DOCSLIB.ORG

Copyright 2015 Lessie Burnita Tate

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Copyright 2015 Lessie Burnita Tate Copyright 2015 Lessie Burnita Tate THE POWER OF PAN AFRICANISM: TANZANIAN/AFRICAN AMERICAN LINKAGES, 1947–1997 BY LESSIE B. TATE DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2015 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral Committee: Professor Maria Todorova, Chair Professor Jean Allman, Director of Research Associate Professor James Brennan Associate Professor Theresa Barnes Professor David Roediger Professor Jamie Monson Professor Gregory Maddox ii Abstract Reconstruction of the fifty-year Tanzanian/African American relationship from the engagements of Pan-Africanism enhanced through black internationalism exposes the cross-cultural fertilization of Tanzanian nationalism with the US black community’s self- identity in the 1960s. By examining the interactions of black networks and the extension of hospitality between Tanzanians and African Americans in the black hubs of the late 1940s and 1950s, the formation of linkages from diasporic African anti-colonial and anti- racist solidarity comes forth. Archival records of Pan-African, human rights, labor, and civil rights organizations, as well as interviews with those who participated in the Tanzanian/African American linkages, illuminate the function, growth, and challenges of black networks that collaborated in the international quest for total black liberation from the 1950s through the 1970s. Language serves as the marker that identifies this African/African diaspora linkage as more than a casual relationship, but one that enters into nation building in Tanzania in the 1960s. Tracing the introduction of Kiswahili into the US black community to its symbolic adoption by African Americans in their black cultural nationalism through black print exposes the transfer of influence of Tanzanian nationalism in the United States from the black elite to the masses. Expanding the parameter of African history to include the continent’s Atlantic diaspora illustrates the results of Tanzania’s multifaceted practice of Pan-Africanism that included African descendants from America into its extended family through the implementation of Ujamaa. iii Acknowledgments During my long period of matriculation there have been many wonderful people who have knowingly and unknowingly enriched my pursuit of scholarship as well as my life. As a non-traditional student returning to the university in middle age, it was Professor Kairn Klieman’s African History classes and the opportunity to travel to Ghana in 1999 through her study-abroad program at the University of Houston that drew me to the critical study of Africa. Professor Klieman gave me the tools to distinguish between preconceived beliefs established in popular American black culture and the historical analysis of African history. Under the guidance of Professor Gregory Maddox, I began my exploration of Tanzania with my first study-abroad trip to the country in 2000. It was on this trip that I became acquainted with the University of Dar es Salaam and Professors Isaria N. Kimambo and Yusuf Q. Lawi in that university’s history department. The University of Dar es Salaam served as a base, and Professors Kimambo and Lawi were great support in my continued research on my return trips to Tanzania. Yet the most important aspect of this trip was spotting a dhoul with the name Marcus Garvey painted on its side on a beach in Bagamoya. Sighting this symbol of early global Pan-Africanism sparked my continued interest in Tanzania that resulted in this dissertation. Attending The Center for African American Studies Summer Institute at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and the Research Program in 2001, I began to explore the connection between Tanzania’s practice of Pan-Africanism and the US black community under the mentorship of East African historian Professor Edward Alpers. Time spent at UCLA was a tremendous boost to my research. Professor Alpers was in Tanzania at the height of nation building and talked with me at great length about his experiences in the country, notably his time spent with Walter Rodney. The UCLA Graduate Library is where I began to trace the threads of Kiswahili political language in US black print. On a return trip to Tanzania in 2002, I met African American expatriates Edie Wilson, Elaine Wamba, and Pete and Charlotte O’Neal, among others still living in the iv country. It was also the period I began my research in the East Africana Archives, where I explored Tanzanian newspapers for evidence of African American activity in the country. I am extremely grateful for Tanzanian and African American expatriate friendships and their sharing of their memoirs with me. From this research I wrote my thesis, which completed my Master of Arts in history at Texas Southern University. With me at the time I sighted the dhoul Marcus Garvey was Professor Gregory Maddox. “You will write about his one day,” he said at the time. His words fed my resolve to continue my research. I began doctoral studies