Centre for Medieval Studies Level 1 Latin Word List by Morris Tichenor, University of Toronto

This word list was compiled from “A Glossary of Centre for Medieval Studies MA/Level 1 Latin Examinations 1990- 2013,” and includes only those words which are recommended for memorization. Bold definition(s) denote(s) actual meanings found in a previous exam and should be memorized first; additional definitions found in Lewis & Short are listed after a semicolon―an exception is made when bold definitions are less common: these are placed after the semicolon. As an aid to vocabulary building, words are clustered around roots as defined in the Oxford Latin Dictionary. In very few instances words were added which have not appeared in previous examinations; these words are for the most part root-forms of words which have previously appeared. Additionally, some words have been listed according to theme, e.g. animals, body parts, colours, since those rarely share roots with other words. These thematic lists appear after the general vocabulary. All words are listed according to the spellings found, if present, in Lewis & Short with the exception of the letter ‘j’ which has been normalized to ‘i’ in all cases; the letter ‘u’ is distinguished between its vowel ‘u’ and consonant ‘v’ forms. Common medieval spelling variations, such as collapsed diphthongs and assibillations, are not noted. Regularly formed comparative and superlative forms are not noted except to highlight unique meanings.

List of abbreviations: abl ablative gen genitive n neuter acc accusative impers impersonal num numeral adj adjective indec indeclinable prep preposition adv adverb indef indefinite rel relative compar comparative int interrogative subst substantive conj conjunction interj interjection superl superlative dat dative intr intransitive tr transitive dep deponent m masculine vb verb 1 f feminine n noun

a(b) prep (with abl) from, by (agent), after (etymologies) absque prep (with abl) except, without ac or atque conj and; and also, and even, and yet, and so acer, acris, acre adj sharp, vigorous; violent, acute acies, -ei n (f) sharp edge; battle line; sharpness, debate acumen, -inis n (n) peak; point, shrewdness, cunning acuo, acuere, acui, acutum vb tr to make sharp; to exercise, to incite, to kindle ad prep (with acc) to, towards, at, for, in, up to ad hoc idiom ad hoc, to the extent; moreover adeo adv so; so far, so long, to the end that, yet, indeed adhuc adv still; thus far, hitherto, just now, moreover adulescens, -entis n (m/f) young man; young woman adulescentia, -ae n (f) adolescence; youth proles, -is n (f) offspring; that which grows, child, youth, testicles adulor, adulari, adulatus vb tr to flatter; to fawn over (like a dog) adulatio, -onis n (f) adulation; fawning (like a dog) aedes or aedis, -is n (f) home; temple, cells of bees, ear chamber, catafalque aedificatio, -onis n (f) edification; constructing, building, instructing aedificium, -i n (n) building aedifico, -are, aedificavi, aedificatum vb tr to build, to found; to instruct aeger, aegra, aegrum adj sick; sorrowful, weak aegritudo, -inis n (f) illness; grief aemulor, aemulari, aemulatus vb dep to emulate; to endeavor to equal or excel, to be jealous of aemulatio, -onis n (f) rivalry; emulation, jealousy

aequus, -a, -um adj straight, fair; flat, equal, tranquil adaequo, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr and intr to level; to make equal, to attain, to be equal aequalis, -e adj equal; of the same age, contemporary, similar, uniform aequaliter adv equally; uniformly aequalitas, -atis n (f) evenness; equality aeque adv equally; justly aequipollens, -entis adj equivalent; of equal significance aequitas, -atis n (f) fairness; equality, tranquillity aequor, -oris n (n) level surface, the sea inique adv wickedly; unequally, unfairly, unsuitably, indignantly iniquus, -a, -um adj harmful, wicked; uneven, too large or small, hostile nequam adj indecl vile; worthless, bad nequitia, -ae n (f) wickedness; badness, idleness, prodigality, wantonness aër, aëris n (m) air; mist, weather aes, aeris n (n) bronze, money existimo, existimare, existimavi, existimatum vb tr to think; to value, to consider aestas, -atis n (f) summer; year, summer air aestivus, -a, -um adj summer; summer-like aestuo, -are, aestuavi, aestuatum vb intr to boil; to rage, to burn; to feel heat; to billow; to heave aestus, -us n (m) heat; boiling, heaving, passion, doubt aether, -eris n (m) ether; heaven, air aevum, -i n (n) all time; age, lifetime, generation, time aetas, -atis n (f) period, age; lifetime aeternitas, -atis n (f) eternity; duration, a title of the emperor aeternus, -a, -um adj eternal; immortal, everlasting coaetaneus, -a, -um adj of the same age; contemporary grandaevus, -a, -um adj old 2 ager, agri n (m) field; district, countryside, plain peraro, perarare, peraravi, peraratum vb tr to write; to plough through, to furrow over, to injure peregrinatio, -onis n (f) living abroad; pilgrimage, travel peregrinus, -a, -um adj foreign; strange, exotic ago, agere, egi, actum vb tr to act, to do, to drive, to plead, to treat, to wage; to spend agere gratias idiom to give thanks actus, -us n (m) Acts (of the Apostles), deed; motion, driving, role, gesture agmen, -inis n (n) army; movement of an army, multitude cogitatio, -onis n (f) thought; thinking, faculty of thought cogito, cogitare, cogitavi, cogitatum vb tr to think; to ponder, to intend cogo, cogere, coegi, coactum vb tr to force; to gather together, to curdle, to contract, to infer exaggero, -are, exaggeravi, exaggeratum vb tr to heap up; to raise a dam, to enlarge, to exaggerate exagito, exagitare, exagitavi, exagitatum vb tr to drive out; to disturb, to harass, to criticise, to excite examino, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr and intr to examine; to form swarms, to weigh, to consider excogito, excogitare, excogitavi, excogitatum vb tr to think up exiguus, -a, -um adj small igitur conj postpositive therefore, then perago, peragere, peregi, peractum vb tr to complete; to transfix, to annoy, to describe prodigo, prodigere, prodegi, prodactum vb tr to drive forth; to waste, to get rid of, to consume redigo, redigere, redegi, redactum vb tr to bring back; to reduce; to receive subigo, subigere, subegi, subactum vb tr to subjugate; to bring under, to plough, to work, to tame transigo, transigere, transegi, transactum vb tr to pass, to settle; to drive through, to complete, to sell aio, aiebam vb defective to say alius, -a, -ud adj and subst indef one/some, (an)other alienus, -a, -um adj possessive another’s, alien from, free from; hostile, foreign aliter adv otherwise

aliqui, aliqua, aliquod adj indef any, some aliquis, aliquid pron indef anyone, anything, someone, something (ali)quis, (ali)quid pron indef “After si, nisi, num, or ne, ali- takes a holiday” aliquando adv indef sometimes; ever, at some time, once aliquantulum adv indef a small amount; somewhat, a little aliquot adj indef indec some; several, a few alo, alere, alui, al(i)tum vb tr to nourish; to feed alimonia, -ae n (f) nourishment, food altitudo, -inis n (f) height, depth altus, -a, -um adj high, loud; grown, noble, deep alumnus, -i n (m) pupil exaltatio, -onis n (f) exaltation; pride exalto, exaltare, exaltavi, exaltatum vb tr to exalt; to praise, to deepen alter, altera, alterum pron indef the one, the other (of two) adulter, -eri n (m) adulterer; counterfeiter, bastard adulterium, -ii n (n) adultery; adulteration adultero, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr and intr to commit adultery; to counterfeit alternus, -a, -um adj alternate; by turns, one after another, interchangeable ambo, -ae, -o adj num both ambiguus, -a, -um adj ambiguous; going here and there, uncertain, wavering ambulo, -are, ambulavi, ambulatum vb tr and intr to walk; to travel, to go, to sail, to march amnis, -is n (m) river amo, amare, amavi, amatum vb tr to love; to be in love, to like, to be thankful, to be wont amabilis, -e adj worthy of love amicabiliter adv in a friendly manner amicitia, -ae n (f) friendship; alliance, sympathy amicus, -i n (m) friend; ally, courtier 3 amicus, -a, -um adj friendly; kindly, pleasing amoenus, -a, -um adj pleasant; lovely, delightful amoenitas, -atis n (f) pleasantness; loveliness, delight amor, -oris n (m) love; beloved object, Cupid, lust, love-charm inimicus, -i n (m) enemy amplus, -a, -um adj full; wide, great, splendid, esteemed, honourable amplifico, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr to enlarge; to widen, to amplify amplius adv compar henceforth, more; further, besides an conj or (introduces the second of a two-part question) ancilla, -ae n (f) handmaid; female slave ango, angere, anxi, anctum or anxum vb tr to choke; to draw together, to torment, to vex angustia, -ae n (f) narrow passage; narrowness, scarcity, distress, brevity angustus, -a, -um adj narrow anxius, -a, -um adj anxious; troublesome, prepared with anxious care egenus, -a, -um adj destitute; worthless anima, -ae n (f) soul, breath; breeze, air animal, -alis n (n) animal; beast animalis, -e adj animate; consisting of air animans, -antis adj living; subst living being, animal animo, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr to animate; to fill with breath, to dispose, to enliven animose adv courageously animus, -i n (m) mind, spirit; will, intellect, rational soul, feeling, character exanimis, -e adj lifeless; dead, terrified inanimo, inanimare, inanimavi, inanimatum vb tr to encourage; to enliven

annus, -i n (m) year; circular course, yearly produce anniversarius, -a, -um adj anniversary; annual annona, -ae n (f) yearly produce; subsistence, price (of grain), supplies annuatim adv yearly ante prep (with acc) before ante adv beforehand, previously, forwards antequam conj before antiquus, -a, -um adj ancient; former, earlier, old-fashioned, honest, venerable anus, -i n (m) ring, anus, hemorrhoids anulus, -i n (m) ring; signet-ring, link of chain, ringlet anus, -us n (f) old woman apex, -icis n (m) highest point; crown, summit, highest honour, letters apio, apere, ―, aptum vb tr to attach, to join, to depend upon adipiscor, adipisci, adeptus vb dep to obtain; to reach aptus, -a, -um adj suitable; fitting, appropriate coepi, coepisse, coeptum vb defective to begin apud prep (with acc) among, at, before (in the presence of), in the house of aqua, -ae n (f) water; sea, lake, stream, rain, baths inaquosus, -a, -um adj without water aquilo, -onis n (m) north; the north wind arbiter, arbitri n (m) on-looker, judge; umpire, ruler arbitrium, -ii n (n) judgment; being present, opinion, mastery arbitror, arbitrari, arbitratus vb dep to judge; to observe, to believe, to suppose arceo, arcere, arcui, ― vb tr to defend against; to enclose, to keep, to hold off arca, -ae n (f) chest; safe, coffin, Ark, water-box, cistern arx, arcis n (f) citadel; stronghold, defense, pinnacle, height, , summit exerceo, exercere, exercui, exercitum vb tr to exercise; to keep busy, carry into effect, to disturb 4 exercitatio, -onis n (f) exercise; setting in motion exercitium, -ii n (n) exercise exercito, exercitare, exercitavi, exercitatum vb tr to exercise; to disturb exercitus, -us n (m) army; exercise, assembly, multitude, affliction arcus, -us n (m) arch, rainbow; bow, arc ardeo, ardere, arsi, arsum vb intr to burn; to kindle, to sparkle, to dazzle ardor, -oris n (m) heat; flame, brightness, glow, desire exardesco, exardescere, exarsi, exarsum vb intr to rage; to kindle, to be enflamed arduus, -a, -um adj steep; important, high, difficult, troublesome, adverse argentum, -i n (n) silver; silver-work, money argenteus, -a, -um adj of silver; adorned with silver, silvery white, monetary arguo, arguere, argui, argutum vb tr to argue; to make clear, to accuse redarguo, redarguere, redargui, ― vb tr to refute redargutio, -onis n (f) refutation aridus, -a, -um adj dry; thirsty, shrivelled, unadorned, avaricious exaresco, exarescere, exarui, ― vb intr to dry up aro, arare, aravi, aratum vb tr to plough; to furrow, to cultivate land, to reap arvum, -i n (n) field; arable land, country, plains aroma, -atis n (n) spice, sweet odour ars, artis n (f) art; skill, knowledge, theory artifex, -icis n (m) Maker; artist, master artificium, -ii n (n) art; trade, skill, theory system, artifice artus, -a, -um adj narrow; brief, close, strict, severe, scanty coarto, coartare, coartavi, coartatum vb tr to narrow; to press together, to abridge, to compel asper, aspera, asperum adj harsh; rough, uneven, violent asperitas, -atis n (f) harshness; roughness, unevenness, contrast, difficulty

astrum, -i n (n) star; constellation, height, heavens astrologia, -ae n (f) astrology; astronomy astronomia, -ae n (f) astronomy astutia, -ae n (f) cunning; shrewdness, expertise at conj but (adds something different but not opposite) atrium, -ii n (n) atrium, hall; court auctor, -oris n (m) author, authority, Creator, originator; founder auctoritas, -atis n (f) authority; opinion, advice, command, model, warrant authenticus, -a, -um adj authentic audeo, audere, ausus vb semideponent to dare; to be bold audacia, -ae n (f) boldness; courage, audacity audac(i)ter adv boldly; courageously, audaciously audax, -acis adj bold; courageous, audacious, rash, unusual, violent audio, audire, audivi, auditum vb tr to hear, to listen auditor, -oris n (m) listener; catechumen auris, -is n (f) ear; hearing, the ear of a plough exaudio, exaudire, exaudivi, exauditum vb tr to hear; to perceive, to listen to, to obey, to understand inauditus, -a, -um adj unheard of; unusual, strange, without a trial, deaf inauris, -is n (f) earring; eardrop inoboediens, -entis adj disobedient oboedientia, -ae n (f) obedience oboedio, oboedire, oboedi(v)i, oboeditum vb intr to obey (with dat); to give ear, to listen to, to be subject to augeo, augere, auxi, auctum vb tr and intr to increase; to augment, to enrich, to grow augmentum, -i n (n) increase augustus, -a, -um adj august; venerable, relating to the emperor auxilior, auxiliari, auxiliatus vb dep to aid auxilium, -ii n (n) aid 5 aula, -ae n (f) court, hall; palace, princely power aurum, -i n (n) gold; a thing made of gold aurora, -ae n (f) dawn; the East aureus, -a, -um adj golden; gilded, beautiful deauro, deaurare, deauravi, deauratum vb tr to gild aut conj or aut . . . aut conj either . . . or autem conj postpositive however, moreover (often does not require translation) aveo, avere vb tr to desire avaritia, ae n (f) greed; eagerness avarus, -a, -um adj greedy aveo, avere vb intr to be or fare well, hail avis, -is n (f) bird; omen aucupo, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr (also dep form) to go fowling (avis capio); to watch for avus, -i n (m) grandfather; ancestor, old man avunculus, -i n (m) maternal uncle (or equivalent in-law) axis, -is n (m) axis; wheel, chariot, pole, heavens, clime, hinge-pin barbarus, -a, -um adj barbarous; foreign, uncultivated, wild bestia, -ae n (f) beast; non-human animal, wild beasts belua, -ae n (f) monster, whale; elephant, beast, brute beluinus, -a, -um adj bestial blandus, -a, -um adj flattering; charming, persuasive blandimentum, -i n (n) flattery; delight, seasoning, careful culture blandior, blandiri, blanditus vb tr to flatter; to fawn upon, to delude one’s self, to please blanditia, -ae n (f) flattery; delight

bonus, -a, -um adj good; morally good, noble, elegant, decent beatus, -a, -um adj blessed; happy, rich, deceased, (superl) higher clergy bellus, -a, -um adj beautiful; pretty, pleasant, gallant, good benigne adv kindly; mildly, abundantly benignitas, -atis n (f) kindness; favour, mercy beo, beare, beavi, beatum vb tr to bless; to gladden, to make happy bene adv well, quite; honourably, pleasantly, eloquently, ably benedictio, -onis n (f) blessing; praising, consecrated object, benedico, -dicere, -dixi, -dictum vb tr to bless; to speak well of, to praise, to hallow beneficium, -ii n (n) benefit; benefice, support, favour, promotion, privilege benevolus, -a, -um adj benevolent; devoted bona, -orum n (n) goods; possessions, fortunes bonitas, -atis n (f) goodness; honesty, kindness, tenderness melior, -ius adj compar better melius adv compar better optime adv superl best optimus, -a, -um adj superl best brevis, -e adj brief; short, small, shallow brevi adv shortly; in a few words breviter adv briefly; in a small area, in a short time cacumen, -inis n (n) peak; extreme, point, treetop, end, accent-mark cado, cadere, cecidi, casum vb intr to fall; to come under, to suit, to happen, to die, to end accidentia, -ae n (f) event accido, accidere, accidi, — vb intr to happen; to fall upon cadaver, -eris n (n) corpse; carcass, ruins casus, -us n (m) case, chance, fortune; falling, overthrow, end, error decido, decidere, decidi, — vb intr to die; to fall down, to fail excido, excidere, excidi, ― vb intr to be without; to fall out,to escape,to dissent,to die,to fail 6 incido, incidere, incidi, incasum vb intr to fall into; to fall, to meet, to attack, to befall, to occur occasus, -us n (m) setting; going down, falling down, West, downfall, death occidens, -entis n (m) West occidentalis, -e adj Western procido, procidere, procidi, ― vb intr to fall prostrate; to fall forward caecus, -a, -um adj blind; devoid of light, concealed, obscure, doubtful caedo, caedere, cecidi, caesum vb tr to cut; to strike, to kill, to conquer, to slaughter caedes, -is n (f) slaughter; lopping off, murder, the slain, gore, beating decido, decidere, decidi, decisum vb tr to decide; to cut off, to cudgel, to reduce occido, occidere, occidi, occisum vb tr to kill; to strike down, to smash, to cut down, to torment trucido, trucidare, trucidavi, trucidatum vb tr to slaughter caelum, -i n (n/m) heaven, sky, weather caelestis, -e adj heavenly calidus, -a, -um adj hot; warm, fiery, rash, quick calor, -oris n (m) heat; warmth, summer heat, fever, passion, love recalesco, recalescere, ―, ― vb intr to grow warm callidus, -a, -um adj clever calliditas, -atis n (f) cleverness

