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How Do Historians and Archaeologists Determine What Happened in the Past?

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How Do Historians and Archaeologists Determine What Happened in the Past? Name: _______________________________ Date: 9-8-10 Aim: How do historians and archaeologists determine what happened in the past? I. Who makes a living studying the past? Question: What do you think the person in the picture is trying to learn by digging up this ancient village? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ A. Archaeology: 1. The study of ancient human societies. 2. They learn about ancient cultures by digging up artifacts (objects or remains left by human beings) Question: Archaeologists dig up a large tomb (underground room where a person is buried) and find a single person buried in a golden casket. What does this artifact tell us about that society? B. Historians: 1. Write the history books that explain what has happened in the past. Question: Based on the pictures below, how do you think historians determine what actually happened in societies that existed 2,000 years ago? II. Primary Sources Vs. Secondary Sources A. Primary Source: First hand account of an event: 1. Letter 2. Diary 3. Picture 4. Artifact B. Secondary Source: any second hand account of an event 1. History book 2. Your history teacher Question: When would your history teacher be a primary source about an event? III. Timelines: A. Purpose: helps us understand the order of events B. Important Terms: 1. Chronological Order: placing events in the order that they occurred 2. B.C. and A.D.: Everyone knows that last year was the year 2009 A.D. But what does that mean? In simplest terms, 2009 A.D. = 2,009 years from the believed birth of Jesus Christ. But why not just start counting from the beginning of the planet? Well, the planet is 4.5 billion years old. Therefore, instead of this year being 2010 AD, it would be the year 4,500,002,010. However, what about the events that occurred before the birth of Christ. In that case, they are recorded based on how many years they occurred before the birth of Christ, or B.C. Question: (use the chart and reading for help) Place the following dates in chronological order a. 450 B.C. b. 500 A.D. c. 200 B.C. d. 800 B.C. I. Earliest Human Migration: A. Human Migration: The movement of people from one place to another. B. The earliest people are believed to have lived in the Great Rift Valley in East Africa in approximately the year 140,000 BCE. C. The earliest people lived as nomadic hunters and gatherers. D.Nomadic hunters and gatherers live in the following way 1. small tribes of 50 or less 2. constantly moving to follow the migration of wild animals 3. used simple tools made of bone, wood, and stone E. The Pattern of Migration: 1. Earliest humans sometimes stayed in one region but often they were forced to move great distances. When they traveled they normally moved along the coast 2. The Discovery of North and South America: In approximately the year 16,000 BCE a tribe of early humans crossed a land bridge connecting Asia and North America. This land bridge existed because the climate during this time period was so cold that a lot of seawater was trapped as ice. This meant that the sea level was much lower than today. This time period is known as the Last Ice Age. I. Revolution: A Major Change A. Examples of Revolutions: 1. Social Revolutions: changes in a society (women working outside of the home 2. Political Revolutions: changes in form of government (American Revolution) 3. Technological Revolutions: changes in the technology used (internet vs library full of books) II. Neolithic Revolution A. The change from acquiring food through hunting and gathering to acquiring food by domestication of plants (agriculture or farming) and the domestication of animals (pastoralism). Domestication = control B. When: 12,000 years ago C. Where: River valleys in moderate climates D. Why: 1. Certain hunter and gatherer tribes lived in areas with moderate climates and fertile soil. As a result, these hunter and gatherers began to realize that they could take the seeds of the most productive wild plants and purposefully plant those seeds in rows near their huts. However, to reap the reward for their work, they were forced to stay in the same location. Name: _________________________ Date: 10/1/10 Aim: What are the characteristics of a civilization? Do Now: Read about the 8 characteristics of a civilization below and put a star next to the one you believe is most important to the long term success of that civilization? What is a civilization? A society that is advanced in regards to the following 8 characteristics. 