at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign in 2004. During my years of coursework, I benefitted greatly from the wonderful seminars taught by Don Crummey, Fanon Wilkins, Maria Todorova, Charles Stewart, Jean Allman, and David Roediger. Moreover, I can never express the depth of my gratitude to my dissertation committee members, Jean Allman, Maria Todorova, David Roediger, James Brennan, Jamie Monson, and Gregory Maddox, who generously gave of their time in reading the numerous drafts of this dissertation. Words are insufficient to express how grateful I am to Jean Allman who directed my research and patiently waited for me to complete this task. Of course this research could not have been accomplished without the support and help from the staffs of the numerous archives I visited. I would especially like to thank Christopher Harter of the Amistad Research Center at Tulane University, where I made many return visits and was the cause of their many trips to the warehouse for my exploration into Pan-African and human rights archival records. I owe gratitude, too, to all twenty-one of my classmates who entered historical doctoral studies at University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign with me in 2004. It has been stated many times that the process of writing a dissertation is a lonely one. I have been fortunate to have friends and colleagues to assist me in this journey. I owe a great deal of gratitude to Alvia Wardlaw and Janice Stensrude who edited this work in its roughest form. Doretha Smith Henderson and Virginia Rowe Franklin, who began this journey with me, are remembered at this time. I am thankful for the hospitality v of Jim and Blandina Giblin on my trips to Tanzania. In addition, I feel endlessly grateful for the support of Alyce Coffy and Janell and Akwesi Agyeman, as well as the faculty and staff of Texas Southern University’s History and Geography departments. Most of all, I would like to remember my parents, grandparents, and blended family, who did not live to see this accomplishment but whose shoulders I stood on nonetheless. I lovingly acknowledge my son Johnathan for keeping me grounded and sane. And to the many more close friends and colleagues not named who encouraged and supported me throughout this long process, I thank you. vi Table of Contents Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter One: The Tanzanian/African American Linkage: A Product of Black Hubs, 1947–1960 ................................................................................................ 32 Chapter Two: An African/Diaspora Linkage at the Dawn of African Independence ...... 83 Chapter Three: Tanzanian National Building in Africa and Abroad, 1967–1974 .......... 148 Chapter Four: Lessons from the Combination of African Continental and Diaspora Pan-Africanism in Tanzania, 1974–Onward ............................................. 184 Bibliography ...................................................................................................................... 231 1 Introduction Defining that space that constitutes the black world is critical for understanding how Africans and the African diaspora functioned within it and how information flowed outside it. Black consciousness carved space from within the Western metropolis for the creation of black hubs and networks. Black hubs were the gathering places, outside Africa, of racially conscious Africans and African descendants. The dispersal of large numbers of Africans to Brazil, colonial America, and the Caribbean, through the transatlantic slave trade, created the phenomena of black space.1 It was this institution of slavery that seeded the first black hubs that formed wherever black slavery had flourished. In the middle twentieth century the opportunity for a better life, usually through the pursuit of higher education or employment, served as a vehicle in the Western world to nourish the flourishing hubs. Whereas Sterling Stuckey professed that “slave ships were the first real incubators of slave unity across cultural lines” of different African ethnic groups, in this instance from the World Wars onward the subordination of colonialism, created through the institutions of Jim Crow and apartheid restructured a global African unity through black solidarity in pursuit of total black liberation.2 It is from within the black hubs that the narrative of this African/diaspora
Load more

Recommended publications
  • John Henrik Clarke: a Great and Mighty Walk
