Alcatraz Island

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ALCATRAZ ISLAND

Challenges and Highlights

® ® CONTENTS Center for State of the Parks ®

More than a century ago, Congress established Yellowstone as INTRODUCTION 1 the world’s first national park. That single act was the beginning of a remarkable and ongoing effort to protect this nation’s nat- CHALLENGES 4 ural, historical, and cultural heritage. Today, Americans are learning that national park designation WHAT’S BEING DONE 8 alone cannot provide full resource protection. Many parks are PARK HIGHLIGHTS 11 compromised by development of adjacent lands, air and water pollution, invasive plants and animals, and rapid increases in WHAT YOU CAN DO TO HELP 13 motorized recreation. Park officials often lack adequate information on the status of and trends in conditions of critical resources. The National Parks Conservation Association initiated the State of the Parks program in 2000 to assess the condition of natural and cultural resources in the parks, and determine how well equipped the National Park Service is to protect the parks—its stewardship capacity. The goal is to provide information that will help policymakers, the public, and the National Park Service improve conditions in national parks, celebrate successes as models for other parks, and ensure a lasting legacy for future generations. For more information about the methodology and research used in preparing this report and to learn more about the Center for State of the Parks, visit www.npca.org/stateoftheparks or contact: NPCA, Center for State of the Parks, P.O. Box 737, Fort Collins, CO 80522; phone: 970.493.2545; email: [email protected].

Since 1919, the National Parks Conservation Association has been the leading voice of the American people in protecting and enhancing our National Park System. NPCA, its members, and partners work together to protect the park system and preserve our nation’s natural, historical, and cultural heritage for generations to come.

* More than 325,000 members * Twenty-three regional and field offices * More than 120,000 activists

A special note of appreciation goes to those whose generous grants and donations made this report possible: G.D.S. Legacy Cover photo of Alcatraz Island, courtesy of Foundation, Ray Bingham, Ben and Ruth Hammett, Lee and Kelly Courkamp. Marty Talbot, and anonymous donors. INTRODUCTION

1 Alcatraz Island REMON RIJPER

Located just four miles east of the entrance part of Golden Gate National Recreation The federal peni- to San Francisco Bay, the 22.5-acre Alcatraz Area. The island is also home to several tentiary on Alcatraz Island once housed Island comprises a fraction of 1 percent of species of nesting seabirds, such as western some of the coun- the larger Golden Gate National Recreation gulls, cormorants, and pigeon guillemots, as try’s most infamous Area. Though small in size, Alcatraz is well as other waterbirds, such as snowy criminals, including steeped in layers of history and an abun- egrets and black-crowned night herons. An Al “Scarface” dance of resources. Since 1972, the National average of 4,000 visitors a day arrive on Capone and Robert “Birdman of Park Service has managed these resources— Alcatraz by ferry to experience the award- Alcatraz” Stroud. including the famous 600-cell prison, his- winning cellhouse audio tour, participate in toric gardens dating from the pre-peniten- ranger-led programs and demonstrations, tiary period, the guardhouse, the barracks, explore the island and its many historic and the Pacific Coast’s first lighthouse—as structures, and bird-watch. The historic sig- numbers of those seabirds present on the island’s rocky crags. After the end of the Mexican-American War in 1848, the United KELLY COURKAMP States began construction of a U.S. Army coastal fortress on the island to protect San Francisco Bay. Alcatraz was held by the Union throughout the Civil War. During the Spanish-American War, beginning in 1898, thousands of troops passed through the area on their way to and from the Philippines. At 2 the beginning of the 20th century, the island began serving as a military prison. The Army left the island in 1933, and in 1934, Alcatraz Island reopened as a maxi- mum-security federal penitentiary. For the next 29 years, Alcatraz established its endur-

