INTERNATIONAL STRATIGRAPHIC CHART ICS International Commission on Stratigraphy Ma Ma Ma Ma Era Era Era Era Eon Age Age Eon Age Age Eon Age Age Eon Age Stage Stage Stage GSSP GSSP GSSP GSSP GSSA Series Series Series Epoch Epoch Epoch Period Period Period Period System System System System Erathem Erathem Erathem Erathem Eonothem Eonothem 145.5 ±4.0 Eonothem 359.2 ±2.5 Eonothem 542 Holocene Tithonian Famennian Ediacaran 0.0118 150.8 ±4.0 Upper 374.5 ±2.6 Neo- ~630 Upper Upper Kimmeridgian Frasnian Cryogenian 0.126 155.7 ±4.0 385.3 ±2.6 proterozoic 850 Pleistocene Middle Oxfordian Givetian Tonian 0.781 161.2 ±4.0 Middle 391.8 ±2.7 1000 Lower Callovian Eifelian Stenian 164.7 ±4.0 Quaternary * 1.806 397.5 ±2.7 Meso- 1200 Gelasian Bathonian Emsian Ectasian proterozoic 2.588 Middle 167.7 ±3.5 Devonian 407.0 ±2.8 1400 Pliocene Piacenzian Bajocian Lower Pragian Calymmian 3.600 171.6 ±3.0 411.2 ±2.8 1600 Zanclean Aalenian Lochkovian Statherian Jurassic 5.332 175.6 ±2.0 416.0 ±2.8 Proterozoic 1800 Messinian Toarcian Pridoli Paleo- Orosirian 7.246 183.0 ±1.5 418.7 ±2.7 2050 Neogene proterozoic Tortonian Pliensbachian Ludfordian Rhyacian 11.608 Lower 189.6 ±1.5 Ludlow 421.3 ±2.6 2300 Serravallian Sinemurian Gorstian Siderian Miocene 13.65 196.5 ±1.0 422.9 ±2.5 2500 Langhian Hettangian Homerian 15.97 199.6 ±0.6 Wenlock 426.2 ±2.4 Neoarchean Burdigalian M e s o z i c Rhaetian Sheinwoodian 20.43 203.6 ±1.5 428.2 ±2.3 2800 Silurian Aquitanian Upper Norian Telychian r e c a m b i n P 23.03 216.5 ±2.0 436.0 ±1.9 Mesoarchean C e n o z i c Chattian Carnian Llandovery Aeronian Oligocene 28.4 ±0.1 228.0 ±2.0 439.0 ±1.8 3200 Rupelian Ladinian Rhuddanian 33.9 ±0.1 Middle 237.0 ±2.0 443.7 ±1.5 Paleoarchean Priabonian Anisian Archean Triassic Hirnantian 37.2 ±0.1 245.0 ±1.5 445.6 ±1.5 3600 Bartonian Olenekian Upper Stage 6 Eocene 40.4 ±0.2 Lower 249.7 ±0.7 455.8 ±1.6 Eoarchean Lower limit is Lutetian Induan Stage 5 not defined 48.6 ±0.2 251.0 ±0.4 460.9 ±1.6

Ypresian Changhsingian a l e o z i c P Darriwilian 55.8 ±0.2 468.1 ±1.6 P h a n e r o z i c P h a n e r o z i c P Lopingian 253.8 ±0.7 h a n e r o z i c P Middle Paleogene Thanetian Wuchiapingian Stage 3 Subdivisions of the global geologic record are 58.7 ±0.2 260.4 ±0.7 471.8 ±1.6 formally defined by their lower boundary. Each unit Paleocene Selandian Capitanian Ordovician Stage 2 of the Phanerozoic (~542 Ma to Present) and the 61.7 ±0.2 265.8 ±0.7 Lower 478.6 ±1.7 base of Ediacaran are defined by a basal Global Danian Guadalupian Wordian Tremadocian Standard Section and Point (GSSP ), whereas 65.5 ±0.3 268.0 ±0.7 488.3 ±1.7 Maastrichtian Roadian Stage 10 Precambrian units are formally subdivided by 70.6 ±0.6 270.6 ±0.7 absolute age (Global Standard Stratigraphic Age, Campanian Kungurian Furongian Stage 9 GSSA). Details of each GSSP are posted on the 83.5 ±0.7 Permian 275.6 ±0.7 ICS website (www.stratigraphy.org). Santonian Artinskian Paibian International chronostratigraphic units, rank, Upper 85.8 ±0.7 Cisuralian 284.4 ±0.7 501.0 ±2.0 Coniacian Sakmarian Stage 7 names and formal status are approved by the 89.3 ±1.0 294.6 ±0.8 International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) Turonian Asselian Series 3 Stage 6 and ratified by the International Union of Geological 93.5 ±0.8 299.0 ±0.8 Sciences (IUGS). Cenomanian Gzhelian Stage 5 99.6 ±0.9 Upper 303.9 ±0.9 Numerical ages of the unit boundaries in the

P a l e o z i c P Phanerozoic are subject to revision. Some stages Albian Kasimovian Cambrian Stage 4 112.0 ±1.0 306.5 ±1.0 Series 2 within the Ordovician and Cambrian will be formally

Aptian Penn- Middle Moscovian Stage 3 named upon international agreement on their GSSP Cretaceous 125.0 ±1.0 sylvanian 311.7 ±1.1 M e s o z i c limits. Most sub-Series boundaries (e.g., Middle Barremian Lower Bashkirian Stage 2 Lower 130.0 ±1.5 318.1 ±1.3 Lower and Upper Aptian) are not formally defined. Hauterivian Upper Serpukhovian Series Stage 1 Colors are according to the United States 136.4 ±2.0 326.4 ±1.6 542.0 ±1.0 Geological Survey (USGS). Valanginian Middle Visean This chart was drafted by Gabi Ogg.

Carboniferous The listed numerical ages are from 'A Geologic 140.2 ±3.0 345.3 ±2.1 Missis- sippian Time Scale 2004', by F.M. Gradstein, J.G. Ogg, Berriasian Lower Tournaisian 145.5 ±4.0 359.2 ±2.5 Copyright © 2005 International Commission on Stratigraphy A.G. Smith, et al. (2004; Cambridge University Press). * proposed by ICS