    AFRICAN DIASPORA ANCESTRAL COMMEMORATION INSTITUTE 25th Annual Commemoration for the Millions of African Ancestors Who Perished in the Middle Passage – the Maafa – and Those Who Survived Saturday – 10 June and Sunday – 11 June 2017 The Ancestors Speak: A Message of Renewal, Redemption and Rededication Saturday – 10 June 2017 • 9:30am – 1pm River Walk and Spiritual Healing Ceremony – Anacostia Park Assemble at 9:30am Union Temple Baptist Church • 1225 W Street SE • Washington, DC Libations • Prayers • Ceremonial Drumming • Procession to Anacostia River – 10:30am – 1pm Babalawo Fakunle Oyesanya – Officiating Reception – Lite Refreshments • Anacostia Arts Center – 1231 Good Hope Road SE ATTENDEES ARE ASKED TO WEAR WHITE CLOTHING Simultaneous Commemoration Activities at ADACI Sites in Detroit, Senegal, Nigeria, Brazil and Cuba Honorees ADACI Walking in the Footsteps of the Ancestors Award to Michael Brown ADACI annoD Sister of Strength Awards to Nana Malaya Rucker-Oparabea • Afua MonaCheri Pollard • Lydia Curtis • Akilah Karima Cultural Presentations KanKouran Children’s Company – Ateya Ball-Lacy – Dance Instructor • Celillianne Greene – Poet African Diaspora Ancestral Commemoration Institute Info: 202.558.2187 • 443.570.5667 (Baltimore) • www.adaciancestors.org. • [email protected] For worldwide middle passage remembrance activities see www.RememberTheAncestors.com International Coalition to Commemorate the African Ancestors of the Middle Passage (ICCAAMP) The Smithsonian National Museum of African Art in cooperation with the African Diaspora Ancestral Commemoration Institute (ADACI) presents the documentary John Henrik Clarke: A Great and Mighty Walk OHN HENRIK CLARKE Sunday • 11June 2017 JA GREAT AND MIGHTY WALK 12:30pm – 4:30pm Smithsonian National Museum of African Art 950 Independence Avenue SW Washington, DC 20560 Lecture Hall – 2nd Level This 1996 documentary chronicles the life and times of the noted African-American historian, scholar and Pan-African activist Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • By Martin Sturmer First Published by Ndanda Mission Press 1998 ISBN 9976 63 592 3 Revised Edition 2008 Document Provided by Afrika.Info
    THE MEDIA HISTORY OF TANZANIA by Martin Sturmer first published by Ndanda Mission Press 1998 ISBN 9976 63 592 3 revised edition 2008 document provided by afrika.info I Preface The media industry in Tanzania has gone through four major phases. There were the German colonial media established to serve communication interests (and needs) of the German administration. By the same time, missionaries tried to fulfil their tasks by editing a number of papers. There were the media of the British administration established as propaganda tool to support the colonial regime, and later the nationalists’ media established to agitate for self-governance and respect for human rights. There was the post colonial phase where the then socialist regime of independent Tanzania sought to „Tanzanianize“ the media - the aim being to curb opposition and foster development of socialistic principles. There was the transition phase where both economic and political changes world-wide had necessitated change in the operation of the media industry. This is the phase when a private and independent press was established in Tanzania. Martin Sturmer goes through all these phases and comprehensively brings together what we have not had in Tanzania before: A researched work of the whole media history in Tanzania. Understanding media history in any society is - in itself - understanding a society’s political, economic and social history. It is due to this fact then, that we in Tanzania - particularly in the media industry - find it plausible to have such a work at this material time. This publication will be very helpful especially to students of journalism, media organs, university scholars, various researchers and even the general public.
    [Show full text]
  • Company Meetings by Electronic Means Or Virtual Platforms in Wake of COVID-19 Restrictions
    June 16, 2020 High Court grants leave for publicly Legal Alert: Key Decisions on listed companies to convene AGMs Company Law in Uganda by electronic means or virtual NEW! ALP Company Law News platforms in wake of impracticality, ALP Alerts is a free legal information service owing to COVID-19 restrictions, of provided by ALP East Africa in respect of the in-person meetings, subject to prior firm’s practice areas in its country presence in no-objection from the Securities Kenya, South Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda. Exchange and compliance with The Alerts are also available on the ALP applicable notices. website www.alp-ea.com Company Meetings by Electronic Means or Virtual Platforms in wake of COVID-19 restrictions Background meeting of the company to be called, held and conducted in the manner the court thinks fit.” The COVID-19 pandemic has fundamentally disrupted “business as usual” as we had come Both British American Tobacco (Uganda) to know it. With social distancing measures that Limited and Stanbic Uganda Holdings Limited have been put in place by very many countries, (hereinafter “the companies”) are public it is becoming impossible to engage in forms of companies listed under the Main Investment physical interaction—assemblies, meetings, Market Segment of the Uganda Securities etc.—a thing that was hitherto not envisaged. Exchange. The need for public companies to hold a general meeting is provided under The question that arises is: what happens when section 138(1) of the Companies Act 2012. physical interaction is required to do a certain Such general meeting is held once a year and thing? Especially, when that is required by the law requires that not more than 15 months constituent documents of a body or by law.