1. Cities 2. Well organized central governments 3. Job specialization (extra food means that some people don’t have to farm; they can become scientists, teachers, blacksmiths) 4. Writing (to keep records) 5. Social Hierarchy: people in the society are placed in order of importance. In comparison, Hunters and Gatherers have an egalitarian society (everyone is equal) 6. Organized religion with a known set of rules 7. Public Works: dams, canals, hospitals (structures that are built by the government for the public’s benefit) 8. Arts and architecture: that can be identified with that society Goal: Create a civilization that is remembered forever in the history books. Task: 1. Your group will create its own civilization. You will do this by ranking the eight characteristics of a civilization in order of importance. It is completely up to your group how you rank the different characteristics. However, the higher you rank a characteristic the more successful you will be in regard to that characteristic. In addition, the lower you rank a characteristic the less successful your civilization will be in regard to that characteristic. Rankings A Written Language ___________ B. Art and Architecture __________ C. Large Cities _____________ D. Organized Governments______________ E. Complex Religions ____________ F. Job Specialization _____________ G. Social classes ______________ H. Public Works _____________ 2. Explain why you ranked the number 1 characteristic number 1? 3. Explain why you ranked the number 8 characteristic number 8? I. The Location of the Four Early River Valley Civilizations A. The Fertile Crescent B. The Nile River C. The Indus River D. The Yellow River II. Cultural Geography of the Four Early River Valley Civilizations A. All four Early River Valley Civilizations had the following in common: 1. Agriculture and Pastoralism 2. Organized Government 3. Organized Religion 4. Written Language III. Physical Geography of the Early River Valley Civilizations A. Moderate Climates due to a latitude of roughly 30 Degrees from the Equator B. Rivers that can provide the following: 1. Silt (fertile soil that is left after the river overflows) 2. Irrigation: moving water from the river to the fields 3. Transportation C. Cows that can provide the following 1. Milk 2. Meat 3. Plow the field I. Physical Geography of Fertile Crescent A. The Fertile Crescent has two parts: 1. Eastern Fertile Crescent: Mesopotamia (land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers 2. Western Fertile Crescent: coast of the Mediterranean Sea B. Physical Geography of Mesopotamia 1. The two rivers overflowed every year leaving silt (mud) that restored nutrients to the fields for agriculture 2. Few natural barriers (mountains) make the region easy to reach a. Conquered many times b. Center of trade C. Physical Geography of Mediterranean Coast 1. Connects the continents of Africa and Asia 2. Jordan river and Sea of Galilee provide water for irrigation A. 2000 BCE – Babylonians invaded Mesopotamia (Eastern part of Fertile Crescent) and conquered the Sumerians_ B. Hammurabi: Ruler of Babylonian Empire 1. Creates first set of written laws C. The Code of Hammurabi – 1. laws dealing with many issues in Babylon 2. Famous Law: an eye for an eye 3. Reinforced social hierarchy(rich punished less than poor) 4. Reinforced gender hierarchy (Men had full control over women) I. Phsyical Geography of Ancient Egypt A. Sahara Desert to the West; Sinai Desert to the East B. Only Arable (farmable) land was near Nile River C. Nile River flooded each year leaving silt D. Affect of Physical Geography on Ancient Egypt 1. desert prevented attack 2. desert concentrated people near Nile II. Egyptian Achievements A. Hieroglyphics – writing system; pictures of objects B. Papyrus: One of the earliest forms of paper C. Pyramids at Giza: Pharaohs built them as a monument to their rule; pharaohs were buried underneath as mummies III. The Indus River Valley Civilization A. Emerged the same time as the Egyptians were building their pyramids. B. Located in present day Pakistan & India C. Two major cities are Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro III. Cultural Geography of the Indus River Valley Civilization A. Urban Planning: Cities were laid out in a grid pattern B. Well organized government D. Religion: polytheistic; worshipped animals such as the bull E. Written Language III. Decline Q. What is the most important thing for any civilization? A. Environmental catastrophe I. Physical Geography of China A. Many geographic barriers 1. Himalayan mountains separated China from India 2. Gobi desert blocked invasion from the north 3. Thick jungle separated China from Southeast Asia B. Yellow River Valley 1. provided silt, irrigation, transportation 2. major center for agriculture 3. location of earliest Chinese civilization II. Cultural Geography of Yellow River Civilization A. Government: Shang Dynasty -Dynasty: succession of rulers from same family B. Religion: Ancestor Worship 1. Dead ancestors (grandparents, etc..) could influence the gods 2. Pray to the ancestors for help C. Written language: 1. Characters (symbols) represent words 2. Over 10,000 characters .
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