calo, calare, calavi, calatum vb tr to call together clamo, clamare, clamavi, clamatum vb tr and intr to shout; to proclaim, to declare clare adv clearly; brightly, plainly, intelligibly, honourably claritas, -atis n (f) brightness; clearness, renown clarus, -a, -um adj bright, famous; clear, manifest classis, -is n (f) fleet; class, rank, army, division concilio, conciliare, conciliavi, conciliatum vb tr to unite; to recommend, to purchase, to cause concilium, -ii n (n) council; assembly, union, sexual union declaro, declarare, declaravi, declaratum vb tr to declare; to make clear, to explain praeclarus, -a, -um adj very famous; very clear, very beautiful proclamo, -are, proclamavi, proclamatum vb tr to proclaim; to call out, to clamour in defense reclamo, -are, reclamavi, reclamatum vb tr and intr to exclaim against; to reclaim, to resound, to call aloud succlamo, -are, succlamavi, succlamatum vb tr to shout calumnia, -ae n (f) charge, slander; trickery, pretence, fallacy calx, calcis n (f) heel; foot, foot of an object calcar, -aris n (n) spur; incitement calco, calcare, calcavi, calcatum vb tr to tread upon; oppress, to scorn, to pass over, to press in camera, -ae n (f) room; vault campus, -i n (m) field; plain, produce of the field, level surface campestria, -ium n (n) field; plain, athletic field cancelli, -orum n (m) grate; lattice, boundaries, space enclosed by boundaries cancellarius, -i n (m) secretary, chancellor candeo, candere, candui, ― vb intr to shine, to glow, to be excited accendo, accendere, accendi, accensum vb tr to kindle; to illuminate, to enflame, to incite candela, -ae n (f) candle; wax-light, fire, cord covered in wax candidus, -a, -um adj white; bright, resplendent, hoary, clean, clear, happy incandesco, incandescere, incandui, ― vb intr to grow heated; to glow, to kindle 7 incendiosus, -a, -um adj fiery; burning, hot incendo, incendere, incendi, incensum vb tr to set on fire;to brighten, to excite, to enhance, to destroy cano, canere, cecini, cantum vb tr and intr to sing; to sing of, to sound, to resound, to play, to foretell canticum, -i n (n) song; comedic monody, lampoon, incantation cantilena, -ae n (f) little song; old song, gossip canto, cantare, cantavi, cantatum vb tr to sing; to sound, to sing of, to act, to predict, to enchant cantus, -us n (m) song; singing, playing, music, prophecy, incantation carmen, -inis n (n) song; poem, prophecy, incantation

capio, capere, cepi, captum vb tr to capture, to grasp, to take accipio, accipere, accepi, acceptum vb tr to receive, to take, to take up, to understand capesso, capessere, capessi(v)i, capessitum vb tr to seize; to go to, to undertake, to understand captio, -onis n (f) capture; deception, sophism, disadvantage captivitas, -atis n (f) captivity; bondage, capture captivus, -a, -um adj captive; prisoner captura, -ae n (f) catching; prey, wages captus, -us n (m) capture; comprehension, capacity decipio, decipere, decepi, deceptum vb tr to deceive excipio, excipere, excepi, exceptum vb tr to receive, to except; to draw out, to come next, to catch incipio, incipere, incepi, inceptum vb tr and intr to begin; to take in hand, to commence occupo, occupare, occupavi, occupatum vb tr to occupy; to seize, to fill, to attack, to anticipate percipio, percipere, percepi, perceptum vb tr to learn, to receive; to seize, to assume, to feel praeceptor, -oris n (m) teacher; one who take beforehand, commander praeceptum, -i n (n) command; precept praecipio, -ere, praecepi, praeceptum vb tr to command, to teach; to take beforehand, to anticipate praecipue adv especially; principally praecipuus, -a, -um adj particular; notable, taken before other things, excellent recipio, recipere, recepi, receptum vb tr to accept, to receive; to recover, to withdraw susceptibilis, -e adj susceptible suscipio, suscipere, suscepi, susceptum vb tr to receive, to take up, to bear a child;to begin, to support caput, -itis n (n) head; origin, summit, life, leader capitalis, -e adj capital; relating to the head, punishable by death capitulum, -i n (n) chapter; small head praeceps, -ipitis adj headlong, steep, hasty, inclined, dangerous praecipito, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr and intr to throw headlong; to precipitate, to rush down, to fall carbo, -onis n (m) charcoal, coal carcer, -eris n (m) jail; criminal, jail-bird, starting line, beginning 8 cardo, -inis n (m) axis; hinge, pole, pivot point, crisis cardinalis, -is n (m) Cardinal careo, carere, carui, caritum vb intr to lack (with abl); to miss incassum adv in vain; to no purpose caro, carnis n (f) flesh; body, soft part of an object, richness carnalis, -e adj carnal carnifex, -icis n (m) butcher; executioner, scoundrel, murderer cruor, -oris n (m) gore; blood, vital power, murder crudelis, -e adj cruel crudelitas, -atis n (f) cruelty cruento, cruentare, cruentavi, cruentatum vb tr to stain with blood; to pollute, to dye red incarnatio, -onis n (f) Incarnation carpo, carpere, carpsi, carptum vb tr to pluck, to graze, to snatch, to enjoy, to take (a road) excerpo, excerpere, excerpsi, excerptum vb tr to pick out carus, -a, -um adj dear (with dat); costly caritas, -atis n (f) love; costliness, Christian charity catena, -ae n (f) chain; wooden brace, barrier, necklace, series causa, -ae n (f) cause, reason; occasion, case causa (in the abl sing) prep (with gen) for the sake of recuso, recusare, recusavi, recusatum vb tr to refuse; to make an objection against, to refute caveo, cavere, cavi, cautum vb tr and intr to beware; to guard against, to care for, to make bail cautio, -onis n (f) safeguarding; obligation, bail cautus, -a, -um adj cautious praecaveo, -cavere, -cavi, -cautum vb tr and intr to beware; to guard against beforehand, to prevent

cavus, -a, -um adj hollow caverna, -ae n (f) cavern cavernosus, -a, -um adj cavernous -ce enclitic emphatic particle very ecce interj Behold! cedo, cedere, cessi, cessum vb intr to go, to yield; to depart, to die, to be changed abscedo, abscedere, abscessi, abscessum vb intr to retreat; to depart, to disappear, to retire, to escape accedo, accedere, accessi, accessum vb intr to approach, to go to, to add to; to befall, to resemble antecedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum vb intr to precede; to go before, to have precedence antecessus, -i n (m) ancestor; that which goes before arcesso, -iri, -ivi, -itum (accerso) vb tr to summon; to arraign, to bring to mind cesso, cessare, cessavi, cessatum vb tr and intr to cease; to be idle, to rest, to not be present, to be void concedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum vb tr and intr to concede; to go, to depart, to disappear, to die, to yield decedo, decedere, decessi, decessum vb intr to depart; to retire, to resign to yield, to avoid, to fall short discedo, discedere, discessi, discessum vb intr to leave; to separate, to forsake, to go/come away, to die excedo, excedere, excessi, excessum vb intr to exceed; to go forth, to withdraw, to die, to transgress excessus, -us n (m) excess; departure, loss, projecting, digression, deviation inaccessus, -a, -um adj inaccessible incedo, incedere, incessi, incessum vb tr and intr to advance; to go, to triumph over, to happen, to appear intercessio, -onis n (f) intercession; intervention, interposition, protest on behalf necessarius, -a, -um adj necessary; unavoidable, related necesse adj indec necessary; unavoidable necessitas, -atis n (f) necessity; unavoidability, compulsion, fate, relationship necessitudo, -inis n (f) obligation; necessity, relationship, necessary connection praecedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum vb tr and intr to precede; to surpass, to excel, to lead, to be older procedo, procedere, processi, processum vb intr to proceed; to advance, to rise, to appear, to go on processionaliter adv in a procession processus, -us n (m) going forward; progress, legal judgment, elapsing of time 9 recedo, recedere, recessi, recessum vb intr to go back, to withdraw; to retire, to vanish, to die retrocedo, -ere, retrocessi, retrocessum vb intr to retreat; to recede, to go back secedo, secedere, secessi, secessum vb intr to withdraw; to separate, to be distant, to retire, to revolt succedo, -ere, successi, successum vb tr and intr to come after, to advance; to go below; to succeed successus, -us n (m) success; advance, succession, posterity celeber, celebris, celebre adj frequented, famous; containing a multitude, oft-repeated celebro, celebrare, celebravi, celebratum vb tr to celebrate, to honour; to frequent, to repeat, to fill celer, celeris, celere adj quick; rash accelero, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr and intr to hurry; to hasten, to accelerate celo, celare, celavi, celatum vb tr to hide caligo, -inis n (f) fog; darkness, gloom, dullness, dim-sightedness clam adv or prep (with abl or acc) secret from; hidden, unknown to occulo, occulere, occului, occultum vb tr to hide; to cover, to keep secret, to bury occulto, occultare, occultavi, occultatum vb tr to hide; to conceal celsus, -a, -um adj high; lofty, noble, haughty celsitudo, -inis n (f) loftiness; lofty carriage of the body, Highness collis, -is n (m) hill culmen, -inis (columen) n (n) peak; summit, crown, pillar, acme excellens, -entis adj excellent; rising, lofty excellentia, -ae n (f) excellence excello, excellere, ―, excelsum vb tr and intr to excel; to raise up, to rise, to exult excelsa, -orum n (n) heavens excelsus, -a, -um adj heavenly; lofty praecello, praecellere, ―, ― vb tr and intr to rise above; to surpass, to preside over, to encompass censeo, censere, censui, census vb tr to decide, to decree, to think; to estimate, to value census, -us n (m) estate; census, wealth

centrum, -i n (n) centre; foot of a compass centum num indec hundred; indefinite large number centenarius, -a, -um adj containing one hundred centeni, -ae, -a adj one-hundred each cera, -ae n (f) wax; writing tablet, wax figure cereus, -i n (m) candle; wax light cerno, cernere, crevi, cretum vb tr to perceive; to separate, to discern, to decide certamen, -inis n (n) battle; contest, rivalry certatim adv eagerly certe adv certainly, at least; certitudo, -inis n (f) certainty; truth certo, certare, certavi, certatum vb tr to struggle; to decide by contest, to strive, to contend certus, -a, -um adj certain, sure; determined, fixed crimen, -inis n (n) crime; verdict, charge, fault criminalis, -e adj criminal decerno, -cernere, -crevi, -cretum vb tr and intr to decree; to decide, to judge decertatio, -onis n (f) fight; dispute decretum, -i n (n) decree; precept discerno, discernere, discrevi, discretum vb tr to discern; to separate, to determine, to except discretio, -onis n (f) distinction; separation, discernment discretus, -a, -um adj discreet, distinguished discrimen, -inis n (n) crisis, danger; separation, distinction, decisive point incertus, -a, -um adj uncertain; dubious, untrustworthy, hesitating indiscretus, -a, -um adj indiscreet; unseparated, undistinguishable secreto adv secretly; in private secretum, -i n (n) secret; solitude, retreat, secrecy ceterus, -a, -um adj the rest (of) 10 decetero adv henceforth chorus, -i n (m) chorus; dance, heavenly body in motion, crowd cieo, ciere, civi, citum vb tr to put in motion, to excite, to call upon, to effect cito adv quickly; easily, soon citus, -a, -um adj quick; put in motion excito, excitare, excitavi, excitatum vb tr to excite, to wake; to call out, to erect, to cite, to found recito, recitare, recitavi, recitatum vb tr to recite; to read out, to repeat from memory suscito, suscitare, suscitavi, suscitatum vb tr to raise; to kindle, to revive, to build, to incite cimitherium, -ii n (n) cemetery cingo, cingere, cinxi, cinctum vb tr to encircle, to gird accingo, accingere, accinxi, accinctum vb tr to gird; to arm, to provide, to prepare one’s self praecingo, -ere, praecinxi, praecinctum vb tr to gird; to surround cinis, -eris n (m) ashes circa (circum) adv and prep (with acc) around, concerning circulus, -i n (m) circle; orbit, ring, necklace, company circumquaque adv on every side idcirco adv therefore civis, -is n (m) citizen civilis, -e adj civil; civic, courteous, urbane civilitas, -atis n (f) civility; politics, courteousness civitas, -atis n (f) city; citizenship, state clades, -is destruction, disaster, massacre, pest, corruption percello, percellere, perculi, perculsum vb tr to strike; to upset, to destroy, to discourage, to excite

claudo, claudere, clausi, clausum vb tr to shut, to end; to close, to block, to imprison, to hide claustrum, -i n (n) cloister; that which is shut, bar, barrier, dam, fortress claviger, -eris n (m) key-bearer; Peter clavis, -is n (f) key concludo, concludere, conclusi, conclusum vb tr to shut; to enclose, to confine, to include, to conclude excludo, excludere, exclusi, exclusum vb tr to exclude; to shut out, to drive out, to remove, to hinder includo, includere, inclusi, inclusum vb tr to include clemens, -entis adj clement; calm, placid, smooth, tranquil, tame, mild clementia, -ae n (f) clemency; calmness, mildness, mercy, kindness clima, -atis n (n) clime; region colo, colere, colui, cultum vb tr to cultivate; to inhabit, to worship, to maintain accola, -ae n (f) inhabitant; neighbour cultor, -oris n (m) worshipper; cultivator, inhabitant, supporter cultus, -us n (m) worship; observance, cultivation, culture, style, dress incolatus, -us n (m) inhabiting incolo, incolere, incolui, — vb tr and intr to inhabit; to cultivate recolo, recolere, recolui, recolitum vb tr to cultivate again; to renew, to bring to mind (with gen) colum, -i n (n) filter percolo, percolare, percolavi, percolatum vb tr to filter; to percolate, to cause to pass through congruus, -a, -um adj suitable congruenter adv agreeably conor, conari, conatus vb dep to try conatus, -us n (m) effort; tendency, attempt consilium, -ii n (n) plan, counsel, intelligence consiliarius, -ii n (m) counselor consulo, -ere, -ui, -tum vb tr and intr to advise, to pay attention to; to consider, to consult consolor, consolari, consolatus vb dep to console; to mitigate 11 consolatio, -onis n (f) consolation; encouragement contemno, contemnere, contempsi, contemptum vb tr to slight; to defy contemptio, -onis n (f) disregard; scorn contra adv and prep (with acc) against, opposite, towards; facing contrarietas, -atis n (f) contrariety; misfortune, opposition contrarius, -a, -um adj contrary; opposite econtra adv the contrary, on the contrary cor, cordis n (n) heart concordia, -ae n (f) agreement; an intimate friend concordo, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr and intr to concord; to agree together, to bring into union discordia, -ae n (f) discord; subject of strife discordo, -are, -avi, -atum vb intr to differ; to quarrel, to disagree, to be inconsistent with recordor, recordari, recordatus vb dep to remember; to ponder corona, -ae n (f) crown; wreath, assembly, circle corono, coronare, coronavi, coronatum vb tr to crown; to surround corpus, -oris n (n) body; corpse, flesh, trunk, person, corporation corporalis, -e adj bodily corporeus, -a, -um adj bodily; fleshy corpulentus, -a, -um adj fat; great, physical corpusculum, -i n (n) little body; collection cras adv tomorrow; tomorrow morning, the future crastinum, -i tomorrow, the morrow crassus, -a, -um adj thick; fat, stupid grossus, -a, -um adj large; thick, rough creber, crebra, crebrum adj frequent; crowded, thick crebro adv often; repeatedly credo, credere, credidi, creditum vb tr and intr to believe (with dat); to entrust, to trust in, to suppose

cremo, cremare, cremavi, crematum vb tr to burn concremo, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr to burn (to ashes) creo, creare, creavi, creatum vb tr to create; to elect, to produce creatio, -onis n (f) creation; election creator, -oris n (m) Creator; author, founder, elector creatura, -ae n (f) creature; creation procreo, procreare, procreavi, procreatum vb tr to beget; to produce procreatrix, -icis n (f) creator; mother crepo, crepere, crepui, crepitum vb tr and intr to rattle, to fart, to break with a crash, to prattle increpo, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr and intr to rebuke; to make a noise, to utter, to cause to sound cresco, crescere, crevi, cretum vb intr to grow; to increase, to rise, to become great accresco, accrescere, accrevi, accretum vb intr to swell; to increase, to be added to concresco, -crescere, -crevi, -cretum vb intr to take form; to harden, to congeal, to grow strong excresco, excrescere, excrevi, excretum vb intr to grow out; to swell, to excrete, to increase incrementum, -i n (n) growth; that which promotes growth, increment succresco, succrescere, ―, ― vb intr to grow; to grow under or from under, to grow up crusta, -ae n (f) rind, bark, crust, shell, stucco, embossing incrusto, incrustare, incrustavi, incrustatum vb tr to cover; to encrust crux, crucis n (f) Cross; wooden instrument for execution, tormentor crucifixus, -i n (m) Crucifix crucio, cruciare, cruciavi, cruciatum vb tr to torture; to crucify; to grieve cubo, cubere, cubui, cubitum vb intr to lie down, to recline, to sleep, to be sick, to slop decumbo, decumbere, decubui, ― vb intr incumbo, to lie down; to fall incumbere, incubui, incubitum vb intr to lean; to recline against, to burden, to pay attention occumbo, -ere, occumbui, occumbitum vb intr to die; to fall down, to lie at table recumbo, recumbere, recubui, ― vb intr to recline; to lie down, to sink down succumbo, -ere, succubui, succubitum vb intr to succumb; to lie down, under, or with, to surrender 12 culpa, -ae n (f) fault; crime, neglect, mischief cum (quum, quom) conj subjunctive after, since, when, although indicative when cum . . . tum conj both . . . and, as . . . so, not only . . . but also quondam adv once, previously; sometimes, one day quoniam conj since; (like quod) that cum prep (with abl) also enclitic with, (introducing abl of manner) -ly cunctor, cunctari, cunctatus vb dep to hesitate; to delay, to doubt, to go slowly percunctor, percunctari, percunctatus vb dep to ask; to investigate cunctus, -a, -um adj all, every; whole, entire cunio, cunire, ―, ― to defecate inquino, inquinare, inquinavi, inquinatum vb tr to pollute; to corrupt cupio, cupire, cupivi, cupitum vb tr to desire; to favour cupiditas, -atis n (f) desire; passion, avarice, ambition cupido, -inis n (m) desire, Cupid; lust, love cupidus, -a, -um adj desirous; greedy, pining, covetous, partial cura, -ae n (f) care, concern; administration, writing, anxiety, love curatio, -onis n (f) curing; management, guardianship curiositas, -atis n (f) curiosity curiosus, -a, -um adj curious; devoted, careful, meddlesome curo, curare, curavi, curatum vb tr to care for, to trouble one’s self, to cure; to manage procuratio, -onis n (f) caring for; superintendence, procuration, effort, expiation procurator, -oris n (m) procurator; manager, superintendent, steward, collector procuratorius, -a, -um adj procuratorial secure adv freely; carelessly securitas, -atis n (f) security; freedom from care, carelessness, safety securus, -a, -um adj safe; free from care, serene, careless

