted Sr “suburb” Calvert Vaux 1880 Pullman, IL Model industrial town George Pullman MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW HISTORY AND THEORY Philosophies and Movements Agrarian Philosophy 1800’S – Belief that a life rooted in agriculture is the most humanly valuable.