Alcatraz Island ing legacy in public memory as an inescapable fortress where the toughest, most hardened criminals, such as Al “Scarface” Capone, Arthur “Doc” Barker, A bookstore on the nificance of Alcatraz Island relates not only Alvin “Creepy” Karpis, George “Machine island displays a to its notorious function as a federal peni- Gun” Kelly, Floyd Hamilton, and Robert poster of several tentiary, but also to the island’s use as a mil- “Birdman of Alcatraz” Stroud, were impris- prisoners who tried to escape from itary fortress dating back to the Civil War. In oned. Despite 14 escape attempts, there was Alcatraz. There was addition, the site holds great importance to never a single confirmed success. Because of never a confirmed American Indian populations, both in pre- the extremely high cost of operations and success. The book- history and in relation to the Indian maintenance, the Federal Bureau of Prisons store also sells a Occupation of 1969–71, which brought the closed the facility in 1963, and the island lay variety of books about the island’s plight of American Indians to the attention abandoned until 1969. history, replica arti- of mainstream media, and launched a sig- On November 20, 1969, in a highly pub- facts, and other nificant period of Indian activism. licized demonstration that attracted nation- items. Prior to the arrival of Europeans, al attention, 89 American Indians who American Indians, such as the Ohlone of called themselves “Indians of All Tribes” present-day San Francisco and the Miwok of landed on Alcatraz Island and began a 19- present-day Marin County, visited the island month occupation, demanding the right to and used it for a variety of purposes: as a Indian self-determination. The occupation campsite, a place to gather eggs and shell- ended on June 11, 1971. fish, and a way station or site of social In order to preserve the history of the ostracism for those who had violated laws island, the General Services Administration or taboos. According to legend, the first announced the transfer of administration of European landed on Alcatraz in 1775. He the island to the Department of the Interior. was Spanish Lieutenant Manuel de Ayala, Alcatraz Island was later added to the newly who named the site Isla de los Alcatrazes, or established Golden Gate National Island of the Pelicans, because of the large Recreation Area in 1972, and it opened to MATT KANIA the public the following year. It was nomi- as a National Historic Landmark), the park’s nated to the National Register of Historic historic elements are being lost at an accel- Places in 1976, and it was designated as a erating rate. Due to a variety of challenges, National Historic Landmark in 1986. park staff have not been able to holistically Alcatraz has played and still plays an preserve this treasure. The entire surface of important role in our national history, Alcatraz is exposed to harsh San Francisco including national military efforts and Bay winds, humidity, and sea air. As a result, national cultural movements. In recognition the historic structures are crumbling, the of the importance of preserving this history, cultural landscape is eroding into the bay, the National Parks Conservation and artifacts (e.g., documents, furnishings, Association’s Center for State of the Parks and pieces of equipment) are deteriorating. 3 assessed the condition of cultural resources Following is a brief summary of the chal- on Alcatraz Island using a peer-reviewed lenges the Park Service faces in caring for methodology based on the National Park Alcatraz’s cultural and natural resources. Service’s own standards and guidelines. A Also included is information on the work Summary of the Occurrence, Population Status, the National Park Service is doing to protect

and Management of the Western Gull (Larus the island’s irreplaceable resources into the Alcatraz Island occidentalis) on Alcatraz Island was also future. completed due to the island’s importance as habitat for this colonial seabird. Despite receiving official recognitions that denote the island’s exceptional historical significance and important cultural resources (i.e., listing in the National Register of Historic Places and designation

Graffiti reminds visitors of the island’s American Indian history. In 1969, a group of American Indians initiated an occupation of the

SHEILA DEE/ONTHECREATIVESIDE.COM island that lasted 19 months.