curro, currere, cucurri, cursum vb intr to run concurro, -currere, -(cu)curri, -cursum vb intr to coincide; to assemble, to meet, to fight, to accord currus, -us n (m) chariot cursus, -us n (m) bow, course; journey, running decurro,-currere, -(cu)curri, -cursum vb tr and intr to descend, to run down/through; to skirmish, to discuss discurro, discurrere, dis(cu)curri, discursum vb intr to run, to run down, to wander; to run about, to discourse discursus, -us n (m) course, discourse; running about, pace incurro, incurrere, in(cu)curri, incursum vb intr to incur, to run into; to attack, to offend, to befall occurro, occurrere, occurri, occursum vb intr to meet (with dat), to run to meet; to oppose, to occur percurro, -ere, per(cu)curri, percursum vb tr & intr to run through; to scan, to run along, to touch upon praecurro, -ere, -(cu)curri, -cursum vb tr and intr to run ahead; to precede, to excel, to anticipate recurro, recurrere, re(cu)curri, recursum vb intr to run back; to revert, to have recourse to succurro, -ere, suc(cu)curri, succursum vb intr to help; to run under, to run up to, to occur to custos, -odis n (m) guard; voting officer, watch, jailer custodia, -ae n (f) protection; sentinel, guardhouse, prison custodio, custodire, custodivi, custoditum vb tr to guard; to defend, to maintain damno, damnare, damnavi, damnatum vb tr to condemn, to damn; to damage, to bind an heir damnatio, -onis n (f) damnation; condemnation indemnis, -e adj unharmed de prep (with abl) about, concerning, by, down, from, of debilis, -e adj weak debilitas, -atis n (f) weakness deinceps adv then; next, successively, and so forth deinde (dein) adv then; from there, next, hereafter, at length demum adv superl finally; precisely, just, indeed, only, not till then denique adv finally; and then, precisely, in short, therefore deterior, -ius adj worse exinde (exin) adv from there; next, then, thence, hence 13 inde adv from there; thenceforward, thereupon proinde adv therefore; just so, in like manner decem adj indec num ten decie(n)s adv num ten times decimus, -a, -um adj num tenth; tenth part, tithe denarius, -a, -um adj num containing ten denarius, -ii (d.) n (m) silver coin (Eng: pence; Fr: denier; It: denari; Sp: dinero) decet, decere, decuit, — vb impers to be fitting decenter adv properly decens, -entis adj appropriate; well-formed decoro, decorare, decoravi, decoratum vb tr to honour; to decorate decorus, -a, -um adj beautiful; fitting decus, -oris n (n) glory; ornament, deed of honour, virtue dignitas, -atis n (f) dignity; worth, office dignor, dignari, dignatus vb tr to deign; to deem worthy dignus, -a, -um adj worth, worthy indecenter adv unbecomingly; disgracefully indecorus, -a, um adj indecorous; shameful indignans, -antis adj indignant indignatio, -onis n (f) indignation; disdain, provocation, wound indignus, -a, -um adj unworthy; undeserving, unbecoming, cruel

declino, declinare, declinavi, declinatum vb tr and intr to decline; to bend from, to lower, to turn away, to avoid inclinatio, -onis n (f) inclination; leaning, tendency, bias, alteration, derivation inclino, inclinare, inclinavi, inclinatum vb tr and to bend; to fall back, to yield, to change, to favour intr couch; back of a couch, seat of a chariot reclinatorium, -ii n (n) table-couch; dining room, bed triclinium, -ii n (n) defendo, defendere, defendi, defensum vb tr to defend; to fend off, to protect, to speak in defense defensio, -onis n (f) defense; defense speech offendo, -ere, offendi, offensum vb tr and intr to offend; to hit against, to find, to suffer damage, to fail deleo, delere, delevi, deletum vb tr to destroy, to abolish; to end dens, dentis n (m) tooth; tine, prong, envy bidens, -entis n (f) animal (for sacrifice, with two rows of teeth) dentosus, -a, -um adj toothy dexter, dext(e)ra, dext(e)rum adj right; dexterous, fortunate dext(e)ra, -ae n (f) right hand; the right side, friendship dextrorsum adv to the right diadema, -atis n (n) diadem dico, dicere, dixi, dictum vb tr to call, to name, to say, to speak contradictor, -oris n (m) opponent dicio, -onis (ditio) n (f) dominion; sovereignty, rule, power dico, dicare, dicavi, dicatum vb tr to dedicate; to proclaim, to deify, to appropriate to dicto, dictare, dictavi, dictandi vb tr to dictate; to declare often, to compose, to prescribe dictum, -i n (n) word; saying, prophecy, order, promise dictus, -a, -um adj said, aforesaid edictum, -i n (n) edict; proclamation, order, command index, -icis n (n) sign; index-finger, proof, informer, spy, title, catalogue indicium, -ii n (n) indication; notice, information, charge, proof 14 indico, indicare, indicavi, indicatum vb tr to point out; to declare, to show, to hint, to price praeco, -onis n (m) herald; crier, summoner, publisher praedicatio, -onis n (f) preaching; proclaiming, proclamation, praising, prediction praedicator, -oris n (m) preacher, Dominican (“Friars Preachers”); proclaimer praedico, praedicere, praedixi, praedictum vb tr to preach, to foretell, to warn; to proclaim, to praise praedictus, -a, -um adj aforesaid supradico, -ere, supradixi, supradictum vb tr to say above supradictus, -a, -um adj said above dies, -ei n (m/f) day cot(t)idie adv every day, daily diu adv for a long time; by day (rare) diurnus, -a, -um adj daily; of day diuturnus, -a, -um adj chronic; long-lasting hodie adv today; nowadays, immediately meridies, meridiei n (f) noon; mid-day, South disco, discere, didici, discitum vb tr to learn disciplina, -ae n (f) learning, teaching; knowledge, discipline, habit discipulus, -i n (m) disciple, student; scholar, apprentice distinguo, distinguere, distinxi, distinctum vb tr to distinguish; to separate, to punctuate, to decorate distinctio, -onis n (f) distinction; difference, separation, ornament instigatio, -onis n (f) instigation dives, -itis adj rich; sumptuous, plentiful dis, dite adj (contracted form) rich; sumptuous plentiful dito, ditare, ditavi, ditatum vb tr to enrich divitiae, -arum n (f) riches; wealth, copiousness divido, dividere, divisi, divisum vb tr to divide; to separate, to distinguish, to decorate

do, dare, dedi, datum vb tr to give; to grant, to allow, to put, to cause, to tell, to assign addo, addere, addidi, additum vb tr to add; to put to, to bring to additamentum, -i n (n) addition circumdo, -dare, -dedi, -datum vb tr to surround; to put around, to enclose condio, condire, condivi, conditum vb tr to season; to pickle, to embalm, to ornament, to temper condicio, -onis n (f) condition conditor, -oris n (m) Maker; author, founder, compiler condo, condere, condidi, conditum vb tr to bury, to establish; to form, to hide, to preserve, to store deditio, -onis n (f) surrender deditus, -a, -um adj devoted dedo, dedere, dedidi, deditum vb tr to dedicate, to surrender dono, donare, donavi, donatum vb tr to give; to sacrifice, to pardon, to present donum, -i n (n) gift; sacrifice, funeral rite dos, dotis n (f) dower; dowry, endowment, talent, quality editio, -onis n (f) edition; bringing forth, birth, statement, declaration edo, edere, edidi, editum vb tr to publish; to bring forth, to beget, to tell, to proclaim indo, indere, indedi, indatum vb tr to put on; to introduce, to give to, to name after mandatum, -i n (n) command; commission, contract mando, mandare, mandavi, mandatum vb tr to command; to commit, to enjoin, to send word perdo, perdere, perdidi, perditum vb tr to destroy, to lose; to squander praeditus, -a, -um adj gifted; presiding over proditor, -oris n (m) traitor; betrayer prodo, prodere, prodidi, proditum vb tr to betray; to reveal, to publish, to prolong, to defer recondo, recondere, recondidi, reconditum vb tr to store away; to conceal reddo, reddere, reddidi, redditum vb tr to render, to return; to hand over, to yield, to surrender retrado, retradere, ―, ― vb tr to hand back; to deliver up again, to restore subdo, subdere, subdidi, subditum vb tr to place under; to subdue, to substitute traditio, -onis n (f) betrayal; surrender, teaching, tradition 15 trado, tradere, tradidi, traditum vb tr to hand over or down, to relate; to surrender, to betray doceo, docere, docui, doctum vb tr to teach (with double acc); to produce on stage doctor, -oris n (m) teacher, Doctor (of the Church) doctrina, -ae n (f) doctrine; teaching, erudition, learning, principle doctus, -a, -um adj learned; shrewd documentum, -i n (n) document; lesson, example, warning, proof dogma, -atis n (n) teaching; philosophical tenet, doctrine, decree indoctus, -a, -um adj unlearned; untaught, ignorant doleo, dolere, dolui, dolitum vb tr and intr to grieve; to feel pain, to pain dolor, -oris n (m) pain; distress, resentment, terror, grief, pathos dolus, -i n (m) trick; guile, deceit, deception sedulitas, -atis n (f) assiduity; sedulity sedulo adv laboriously; without guile, assiduously subdolus, -a, -um adj sly; deceitful

domus, -us or -i n (f) house, home domesticus, -a, -um adj domestic; private, personal domesticus, -i n (m) servant; member of a household domina, -ae n (f) lady, wife, mistress; wife, sweetheart dominatio, -onis n (f) lordship; rule, dominion, tyranny, rulers, angels dominatrix, -icis n (f) mistress; female ruler dominatus, -us n (m) dominion; rule, command, tyranny dominicus, -a, um adj Lord’s; imperial dominium, -ii n (n) dominion; ownership banquet domino, dominare, dominavi, dominatum vb tr to rule dominor, dominari, dominatus vb intr to master of (with gen); to rule dom(i)nus, -i n (m) lord, the Lord, master; owner, possessor, host edomo, edomare, edomavi, edomatum vb tr to master; to tame, to conquer dormio, dormire, dormi(v)i, dormitum vb intr to sleep; to rest, to be careless condormio, -ire, -ivi, -itum vb intr to sleep soundly; to fall asleep obdormio, -ire, -ivi, -itum vb tr and intr to fall asleep; to sleep to death, to sleep off a hangover dulcis, -e adj sweet, fresh; pleasant, charming, dear dulcedo, -inis n (f) sweetness; pleasantness, charm dum conj when, while, until donec conj as long as, until dumtaxat adv only, as long as; at least, provided that interdum adv sometimes; for some time, meanwhile nondum adv not yet duco, ducere, duxi, ductum vb tr to lead, to marry; to conduct, to produce, to reckon adduco, adducere, adduxi, adductum vb tr to lead (to); to lead to, to induce circumduco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum vb tr to lead around; to to cheat, to prolong, to drawl out conduco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum vb tr and intr to conduct; to gather conductus, -us n (m) hiring; contraction 16 deduco, deducere, deduxi, deductum vb tr to deduce, to lead away/down; to compose, to derive ducatus, -us n (m) leadership; guidance, authority ductus, -us n (m) guidance; leading, command, structure dux, ducis n (m) duke, ealdorman, general, leader; guide educo, educere, eduxi, eductum vb tr to lead out, to raise; to summon to court, to rear induco, inducere, induxi, inductum vb tr to lead in; to exhibit, to put on, to introduce, to deceive introduco, -ere, introduxi, introductum vb tr to bring in; to introduce, to institute perduco, perducere, perduxi, perductum vb tr to lead, to import; to drink, to prolong, to persuade produco, producere, produxi, productum vb tr to lead forth; to lengthen, to beget, to educate reduco, reducere, reduxi, reductum vb tr to lead back; to restore, to reduce seduco, seducere, seduxi, seductum vb tr to seduce; to lead away, to separate, to divide superinduco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum vb tr to lead upon; to cover over, to mention afterwards duo, duae, duo adj num two bini, -ae, -a adj two at time; pair bis adv twice dubito, dubitare, dubitavi, dubitatum vb tr and intr (with indirect question) to doubt, (with inf) to hesitate dubius, -a, -um adj doubtful; moving in two directions, uncertain, various ducentesimus, -a, -um adj two-hundredth ducenti, -ae, -um adj num two-hundred duodecim num indec twelve duodeni, -ae, -a adj twelve each duplex, -icis adj two-fold; cloven, both, thick, twice, ambiguous, two-faced duplicatio, -onis n (f) duplication; doubling, reflection, repetition dupliciter adv in two ways; doubly duplico, duplicare, duplicavi, duplicatum vb tr to double; to enlarge, to bend in half, to split duplus, -a, -um adj double; twice as much, twice as large

durus, -a, -um adj hard; rough, rude, hardy, harsh, severe, burdensome duro, durare, duravi, duratum vb tr and intr to harden, to endure; to hold out, to blunt, to callous induro, indurare, induravi, induratum vb tr and intr to make hard; to steel, to become hard e(x) prep (with abl) from, out of, of, after exterior, -ius adj compar exterior; outward, outer extra adv and prep (with acc) outside; without, beyond, except extremum, -i n (n) limit; end extrinsecus adv from outside; on the outside, irrelevantly, moreover egeo, egere, egui, ― vb intr to need (with gen or abl), to be destitute, to do without indigentia, -ae n (f) need; insatiableness indigeo, indigere, indigui, — vb intr to need (with gen or abl) ego, mei pron pers (1st pers sing) I, me meus, -a, -um poss adj (1st pers sing) my elementum, -i n (n) element; first principle, alphabet, rudiment emo, emere, emi, emptum vb tr to buy adimo, adimere, ademi, ademptum vb tr to take away; to carry off demo, demere, dempsi, demptum vb tr to take away; to remove emporium, -ii n (n) emporium; market exemplar, -aris n (n) exemplar; copy, likeness, pattern, original exemplum, -i n (n) example; sample, imitation, copy, parallel, original, kind eximius, -a, -um adj outstanding; exempt interimo, interimere, interimi, interemptum vb tr to kill; to take away, to abolish perimo, perimere, peremi, peremptum vb tr to kill; to take away, to destroy, to hinder praemium, -ii n (n) reward; booty, profit, punishment, bribe promptus, -us n (m) readiness; making public, ease redemptio, -onis n (f) redemption; buying back, ransoming, bribing redimo, redimere, redemi, redemptum vb tr to redeem; to rescue, to buy back, to buy up, to gain 17

eo, ire, i(v)i, itum vb intr to go abeo, abire, abi(v)i, abitum vb intr to go away; to die, to elapse, to retire, to end adeo, adire, adi(v)i, aditum vb tr and intr to go towards, to approach; to attack, to undertake aditus, -us n (m) entrance, opportunity; possibility anteeo, -ire, -i(v)i, -itum vb tr and intr to excel; to go before, to precede circuitus, -us n (m) circuit; circling, circumlocution, period(ic sentence) circu(m)eo,-cuire,-cu(m)i(v)i,-cuitum vb tr and intr to go around; to surround, to canvass coeo, coire, coi(v)i, coitum vb tr and intr to have sex; to assemble, to encounter, to combine comes, -itis n (m) Count, companion; tutor, attendant, courtier comitatus, -us n (m) comune (Italy), company; retinue comito, comitare, comitavi, comitatum vb tr to accompany comitor, comitari, comitatus vb dep to accompany; to attend depereo, deperire, deperi(v)i, deperitum vb intr to die; to go to ruin; to be desperately in love with exeo, exire, exi(v)i, exitum vb intr to exit; to go out, to die, to beyond, to avoid exitus, -us n (m) death, outlet; departure, end, solution, result ineo, inire, ini(v)i, initum vb intr to enter, to form a plan; to begin initium, -ii n (n) beginning; elements, auspices, sacred mysteries intereo, interire, interi(v)i, interitum vb intr to die; to go among, to become lost among, to be ruined interitus, -us n (m) death; destruction, ruin introeo, introire, introi(v)i, introitum vb intr to enter iter, -ineris n (n) journey, path; walk, land route, passage, method nequeo, nequire, nequi(v)i, nequitum vb intr to not be able obeo, obire, obi(v)i, obitum vb tr and intr to die; to go to, to go against, to fall, to traverse, to meet obitus, -us n (m) death; approach, visit, setting, downfall pereo, perire, peri(v)i, peritum vb intr to die; to vanish, to pine away, to be lost praeeo, praeire, praei(v)i, praeitum vb tr and intr to go ahead of; to precede, to dictate to recite, to lead queo, quire, qui(v)i, quitum vb intr to be able redeo, redire, redi(v)i, reditum vb intr to return; to turn back 18 reditus, -us n (m) return; returning, revenue subeo, subire, subi(v)i, subitum vb intr to undergo, to go under; to approach, to come upon subito adv suddenly transeo, transire, transi(v)i, transitum vb intr to cross, to pass; to go over, to pierce, to excel, to die transitivus, -a, -um adj transitive; passing over transitus, -us n (m) passing- by; passing over, passage, change, transition equus, -i n (m) horse eques, -itis n (m) horseman; rider, knight, the equestrian order equito, equitare, equitavi, equitatum vb tr and intr to ride a horse; to manoeuvre, to go, to ride through erro, errare, erravi, erratum vb tr and intr to wander; to go astray, to err error, -oris n (m) error; wandering, uncertainty, going astray et conj and et adv also, even et . . . et conj both . . . and etcetera idiom etc. etiam adv also, even expergefacio, -ere, expergefeci, expergefactum vb tr to awaken; to excite faber, fabri n (m) smith; carpenter, stoneworker, maker fabrica, -ae n (f) artistry; workshop of an artisan, art, skilful production fabricator, -oris n (m) fabricator; forger, framer, contriver, causer fabrico, -are, fabricavi, fabricatum vb tr (also dep) to fashion; to make of wood stone etc., to build facies, -iei n (f) face; form, appearance, pretence, sight superficies, -iei n (f) surface; upper side, building

