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Popular Expressions of Southern African Nationalism(S): Convergences, Divergences, and Reconciliations in South Africa and Zimbabwe

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Popular Expressions of Southern African Nationalism(S): Convergences, Divergences, and Reconciliations in South Africa and Zimbabwe POPULAR EXPRESSIONS OF SOUTHERN AFRICAN NATIONALISM(S): CONVERGENCES, DIVERGENCES, AND RECONCILIATIONS IN SOUTH AFRICA AND ZIMBABWE By Blessing Shingirirai Mavima A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of African American and African Studies – Doctor of Philosophy 2019 ABSTRACT POPULAR EXPRESSIONS OF SOUTHERN AFRICAN NATIONALISM(S): CONVERGENCES, DIVERGENCES, AND RECONCILIATIONS IN SOUTH AFRICA AND ZIMBABWE By Blessing Shingirirai Mavima Popular Expressions of Pan-Africanism and Southern African Nationalism(s): Convergences, Divergences, and Reconciliations in South Africa and Zimbabwe is a dissertation study that traces the transformations, reveals the tensions, and critically analyzes diverging and converging trajectories of different manifestations of African nationalism, including ethnic nationalism, state nationalism, and Pan-Africanism using contemporary South Africa and Zimbabwe as sites of analyses. Focusing on the metropolitan provinces of Gauteng and Harare respectively, I use the study to interrogate how popular expressions of African nationalism have emerged and evolved in the neighboring nations during their anti-colonial/anti-apartheid struggles throughout the 20 th century, and how they exist today. Presenting a thesis that I call nationalisms from below, the research study reveals how these manifestations of nationalism are imagined, practiced, and represente d by the initiatives and actions of different members of the civil society including artists, activists, laborers, and migrants in the two countries’ contemporary politics and society. My findings lead to a nuanced determination of the factors that influence the intersections, divergences, and convergences of what I refer to in the study as Africa’s tripartite nationalist expressions and identities—ethnicism, African Nationalism, and Pan- Africanism. Critically, the study also aims to disrupt traditional elitist conceptualizations of these phenomena by employing a critical bottom-up approach that gives agency to oft- marginalized participants in the manifestation of nationalism in its various incarnations: the general populace along with its multiple identities and contradictions. The study interrogates the interrelations among ethnic nationalism, state and national nationalism, and Pan-Africanism, using South Africa and Zimbabwe as case studies that both represent the larger postcolonial region, yet also bear distinct dynamics birthed out of the histories of settler colonialism and the late advent of majority rule. In so doing, I demonstrate the relevance and manifestations of nationalism and Pan- Africanism in the everyday lives of Black South Africans and Zimbabweans. While using the two countries as a window into the general condition of postcolonial Africa, the research also interrogates how their distinct history of settler colonialisms, racialism, and delayed transitions to democracy have shaped the ways in which the populace in the two countries engage with Pan-Africanism and African nationalism Copyright by BLESSING SHINGIRIRAI MAVIMA 2019 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS As in all things, I begin by thanking God, in whom all things manifest. I may never fully understand why I was chosen to walk the path that I have, but I am eternally grateful for the opportunity. I am grateful for my mother, the remarkable Dr. Pauline Gwatirisa, to whose enduring well of love, intelligence, and wisdom I am blessed enough to have ready access. I would also like to thank Gogo and Kulu Gwatirisa—my grandparents who raised me up until the precipice of my teen years. I hope you can flip through these pages from on high (though not too thoroughly though, Kulu; I don’t want to have to rewrite this!) I am forever indebted to my advisor, Dr. Rita Edozie. Not only was she, as the director of the African American and African Studies program at Michigan State University, responsible for my recruitment; she has been a mentor unparalleled over the past five years. Beyond her incredible grasp on the relevant scholarship, her pragmatic motivation kept me working when walking away seemed a far more attractive option. To Dr. Peter Alegi, of whose work I was a fan years before attending MSU; thank you for your most meticulous comments and refusal to settle for half-baked responses and ideas. I also take with me your rebuke to not have my phone out during class—I am a better man for it! To Dr. Glenn Chambers; thank you for stepping in as my de facto advisor in the absence of Dr. E. You arguably witnessed my graduate scholarship at its most lackluster, and I have never taken your encouragement lightly. Dr. Galen