CHALLENGES

4 Alcatraz Island SERGIO FERIA

Structures such as Park Planning and Research: The pri- line data documenting the conditions of, the warden’s mary focus of interpretation on Alcatraz and management recommendations for, house, shown here, Island is the federal penitentiary period, cultural resources (e.g., historic structures, have deteriorated over time, largely and this era has been well documented cultural landscapes, and archaeology). An due to exposure to through a detailed historic resource study. archaeological overview and assessment the elements. However, this study only addresses the for Golden Gate National Recreation Area Currently, funding island’s history until 1963 when the prison was completed in 2003 but did not include requests for historic closed, and in order to fill the significant an evaluation of sites on Alcatraz. In addi- preservation and maintenance proj- gap in history (1963 to the present) and tion, the park does not have a complete ects on Alcatraz expand the park’s interpretive themes, the cultural landscape inventory, nor complete Island exceed $34 park needs to update this study. In addi- historic structure reports for the island’s million. tion, Alcatraz suffers from a lack of base- historic structures, many of which are suf-

fering from disrepair. Finally, a historic fur- who maintain the cultural landscape and nishings report is needed to guide interpre- provide visitor services at Alcatraz. Diesel tation of the Hospital Wing. Without these generators currently provide electricity, and data, park staff cannot develop adequate drinking water must be brought in from management and preservation strategies or the mainland. The Park Service is working expand the park’s interpretive themes to make the park’s operations more sus- beyond the federal penitentiary period. tainable, including the use of solar power to replace the diesel generators (see page Cultural Landscapes: A cultural landscape 9). Projects such as a desalinization plant report for Alcatraz is under way. Historical and a system for capturing and treating research and documentation of existing greywater are also needed. Because the 5 resource conditions is done, and recom- island is a National Historic Landmark, mendations for treatment have been draft- such projects must be done with this con- ed. But until the documentation and man- sideration in mind. agement recommendations are approved, park staff are not able to adequately man- Historic Structures: A number of historic age the cultural landscapes where there are structures on Alcatraz Island are in need of Alcatraz Island competing resource values (especially in rehabilitation, which is often expensive. areas that are difficult to reach due to nest- Funding requests for historic preservation ing birds or natural geography), nor identi- and maintenance projects on Alcatraz fy funding for the many landscapes that are Island exceed $34 million. The park, howev- worthy of preservation and rehabilitation. er, lacks some critical historic structure When complete and finalized, however, reports, without which park staff cannot cre- the report can provide much-needed guid- ate comprehensive management strategies ance for management and treatment of the The Garden park’s cultural landscapes, adding richness Conservancy and to the park’s interpretive programs. Golden Gate Gardens first planted during the island’s National Parks military era and tended by inmates through Conservancy help rehabilitate and the prison era are a major feature of the maintain the Alcatraz landscape. Though the park has part- island’s historic gar- nerships with The Garden Conservancy and dens, which were the Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy once tended by to rehabilitate and maintain the historic gar- prison inmates. dens on the island, several areas have not yet been inventoried. The park currently receives funding through the Save America’s Treasures program to aid in garden restoration. The funding from this Park Service-administered federal matching grant program has been critical to leveraging private donations, but funding will end in 2010. Being located on an island presents a