facio, facere, feci, factum vb tr to make, to do, to order that affecto, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr to desire; to strive after, to aim at, to feign affectus, -us n (m) love; mood, ignoble passion, will afficio, afficere, affeci, affectum vb tr to affect, to afflict conficio, conficere, confeci, confectum vb tr to complete; to prepare, to effect, to deduce, to kill defectus, -us n (m) lack, defect; revolt, failure deficio, deficere, defeci, defectum vb tr and intr to be lacking, to die, to fail, to end; to leave, to forsake difficile adv with difficulty difficilis, -e adj difficult; surly effectus, -us n (m) effect; accomplishment, purpose efficio, efficere, effeci, effectum vb tr to make; to effect, to accomplish, to produce, prove facile adv easily; certainly, willingly, pleasantly facilis, -e adj easy; ready, willing, favorable faciliter adv easily facinus, -oris n (n) crime; deed, instrument of wickedness factum, -i n (n) deed, fact facultas, -atis n (f) resources; capability, ability fio, fieri, factus vb semi-dep intr to become, to happen imperfecte adv imperfectly imperfectus, -a, -um adj imperfect indeficiens, -entis adj unfailing inficio, inficere, infeci, infectum vb tr to infect; to dip into, to dye, to taint interficio, interficere, interfeci, interfectum vb tr to kill; to put between, to consume, to destroy, to murder officium, -ii n (n) office, duty; favour, service, ceremony perfecte adv perfectly; fully perfectio, -onis n (f) perfection; finishing perfectus, -a, -um adj perfect; complete, finished perficio, perficere, perfeci, perfectum vb tr to accomplish; to finish, to perfect, to effect 19 praefectus, -i n (m) prefect; overseer, commander, president, governor praeficio, praeficere, praefeci, praefectum vb tr to place in charge of (with dat); to set over profecto adv certainly; actually, indeed, truly, by all means profectus, -us n (m) progress; increase, success proficio, -ere, profeci, profectum vb tr and intr to accomplish, to prosper, to make progress proficiscor, proficisci, profectus vb dep to set out; to go, to begin, to originate refectorium, -ii n (n) refectory reficio, reficere, refeci, refectum vb tr to restore; to make again, to refresh (with food and drink) sufficio, sufficere, suffeci, suffectum vb intr to suffice; to put under, to dye, to supply, to substitute fallo, fallere, fefelli, falsum vb tr to deceive; to swear falsely, to be unknown to fallax, -acis adj deceitful falsitas, -atis n (f) falsehood falsus, -a, -um adj false; counterfeit fames, -is n (f) famine; hunger, poverty, greed famelicus, -a, -um adj starving familia, -ae n (f) household; family, estate, sect, school, troop familiaris, -e adj familiar; household, customary, appropriate familiaritas, -atis n (f) familiarity; friendship familiariter adv in a friendly manner, commonly; by families, suitably famula, -ae n (f) servant famulatus, -us n (m) service; servitude, slavery famulor, famulari, famulatus vb dep to be a servant; to serve, to attend famulus, -a, -um adj serving; servile farcio, farcire, farsi, fartum to stuff, to fatten, to cram confestim adv immediately refercio, refercire, refersi, refertum vb tr to stuff

fatigo, fatigare, fatigavi, fatigatum vb tr to fatigue; to vex fessus, -a, -um adj tired; weak infatigabilis, -e adj tireless; indefatigable fatuus, -a, -um adj foolish; tasteless, awkward faveo, favere, favi, fautum vb intr to favour (with dat); to applaud fax, facis n (f) torch fel, fellis n (n) poison; “yellow” bile, bitterness felix, -icis adj happy; fertile, fruitful, favorable, lucky, effemino, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr to effeminate; to make feminine, to disgrace felicitas, -atis n (f) happiness; fertility, luckiness feliciter adv happily; abundantly, auspiciously femina, -ae n (f) woman; female fertilis, -e adj fertile fertilitas, -atis n (f) fertility; abundance filia, -ae n (f) daughter filialis, -e adj filial filius, -ii n (m) son; descendent, (pl) children infelix, -icis adj unfortunate; not fertile, miserable, calamitous fenestra, -ae n (f) window; hole, entrance, opportunity ferio, ferire, ―, ― vb tr to strike, to hit, to kill, to make a treaty, to stamp a coin foro, forare, foravi, foratum vb tr to pierce foramen, -inis n (n) hole ferus, -a, -um adj wild, untamed, disagreeable, uncultivated, rude fera, -ae n (f) wild animal ferina, -ae n (f) wild animal; game ferox, -ocis adj fierce fero, ferre, tuli, latum vb tr to bear, to say, to speak; to carry, to suffer, to report 20 affero, afferre, attuli, allatum vb tr to bear; to bring, to report, to cause, to allege, to help antefero, anteferre, antetuli, antelatum vb tr to place before; to prefer, to anticipate aufero, auferre, abstuli, ablatum vb tr to carry away, to steal; to remove, to kill, to cease circumferentia, -ae n (f) circumference confero, conferre, contuli, collatum vb tr to bring, to bestow; to collect, to join, to compare defero, deferre, detuli, delatum vb tr to deliver, to bring (down); to drive away, to indict differo, -ferre, distuli, dilatum vb tr intr and impers to differ, to put off; to disperse, to publish dilatio, -onis n (f) delay; interval effero, efferre, extuli, elatum vb tr to exalt; bring out, to produce, to publish, to lift, to rise ferculum, -i n (n) dish; that on which anything is carried, course of food infero, inferre, intuli, illatum vb tr to bring; to bury, to attack, to cause, to infer offero, offerre, obtuli, oblatum vb tr to offer; to bring before, to adduce, to consecrate opprobrium, -i n (n) shame; scandal, taunt, reproach perfero, perferre, pertuli, perlatum vb tr to carry along; to convey, to endure, to accomplish praefero, praeferre, praetuli, praelatum vb tr to carry before; to put in charge of, to present, to prefer praelatus, -i n (m) prelate (clerical rank) profero, proferre, protuli, prolatum vb tr to produce, to proffer; to grow, to defer, to utter, to cite refero, -ferre, retuli, relatum vb tr, intr and impers to bring back, to give, to refer to, to relate, to say relator, -oris n (m) reporter; proposer, narrator suffero, sufferre, sustuli, sublatum vb tr to suffer; to carry under, to offer, to bear, to sustain transfero, transferre, transtuli, translatum vb tr to transfer; to carry across, to transcribe, to translate translatio, -onis n (f) translation; transporting, transferring, metaphor translator, -oris n (m) translator; transferor

ferveo, fervere, ferbui, ― vb intr to boil; to foam, to rage, to swarm, to burn febris, -is n (f) fever fervens, -entis adj hot; glowing, impetuous fervidus, -a, -um adj hot; fiery, eager fervor, -oris n (m) heat; passion festino, festinare, festinavi, festinatum vb tr and intr to hasten; to hurry, to accelerate festinus, -a, -um adj quick festum, -i n (n) feast day; holiday, feast feria, -ae n (f) week-day (e.g. VI feria is Friday), days of rest, rest festivitas, -atis n (f) feast; mirth, kindness, humour f(o)etor, -oris n (m) smell; stench, foulness f(o)etidus, -a, -um adj foul-smelling; disgusting fides, -ei n (f) faith; trust, belief, credit, credibility, promise, guaranty confido, confidere, confisi, confisum vb intr to trust (with dat); to confide in fidelis, -e adj faithful; depended upon fidelitas, -atis n (f) faithfulness fideliter adv faithfully; strongly, firmly fiducia, -ae n (f) trust; confidence, deposit infidelis, -e adj infidel; unreliable, faithless perfidia, -ae n (f) perfidy; dishonesty figo, figere, fixi, fixum vb tr to fix; to attach, to pierce fingo, fingere, finxi, fictum vb tr to fashion, to pretend; to touch, to make, to form effigies, -iei n (f) likeness; portrait, imitation, image, statue fictio, -onis n (f) feigning; fashioning, fiction figura, -ae n (f) figure; shape, drawing, form, quality praefiguro, -are, praefiguravi, praefiguratum vb tr to prefigure finis, -is n (m) end; boundary, limit, border, measure 21 affinis, -e (adfinis) adj related (by marriage); neighboring confine, -is n (n) boundary confinitas, -atis n (f) boundaries diffinio, diffinire, diffinivi, diffinitum vb tr to decide; to define, to restrict, to ordain, to assign finio, finire, finivi, finitum vb tr to finish; to limit, to enclose, to restrain, to die infinitus, -a, -um adj infinite; boundless, unlimited, innumerable, indefinite firmus, -a, -um adj firm; steadfast, strong, constant, faithful affirmo, affirmare, affirmavi, affirmatum vb tr to affirm; to confirm confirmo, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr to confirm; to assert fere or ferme adv almost; approximately, closely, soon firmamentum, -i n (n) foundation; strengthening, prop, firmament, main point firmiter or firme adv firmly firmo, firmare, firmavi, firmatum vb tr to make firm; to fortify, to encourage, to prove, to assert infirmitas, -atis n (f) sickness; weakness, women, fickleness infirmor, infirmari, infirmatus vb dep to be ill infirmus, -a, -um adj sick, weak; superstitious, inconstant, trivial flagellum, -i n (n) whip affligo, affligere, afflixi, afflictum vb tr to afflict; to strike, to throw down, to ruin, to reduce conflictus, -us n (m) conflict; striking together, impulse, contest flamma, -ae n (f) flame; blaze, flame-color, fever-eat, love inflammo, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr to inflame; to set on fire, to excite flecto, flectere, flexi, flexum vb tr and intr to bend; to turn, to persuade, to avoid deflecto, deflectere, deflexi, deflexum vb tr to deflect; to bend down or aside, to withdraw, to inflect inflecto, inflectere, inflexi, inflexum vb tr and intr to bend; to change, to mark with a circumflex, to pervert fleo, flere, flevi, fletum vb tr and intr to weep; to cry, to weep for, to lament defleo, deflere, deflevi, defletum vb tr and intr to weep (for)

flo, flare, flavi, flatum vb tr and intr to blow flatus, -us n (m) blowing; soul, breath, breeze pride follis, -is n (m) bellows; air-filled ball, money-bag; air cushion, stomach inflo, inflare, inflavi, inflatum vb tr to bloat, to inflate; to play a wind instrument flos, floris n (m) flower floreo, florere, florui, ― vb intr to flourish; to bloom, to flower, to abound fluo, fluere, fluxi, fluxum vb intr to flow; to overflow, to stream, to pour, to pass away defluo, defluere, defluxi, defluctum vb intr to flow down; to cease, to die fluctuatio, -onis n (f) swaying fluctuo, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr (also dep) to swell; to undulate, to move to and fro, to hesitate fluctus, -us n (m) flood; flowing, commotion fluentum, -i n (n) flow; flood, stream, river flumen, -inis n (n) river; flowing of water, stream, fluency fluvius, -ii n (m) river; running water stream influo, influere, influxi, influxum vb tr to flow in; to press into fodio, fodire, fodi, fossum vb tr and intr to dig; to pierce, to wound, to goad effodio, effodere, effodi, effossus vb tr to dig up fossatus, -i n (m) boundary (ditch) foedus, -a, -um adj foul; disgraceful foedus, -eris n (n) treaty; compact, bargain, contract, law foedero, foederare, foederavi, foederatum vb tr to federate; to establish by treaty fons, fontis n (m) font, source; fountain, spring for, fari, fatus vb dep to speak; to say, to foretell, to prophesy, to sing in verse confiteor, confiteri, confessus vb dep to confess; to reveal confessio, -onis n (f) confession; creed, acknowledgement of Christ fabula, -ae n (f) story; narrative, conversation, poem, play, fable fabulator, -oris n (m) story-teller; fabulist 22 fama, -ae n (f) fame, rumour; reputation, infamy famosus, -a, -um adj famous; infamous, slanderous fatalis, -e adj fatal; destined, deadly fateor, fateri, fassus vb dep to confess; to show, to indicate fator, fatari, fatatus vb dep to be fated; to speak, to say fatum, -i n (n) fate; that which is said, oracle, destiny, misfortune, death ineffabilis, -e adj unspeakable; unpronounceable infans, -antis n (m/f) child; mute, speechless, not yet able to speak, infant infantia, -ae n (f) infancy; inability to speak, children infantilis, -e adj infantile; belonging to infants or little children infantulus, -i n (m) little baby nefandus, -a, -um adj wicked; impious, abominable nefarius, -a, -um adj wicked; impious, abominable, nefarious praefatio, -onis n (f) preface; saying beforehand, preliminary hearing, prologue praefatus, -a, -um adj aforesaid praefor, praefari, praefatus vb dep to say before; to preface, to give a preliminary prayer foris adv outside (locative); abroad, out of doors, from without foras adv outside (direction); through the doors, forth forensis, -e adj public; belonging to the forum, forensic forceps, -ipis n (m/f) tongs fornax, -acis n (f) furnace forma, -ae n (f) form, beauty; shape, appearance, plan, model, sort, kind conformo, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr to conform; to fashion symmetrically deformis, -e adj deformed; ugly formo, formare, formavi, formatum vb tr to form; to compose formosus, -a, -um adj beautiful informis, -e adj ugly; shapeless, deformed

formido, formidare, formidavi, formidatum vb tr and intr to fear fors, fortis n (f) chance forte adv by chance fortuna, -ae n (f) fortune; chance, prosperity, misfortune, circumstances infortunatus, -a, -um adj more unfortunate; fortis, -e adj brave, strong fortiter adv strongly; bravely fortitudo, -inis n (f) strength; bravery foveo, fovere, fovi, fotum vb tr to warm, to cherish, to foment, to favour confutatio, -onis n (f) refutation; confutation favilla, -ae n (f) embers; ashes refocillo, refocillare, refocillavi, refocillatum vb tr to revive refoveo, refovere, refovi, refotum vb tr to warm again; to refresh, to revive frango, frangere, fregi, fractum vb tr to break anfractus, -us n (m) spiral; unbroken curving, circuit, circumlocution, prolixity confringo, confringere, confregi, confractum vb tr to break to pieces; to destroy, to dissipate effringo, -ere, effregi, effractum vb tr and intr to break in; to break out fractio, -onis n (f) breaking fragilis, -e adj fragile; frail fragilitas, -atis n (f) frailty; fragility frater, fratris n (m) brother, friar, Franciscans (fratres minores) fraus, fraudis n (f) deceit; fraud, cheater, crime, error, damage defraudo, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr to defraud frenum, -i n (n) rein; bridle, bit, bands refreno, refrenare, refrenavi, refrenatum vb tr to restrain; to check, to bridle, to curb frequens, -entis adj frequent, repeated, numerous, full frequenter adv frequently; in great numbers 23 frico, fricare, fricui, frictum or fricatum vb tr to rub refrico, refricare, refricavi, refricatum vb tr to rub again; to gall, to fret, to tear open, to renew frigus, -oris n (n) cold; winter, chill, shudder of fear, inactivity, disfavour frigidus, -a, -um adj cold; indifferent, trivial, causing cold or fright frons, frontis n (f) forehead; brow, front, outside, appearance confronto, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr to adjoin; to confront fruor, frui, fructus vb dep to enjoy (with abl); , to have the use of fructuosus, -a, -um adj productive; fruitful, profitable fructus, -us n (m) fruit; enjoyment, profit, consequence frumentum, -i n (n) grain fugio, fugere, fugi, fugitum vb intr to flee confugio, confugere, confugi, confugitum vb intr to flee; to take refuge in diffugio, diffugire, diffugi, diffugitum vb intr to scatter fuga, -ae n (f) flight; banishment, refuge, escape fugax, -acis adj fleeing; swift, fleeting, avoiding fugitivus, -a, -um adj fugitive; runaway, deserter fugo, fugare, fugavi, fugatum vb tr to rout; to put to flight profugio, profugere, profugi, ― vb tr and intr to flee; to flee from, to take refuge refugio, refugere, refugi, ― vb tr and intr to flee; to escape, to recede, to take refuge, to shun fulgeo, fulgere, fulsi, — vb intr to shine; to flash, to glitter, to be illustrious fulgor, -oris n (m) brightness; lightning, renown fulmen, -inis n (n) lightning (that strikes something); thunderbolt refulgeo, refulgere, refulsi, ― vb intr to shine; to flash back, to glitter fumus, -i n (m) smoke; steam, destruction suffumigo, -are, suffumigavi, suffumigatum vb tr to fumigate from below

fundus, -i n (m) bottom; piece of land, foundation funditus adv completely; from the foundation, at the bottom fundo, fundare, fundavi, fundatum vb tr to found; to lay the bottom, to make firm profunditas, -atis n (f) depth; vastness, darkness profundum, -i n (n) depths; depth, abyss fundo, fundere, fudi, fusum vb tr to pour; to melt, to moisten, to spread out, to utter confundo, confundere, confudi, confusum vb tr to confuse; to mix together, to unite, to disturb, to diffuse confusio, -onis n (f) confusion; mingling, uniting effundo, effundere, effudi, effusum vb tr to pour out, to spill; to send out, to produce, to waste infundo, infundere, infudi, infusum vb tr to pour on; to lay before, to hurl, to impart fungor, fungi, functus vb dep to perform, to use; to do, to discharge, to pay defungor, defungi, defunctus vb dep to die; to discharge funus, -eris n (n) death; funeral, corpse, destruction fur, furis n (m) thief; rascal furor, furari, furatus vb dep to steal; to remove secretly furtim adv stealthily; secretly furtum, -i n (n) theft; a stolen thing, trick, secret love furor, -oris n (m) fury; raving, rage, wrath gaudeo, gaudere, gavisus vb tr and intr to rejoice; to delight in gaudium, -ii n (n) joy; delight, cause or occasion of joy gelu, -us n (n) frost; coldness produced by death gemma, -ae n (f) gem; object made of precious stones, ornament gemo, gemere, gemui, gemitum vb tr and intr to groan; to sight, to creak, to utter complain, to bemoan gemitus, -us n (m) groan; sigh, complaint, sorrow, hoarse sound gero, gerere, gessi, gestum vb tr to carry on, to wage, to wear; to bear, (res gesta) history gesta, -orum n (n) deeds gestatorius, -a, -um adj funerary; that serves for carrying 24 gestio, gestire, gestivi, gestitum vb intr to be eager; to gesture, to exult, to digress, to desire ingero, ingerere, ingessi, ingestum vb tr carry in; to rush to, to inflict, to thrust, to repeat, to heap suggero, suggerere, suggessi, suggestum vb tr to suggest; to carry under, to supply, to excite, to add gigas, -antis n (m) giant

gigno, gignere, genui, genitum vb tr to beget; to bear, to produce, to cause degenero, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr and intr to degenerate; to cause to deteriorate, to dishonour generalis, -e adj general; generic generaliter adv generally generatio, -onis n (f) generation, offspring; begetting genero, generare, generavi, generatum vb tr to beget; to produce generosus, -a, -um adj noble; of good birth, magnanimous, dignified genetrix, -icis n (f) mother genitor, -oris n (m) Creator; begetter, father, source gens, gentis n (f) people; clan, race, (pl )world, foreigners, gentiles gentilis, -is n (m) gentile; heathen, pagan gentilitas, -atis n (f) paganism; relationship of the same gens, kinship genus, -eris n (n) kind, noble birth, race; offspring, genus, gender germen, -inis n (n) sprout; embryo, precious stone, germ, origin germino, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr and intr to sprout; to put forth, to beget ingenium, -ii n (n) talent, genius; inborn quality, nature, disposition ingenuus, -a, -um adj freeborn; native, not foreign, not a bastard nascor, nasci, natus vb dep to be born; to derive origin, to arise natalis, -is n (m) birthday; anniversary, birth, origin natio, -onis n (f) nation; birth, breed, kind, race nativitas, -atis n (f) birth, Nativity; generation natus, -i n (m) child, son natura, -ae n (f) nature; birth, property, natural order, universe, element naturalis, -e adj natural; by birth, inborn, real naturaliter adv naturally progenies, -iei n (f) progeny; descent, lineage, race, descendants, generation progigno, progignere, progenui, progenitum vb tr to beget; to produce gloria, -ae n (f) glory; praise, honour, vainglory, boasting 25 gloriatio, -onis n (f) glorying, boasting glorifico, glorificare, glorificavi, glorificatum vb tr to glorify glorior, gloriari, gloriatus vb dep to pride one’s self; to glory, to boast, to brag gloriosus, -a, -um adj glorious; renowned, vainglorious, ostentatious gracilis, -e adj slender; meagre, plain gradior, gradi, gressus vb dep to walk; to take steps, to conduct one’s self aggredior, aggredi, aggressus vb dep to attack; to approach, to go to, to undertake egredior, egredi, egressus vb dep to go out; to climb, to leave, to disembark, to exceed gradus, -us n (m) position, step; pace, degree, stair ingredior, ingredi, ingressus vb dep to enter; to go into, to engage in, to begin, to go ingressus, -us n (m) step; entering, inroad, gait, entrance, beginning regredior, regredi, regressus vb dep to go back; to return, to retreat, to have recourse transgredior, transgredi, transgressus vb dep to transgress; to pas over, to cross transgressio, -onis n (f) transgression; going over, transposition, transition gratus, -a, -um adj pleasing; beloved, grateful grates, -ium n (f) thanks; thanksgiving gratia, -ae n (f) grace, favour, thanks (pl ago; sing debeo, habeo, refero) gratiosus, -a, -um adj gracious; enjoying favour, beloved, obliging gratis adv freely; out of favour, gratis grator, gratari, gratatus vb dep to rejoice; to congratulate gratuitus, -a, -um adj free; done without pay, voluntary