    [Show full text]
  • The Post-Colonial Administrative System in Tanzania 1961 to 2019
    EAS Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies Abbreviated Key Title: EAS J Humanit Cult Stud ISSN: 2663-0958 (Print) & ISSN: 2663-6743 (Online) Published By East African Scholars Publisher, Kenya Volume-2 | Issue-5| Sept-Oct 2020 | DOI: 10.36349/easjhcs.2020.v02i05.003 Review Article The Post-Colonial Administrative System in Tanzania 1961 to 2019 Osmund Kapinga1*, Victoria A Gores2 1St. Augustine University of Tanzania 2Mwenge Catholic University Tanzania Abstract: This paper deals with different areas which are the fundamentals of Article History Administrative System in Tanzania. It focuses on dissecting the Tanzania post colonial state Received: 25.08.2020 in discharging its duties to the masses, reflect on colonial administrative system as an Accepted: 22.09.2020 oppressive, exploitative and humiliating institution and post colonial administrative system Published: 10.10.2020 as developmental agency, identification and analysis of post colonial administrative Journal homepage: structure and functions. Lastly, to assess the functioning of the administrative organs by https://www.easpublisher.com/easjhcs linking them to the basic needs of the masses. Methodologically the paper has been designed from historical exploratory design. The approach engaged in this paper is that of qualitative Quick Response Code nature utilizing both primary and secondary historical sources to gather information through in depth interviews, oral histories, observation and intensive archival documentary review. Research instruments such as interview guides and checklists were designed to facilitate smooth collection of the required data. Most of the secondary data were generated from libraries at SAUT, MWECAU, UDSM, National Library DSM, Mwanza Regional Library and Kilimanjaro Regional Library. The findings revealed that there were high hopes among the masses that throughout the struggle for independence rallied behind TANU which was the vanguard of the struggle for uhuru.
    [Show full text]
  • Ali a Mazrui on the Invention of Africa and Postcolonial Predicaments1
    ‘My life is One Long Debate’: Ali A Mazrui on the Invention of Africa and Postcolonial Predicaments1 Sabelo J. Ndlovu-Gatsheni2 Archie Mafeje Research Institute University of South Africa Introduction It is a great honour to have been invited by the Vice-Chancellor and Rector Professor Jonathan Jansen and the Centre for African Studies at the University of the Free State (UFS) to deliver this lecture in memory of Professor Ali A. Mazrui. I have chosen to speak on Ali A. Mazrui on the Invention of Africa and Postcolonial Predicaments because it is a theme closely connected to Mazrui’s academic and intellectual work and constitute an important part of my own research on power, knowledge and identity in Africa. Remembering Ali A Mazrui It is said that when the journalist and reporter for the Christian Science Monitor Arthur Unger challenged and questioned Mazrui on some of the issues raised in his televised series entitled The Africans: A Triple Heritage (1986), he smiled and responded this way: ‘Good, [...]. Many people disagree with me. My life is one long debate’ (Family Obituary of Ali Mazrui 2014). The logical question is how do we remember Professor Ali A Mazrui who died on Sunday 12 October 2014 and who understood his life to be ‘one long debate’? More importantly how do we reflect fairly on Mazrui’s academic and intellectual life without falling into the traps of what the South Sudanese scholar Dustan M. Wai (1984) coined as Mazruiphilia (hagiographical pro-Mazruism) and Mazruiphobia (aggressive anti-Mazruism)? How do we pay tribute
    [Show full text]
  • The Case of Tanzania
    INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced frommicrofilm the master. U M I films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/ 761-4700 800/521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Order Number 9507836 War as a social trap: The case of Tanzania Francis, Joyce L., Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Diggin History Assessment An