Sibanda, my head is bowed to you. What a pleasure it has been to work with you: your knowledge and v understanding of Southern Africa is unmatched, and I am fortunate to have had your counsel. I am also particularly grateful to the other teachers who have gotten me here, including: Dr. Pero Dagbovie (MSU); Dr. Lee June (MSU); Dr. Geneva Smitherman (MSU),; Dr. April Baker-Bell (MSU); Dr. Lewis Sigelbaum (MSU); Dr. Dennis Jett (PSU); Dr. Tiyanjana Maluwa (PSU); Dr. Polly Diven (GVSU); Dr. Richard Yidana (GVSU); Dr Daniel McClure (GVSU); Dr. Heather Tafel (GVSU); Mr. O’Shea (Saints); Mrs Davidson (Saints); Mr. Chikukwa (Saints); Mrs Blackie (Saints); Mr. Haddad (Saints); Mai Mukuchira (Sheni); Mr Godo (Sheni); Mai Murawu (Sheni); Mai Siduna (Sheni). I am, of course, missing many more—please charge any omissions to the space limit and not to my heart. It is hard to put into words how indebted I am to my maternal cousins, with whom I spent much of my childhood with. While my love endures for all of them, allow me to make special mention of Sandra, Ruvimbo, Nunu, Nigel and Takunda who—by virtue of being around my age and in the same spaces— have continually sharpened my intellectualism. I would also like to thank my aunts and uncles to whom I am a son: nothing less. To the Mavimas: I may have come to you later in life, but you have been here where it mattered the most. My father. Dr. Paul Mavima: I have learnt more from you than you would ever believe. Thank you, most importantly, for showing me that we are always growing as men. To my ‘other’ mother, Sienna Mavima: I will never understand how you love like you do, but I’m grateful for it. My siblings, Michelle, Rumbi, Taku, vi and Nyasha—I’ll never stop going to war for you, for I know you’d do the same. God bless you and yours. Much love to the extended Mavima family as well. Inundated with love galore, I would like to take a moment to mention some of my dearest friends. To my brothers Derek and Emilio, with whom I formed the “Three Wise Men” trio, thank you and congrats for everything. To Nyasha, my childhood best friend whose intellect often makes me feel like my years in school have been wasted, I love you brother. Boitshoko- thank you for being a friend in a time of need! To Ja’La Wourman, whose love and neurosis continues to push me to be a better man—you could not have come at a better time. As I round up, I would also like to acknowledge a few other families I belong to. The African Studies Center family who have treated me like a son since I came to them in 2017. The brothers of Sigma Lambda Beta, with whom (and sometimes, against) I toil and strife to make the world a bit better. The Pakare Paya Boys, who help me maintain perspective. My AngoSpartan soccer team- I’ll always cherish playing with you. The CLUBHOUSE International volunteers and kids, who remind me every day what it is all about. Finally, my AAAS family at Michigan State University. Shout out to my initial cohort, Dr. Leah Gaines and (soon to be Drs.) Joyce Farley, Shelby Ray Pumphrey, Juan Maefield and Bernie Moore. I can’t name everybody else, but critical shouts to Drs. Kalonji Walton, Kris Rowe, Janelle Edwards, El-Ra Radney, Olaocha Nwabara, Tara Mock, as well as AJ Rice, Michael Wilson, and Clarence George III. Finally, I thank everyone who helped with this project. All the respondents, artists, guest houses—you made this happen. I am overwhelmed, but I appreciate you. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ………………………………………………………… xi KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS……………………………………………… xii INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………... 1 BACKGROUND……………………………………………………. 5 THEORETICAL GROUNDING…………………………………… 11 RESEARCH METHODS…………………………………………... 16 DISSERTATION ORGANIZATION………………….................... 22 CHAPTER ONE: POPULAR, NATIONAL, AND REGIONAL EXPRESSIONS OF NATIONALISMS: THE AFRICAN DISTINCTION—A LITERATURE REVIEW…………………………………………………………………….. 27 NATIONALISM……………………………………………………… 29 ETHNIC NATIONALISM………………………………………… ... 37 POSTCOLONIAL NATIONALISM(S)……………………………… 39 PAN-AFRICANISM AS PAN-NATIONALISM……………………. 43 POPULISMS AND POPULAR EXPRESSIONS……………….......... 49 CONVERGENT AND DIVERGENT NATIONALISMS: ENVISIONING A FRAMEWORK FOR UNDERSTANDING POPULAR EXPRESSIONS, ETHNIC, STATE, AND PAN-REGIONAL NATIONALISM………. 55 CHAPTER TWO: NKOSI SIKELEL’ IAFRIKA —POPULAR NATIONALIST HISTORIES IN SOUTH AFRICA AND ZIMBABWE .…………………….. 57 PRECOLONIAL NATIONALISMS IN SOUTH AFRICA AND ZIMBABWE …………………………………………………………. 59 ETHIOPIANISM IN SOUTHERN AFRICA…………………………. 65 THE ADVENT OF THE AFRICAN NATIONALIST POLITICAL ORGANIZATION……………………………………………………... 68 AFRICAN NATIONALISM AND THE WORKING MASSES…....... 71 WWII, SECOND-WAVE PAN-AFRICANISM, AND RADICAL NATIONALISM………………………………………………………. 75 FROM THE FREEDOM CHARTER TO ARMED STRUGGLE: AFRICAN NATIONALISM UNDER APARTHEID…………............ 80 THE 2 ND CHIMURENGA: NATIONALIST POLITICAL ORGANIZATION
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