gravis, -e adj heavy; burdensome, laden, grave, important, eminent gravamen, -inis n (n) annoyance gravidus, -a, -um adj pregnant; laden, abundant gravitas, -atis n (f) hardship; heaviness, fetidness, violence, severity, dignity graviter adv severely, badly; weightily, in an impressive manner gravor, gravari, gravatus vb dep to feel vexed; to regard as a burden grex, gregis n (m) flock; herd, drive, swarm, troop, crowd, company congregatio, -onis n (f) gathering; assembly, society congrego, -are, congregavi, congregatum vb tr to gather together; to herd, to assemble, to unite egregie adv excellently; exceedingly, uncommonly well egregius, -a, -um adj outstanding; distinguished, illustrious segrego, segregare, segregavi, segregatum vb tr to separate; to remove, to set apart, to divide guberno, gubernare, gubernavi, gubernatum vb tr to govern; to pilot, to steer to direct gubernatio, -onis n (f) management; steering, government gurges, -itis n (m) whirlpool; sea, abyss, spendthrift gustus, -us n (m) taste; tasting, light meal, specimen gyro, gyrare, gyravi, gyratum (giro) vb tr and intr to wheel; to turn in a circle, to go around, to turn around habeo, habere, habui, habitum vb tr to have, to hold, to consider, se habere idiom to be adhibeo, adhibere, adhibui, adhibitum vb tr to apply; to hold to, to add to, to summon, to consult cohibeo, cohibere, cohibui, cohibitum vb tr to contain, to restrain; to comprise, to subdue debeo, debere, debui, debitum vb tr ought, to owe debite adv deservedly debitum, -i n (n) debt exhibeo, exhibere, exhibui, exhibitum vb tr to exhibit; to hold forth, to present, to deliver, to show habilis, -e adj suitable; manageable, expert habitaculum, -i n (n) home; dwelling-place habitatio, -onis n (f) habitation; dwelling, rent 26 habitator, -oris n (m) inhabitant; tenant, occupant habito, habitare, habitavi, habitatum vb tr and intr to inhabit; to have frequently, to remain habitus, -us n (m) condition, dress; appearance, quality, disposition inhabito, inhabitare, inhabitavi, inhabitatum vb tr to inhabit praebeo, praebere, praebui, praebitum vb tr to offer, to supply; to hold forth, to give, to show prohibeo, prohibere, prohibui, prohibitum vb tr to forbid; to hold in front, to hinder, to preserve haereo, haerere, haesi, haesum vb intr to cling to (with dat); to hold fast, to adhere, to follow adhaereo, adhaerere, adhaesi, adhaesum vb intr to cling to (with dat); to stick to, to be close to, to hang on cohaereo, cohaerere, cohaesi, cohaesum vb intr to cling together; to be near or united, to agree, to exist inhaereo, inhaerere, inhaesi, inhaesum vb intr to cling to (with dat); to adhere to, to be connected with halo, halare,―, ― vb tr and intr to emit vapour or breathe, to give off a scent exhalo, exhalare, exhalavi, exhalatum vb tr and intr to die; to breathe out, to steam harena, -ae n (f) sand, arena; sandy place, desert, beach, place of combat haud (haut, hau) adv not at all; by no means, haurio, haurire, hausi, haustum vb tr to drink; to draw out, to spill, to exhaust, to derive inexhaustus, -a, -um adj inexhaustible; unexhausted heres, -edis n (m/f) heir; heiress, owner, successor (h)era, -ae n (f) lady; mistress of a family, proprietor (h)erus, -i n (m) lord; master of a family, proprietor hereditas, -atis n (f) heredity, inheritance heredito, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr to bequeath (with double acc) heri adv yesterday; lately, a short time ago hiems, hiemis n (f) winter; rainy season, stormy weather, cold, distress hibernus, -a, -um adj winter; wintery, cold hiemo, hiemare, hiemavi, hiematum vb intr to winter; to be frozen, to congeal

hic, haec, hoc pron adj and subst demonstr this, he, she, it, they, this/these one(s)/thing(s); the latter hactenus adv up until now; thus far, to this extent, insofar as hic adv here; in this affair, now, hereupon hinc adv from here; on this side, on this account, hereafter, ago huc adv to here; hither, to this point hucusque adv up to here; hitherto, thus far huiusmodi idiom of this sort hoc, huius pron correlative with quod the fact that hoc est idiom i.e. hio, hiare, hiavi, hiatum vb tr and intr to stand open, to gape, to cause hiatus, to desire, to sing inhio, inhiare, inhiavi, inhiatum vb intr to desire (with dat); to gape, to gape at homo, -inis n (m) man; human being humane adv humanely; humanly, politely humanitas, -atis n (f) kindness, humanity; mankind, liberal education humanus, -a, -um adj human; humane, kind, polite, learned nemo, neminis pron indef no one; no man, nobody, not any honor or honos, -oris n (m) honour; repute, public office, gift, rite, ornament honestas, -atis n (f) honor, honesty; respectability, reputation, beauty honeste adv worthily; honourably, properly honestus, -a, -um adj honourable, respectable, proper, beautiful honorabiliter adv honourably honorifice adv honourably hora, -ae n (f) hour; time, season horreo, horrere, horrui, ― vb tr and intr to shudder at; to bristle, to be horrid horribils, -e adj horrible; astonishing hortor, hortari, hortatus vb dep to encourage; to urge, to exhort exhortatio, -onis n (f) exhortation 27 exhortor, exhortari, exhortatus vb dep to exhort; to excite hospes, -itis n (m) guest; host, stranger, ignorant of hospitale, -is n (n) hospital, room hospitalitas, -atis n (f) hospitality; being a guest, living in a foreign country hospitium, -ii n (n) lodging, hospitality; entertainment hospitor, hospitari, hospitatus vb dep to lodge; to be a guest hostis, -is n (m) enemy, the Enemy (i.e. Satan) hostilis, -e adj hostile; enemy humus, -i n (f) ground; earth, soil, country humilio, humiliare, humiliavi, humiliatum vb tr to humble; to abase humilis, -e adj humble; low, slight, poor, insignificant humilitas, -atis n (f) humility; lowness, insignificance, baseness humiliter adv humbly; low, deeply, basely humo, humare, humavi, humatum vb tr to bury, to perform funeral rites iaceo, iacere, iacui, iacitum vb intr to lie down; to be ill, to lie dead, to be situated, to lie idle subiaceo, subiacere, subiacui, subiectum vb intr to lie beneath (with dat) iacio, iacere, ieci, iactum vb tr to throw; to lay, to produce, to scatter, to utter abiectio, -onis n (f) dejection; casting down, degradation con(i)icio, con(i)icere, conieci, coniectum vb tr to infer; to throw together, to unite, to discuss, to urge de(i)icio, de(i)icere, deieci, deiectum vb tr to throw down; to drive out, to kill, to lower, to deprive e(i)icio, e(i)icere, eieci, eiectum vb tr to throw out;to sally forth,to land a ship,to expel,to reject iactantia, -ae n (f) boasting in(i)icio, in(i)icere, inieci, iniectum vb tr to throw into or onto, to inject; to seize, to cause, to hint ob(i)icio, ob(i)icere, obieci, obiectum vb tr to throw before; to expose, to object, to present, to taunt pro(i)icio, pro(i)icere, proieci, proiectum vb tr to throw down, to toss out; to throw forth, to rush into sub(i)icio, sub(i)icere, subieci, subiectum vb tr to throw under, to say, to subjugate subiectio, -onis n (f) submission; placing under, subjugation

idoneus, -a, -um adj suitable to or for (with dat); proper, sufficient ignis, -is n (m) fire; brightness, firewood, passion, beloved object igneus, -a, -um adj fiery; burning-hot, resplendent, ardent ilia, -ium n (n) groin; flank, genitals exilis, -e adj small; feeble, meagre, void ille, illa, illud pron adj and subst demonst he, she, it, they, that/those one(s)/thing(s); the former illic adv there; yonder, in that place, therein illinc adv from there; thence, on that side illuc adv to there; thither, thereto olim adv once; formerly, long ago, on a future day imago, -inis n (f) image, statue; copy, likeness, picture, ghost, idea imaginarius, -a, -um adj imaginary; of an image imaginatio, -onis n (f) imagination imitor, imitari, imitatus vb tr to imitate; to represent, to copy, to counterfeit imbecillitas, -atis n (f) weakness; helplessness, imbecility imber, imbris n (m) rain; shower, raincloud, water immo adv nay rather; on the contrary in prep (with abl) in, on, among, at, under, while in prep (with acc) into, against, as, for, in (modum), onto, to, towards,upon inanis, -e adj empty; void, vain, unprofitable, worthless, petty inane, -is n (n) void; emptiness, vanity, inanity incoho or inchoo, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr and intr to begin; to lay the foundation of, to commence inclutus, -a, -um (inclitus, inclytus) adj renowned; famous, glorious indulgeo, indulgere, indulsi, indultum vb tr and intr to grant; to be kind, to indulge in or to, to favour induo induere indui indutum vb tr to clothe; to put on, to assume infestus, -a, -um adj dangerous; made unsafe, infested, making unsafe infra adv and prep (with acc) below, during; underneath, farther, later, less than 28 inferi, -orum n (m) underworld, the dead inferus, -a, -um adj lower; underneath infernus, -i n (m) Hell infimus or imus, -a, -um adj superl lowest; last, bottom, deepest, most humble ingens, -entis adj huge; remarkable, distinguished, great inquam, inquit vb defective to say instar prep (with gen) or n indec in the image of; like, sketch, manner, appearance value instauro, instaurare, instauravi, instauratum vb tr to restore; to renew, to erect restauratio, -onis n (f) restoration restauro, restaurare, restauravi, restauratum vb tr to restore; to rebuild, to renew, to repeat insula, -ae n (f) island inter adv and prep (with acc) among, between; in the midst, during interior, -ius adj compar inner, interior; nearer, more hidden, deeper interius adv compar on the inside intimo, intimare, intimavi, intimatum vb tr to tell; to put into, to push into, to announce, to intimate intimus, -a, -um adj superl innermost, most intimate; profound, deepest intra adv and prep (with acc) inside; within, inwardly, during, under intrinsecus adv inside; inwards, inwardly intro, intrare, intravi, intratum vb tr and intr to enter; to penetrate, to pierce, to attack intus adv inside; within, from within subintro, -are, subintravi, subintratum vb intr to enter secretly interpres, -etis n (m/f) an agent between two parties, explainer, interpreter interpretatio, -onis n (f) interpretation; explanation, translation, meaning interpreto, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr (also dep) to interpret; to explain, to translate, to understand iocus, -i n (m) sport; joke, jest,

ipse, ipsa, ipsum pron and pron adj demonst that very, his/her/it/them/self/selves, he, she, it, they ipse, ipsa, ipsum pron subst for a second rel pron who, which -ipse, -ipsa, -ipsum adj demonst reflexive enclitic -self ira, -ae n (f) anger; wrath, provocation, object of anger, passion, fury iracundia, -ae n (f) anger; proneness to anger, violence of anger, passion irascor, irasci, iratus vb dep to be angry irrito, irritare, irritavi, irritatum vb tr to irritate; to incite, to vex is, ea, id pron and pron adj demonst he, she, it, they, that, those (often pejorative) iam adv now, already ibi adv there ibidem adv in that same place id est idiom i.e. idem, eadem, idem pron adj and subst demonst the same one(s),the same thing(s);same,at the same time ideo adv therefore inibi adv therein; nearly, almost interea adv meanwhile; nevertheless interim adv meanwhile; for a while, sometimes iste, ista, istud pron and pron adj demonst he, she, it, they ita adv such, thus, so itaque conj and so; accordingly, therefore, in like manner item adv also (usually 1st position), likewise iterum adv again; a second time, on the other hand iubilo, iubilare, iubilavi, iubilatum vb tr and intr to shout, to shout for joy iubilatio, -onis n (f) jubilation; shouting iubeo, iubere, iussi, iussum vb tr to order; to command, to wish, to decree, to assign iussio, -onis n (f) command; order, law, prescription, parental consent iussum, -i n (n) command 29 iungo, iungere, iunxi, iunctum vb tr to join, to unite, to yolk, to add coniugatio, -onis n (f) marriage; combining, mixture, conjugation, syllogism coniugium, -ii n (n) marriage; connection, concubinage coniu(n)x, coniugis n (m/f) spouse; wife, husband, betrothed, concubine, comrade iugis, -e adj continual; perpetual, perennial iugo, iugare, iugavi, iugatum vb tr to join; to bind to rails, to marry iugum, -i n (n) yoke, pair of animals; crossbeam, bond, mountain chain iugiter adv continuously; immediately iumentum, -i n (n) beast of burden; carriage iunctura, -ae n (f) joint; joining, trappings, team, relationship iuxta adv and prep (with acc) equally, near, next to, according to subiugo, subiugare, subiugavi, subiugatum vb tr to subjugate; to bring under the yoke subiungo, subiungere, subiunxi, subiunctum vb tr to add to; to yoke, to subjugate, to subdue, to substitute

ius, iuris n (n) law, right, rule; that which is obligatory, place of justice adiuro, adiurare, adiuravi, adiuratum vb tr to swear; to conjure, to adjure coniuro, coniurare, coniuravi, coniuratum vb tr to conjure; to combine by oath, to conspire iniuria, -ae n (f) harm, offense; injustice, wrongdoing, damage, revenge iniuriose adv wrongfully; unjustly iniustus, -a, -um adj unjust; wrongful, excessive, severe iudex, -icis n (m) judge; decider, umpire iudico, iudicare, iudicavi, iudicatum vb tr to judge; to decide, to condemn, to declare, to conclude iudicium, -ii n (n) judgment; trial, sentence, court, opinion, discernment iuramentum, -i n (n) oath iuro, iurare, iuravi, iuratum vb tr and intr (also dep) to swear; to take an oath, to conspire iusiurandum, -i n (n) oath, swearing an oath iustitia, -ae (iusticia) n (f) justice; righteousness, holiness, clemency iustus, -a, -um adj just; righteous, lawful, true, proper, moderate peiero, -are, peieravi, peieratum vb tr and intr to perjure; to lie periurus, -a, -um adj false; perjurious praeiudico, -are, praeiudicavi, praeiudicatum vb tr to decide beforehand; to be prejudiced iuvenis, -is n (m/f) young man; young person iunior, -ius adj compar younger iuvencula, -ae n (f) little girl iuvenilis, -e adj juvenile, youthful; lively, cheerful, violent iuventus, -utis or iuventa, -ae n (f) youth; age of youth iuvo, iuvare, iuvi, iutum vb tr and intr to help; to benefit, to delight, to please adiutor, -oris n (m) Helper; assistant, secretary, minister adiutorium, -i n (n) help adiuvo, adiuvare, adiuvi, adiutum vb tr to help; to give aid, to cherish, to profit iucunditas, -atis n (f) charm; agreeableness, delight, enjoyment iucundo, -are, iucundavi, iucundatum vb intr to delight; to please, to take delight 30 iucundus, -a, -um adj pleasing; pleasant, agreeable, delightful iuvat, iuvare, iuvit, iutum vb imper it pleases; it delights kalendae, -arum n (f) Kalends, first of the month labor, labi, lapsus vb dep to slip; to fall, to slide, to glide, to escape, to die, to err collabor, collabi, collapsus vb dep to collapse; to fall into ruin elabor, elabi, elapsus vb dep to elapse, to slip; to glide away, to escape labes, -is n (f) fault; fall, sinking, stroke, ruin, destruction, epilepsy labor, -oris n (m) effort; labour, toil, hardship, suffering, work laborerium, -ii n (n) place of work; piece of work, duty laboro, laborare, laboravi, laboratum vb tr and intr to labour, to suffer; to strive, to grieve, to make lacero, lacerare, laceravi, laceratum vb tr to tear; to lacerate, to shatter, to carve, to torture, to ruin lacinia, -ae n (f) hem; edge of a garment, garment, small strip of anything lacio, lacere, ―, ― vb tr to entice elicio, elicere, elicui, elicitum vb tr to draw forth; to entice out, to elicit, to conjure, to speak illicio, illicere, illexi, illectum vb tr to entice; to seduce, to decoy lacesso, lacessere, lacessivi, lacessitum vb tr to harass; to challenge, to excite, to irritate, to arouse lacrima, -ae n (f) tear; teardrop lacrimo, -are, -avi, -atum vb intr (also dep) to cry; to shed tears, to lament, to weep lacus, -us n (m) lake; tub, basin, pond, cistern, cave, pit laedo, laedere, laesi, laesum vb tr to harm, to wound, to vex, to violate, to betray illaesus, -a, -um adj unharmed laesio, -onis n (f) harm laetus, -a, -um adj happy; joyful, willing, pleasing, propitious, beautiful laetitia, -ae n (f) happiness; joyfulness, delight, beauty laetor, laetari, laetatus vb dep to be glad; to rejoice, to be joyful laevus, -a, -um adj left; of ill omen, unfortunate, (of auguries) fortunate