    A Sign Of The Times of the Carolinas 2015 - Diggin’ History Through Music and Dance I. Pre / Post Assessment (Before presentation ) (After presentation ) Diggin’ History Questions? Answers Answers 1. 2. 3. II. Kwanzaa / Black History - Suggested Reading List Kwanzaa: A Celebration of Family Community and Culture MaulanaKarenga The African American Holiday of Kwanzaa MaulanaKarenga Selections From the Husia MaulanaKarenga Million Man March Day of Absence: Mission Statement MaulanaKarenga Reconstructing Kemetic Culture MaulanaKarenga Maat The Moral Idea of Ancient Egypt MaulanaKarenga To Your Journey (http://www.creative-interchange.com/about/) Ahmad Daniels The Signs & Symbols of Primordial Man Albert Churchward Blues People Amiri Baraka Blueprint for Black Power Amos N. Wilson Black-on-Black Violence Amos Wilson The Falsification of Afrikan Consciousness Amos Wilson The Development Psychology of the Black Child Amos Wilson The Maroon Within Us Asa G. Hilliard III African Power Asa G. Hilliard III SBA:The Reawakening of the African Mind Asa G. Hilliard III Nile Valley Contributions to Civilization Anthony T. Browder Psychopathic Racial Personality Bobby Wright The Ruins of Empires C.F. Volney The Mis-Education of the Negro Carter G. Woodson The Destruction of Black Civilization Chancellor Williams The Rebirth of African Civilization Chancellor Williams Echoes of the Old Darkland Charles Finch The Star Of Deep Beginnings Charles Finch Introduction To African Civilization: Myth or Reality Cheikh Anta Diop Civilization or Barbarism Cheikh Anta Diop Precolonial Black Africa Cheikh Anta Diop Cultural Unity of Africa Cheikh Anta Diop Towards African Renaissance Cheikh Anta Diop David Walker’s Appeal David Walker "Wonderful Ethiopians of the Cushite Empire" Drusilla Dunjee Houston From Columbus to Castro Eric Williams The Isis Papers Frances Cress Welsing Stolen Legacy George James Claiming Earth Haki R.
    [Show full text]
  • Black Ideologies, Black Utopias: Afrocentricity in Historical Perspective John H
    Contributions in Black Studies A Journal of African and Afro-American Studies Volume 12 Ethnicity, Gender, Culture, & Cuba Article 13 (Special Section) 1994 Black Ideologies, Black Utopias: Afrocentricity in Historical Perspective John H. Bracey Jr. University of Massachusetts Amherst August Meier Kent State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cibs Recommended Citation Bracey, John H. Jr. and Meier, August (1994) "Black Ideologies, Black Utopias: Afrocentricity in Historical Perspective," Contributions in Black Studies: Vol. 12 , Article 13. Available at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cibs/vol12/iss1/13 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Afro-American Studies at ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Contributions in Black Studies by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Bracey and Meier: Black Ideologies, Black Utopias John H. Bracey, Jr. andAugust Meier BLACK IDEOLOGIES, BLACK UTOPIAS: AFROCENTRICITY IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE LACK NATIONALIST IDEOLOGIES have existed throughout the history of African Americans. But the exact content and the way in which their intensity and B popularity has waxed and waned can be best understood by examining the specific historical contexts in which the ideas were embedded. Suchan analysis has been completely lacking in the current furor over "Afrocentricity" in its varied forms. Many oftheideas which are now consideredAfrocentric- though they were notlabeled a such at the time - also flourished at the turn of the nineteenth century during what appropriately has been described as the "nadir" of the Black experience in post-Civil War America.
    [Show full text]
  • Nziokim.Pdf (3.811Mb)
    Differenciating dysfunction: Domestic agency, entanglement and mediatised petitions for Africa’s own solutions Mutinda (Sam) Nzioki 2018 Differenciating dysfunction: Domestic agency, entanglement and mediatised petitions for Africa’s own solutions By Mutinda (Sam) Nzioki Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Ph.D. Africa Studies in the Faculty of the Humanities at the University of the Free State July 2018 Supervisor: Prof. André Keet Co-supervisor: Dr. Inge Konik Declaration I, Mutinda (Sam) Nzioki [UFS student number 2015107697], hereby declare that ‘Differenciating dysfunction’: Domestic agency, entanglement and mediatised petitions for Africa’s own solutions is my own work, and has not previously been submitted for assessment to another University or for another qualification. Further, all the sources that I have used and/or quoted within this work have been clearly indicated and acknowledged by complete references. July 2018 Mutinda (Sam) Nzioki _________________________ Table of contents Acknowledgments i Abstract ii Introduction 1 Repurposing and creative re-opening 5 Overview of chapters 10 Chapter 1: Key Concepts and Questions 14 Becoming different: Africa Rising and de-Westernisation 20 Laying out the process: Problems, questions and objectives 26 Thinking apparatus of the enemy: The burden of Nyamnjoh’s co-theorisation 34 Conceptual framework and technique of analysis 38 Cryonics of African ideas? 42 Media function of inventing: Overview of rationale for re-opening space 44 Concluding reflections on
    [Show full text]
  • Tanzania Comoros