number of unique challenges to park staff WAYNE ANDERSON

to successfully improve specific structural through compliance projects, and informa- resource conditions. tion on these sites is incomplete, insuffi- Because many of the buildings on cient, or out of context. The lone archaeolo- Alcatraz Island suffer from the effects of gist for Golden Gate National Recreation weather, neglect if not in use, and subse- Area cannot devote enough time to quent deterioration, one of the best ways resources on Alcatraz. As a result, archaeo- to aid the preservation of historic struc- logical sites are at risk from natural process- tures is to reuse them where feasible and es (e.g., wind and water erosion), illegal col- practical by expanding park administrative lecting, and general visitor activities. An and visitor uses into these spaces. By active- archaeological survey and interpretation of 6 ly using historic structures where it is safe the significance of Alcatraz’s archaeological and appropriate to do so, park staff can resources are needed to better inform ensure critical preservation management preservation and management during other strategies can be implemented and are bet- project work. ter able to compete for funding for repairs. By incorporating preservation and rehabil- Nesting Seabirds and Waterbirds: Since Alcatraz Island itation activities into interpretation, park 1975, growing populations of western gulls, staff can also demonstrate to visitors the Brandt’s cormorants, and other colonial process of historic restoration, which often waterbirds have occupied a large portion of enhances the knowledge, satisfaction, and Alcatraz Island, including developed areas experience of visitors. that have historic structures. The nesting At Alcatraz, competing resource values habitat provided by Alcatraz is considered (i.e., bird nesting) and different stages of of significant importance in the larger San decay and ruin make it difficult or inappro- Francisco Bay Area because development priate to completely rehabilitate all of the and pollution have decreased suitable nest- historic structures. A tiered approach to pre- ing areas elsewhere. Alcatraz supports the serving the most significant structures second-largest nesting population of west- would be a practical and reasonable ern gulls along the north-central coast of approach to ensuring Alcatraz’s history is California. Because birds are present on available to future generations. much of the island and can affect cultural resources (e.g., bird excrement can damage Archaeological Resources: The 2003 structures), their presence has caused signif- archaeological overview and assessment for icant management challenges as the Park Golden Gate National Recreation Area did Service attempts to protect this important not produce a definitive statement about nesting site for colonial waterbirds, while the previous work, expected sites, and cur- also meeting the cultural resources manage- rent needs of the archaeology of Alcatraz, ment requirements associated with and there are no systematic or comprehen- Alcatraz’s designation as a National Historic sive surveys of archaeological sites on the Landmark. The park would benefit from a island. Surveys completed in the 1970s and management strategy that achieves a bal- 1980s have only incomplete or scattered ance among various interests, including the data, and they are not sufficient to assess the significance of the western gull population significance of the sites. Most archaeological on the island; the difficulty, and sometimes sites have been discovered by accident or impossibility, of conducting routine maintenance and major rehabilitation projects due historical landscape architect is also needed to active nesting sites; negative visitor inter- to implement the treatment recommenda- action with bird populations; and restricted tions that will come out of the completed KELLY COURKAMP access to historic structures or sites of inter- cultural landscape report. As long as pretive interest due to the presence of nest- Alcatraz’s structures are in critical need of ing birds. Additional planning, monitoring, stabilization, rehabilitation, or adaptive use, and targeted research would lead to bal- the park would also greatly benefit from a anced recommendations on preserving his- full-time historical architect dedicated to toric structures and cultural landscapes, as historic structures. A part-time archaeologist well as the visitor experience, while protect- could oversee much-needed research on the ing bird populations that are significant on archaeological resources of Alcatraz Island, 7 a regional and even global scale. as well as provide additional interpretive strategies and management expertise on Staffing: Historically, resource manage- protection and preservation of sites. Alcatraz provides ment staff for Alcatraz were supported by For natural resources, one additional important nesting project funds, meaning natural or cultural part-time biologist is needed to manage areas for seabirds, resource staff were assigned to work on the western gulls, both to minimize their effects supporting the sec- Alcatraz Island island in conjunction with specific projects. on cultural resources and to adequately pro- ond-largest nesting population of west- Ideally, however, Alcatraz Island requires tect other colonial nesting birds, such as the ern gulls along more staff that are specifically assigned to its Brandt’s cormorants, whose eggs and chicks California’s north- routine resource management and mainte- may be preyed upon by the gulls. central coast. nance, given the importance of the island’s The park currently has ten interpretive history, its exposure in the middle of San staff members (five are permanent, two are Francisco Bay, and its use by colonial water- term, and three are seasonal), but because birds. For example, hiring a part-time muse- they also cover other duties such as volun- um specialist dedicated to the routine care teer management and program develop- and interpretation of Alcatraz’s museum ment, these interpretive rangers are not collection and archives would help preserve always accessible to visitors. The park could and protect those one-of-a-kind artifacts use an additional interpretive ranger dedi- that serve as kernels of its rich history. cated to further developing interpretive pro- Without a museum specialist, documenta- grams; it would also be helpful to have a tion that guides the management and pro- full-time, permanent interpretive ranger tection of the museum collection is out-of- present on the dock to welcome visitors to date, and new and effective preservation and the island. management plans cannot be developed. Finally, two additional maintenance staff Cultural resource staff are needed in would help address the need for a proactive other positions as well. The addition of a preventive maintenance program, and they full-time historical landscape architect is would provide support for a regular repair necessary to ensure rehabilitation projects and rehabilitation program for many deteri- comply with historic preservation and envi- orating historic structures. ronmental regulations, and to ensure the results are historically accurate and in compliance with rehabilitation standards that apply to National Historic Landmarks. The