lamentor, lamentari, lamentatus vb dep to lament; to wail, to weep lamentum, -i n (n) lament; wailing, weeping latratus, -us n (m) barking langueo, languere, —, — vb intr to languish; to be faint, to be languid languidus, -a, -um adj weak; faint, languid, powerless, ill languor, -oris n (m) feebleness; faintness, languor, apathy, listlessness lapis, -idis n (m) stone; mile-stone, landmark, gravestone, jewel, statue lapidicina, -ae n (f) stone quarry lapido, lapidare, lapidavi, lapidatum vb tr to stone; to assault largus, -a, -um adj abundant, giving abundantly elargio, elargire, elargivi, elargitum vb tr (also dep) to bestow largiter adv generously; largely, greatly largior, largiri, largitus vb dep to bestow; to show largess, to bribe, to grant lascivia, -ae n (f) lasciviousness; playfulness, wantonness, lewdness lateo, latere, latui, — vb intr to hide (acc of hiding from); to lurk, to live in retirement latebra, -ae n (f) hiding place; refuge, retreat, subterfuge latito, latitare, latitavi, latitatum vb intr to hide; to lurk, to keep out of the way latro, -onis n (m) robber; mercenary, bodyguard, highwayman, brigand latrocinium, -ii n (n) robbery; freebooting, piracy, villainy, fraud latrocinor, latrocinari, latrocinatus vb dep to rob; to be a hired soldier, to freeboot, to hunt latus, -a, -um adj wide; broad, wide-spread, prolix late adv wide; widely latitudo, -inis n (f) width; breadth, size latus, -eris n (n) side; flank, body, intimacy, relationship laus, laudis n (f) praise; glory, esteem, praiseworthy thing, merit, value collaudo, collaudare, collaudavi, collaudatum vb tr to praise highly laudatio, -onis n (f) praise; eulogy, panegyric 31 laudo, laudare, laudavi, laudatum vb tr to praise; to eulogize, to approve, to cite laxus, -a, -um adj wide, loose, spacious relaxo, relaxare, relaxavi, relaxatum vb tr to loosen; to ease, to soften, to cheer up lectus, -i n (m) bed; couch, bridal bed, eating-couch, funeral-bed lectulus, -i n (m) bed; eating-couch, funeral-bed, reading-couch, bridal-bed lego, legare, legavi, legatum vb tr to bequeath; to send an ambassador, to entrust collega, -ae (m/f) colleague; one chosen at the same time, companion collegium, -ii n (n) college; partnership, guild, corporation, company legatio, -onis n (f) mission; sending an ambassador, ambassador, embassy legatus, - i n (m) commander, legate; ambassador, assistant to a general

lego, legere, legi, lectum vb tr to read; to gather, to collect, to go through, to choose collectio, -onis n (f) collection; collecting, summary, conclusion, abscess colligo, colligere, collegi, collectum vb tr to bring together, to collect; to acquire, to conclude delecto, delectare, delectavi, delectatum vb tr to delight; to seduce deliciae, -arum n (f) delights; darling deligo, deligere, delegi, delectum vb tr to choose; to gather dilectio, -onis n (f) love dilectus, -a, -um adj beloved diligenter adv diligently diligentia, -ae n (f) diligence; frugality diligens, -entis adj diligent; frugal diligo, diligere, dilexi, dilectum vb tr to love electio, -onis n (f) choice; selection elegans, -antis adj elegant; luxurious, effeminate, tasteful, nice eligo, eligere, elegi, electum (elego) vb tr to choose, to pluck intellectus, -us n (m) intellect, sense, understanding; meaning, perception intellegibilis, -e adj intelligible; perceptible intellego, intellegere, intellexi, intellectum vb tr to understand; to perceive, to to have a skill lectio, -onis n (f) reading; gathering, collecting, picking, reading off, text lector, -oris n (m) lector, reader legenda, -ae n (f) legend; saint’s life legio, -onis n (f) legion; a body of soldiers, soldiers, army, troops lignum, -i n (n) beam, the Cross, tree; wood, timber, writing tablet, staff neglegens, -entis adj negligent; heedless neglego, neglegere, neglexi, neglectum vb tr to think nothing of; to not heed, to neglect, to slight praeeligo, -ere, praeelegi, praeelectum vb tr to choose; to prefer relego, relegere, relegi, relectum vb tr to reread; to collect again, to traverse supellectilis, -is n (f) furniture; household utensils, good, apparatus 32 lenis, -e adj soft, smooth, mild, easy, calm lenio, lenire, leni(v)i, lenitum vb tr and intr to soften; to mitigate, to appease, to calm, to become soft lenitas, -atis n (f) softness; smoothness, gentleness, mildness leniter adv gently; softly, mildly, quietly, moderately, remissly lepra, -ae n (f) leprosy leprosus, -a, -um adj leprous leprosus, -i n (m) leper levis, -e adj light, fickle; swift, trivial elevo, elevare, ―, elevatum vb tr to lift; to alleviate, to diminish, to raise levitas, -atis n (f) fickleness; lightness, shallowness leviter adv lightly; slightly, easily levo, levare, levavi, levatum vb tr to lift; to elevate, to lighten, to ease, to take, to console sublevo, sublevare, sublevavi, sublevatum vb tr to lift; to support, to console, to support, to lighten lex, legis n (f) law, Law of Moses; bill, precept, contract, stipulation legalis, -e adj legal legaliter adv legally legislator, -oris n (m) legislator; law-giver legitimus, -a, -um adj legitimate; fixed by law, legal, right, proper, appropriate liber, libera, liberum adj free; unrestricted, frank, not a slave, politically free liber, liberi n (m) child; animal young liberalis, -e adj liberal, honourable; concerning freedom or the freeborn libere adv freely; boldly libero, liberare, liberavi, liberatum vb tr to free; to manumit, to release, to acquit, to clear libertas, -atis n (f) liberty; freedom, free will, independence, frankness liber, libri n (m) book; inner bark of a tree, papyrus, paper, treatise, work libellus, -i n (m) little book; pamphlet, journal, notice, letter, libel, brief

libet, libere, libuit, libitum vb intr and impers it pleases libens, -entis adj willing; happy libenter adv willingly; gladly libitus, -us n (m) pleasure libra, -ae n (f) pound; liquid measure, scales, balance licet, licere, licuit, licitum vb intr and impers it is allowed; one may licenter adv boldly; freely, licentiously licentia, -ae n (f) license; freedom, frankness licet conj (with subjunctive vb) although; even if, notwithstanding licite adv lawfully ligo, ligare, ligav, ligatum vb tr to bind, to bandage, to surround, to unite, to confirm alligo, alligare, alligavi, alligatum vb tr to bind; to bind to, to fix, to detain, to oblige obligatio, -onis n (f) obligation; binding, ensnaring, obligatory relationship obligo, obligare, obligavi, obligatum vb tr to bind; to bandage, to oblige, to pledge, to embarrass religo, religare, religavi, religatum vb tr to bind; to moor, to chain, to unbind limus, -a, -um adj sidelong, askance, sideways collimitaneus, -a, -um adj coterminous; bordering upon limen, -inis n (n) threshold; lintel, door, house, barrier, beginning, end limes, -itis n (m) path; boundary, boundary-wall, road, line, limit, way obliquo, obliquare, obliquavi, obliquatum vb tr to turn away;to twist awry, to draw back, to say indirectly lingua, -ae n (f) tongue, language; speech, utterance elinguis, -e adj speechless; deprived of a tongue, without eloquence lino, linere, levi or livi, litum or linio, -ire, -ivi, -itum vb t to besmear, to anoint, to cover, to bemire, to befoul illino, illinere, illevi, illitum vb tr to smear; to besmear, to anoint, to daub linquo, linquere, liqui, lictum vb tr to leave behind delinquo, -ere, deliqui, delictum vb tr and intr to fail; to transgress derelinquo, -linquere, -liqui, -lictum vb tr to leave; to abandon, to bequeath 33 relinquo, relinquere, reliqui, relictum vb tr to leave behind, to leave reliquiae, -arum n (f) relics; leavings, remains, fragments reliquus, -a, -um adj the rest; remaining linum, -i n (n) flax, thread, fishing-line, linen, sail, rope linea, -ae n (f) line; thread, string, region, boundary-line, lineage, sketch lineus, -a, -um adj linen; of flax liqueo, liquere, liqui or licui, ― vb intr to be fluid, to be clear, to be apparent liquor, -oris n (m) liquid; fluidity prolixitas, -atis n (f) long-windedness, length; breadth, duration lis, litis n (f) lawsuit; quarrel, charge, subject of a dispute litus, -oris n (n) shore; beach, bank, coast, landing place locus, -i n sing (m) pl (m/n) place; region, topic, book-passage, occasion, position, rank colloco, collocare, collocavi, collocatum vb tr to place; to place together, to arrange, to give in marriage ilico adv immediately; in that very spot, thither localis, -e adj of place; local longus, -a, -um adj long; remote, vast, of long duration elongo, -are, elongavi, elongatum vb tr and intr to withdraw; to remove, to prolong longe adv far, by far; far off, for a long period, widely, much longinquus, -a, -um adj far away; long, extensive, of long duration, ancient longitudo, -inis n (f) length; long duration prolongo, -are, prolongavi, prolongatum vb tr to prolong

loquor, loqui, locutus vb dep to speak; to say, to name, to show alloquor, alloqui, allocutus vb dep to speak to; to address, to exhort, to console colloquium, -ii n (n) conversation; discourse, correspondence colloquor, colloqui, collocutus vb dep to converse; to talk together, to parley eloquentia, -ae n (f) eloquence eloquium, -ii n (n) eloquence, word; communication locutio, -onis n (f) speech; speaking, pronunciation, word, phrase loquela, -ae n (f) speech; language, word lucrum, -i n (n) profit; advantage, avarice, wealth lucror, lucrari, lucratus vb dep to gain; to get, to win, to persuade lucta, -ae n (f) wrestling; wrestling match luctamen, -inis n (n) exertion; wrestling, struggle, mixing together ludo, ludere, lusi, lusum vb tr and intr to play; to sport, to wanton, to mock, to waste, to delude deludo, deludere, delusi, delusum vb tr to prank; to mock, to delude illudo, illudere, illusi, illusum vb tr and intr to mock (with dat); to play at, to destroy, to abuse ludus, -i n (m) game; pastime, stage-play, place of exercise, school, sport lugeo, lugere, luxi, luctum vb tr and intr to lament luctus, -us n (m) lamentation; sorrow, mourning, source of grief luna, -ae n (f) moon; month, night, moon-shape lunaris, -e adj lunar luo, luere, ―, ― vb tr to wash; to cleanse abluo, abluere, ablui, ablutum vb tr to wash, to wash away; to cleanse, to remove diluvium, -ii n (n) flood; destruction latrina, -ae n (f) latrine; bath, brothel lavacrum, -i n (m) bath lavo, lavare, lavi, lavatum or lotum vb tr to wash; to bathe, to wet, to wash away lutulentus, -a, -um adj muddy; filthy, vile, impure 34 lutum, -i n (n) mud; loam, clay polluo, polluere, pollui, pollutum vb tr to pollute; to soil, to defile, to desecrate, to violate luo, luere, lui, lutum vb tr to loose, to suffer punishment; to pay a debt, to atone dissolvo, dissolvere, dissolvi, dissolutum vb tr to separate, to dissolve; to pay, to destroy, to refute persolvo, persolvere, persolvi, persolutum vb tr to pay; to release completely, to show, to solve solvo, solvere, solvi, solutum vb tr to free, to loosen, to pay, to pay a debt; to acquit lux, lucis n (f) light; light of the heavens, day, life, public view, help diluculum, -i n (n) dawn illucesco, illucescere, illuxi, ― vb tr and intr to shine on; to grow light, to dawn illuminatio, -onis n (f) illumination illumino, illuminare, illuminavi, illuminatum vb tr to illuminate; to adorn, to make conspicuous illustro, illustrare, illustravi, illustratum vb tr to illustrate; to illuminate, to elucidate, to make famous luceo, lucere, luxi, — vb intr to shine; to dawn, to be visible, to be apparent lucide adv clearly; gloriously lumen, -inis n (n) light, eyes; torch, splendour, day, life, ornament, beauty luminare, -is n (n) heavenly body; light-giver, lamp, window luxuria, -ae n (f) lust; rankness, wantonness, extravagance, luxury luxuriosus, -a, -um adj lustful; rank, luxuriant, exuberant, immoderate, excessive macer, macra, macrum adj thin; meagre, poor macies, -iei n (f) thinness; meagreness, poorness machina, -ae n (f) machine; scaffolding, easel, war engine, plan, trick mechanicus, -a, -um adj mechanic; mechanical macto, mactare, mactavi, mactatum vb tr to honour; to sacrifice, to reward, to afflict, to slaughter macula, -ae n (f) spot; stain, blemish, fault commaculo, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr to stain; to pollute on all sides maculo, maculare, maculavi, maculatum vb tr to pollute; to make spotted, to stain, to disgrace

maereo, maerere, ―, ― vb tr and intr to grieve; to be sad, to bewail maestus, -a, -um adj sad; gloomy, severe, showing mourning magnus, -a, -um adj great; large, strong, important magis adv more, rather magister, magistri n (m) teacher, master; dictator, tutor, owner, professor, adviser magistra, -ae n (f) teacher; superior, mistress, conductress magistraliter adv magisterially magnale, -is n (n) great deed; great word magnifico, -are, magnificavi, magnificatum vb tr to esteem; to magnify, to extol, to worship, to enlarge magnitudo, -inis n (f) size; greatness, magnitude, abundance, extent, rank magnopere adv greatly; exceedingly, particularly maiestas, -atis n (f) majesty; greatness, sovereignty, excellence maior, maius adj compar greater maiores, -um n (m) ancestors, leaders; adults maxime adv superl especially; exceedingly maximus, -a, -um adj superl greatest magus, -i n (m) magician, Magi magicus, -a, -um adj magical malus, -a, -um adj evil; bad, ugly, hurtful male adv badly; wrongly maledico, -ere, maledixi, maledictum vb tr and intr to curse; to speak ill of, to slander maledictio, -onis n (f) curse; abuse maledictum, -i n (f) curse; abusive word, cursed thing malefactum, -i n (n) wicked deed; crime, fraud, sorcery, harm, vermin malevolentia, -ae n (f) ill will; hatred malignitas, -atis n (f) spite; ill will, stinginess, barrenness malignus, -a, -um adj spiteful; ill-disposed, malign, stingy, barren 35 malitia, -ae n (f) wickedness; badness, ill will manduco, -are, manducavi, manducatum vb tr (also dep) to eat; to chew mane adv and n indec in the morning; morning maneo, manere, mansi, mansum vb tr and intr to remain; to stay, to stop, to endure, to wait for commaneo, -ere, commansi, commansum vb intr to remain permaneo, -ere, permansi, permansum vb intr to remain; to last, to persevere, to live by remaneo, remanere, remansi, — vb intr to remain; to endure mano, manare, manavi, manatum vb intr to flow; to trickle, to spread, get abroad, to originate from emano, emanare, emanavi, emanatum vb intr to flow out; to emanate from,to diffuse,to become known manus, -us n (f) hand, armed band; fighting, work, side, workman adminiculum, -i n (n) support; that which is at hand, vine pole, assistant commanipularis, -is n (m) military companion; a companion in the same manipulus commendo, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr to entrust, to point out, to praise demando, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr to entrust eminus adv from afar; out of range of hand-to-hand combat manifestatio, -onis n (f) manifestation manifeste adv clearly manifesto, -are, manifestavi, manifestatum vb tr to reveal; to show clearly manifestus, -a, -um adj clear; apparent, exposed, convicted mansuesco, -ere, -evi, -etum vb tr and intr to grow mild; to tame, to become tame mansuetus, -a, -um adj gentle; tame, soft, quiet marceo, marcere, ―, ― vb intr to wither; to be faint, to be lazy marcesco, marcescere, marcui, ― vb intr to wither; to decay, to pine away, to become weak mare, -is n (n) sea; seawater, sea-green margo, -inis n (f) margin; edge, brink, shore marmor, -oris n (n) marble; work of marble, marble building, marble slab

marmoreus, -a, -um adj of marble; marble-like, adorned with statues mars, martis n (m) Mars, war mas, maris adj male, masculine, manly maritus, -i n (m) husband; married man, lover, suitor masculus, -a, -um adj male; masculine, manly mater, matris n (m) mother; matron, nurse, source, motherhood, home maternus, -a, -um adj mother’s; maternal matrona, -ae n (f) matron; married woman, lady of quality matrimonium, -ii n (n) marriage; matrimony, married women maturus, -a, -um adj mature; ripe, proper, adult, powerful, early medeor, mederi, — vb dep to heal; to cure, to remedy, to amend, to correct medicabilis, -e adj curing; curable medicamen, -inis n (n) medicine; drug, poison, remedy, antidote, dye, paint medicina, -ae n (f) medicine; healing, surgery medicinalis, -e adj medicinal medicus, -i n (m) physician; medical man, surgeon, ring finger remedium, -ii n (n) remedy; cure, charm, amulet, relief medius, -a, -um adj middle, middle of, half; midst dimidius, -a, -um adj half; divided into two medio, mediare, mediavi, mediatum vb intr to come between; to halve mediocris, -e adj mediocre; average, middling, trivial, common mediocritas, -atis n (f) moderation; moderateness, meagreness, inferiority meditor, meditari, meditatus vb dep to think upon, to muse, to consider, to study, to practice meditatio, -onis n (f) thinking over; contemplation, preparation, practice memini, meminisse, — vb defective to remember (with gen); to be mindful of, to mention commentum, -i n (n) comment; invention, falsehood, contrivance, plan immemor, -oris adj unmindful; forgetful, negligent of 36 memor, -oris adj mindful (with gen); remembering, bringing to mind memoria, -ae n (f) memory; recollection, remembrance, narration, memoir memoro, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr (also dep) to mention, to remember (with gen); to say menda, -ae n (f) or mendum, -i n (n) fault defect, blemish, mistake emendatio, -onis n (f) emendation, improvement emendo, emendare, emendavi, emendatum vb tr to correct; to chastise mendacium, -ii n (n) lie; untruth, falsehood, counterfeit mendax, -acis adj lying; liar, false, deceptive, counterfeit mendico, -are, mendicavi, mendicatum vb tr to beg; to ask for alms, to solicit mendicus, -i n (m) beggar; mendicant, poor, needy mentior, mentiri, mentitus vb dep to lie, to tell a lie; to cheat, to deceive, to counterfeit mens, mentis n (f) mind; heart, conscience, intellect, reason, plan, courage amens, -entis adj insane; frantic, foolish dementia, -ae n (f) madness mensis, -is n (m) month; menses meo, meare, meavi, meatum vb intr to go, to pass semita, -ae n (f) path; lane, way, road transmeo, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr and intr to cross mereo, merere, merui, meritum vb tr (also dep) to merit; to deserve, to be worthy, to earn, to buy immeritus, -a, -um adj undeserved; undeserving, innocent meretrix, -icis n (f) prostitute; harlot, courtesan merito adv rightly; according to merit, deservedly, justly meritum, -i n (n) merit; desert, reward, punishment, benefit, value mergo, mergere, mersi, mersum vb tr to submerge; to drown, to sink, to dip in, to cover