    COUNTRY REPORT Tanzania Comoros 3rd quarter 1996 The Economist Intelligence Unit 15 Regent Street, London SW1Y 4LR United Kingdom The Economist Intelligence Unit The Economist Intelligence Unit is a specialist publisher serving companies establishing and managing operations across national borders. For over 40 years it has been a source of information on business developments, economic and political trends, government regulations and corporate practice worldwide. The EIU delivers its information in four ways: through subscription products ranging from newsletters to annual reference works; through specific research reports, whether for general release or for particular clients; through electronic publishing; and by organising conferences and roundtables. The firm is a member of The Economist Group. London New York Hong Kong The Economist Intelligence Unit The Economist Intelligence Unit The Economist Intelligence Unit 15 Regent Street The Economist Building 25/F, Dah Sing Financial Centre London 111 West 57th Street 108 Gloucester Road SW1Y 4LR New York Wanchai United Kingdom NY 10019, USA Hong Kong Tel: (44.171) 830 1000 Tel: (1.212) 554 0600 Tel: (852) 2802 7288 Fax: (44.171) 499 9767 Fax: (1.212) 586 1181/2 Fax: (852) 2802 7638 Electronic delivery EIU Electronic Publishing New York: Lou Celi or Lisa Hennessey Tel: (1.212) 554 0600 Fax: (1.212) 586 0248 London: Moya Veitch Tel: (44.171) 830 1007 Fax: (44.171) 830 1023 This publication is available on the following electronic and other media: Online databases CD-ROM Microfilm FT Profile (UK) Knight-Ridder Information World Microfilms Publications (UK) Tel: (44.171) 825 8000 Inc (USA) Tel: (44.171) 266 2202 DIALOG (USA) SilverPlatter (USA) Tel: (1.415) 254 7000 LEXIS-NEXIS (USA) Tel: (1.800) 227 4908 M.A.I.D/Profound (UK) Tel: (44.171) 930 6900 Copyright © 1996 The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited.
    [Show full text]
  • Unblemished, Uncorrupted Leadership by John Henrik Clarke
    Some Reminiscences of Malcolm X Unblemished, Uncorrupted Leadership by John Henrik Clarke The following are excerpts from the remarks by Dr. John Henrik Clarke at the November 13forum. These are very critical times in our life as looking at a Malcolm X is how Malcolm X approximate their words in developing the I a people. Once more we are standing at related to the radical ministry of the past. constitution for the Organization of African the crossroads of history. And I have a great I knew Malcolm X from 1958, when we American Unity, he was as happy as a child. [feeling of] dilemma - that we are debating met, until two weeks before he was assas- And it is little known that Malcolm X , and minor things and neglecting major subjects. sinated, and I talked with him consistently. I this is what made him so devastatingly effec- I have not seen the film, and therefore I will did not, even in the book that I compiled on tive, he had a non-Muslim "cabinet" that fed have little to say about the film. Malcolm X, say very much about my rela- him information but never told him what to In my brief discussion with Spike Lee [... ] tionship to him. So many phonies popped up do or how to do it. Yet we made sure that the I suggested that maybe the film should open after his death saying they were friends and information he dispensed was always correct. when they threw the mangled body of Mal- pals of Malcolm X.
    [Show full text]
  • Towards Responsible Democratic Government
    TOWARDS RESPONSIBLE DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT Executive Powers and Constitutional Practice in Tanzania 1962-1992 Jwani Timothy Mwaikusa Thesis Submitted to the University of London for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 1995 Law Department School of Oriental and African Studies ProQuest Number: 11010551 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 11010551 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 ABSTRACT With independence in 1961, the British system of Parliamentary government, incorporating the principle of responsible government, was formally adopted in Tanzania. But within only one year that system was discarded first, by adopting a Republican Constitution with an executive President in 1962, and then by adopting a one-party state system of government in 1965. The one-party system reached the height of prominence through the concept of "Party Supremacy", and dominated constitutional practice for a whole generation before giving way to demands for greater freedom and democracy through competitive politics in 1992. Throughout this time, however, the preambles to successive constitutions proclaimed that the government in Tanzania was responsible to a freely elected Parliament representative of the people.
    [Show full text]