WHAT’S BEING DONE

8 Alcatraz Island DOUG BULL

The park’s staff has Park Planning and Research: Golden Gate ry and minimize impacts on island bird pop- submitted a request National Recreation Area is presently devel- ulations. The ongoing cultural landscape for Park Service oping a general management plan to guide report is being integrated with Golden Gate funds to stabilize the Sallyport, which resource preservation and visitation for the National Recreation Area’s development of is the guardhouse whole park over the next 20 years. The man- the general management plan, in order to entrance through agement strategy proposed for Alcatraz will provide a finer level of detail and a focus on which most visitors focus on preserving and interpreting the the human-scale features critical to the pass. resources that contribute to the island’s island’s historic character. Approval of the National Historic Landmark designation. general management plan and a record of This could entail rehabilitating and restoring decision for the accompanying environmen- key structures and landscape features in ways tal impact statement are expected in 2012. A that communicate the island’s layered histo- historic resource study, building on the cul-

tural landscape report currently under way, Historic Structures: The park has a planning will be done the following year. Then the framework to guide various stabilization and island’s National Historic Landmark status rehabilitation projects to protect the integrity will be updated to include information on of the park’s historic structures. Though the the park’s history post-1963. structures continue to have significant rehabilitation and preservation needs that should Cultural Landscapes: The park is making be addressed through comprehensive plan- strides in protecting and restoring its cultur- ning documents, the park has begun to al landscapes. As noted above, a cultural implement some discrete projects. A project landscape report for the island is in progress to stabilize the water tower has been funded and should be completed by 2011. This for this year. Park staff have identified several 9 report will inform future projects, especially other proposed projects related to historic those focusing on small-scale landscape fea- structures as high priorities for funding in the tures, such as retaining walls, walkways, gar- next five years. Projects to stabilize the den areas, and fencing. Sallyport (the guardhouse entrance through Through a partnership with Lutsko which most visitors pass) and the exterior Associates, the Olmsted Center, the Golden walls of the cellhouse have been submitted Alcatraz Island Gate National Parks Conservancy, and The for funding. The park is studying projects to Garden Conservancy, the park has completed stabilize the cliff at the warden’s house and a survey of the surviving garden plants, a the officers’ club. A project to install solar landscape stabilization and maintenance panels on the roofs of the main cell block plan for selected garden areas, and the cre- and laundry building has received funding ation of the Alcatraz Garden Project, which from the American Reinvestment and puts dedicated volunteer crews to work in the Recovery Act. Period restoration of select gardens. In 2009, the garden project had 613 areas in Building 64, such as the former post volunteers who provided almost 7,000 hours office, canteen, and a guard apartment, and of service. Two treatment plans for rehabilita- the rehabilitation of the former laundry tion of Alcatraz’s gardens have also been building for educational and special events, completed. The Main Road landscape plan have been identified in the park’s general was approved and implemented in management plan as examples of ways the 2005–2006, and the Officers’ Row plan was park could further integrate adaptive reuse approved and implemented in 2006–2007. with preservation objectives. Work is progressing on the Rose Garden, Cellhouse Slope, and West Side Gardens. Nesting Seabirds and Waterbirds: Park Volunteers have constructed a water catch- staff are currently implementing strategies to ment system to use rainwater for garden irri- manage nesting bird populations on gation, and they have constructed a green- Alcatraz Island. The first step was to com- house in the Rose Garden on the site where a plete an overarching management strategy. similar structure once stood. In 2009, the The Bird Conservation and Management Alcatraz Garden Project received awards from Strategy for Historic Alcatraz Island, prepared the California Preservation Foundation, and by the Park Service and the Golden Gate in 2010 it was recognized by the Association National Parks Conservancy, recommends of Partners for Public Lands and by the that the park create a population model for National Trust for Historic Preservation. each waterbird species to estimate population size, structure, and the carrying capacity related to managing wildlife to protect his- of the island. This would allow park staff to toric structures and enhance observation better manage populations, particularly of opportunities, protecting seabirds in a western gulls, and their effects on other nat- changing climate, and enhancing habitat ural and cultural resources. In addition, The while protecting breeding and nesting water- Bird Conservation and Management Strategy for birds on the island. Historic Alcatraz Island states the need for The Park Service is moving forward with park staff to develop a management the U.S. Geological Survey and PRBO approach that will achieve a balance Conservation Science in seeking funding for between various natural and cultural a multispecies model of bird populations on 10 resource interests to maintain the integrity of the island. In addition, park staff are seeking historic structures, health of the natural funding to evaluate long-term trends in ecosystem, and a positive visitor experience. Brandt’s cormorants and western gull popu- The park is actively investigating possible lations. If funded, this study would help detrimental effects on other colonial water- resource specialists better understand the fac- birds from western gull predation to deter- tors controlling these populations. However,