merx, mercis n (f) merchandise, wares, goods, thing mercemonium, -ii n (n) merchandise mercenarius, -ii n (m) hired worker; mercenary merces, -edis n (f) payment; wages, bribe, punishment, cost, rent, interest -met enclitic emphatic particle -self, -selves metallum, -i n (n) metal; mine, material metior, metiri, mensus vb dep to measure; to mete out, to traverse, to judge dimensio, -onis n (f) dimension; measuring, axis of the earth immensus, -a, -um adj immense; immeasurable, endless mensa, -ae n (f) table, meal; market-stand, food, course, guests, counter mensura, -ae n (f) measure; measuring, quantity, proportion, extent, degree mensuro, -are, mensuravi, mensuratum vb tr to measure; to estimate nimis adv very much; too much, exceedingly nimium adv very much; too much, too, exceedingly nimius, -a, -um adj excessive; too much, too mighty, very great metrum, -i n (n) metre; measure metricus, -a, -um adj metrical; relating to measure metus, -us n (m) fear, dread, anxiety, awe metuo, metuere, metui, ― vb tr and intr to fear; to hesitate, to not wish, to be afraid, to revere mico, micare, micui, ― vb intr to glitter; to vibrate, to tremble, to flash, to shine dimico, dimicare, dimicui, dimicatum vb tr to battle; to fight, to struggle migro, migrare, migravi, migratum vb tr and intr to depart; to migrate, to change, to transport, to transfer transmigratio, -onis n (f) emigration; transmigration mille, milia adj num thousand miliarium, -ii n (n) mile; thousand millenarius, -a, -um adj containing one thousand millesimus, -a, -um adj thousandth 37 minae, -arum n (f) threats; projecting points of a wall, menace comminatio, -onis n (f) threat; threatening, menacing eminens, -entis adj eminent; prominent, lofty minor, minari, minatus vb dep to threaten; to just forth, to project, menace minister, ministri n (m) minister; attendant, waiter, assistant, servant administratio, -onis n (f) administration; aid, assistance, direction, ministry administro, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr to administer; to aid, to assist, to serve, to guide, to do ministerium, -ii n (n) ministry; office of a minister, occupation, administration ministro, ministrare, ministravi, ministratum vb tr to serve; to attend, to wait upon, to manage, to supply mirus, -a, -um adj wondrous; marvelous, astonishing admirabilis, -e adj marvelous; admirable, wonderful, astonishing, rare admiror, admirari, admiratus vb dep to wonder at; to admire, to gaze at, to desire mirabile, -is n (n) miracle; wondrous deed mirabilis, -e adj marvelous; wonderful, strange, glorious, miraculous mirabiliter adv marvellously; wonderfully, surprisingly miraculose adv miraculously miraculum, -i n (n) miracle; wonder, marvel, wonderfulness, marvelousness miror, mirari, miratus vb tr and intr to wonder, to wonder at; to be amazed, to admire nimirum adv without doubt misceo, miscere, miscui, mixtum vb tr to mix; to have sex, to intermarry, to unite, to disturb commisceo, -miscere, -miscui, -mixtum vb tr to mix together; to unite, to join, to produce by mingling

miser, misera, miserum adj wretched; miserable, lamentable, ill, bad miserabilis, -e adj pitiable; miserable, wretched miseria, -ae n (f) misery; wretchedness, affliction, trouble misericordia, -ae n (f) mercy; pity, wretchedness misericorditer adv mercifully; pitifully misericors, -ordis adj merciful; pitiful miseror, miserari, miseratus vb dep to pity (with gen); to lament mitis, -e adj soft; mild, ripe, calm, mellow, gentle mitigo, mitigare, mitigavi, mitigatum vb tr to soften; to make ripe, to tame, to soothe, to mitigate mitto, mittere, misi, missum vb tr to send; announce, to furnish, to dismiss, to omit, to quit admitto, admittere, admisi, admissum vb tr to admit; to send to, to permit, to grant, to commit amitto, amittere, amisi, amissum vb tr to lose; to send away, to dismiss, to let slip committo, -mittere, -misi, -missum vb tr to commit, to entrust; to join, to unite, to compare dimitto, dimittere, dimisi, dimissum vb tr to abandon, to dismiss, to leave behind; to send apart immitto, immittere, immisi, immissum vb tr to send against; to send into, to introduce, to let loose intermissio, -onis n (f) pause; intermission, neglecting intromitto, -mittere, intromisi, intromissus vb tr to send in; to let in, to introduce omitto, omittere, omisi, omissum vb tr to omit; to let go, to dismiss, to neglect, to cease permitto, permittere, permisi, permissum vb tr to permit; to let go through, to export, to entrust praemissus, -a, -um adj sent beforehand; aforesaid promissio, -onis n (f) promise; promising promitto, promittere, promisi, promissum vb tr to promise; to send forth, to prophesy, to vow remissio, -onis n (f) forgiveness; sending back, relaxing, recreation, mildness remitto, remittere, remisi, remissum vb tr to remit; to send back, to yield, to dismiss, to relax transmitto, -ere, transmisi, transmissum vb tr to send; to transmit, to transfer, to allow to pass, to pass modus, -i n (m) manner, way; measure, rhythm, limit accommodate adv fittingly; agreeably 38 accommodo, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr to accommodate; to fit to, to prepare for, to adjust, to apply commodo, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr to adjust to; to accommodate, to lend, to grant, to please commodus, -a, -um adj suitable; advantageous, convenient, accommodating commode adv properly; conveniently, pleasantly, just in time incommodum, -i n (n) ailment, problem; inconvenience, injury, misfortune modero, moderare, moderavi, moderatum vb tr to moderate moderor, moderari, moderatus vb dep to govern; to set bounds, to moderate to manage modestia, -ae n (f) moderation; modesty, sobriety, shame, dignity, propriety modicus, -a, -um adj moderate; little, meddling, ordinary, mean, bad modo adv and conj now; merely, only, if only, provided that modulus, -i n (m) little measure; measure, module, rhythm, melody moenia, -orum n (n) walls; walled city communico, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr to communicate; to share, to unite, to join with, to defile communio, -ire, -ivi, -itum vb tr to fortify; to barricade, to strengthen communio, -onis n (f) communion; mutual participation communis, -e adj common; general, universal communitas, -atis n (f) community; comune (Italy), fellowship, courtesy communiter adv in common; together, generally excommunico, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr to excommunicate munio, munire, munivi, munitum vb tr to defend; to build a wall, to guard, to strengthen praemunio, -ire, praemunivi, praemunitum vb tr to protect; to defend in front, to strengthen molestus, -a, -um adj annoying; troublesome, affected, difficult, dangerous molestia, -ae n (f) nuisance; trouble, annoyance, disgust, affectation mollis, -e adj soft, pliant, delicate, pleasant, weak, untrustworthy mollitia, -ae n (f) and mollities, -iei n (f) softness; pliability, weakness, effeminacy

molo, molere, molui, molitum vb tr to grind, to mill molendinum, -i n (n) mill moneo, monere, monui, monitum vb tr to warn; to remind, to teach, to tell, to predict admoneo, admonere, admonui, admonitum vb tr to warn; to remind, to incite admonitio, -onis n (f) warning; reminding suggestion, admonition, correction commoneo, -ere, -ui, -itum vb tr to warn; to remind monitor, -oris n (m) one who reminds; admonisher, counselor, overseer moneta, -ae n (f) coin; mint, stamp mons, montis n (m) mountain montanus, -a, -um adj mountainous monstro, monstare, monstravi, monstratum vb tr to show; to teach, to tell, to appoint, to accuse, to advise monstrum, -i n (n) monster; evil omen, monstrosity, prodigies monstruosus, -a, -um adj monstrous praemonstro, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr to show beforehand; to prefigure, to predict mora, -ae n (f) delay; pause, hindrance, space of time demoror, demorari, demoratus vb dep to linger; to detain immoror, immorari, immoratus vb dep to delay; to tarry in, to stay at moror, morari, moratus vb dep to stay; to delay, to hinder morbus, -i n (m) sickness; disorder, disease, fault, vice, grief mors, mortis n (f) death; corpse immortalis, -e adj immortal; eternal, exceedingly happy immortalitas, -atis n (f) immortality; undying fame, blessedness morior, mori, mortuus vb dep to die mortalis, -e adj mortal; subject to death, human, temporary mortifer or mortiferus, -a, -um adj fatal; death-bringing mos, moris n (m) manner, custom; quality, precept, pl character moveo, movere, movi, motum vb tr and intr to move; to disturb, to remove, to excite 39 amoveo, amovere, amovi, amotum vb tr to remove; to steal, to banish commoveo, -movere, -movi, -motum vb tr to excite immobilis, -e adj motionless; immovable, unalterable mobilitas, -atis n (f) mobility; moveability, speed, fickleness, vivacity momentum, -i n (n) movement; that which moves scales, moment, influence motus, -us n (m) motion; movement, stage of growth, passion, commotion permotus, -a, -um adj deeply moved permoveo, permovere, permovi, permotum vb tr to move deeply; to shake up, to excite, to influence removeo, removere, removi, remotum vb tr to remove; to move back, to subtract mox adv soon; afterwards, then mulier, -eris n (f) woman, wife; female, coward muliebris, -e adj womanly; female, feminine, effeminate muliebrius, -a, -um adj womanly; womanish multus, -a, um adj much, many; great multiplex, -icis adj manifold; numerous, various, labyrinthine multiplicatio, -onis n (f) multiplication; multiplying multiplico, -are, multiplicavi, multiplicatum vb tr to multiply; to increase, to augment multitudo, -inis n (f) multitude; great number, crowd, plural multivagus, -a, -um adj far-wandering multo adv much; by much, by far, long, very multum adv much; greatly, often, far plurimum adv superl very much; exceedingly, usually plurimus, -a, -um adj superl very many, very much plus adv compar more plus (n sing); plures, plura (pl) adj compar more, (pl) several

mundus, -a, -um adj clean; neat, elegant, fine, free from sin immundus, -a, -um adj dirty; unclean mundifico, -are, mundificavi, mundificatum vb tr to make clean permundo, -are, permundavi, permundatum vb tr to cleanse mundus, -i n (m) the world; toilet ornaments, implement, universe, earth mundanus, -a, -um adj earthly; worldly, mundane munus, -eris n (n) office, gift; duty, tribute, work, service, spectacle munero, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr (also dep) to reward; to give, to render murmuro, -are, murmuravi, murmuratum vb tr and intr to mutter; to murmur, to rumble, to grumble murmuratio, -onis n (f) muttering; murmuring, crying mussito, -are, mussitavi, mussitatum vb tr and intr to mutter; to be silent, to grumble mutus, -a, -um adj mute; dumb, silent, still muto, mutare, mutavi, mutatum vb tr and intr to change; to move, to alter, to exchange, to abandon commuto, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr to alter wholly; to share, to change, to exchange incommutabilis, -e adj unchangeable mutabilis, -e adj mutable; changeable mutabilitas, -atis n (f) mutability; changeableness mutuus, -a, -um adj mutual; borrowed, lent, reciprocal permuto, -are, permutavi, permutatum vb tr to change; to alter completely, to exchange, to buy transmuto, -are, transmutavi, transmutatum vb tr to change; to transfer nam conj (1st position) for; on the other hand, but enim conj postpositive for; indeed, for instance etenim conj and indeed; since namque (nanque) conj postpositive for; for indeed nempe adv indeed; certainly, obviously narro, narrare, narravi, narratum vb tr to tell; to relate, to explain, to say, to dedicate enarro, enarrare, enarravi, enarratum vb tr to relate; to explain in detail 40 navis, -is n (f) ship nato, natare, natavi, natatum vb tr and intr to swim; to float, to overflow with, to waver nauta, -ae n (m) sailor navale, -is n (n) shipyard; dock, rigging navicula, -ae n (f) little ship; boat, skiff navigium, -ii n (n) ship; vessel, boat, raft, sailing, navigation navigo, navigare, navigavi, navigatum vb tr and to sail; to go by sea, to navigate, to swim, to flow intr to swim, to float, to flow no, nare, navi, ― vb intr ne conj (introduces various clauses) (fearing) that, (negative direct or indirect command) do not or that not, (negative purpose) in order that not abnego, abnegare, abnegavi, abnegatum vb tr to deny, to say that . . . not (with indirect speech) denegatio, -onis n (f) denial denego, denegare, denegavi, denegatum vb tr to deny; to say that . . . not (with indirect speech) -ne particle enclitic introduces a question ne . . . quidem adv not even ( . . . ) nec (neque) conj nor, and not nec (neque) . . . nec (neque) conj neither . . . nor necnon conj and also; likewise nego, negare, negavi, negatum vb tr to deny; to say no, to refuse nequaquam adv in no way nihil (nil) pron indecl and adverb nothing; not at all, in vain, for no reason nihilum, -i pron (n) nothing nihilominus adv nevertheless; by no means non adv not necto, nectere, nexui or nexi, nexum vb tr to bind, to connect, to confine, to oblige nexus, -us n (m) bond; binding, interlacing, obligation

nepos, -otis n (m) grandson; nephew, descendant, favourite, prodigal neptis, -is n (f) niece; granddaughter nervus, -i n (m) muscle; sinew, tendon, nerve, string, bow, prison, vigor enervis, -e adj weak; nerveless, effeminate nex, necis n (f) murder; violent death, death, destruction neco, necare, necavi, necatum vb tr to kill; to kill, to destroy, to thwart pernicies, -iei n (f) ruin; death niteo, nitere, —, — vb intr to shine; to glitter, to thrive, to look beautiful nitor, niti, nisus or nixus vb dep to bear upon, to advance, to strive, to argue, to rely upon nisus, -us n (m) effort; pressing against, pressure, labour, striving nix, nivis n (f) snow; whiteness no, nare, navi, ― vb intr to swim, to float supernato, -are, supernatavi, supernatatum vb intr to float nobilis, -e adj noble; known, knowable, famous, high-born, excellent ignobilis, -e adj ignoble; unknown, not renowned, low-born nobilitas, -atis n (f) nobility; renown, high birth, excellence noceo, nocere, nocui, nocitum vb intr to harm (with dat); to hurt, to injure innocens, -entis adj virtuous; harmless, innocent innocentia, -ae n (f) innocence; harmlessness, uprightness, innocent persons innoxius, -a, -um adj harmless; innocent, unharmed noxius, -a, -um adj harmful; hurtful, noxious, guilty obnoxius, -a, -um adj liable; punishable, subject, obedient, obliged, servile nodus, -i n (m) knot; girdle, bond, knotty point, difficulty enodo, enodare, enodavi, enodatum vb tr to unknot; to unstring, to explain nomen, -inis n (m) name; appellation, title, noun, claim, debt, repute, excuse cognomen, -inis n (n) surname; name added to the nomen, epithet, name cognomino, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr to name; to surname 41 ignominia, -ae n (f) disgrace nomino, nominare, nominavi, nominatum vb tr to name; to render famous, to nominate, to accuse nuncupo, -are, nuncupavi, nuncupatum vb tr to name; to appoint, to announce, to vow praenominatus, -a, -um adj aforenamed norma, -ae n (f) square, rule, pattern, precept enormis, -e adj excessive; out of rule, irregular enormitas, -atis n (f) enormity; irregularity nos, nostri pron pers (1st pers pl) we noster, nostra, nostrum adj poss (1st pers pl) our nosco, noscere, novi, notum vb tr to learn; to come to know, to recognize agnosco, agnoscere, agnovi, agnotum vb tr to recognize; to know well, to declare, to acknowledge cognatus, -a, -um adj related cognosco, cognoscere, cognovi, cognitum vb tr (present) to learn, to recognize, (perfect) to know denoto, denotare, denotavi, denotatum vb tr to denote; to scandalize dinosco, dinoscere, dinovi, dinotum to distinguish ignarus, -a, -um adj ignorant, unaware; unmindful ignavia, -ae n (f) laziness; cowardice, worthlessness, weakness ignorantia, -ae n (f) ignorance ignoro, ignorare, ignoravi, ignoratum vb tr and intr to not know; to misunderstand, to ignore ignosco, ignoscere, ignovi, ignotum vb tr to pardon innotesco, innotescere, innotui, — vb intr to become known; to become clear notabilis, -e adj notable; distinguished, infamous, discernible, marked notitia, -ae n (f) notice; celebrity, acquaintance with, knowledge noto, notare, notavi, notatum vb tr to note; to mark, to write, to remark, to denote notorius, -a, -um adj notorious; pointing out novi, novisse, notum vb defective to know recognosco, -ere, recognovi, recognotum vb tr to recognize

novem adj indec num nine nonaginta adj indec num ninety nongentesimus, -a, -um adj num nine-hundredth nongenti, -ae, -a adj num nine-hundred nonus, -a, -um adj num ninth novus, -a, -um adj new; young, fresh, recent, strange denuo adv again; afresh, a second time, once more novitas, -atis n (f) newness; novelty, rareness, strangeness, reformation noviter adv newly nuper adv recently; newly, not long ago, in modern times, formerly renovo, renovare, renovavi, renovatum vb tr to restore; to restore, to repeat, to refresh, to revive nox, noctis n (f) night; nightwork, sleep, dream, death, darkness, blindness noctu adv at night nocturnus, -a, -um adj nocturnal nubes, -is n (f) cloud; dark spot, swarm, phantom, gloom, obscurity nebula, -ae n (f) cloud; mist, fog, vapour, smoke, thin substance, obscurity nubo, nubere, nupsi, nuptum vb tr to marry; to veil one’s self nuptiae, -arum n (f) marriage; wedding, sexual intercourse nudus, -a, -um adj naked; unclothed, exposed, stripped, destitute, pure num adv int particle expecting negative answer numquid adv int particle expecting negative answer numerus, -i n (m) number; dice, rank, member, rhythm, measure, verse dinumero, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr to count; to enumerate, to pay out enumero, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr to enumerate; to reckon up, to count out, to relate innumerabilis, -e adj innumerable innumerus, -a, -um adj innumerable; without metre numero, numerare, numeravi, numeratum vb tr to number; to count, to pay, to reckon, to esteem 42 nummus, -i n (m) money; coin nunc adv now; at this time, at that time, but now, in that case nuntium, -ii n (n) message; announcement, news annuntio, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr to announce; to make known, to relate, to preach nuntio, nuntiare, nuntiavi, nuntiatum vb tr to announce; to make known, to inform, to denounce nuntius, -ii n (m) messenger; reporter, courier praenuntio, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr to announce beforehand; to foretell, to predict pronuntio, -are, pronuntiavi, pronuntiatum vb tr to proclaim; to announce, to publish, to appoint, to tell renuntio, renuntiare, renuntiavi, renuntiatum vb tr to announce; to renounce nutus, -us n (m) nod, gravity, command, will annuo, annuere, annui, annutum vb intr to nod in approval; to approve, to allow, to promise innuo, innuere, innui, innutum vb intr to nod to; to hint ob prep (with acc) on account of; towards, in front of, instead of obliviscor, oblivisci, oblitus vb dep to forget (with gen) oblivio, -onis n (f) forgetfulness; oblivion obscurus, -a, -um adj obscure; dark, shady, unseen, intricate, unknown, secret oceanus, -i n (m) Ocean octo adj indec num eight octava, -ae n (f) day after a feast day; eighth day of a week of celebration octavus, -a, -um adj num eighth octogesimus, -a, -um adj num eightieth octoginta adj indec num eighty odi, odisse, osum vb def to hate; to dislike odium, -ii n (n) hatred; grudge, aversion, offence, disgust, insolence odor, -oris n (m) odour, scent, perfume, spice, stench, stink, hint odoramentum, -i n (n) smell; perfume, spice