Alcatraz Island mine how to best manage these populations. the park has not been able to keep pace with The natural and cultural resources staff are the contracted cost of regular bird monitor- working together to manage the nesting ing programs conducted by PRBO sites, conduct an annual census, and adjust Conservation Science and the U.S. Geological management strategies to best preserve these Survey, and may lose these services, which important populations. Additionally, park provide critical data for management. staff have requested funding for projects

Park staff are seeking funding for projects to protect seabirds and waterbirds, including the Brandt’s cormorants shown here. CHRIS CHAPMAN

PARK HIGHLIGHTS

11 Alcatraz Island CHRIS CHAPMAN

Excellent Interpretation: Alcatraz serves from the Golden Gate National Parks Visitors use ear- 1.4 million visitors annually. As part of the Conservancy, a nonprofit partner that sup- phones to listen to an audio tour of experience, the vast majority of visitors take ports and assists the Golden Gate National the cellhouse. The an audio tour of the cellhouse, which pro- Recreation Area, offer evening programs Golden Gate vides an award-winning discussion of his- during the peak summer season. Docent National Parks torical themes from Alcatraz Island’s peni- tours and signage in the gardens interpret Conservancy pro- tentiary period and creates an insightful vis- both the historical significance of the gar- duced the tour with help from the Park itor experience. About 110,000 visitors take dens and the related restoration project. Service. part in formal ranger-led interpretive pro- Bird walks provided by docents focus on the grams featuring other areas of the island. importance of Alcatraz as colonial shorebird Park staff offer guided tours of many of the habitat. Alumni Weekend (when former historic structures on the island, while staff prisoners, correctional officers, and their families return), living-history Civil War operation of Alcatraz. Their staffing averages Day, and annual Indian sunrise services are at least 75 full-time equivalents who sup- among the special themed events on the port visitor services, including administra- island. Night tours consistently sell out, tion of the audio tour, staffing of the muse- reaching 100,000 visitors each year. A um and retail bookstores, transportation of dynamic orientation video, produced in visitors with mobility needs (Sustainable partnership with the Discovery Channel, is Easy Access Transport program), supple- shown every half hour. Most exhibits are mentary custodial support, and the offering kept up-to-date through grant funding and of an extended-hours interpretation pro- support from the Golden Gate National gram. Grants provided by the conservancy 12 Parks Conservancy. Wayside exhibits assist in funding various interpretive and throughout the island further illustrate the resource projects. The award-winning audio stories of the island’s special natural and tour of the Alcatraz cellhouse was produced cultural resources. by the conservancy with the assistance of the Park Service. Partnerships: As a major partner of Golden Various other special programs help Alcatraz Island Gate National Recreation Area, the Golden bring the island’s history to life while pro- Gate National Parks Conservancy provides viding both interpretive and stewardship both grant funding and complementary support. These include a partnership with staffing that further support the year-round the Federal Bureau of Prisons, which brings

Night tours of Alcatraz Island are very popular and provide a different atmosphere for visitors to envision what life was like on the island during its days as a prison. TIM BROWN/[email protected] WHAT YOU CAN DO TO HELP SHELAGH FRITZ • Participate in park planning efforts: The public is invit- ed to provide input on all park plans and studies. Check www.nps.gov/alca and www.nps.gov/goga for information on park planning work and ways to participate.

• Support or become a member of a group helping to protect the park: Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy (www.parksconservancy.org) or NPCA (www.npca.org/support_npca). 13 • Volunteer in the parks. Many parks are looking for dedicated people who can lend a helping hand. To learn about opportunities for volunteering at Alcatraz Island, contact Golden Gate National Recreation Area

(www.nps.gov/goga/supportyourpark/volunteer.htm or Alcatraz Island 415.561.4755) or visit the Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy online (www.parksconservancy.org). Volunteers from The Garden Conservancy • Become an NPCA activist and learn about legislative mix cement to restore a raised planting bed in the historic gardens. initiatives and protection projects affecting parks. When you join our activist network, you will receive Park Lines, a monthly electronic newsletter with the latest a team of inmates to the island twice a week park news and ways you can help. Join by visiting to perform much-needed maintenance www.npca.org/takeaction. work. The Friends of Civil War Alcatraz occasionally has docents conduct programs on the Civil War history of the island. Former inmates, correctional officers, and family members annually offer an Alumni Weekend on the island in August with sem- inars, lectures, and related events to provide No. of No. of a peek back into what life was like at Volunteers Volunteer Hours Alcatraz. To give a sense of the significant support Alcatraz Gardens 613 6,994 provided by park partners, 1,771 volunteers Bird Monitoring 126 4,819 contributed 28,628 hours in 2009 in sup- & Management port of Alcatraz programs and stewardship. Interpretive Docents 888 11,601

Building Preservation 144 5,214 & Maintenance

Totals 1,771 28,628 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

NPCA thanks the staff of Golden Gate National Recreation CENTER FOR STATE OF THE PARKS® Area and the Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy who ADVISORY COUNCIL reviewed the factual accuracy of information used in this Carol F. Aten report. We also thank peer reviewers for their valuable com- Washington, DC ments and suggestions. Ray Bingham For more information about the General Atlantic Partners Center for State of the Parks® Keith Buckingham and this and other program reports, contact: Design Engineer National Parks Conservation Association Dr. Dorothy Canter Center for State of the Parks® Dorothy Canter Consulting, LLC PO Box 737 Dr. Francisco Dallmeier Fort Collins, CO 80522 Smithsonian Institution Phone: 970.493.2545 E-mail: [email protected] Dr. Elizabeth A. Hadly Or visit us at www.npca.org/stateoftheparks/ Stanford University Bruce D. Judd National Parks Conservation Association Architectural Resources Group Pacific Regional Office Ron Sundergill, Senior Director Karl Komatsu Phone: 415.989.9921 Komatsu Architecture Email: [email protected] Dr. Thomas Lovejoy H. John Heinz III Center for Science, Researchers: Patrick J. King and Estep Environmental Consulting Economics, and the Environment Writer: Kat Byerly Copy Editor: Kelly Senser Dr. Kenton Miller Design/Layout: Paul Caputo World Resources Institute, World Commission on Protected Areas Center for State of the Parks Staff: Alec Rhodes Dr. James Nations, Vice President Austin, Texas Dr. Gail Dethloff, Director Dr. Guy DiDonato, Natural Resources Program Manager Dr. Roger Sayre Catherine Moore, Cultural Resources Program Manager United States Geological Survey Elizabeth Meyers, Publications Manager Dr. Douglas Schwartz Daniel Saxton, Publications Coordinator School for Advanced Research Copyright 2010 Martha “Marty” Hayne Talbot National Parks Conservation Association McLean, Virginia Dr. Lee Talbot George Mason University de Teel Patterson Tiller National Park Service (retired)