oeconomica, -ae n (f) economics; management of household affairs oeconomus, -i n (m) steward; overseer omnis, -e adj all (pl), every (sing)-198 omnino adv entirely; at all, altogether, by all means, in general onus, -eris n (n) load, burden, cargo, foetus, excrements, tax, trouble onero, onerare, oneravi, oneratum vb tr to burden; to load, to oppress, to aggravate, to heap up onustus, -a, -um adj laden; full, satisfied, burdened opinor, opinari, opinatus vb dep to imagine; to conjecture, to believe opinio, -onis n (f) opinion; conjecture, imagination, esteem oppidum, -i n (n) town, inhabitants of a town, fortified woods oppidulum, -i n (n) little town ops, opis n (f) wealth; power, ability, property, influence, aid copia, -ae n (f) copy; wealth, abundance, ability, access, (military) forces inopia, -ae n (f) lack, poverty; scarcity, helplessness inops, -opis adj helpless, poor; wretched, meagre opitulor, opitulari, opitulatus vb dep to help (with dat) opulentus, -a, -um adj rich; splendid, noble opto, optare, optavi, optatum vb tr to hope; to choose, to wish for opus, -eris n (n) work, deed; labour, result of labour, book opera, -ae n (f) work, service, care, attention, means opero, operare, operavi, operatum vb tr (also dep) to work; to be busied, to serve gods, to be effective oportet, oportere, oportuit, — vb impers to be necessary, to be appropriate; ought opus est idiom (dat) has need of (with nom or abl) opusculum, -i n (n) little work orbis, -is n (m) world; ring, circle, circuit, encyclopedia, rotundity, cycle exorbito, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr and intr to deviate; to go off track ordo, -inis n (m) order; regular series, row, rank, troop, command 43 exordium, -ii n (n) beginning; preface, exordium ordinatio, -onis n (f) decree; arranging, order, regulation, ordering, ordination ordino, ordinare, ordinavi, ordinatus vb tr to ordain, to arrange; to draw up for battle, to rule orior, oriri, ortus vb dep to rise, to be born; to get up, to come forth, to appear exortus, -us n (m) rising oborior, oboriri, obortus vb dep to arise; to appear, to spring up oriens, -entis n (m) East; rising sun orientalis, -e adj Eastern originalis, -e adj original; primitive origo, -inis n (f) origin; source, lineage, race, ancestor oriundus, -a, -um adj originating from; descended, sprung, born ortus, -us n (m) ancestry, rising; origin orno, ornare, ornavi, ornatum vb tr to decorate; to fit out, to equip, to adorn, to praise ornamentum, -i n (n) decoration; equipment, distinction, attire ornatus, -us n (m) decoration; preparing, attire, accoutrements os, oris n (n) mouth, face coram adv and prep (with dat) in front of; in one’s presence deosculor, deosculari, deosculatus vb dep to kiss; to praise highly orificium, -ii n (n) opening osculor, osculari, osculatus vb tr to kiss; to value osculum, -i n (n) kiss, lip; little mouth ostium, -ii n (n) door; mouth, entrance

otium, -ii n (n) leisure, freedom from business, ease, fruit of leisure, rest negotiator, -oris n (m) merchant; banker, trader, agent negotiatio, -onis n (f) business; banking, wholesale, traffic negotium, -ii n (n) business; affair, difficulty, matter otiositas, -atis n (f) idleness; leisure, writing composed during leisure paene adv almost penuria, -ae n (f) need; scarcity palam adv and prep (with abl) openly, publicly, before, in the presence of propalo, propalare, propalavi, propalatum vb tr to make public; to explain palatium, -ii n (n) palace; Palatine hill, temple pallium, -ii n (n) cloak; covering, pall, curtain, mantle, toga, philosophic habit pando, pandere, pandi, passum vb tr to spread out, to expand, to dry, to open, to unfold passagium, -ii n (n) tax for passage; passage passus, -us n (m) step; pace, footstep, track pango, pangere, panxi, panctum or (pe)pegi, pactum vb tr to compose; to fasten, to drive in, to set, to settle compingo, compingere, compegi, compactum vb tr to shut in; to join, to compose, to conceal impingo, impingere, impegi, impactum vb tr to strike; to press upon, to force to pannus, -i n (m) cloth; garment, rag, head-band, swaddling-clothes par, paris adj equal; of the same age, proper, companion, pair compar, comparis adj comparison; contention, relation, agreement comparatio, -onis n (f) equal; companion, beloved comparo, -are, comparavi, comparatum vb tr to compare; to pair, to match, to consider, to agree parifico, parificare, parificavi, parificatum vb tr to make equal pariter adv together; equally, at the same time, likewise, also parco, parcere, peperci, parsus vb tr and intr to spare (with dat); to abstain, to cease parce adv sparingly; penuriously, moderately, seldom 44 pareo, parere, parui, paritum vb intr and impers to appear, to be clear, to yield (with dat); to obey appareo, apperere, apparui, apparitum vb intr to appear; to attend dispareo, disparere, disparui, disparitum vb intr to disappear paries, -etis n (m) wall; partition, rampart pario, parere, peperi, partum vb tr to give birth to; to beget, to produce, to create, to acquire aperio, aperire, aperui, apertum vb tr to open, to reveal; to explain, to prove comperio, comperire, comperi, compertum vb tr to discover; to learn operio, operire, operivi, operitum vb tr to cover; to bury, to shut, to hide, to atone for parens, -entis n (m/f) parent; ancestor, father, founder, author parentela, -ae n (f) parentage; relationship partum, -i n (n) savings; gains partus, -us n (m) birth; bearing, offspring reperio, reperire, repperi, repertum vb tr to find; to find out, to obtain, to learn, to invent paro, parare, paravi, paratum vb tr to prepare apparatus, -us n (m) preparation; equipment, splendour, pomp comparo, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr to acquire, to buy; to prepare, to arrange, to appoint imperator, -oris n (m) emperor; general, commander, admiral, ruler imperatorius, -a, -um adj imperial; general’s imperatrix, -icis n (f) empress; mistress imperialis, -e adj imperial imperiosus, -a, -um adj imperious; powerful, possessing of command, tyrannical imperium, -ii n (n) empire, command; authority, order impero, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr and intr to command (with dat); to give orders, to rule over praeparo, -are, praeparavi, praeparatum vb tr to prepare; to equip, to provide for reparatrix, -icis n (f) renewer; restorer separo, separare, separavi, separatum vb tr to separate; to divide, to distinguish

pars, partis n (f) part, share, side, respect, direction, behalf; faction, lot impertio, -ire, -ivi, -itum vb tr (also dep) to impart; to share, to communicate particeps, -ipis adj sharing in; participant, partner, comrade participo, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr and intr to participate in; to impart, to inform, to share with partim adv partly; chiefly, sometimes parvus, -a, -um adj small; little, inconsiderable comminuo, -uere, -ui, -utum vb tr to make small; to break apart, to lessen, to weaken diminuo, diminuere, diminui, diminutum vb tr to diminish; to break into small pieces, to outrage minime adv superl not at all; least of all, at least, not, no minimus, -a, -um adj superl least, very small; smallest minor, -us adj compar lesser, smaller, Franciscan (fratres minores) minus adv compar less minutus, -a, -um adj small; minute, miniature, insignificant parum adv too little, very little parvulus, -i n (m) small child pasco, pascere, pavi, pastum vb tr and intr (also dep) to graze; to feed, to pasture, feast, to ravage pastor, -oris n (m) pastor, shepherd pateo, patere, patui, — vb intr and impers to be open, to be clear; to be ready to hear, to be exposed patefacio, patefacere, patefeci, patefactum vb tr to expose, to open; to disclose patenter adv openly; clearly patibulum, -i n (n) gibbet; forked prop for vines, wooden bar to fasten a door patulus, -a, -um adj wide-open; broad, common pater, patris n (m) father; head of household, forefather, God impetro, impetrare, impetravi, impetratum vb tr to obtain (by request); to accomplish parricida, -ae n (m/f) patricide; parricide, murder of a relative, murderer, traitor paternitas, -atis n (f) paternity; fatherly care, descendants of one father paternus, -a, -um adj paternal; fatherly, of one’s native country 45 patria, -ae n (f) country; fatherland, home patriarcha, -ae n (m) patriarch; chief bishop patrocinium, -ii n (n) protection; patronage, defence patrocinor, patrocinare, patrocinatus vb dep to protect; to support, to be patron to patrona, -ae n (f) patroness; protector patronus, -i n (m) protector; patron, advocate perpetro, -are, perpetravi, perpetratum vb tr to perform, to perpetrate; to accomplish, to achieve patior, pati, passus vb tr to suffer compatior, compati, compassus vb dep to pity (with dat); to suffer with passio, -onis n (f) passion (suffering), passion (emotion); event patienter adv patiently patientia, -ae n (f) patience; suffering, endurance, indulgence, indolence paucus, -a, -um adj few; little paulo adv a little; somewhat paululum adv for a little while; a very little, somewhat pauper, -eris n (m) poor man pauperculus, -a, -um adj poor paupertas, -atis n (f) poverty; moderate circumstances, need perpaucus, -a, -um adj very few praepaucus, -a, -um adj very few paveo, pavere, pavui, pavitum vb tr and intr to quake; to be struck with fear, to fear impavidus, -a, -um adj unafraid pavor, -oris n (m) fear; trembling

pax, pacis n (f) peace; treaty of peace, pardon, empire, rest, death pacifice adv peacefully pacifico, pacificare, pacificavi, pacificatum vb tr to pacify; to make a peace, to soothe, to appease pactio, -onis n (f) agreement; agreeing, corrupt bargaining, truce, contract pactum, -i n (n) agreement; contract, pact pecu, -us n (n) cattle; pastures, money pecunia, -ae n (f) money; property, wealth, copper coins pecus, -oris n (n) cattle; herd pecus, -udis n (m) cattle; beast, brute animal, head of cattle pelagus, -i n (n) sea; the main, immense extent pello, pellere, pepuli, pulsum vb tr to push; to strike, to expel, to rout, to affect, to conquer appello, appellare, appellavi, appellatus vb tr to call; to entreat, to address, to accuse, to accost appellatio, -onis n (f) title; address, appeal, naming, pronunciation, substantive compello, compellere, compuli, compulsum vb tr to compel; to drive together, to collect, to press together expello, expellere, expuli, expulsum vb tr to expel; to drive away, to eject, to force out impello, impellere, impuli, impulsum vb tr to push; to strike, to impel, to persuade, to destroy pulso, pulsare, pulsavi, pulsatum vb tr to knock; to strike, to beat, to urge, to disturb, to attack pendo, pendere, pependi, pensum vb tr and intr to hang; to suspend, to weigh, to pay, to consider dependeo, dependere, ―, ― vb intr to hang; to be dependent on; to be derived from dispendium, -ii n (n) expense; cost, loss dispensatio, -onis n (f) dispensation; economic management, stewardship dispenso, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr to dispense; to pay out, to manage, to regulate expensum, -i n (n) payment of a debt; money paid impendo, impendere, impendi, impensum vb to expend; to weigh out, to employ parvipendo, -ere, parvipependi, parvipensum vb tr to think little of rependo, rependere, rependi, repensum vb tr to repay; to pay in return suspendo, suspendere, suspensi, suspensum vb tr to hang; to dedicate, to support, to suspend vilipendo, vilipendere, —, — vb tr to despise; to hold in slight esteem 46 penetro, penetrare, penetravi, penetratum vb tr and intr to penetrate; to put into, to enter, to pierce penetratio, -onis n (f) penetration; piercing penitus adv entirely; inwardly, deeply per prep (with acc) through, about, by (agent, means, or locative), during, in, in the name of, into, over, per peritus, -a, -um adj skilled; experienced, experior, experiri, expertus vb dep to test, to try in court; to know by experience, to attempt imperitus, -a, -um adj unskilled; inexperienced, ignorant periclitor, periclitari, periclitus vb dep to be in danger; to try, to prove, to endanger periculum, -i n (n) danger; trail, proof, attempt, risk, sentence, sickness, ruin peritia, -ae n (f) skill; knowledge, experience pes, pedis n (m) foot; soil, stalk measure expedio, expedire, expedivi, expeditum vb tr to be expedient, to obtain; to set free, to prepare expeditio, -onis n (f) campaign; developing, removing, arranging expeditus, -i n (m) light-armed soldier impedimentum, -i n (n) impediment; that which is entangled, luggage impedio, impedire, impedivi, impeditum vb tr to impede; to tangle,to shackle, to embrace, to embarrass pedes, -itis n (m) foot soldier, infantry; one that goes on foot pestis, -is plague, pest, destruction death pestiferus, -a, -um adj destructive; bringing pestilence petia or pecia, -ae n (f) piece

peto, petere, peti(v)i, petitum vb tr to ask, to ask for, to seek, to demand, to beg; to attack appetitus, -us n (m) appetite appeto, appetere, appetivi, appetitum vb tr to desire competo, -ere, -i(v)i, -itum vb intr to be appropriate to (with dat), to agree impetuose adv impetuously; violently impetus, -us n (m) attack; impulse, violence, passion perpetuo adv forever; constantly, utterly perpetuus, -a, -um adj everlasting; continuous, constant, universal, whole petitio, -onis n (f) request; attack, application, candidacy, claim petulantia, -ae n (f) petulance; sauciness, carelessness, viciousness, luxuriance propitius, -a, -um adj propitious; favourable repeto, repetere, repetivi, repetitum vb tr to attack again; to return to, to take back, to repeat petra, -ae n (f) rock phantasma, -atis n (n) phantasm; idea phlegma, -atis n (n) phlegm pilo, pilare pilavi, pilatum vb tr to grow hairy, to deprive of hair, to pluck, to plunder compilator, -oris n (m) compiler pingo, pingere, pinxi, pinctum vb tr to paint; to represent pictorially, to adorn, to colour pictorius, -a, -um adj pictorial pictura, -ae n (f) picture; painting, portrait pius, -a, -um adj pious; dutiful, devout, loyal, patriotic, honest, kind impius, -a, -um adj wicked; impious, not respecting God, parents or country pietas, -atis n (f) piety; conscientiousness, duty, justice, kindness piger, pigra, pigrum adj lazy; unwilling, backward, slow, sluggish, dull pignus, -oris n (n) pledge; security, mortgage, wager, proof, children pinguis, -e adj fat; rich, fertile, plump, thick, bland, stupid, stout, calm impinguatio, -onis n (f) fattening 47 impinguo, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr and intr to fatten; to become fat placeo, placere, placui, placitum vb intr and impers to be pleasing to (with dat); to flatter, to seem right complaceo, -ere, -ui, -itum vb intr to please (with dat); displiceo, discplicere, displicui, displicitum vb intr to be displeasing; to be displeased placabilis, -e adj placable; easily appeased, appeasing, acceptable plango, plangere, planxi, planctum vb tr to bewail; to strike, to beat the breast in grief, to lament plaga, -ae n (f) plague; misfortune, region, tract of land, strike, slaughter planctus, -us n (m) lamentation; striking, banging, beating of the breast planeta, -ae n (m) planet planus, -a, um adj level; humble, plain, clear plane adv certainly; evenly, simply, clearly, entirely, surely explanatio, -onis n (f) explanation; articulation plaudo, plaudere, plausi, plausum vb tr and intr to applaud; to clap, to strike, to approve plebs, plebis n (f) common people; people, plebeians, multitude, populace plebanus, -i n (m) secular priest plecto, plectere, plexi or plexui, plexum vb tr to interweave amplector, amplecti, amplexus vb dep to embrace; to encircle, to love amplexor, amplexari, amplexatus vb dep to embrace; to wind around, to understand, to discuss amplexus, -us n (m) embrace; encircling, surrounding, caress complector, complecti, complectus vb dep to embrace; to entwine around, to seize, to understand complexio, -onis n (f) combination; physical constitution, comprehension

plenus, -a, -um adj full; stout, pregnant, laden, entire, mature, complete adimpleo, adimplere, adimplevi, adimpletum vb tr to fill; to fulfill, to perform compleo, complere, complevi, completum vb tr to complete; to fill up, to man, to impregnate, to cover completorium, -ii n (n) Compline expleo, explere, explevi, expletum vb tr to fulfill; to fill up, complete, to sate, to unload impleo, implere, implevi, impletum vb tr to fill, to fulfill; to fatten, to fill up plene or plenarie adv fully; full, completely plerumque adv generally; for the most part, very often plerusque, pleraque, plerumque adj very many; most, all repleo, replere, replevi, repletum vb tr to fill, to fulfill supplementum, -i n (n) supplement; reinforcements suppleo, supplere, supplevi, suppletum vb tr to make up for; to supply, to complete plico, plicare, plicavi or plicui, plicatum or plicitum vb tr to fold replico, replicare, replicavi, replicatum vb tr to repeat, to reply; to fold back, to unfold ploro, plorare, ploravi, ploratum vb tr and intr to cry out, to weep aloud, to lament explorator, -oris n (m) scout, spy; examiner exploro, explorare, exploravi, exploratum vb tr to investigate; to search out, to examine, to reconnoitre plumbum, -i n (n) lead; bullet, pipes, pencil, ruler plumbeus, -a, -um adj leaden pluvia, -ae n (f) rain; fall, shower, rain-water pluvialis, -e adj rain-; rainy poena, -ae n (f) punishment; compensation, penalty, hardship, suffering impunitus, -a, -um adj unpunished; safe punio, punire, punivi, punitum vb tr (also dep) to punish, to avenge politica, -ae n (f) politics metropolis, -is n (f) metropolis; mother-city metropoliticus, -a, -um adj metropolitan 48 polleo, pollere, —, — vb intr to be powerful; to be able, to be valued, to be rich in polliceor, polliceri, pollicitus vb dep to promise; to announce, to forebode pomum, -i n (n) fruit; fruit-tree pomiferus, -a, -um adj fruit-bearing pondus, -eris n (n) weight, a pound, heaviness, burden, importance ponderosus, -a, -um adj heavy; of great weight, significant

pono, ponere, posui, positum vb tr to place; to set, to build, to appoint, to make, to propose antepono, -ponere, -posui, -positum vb tr to place before; to set food before, to prefer appono, apponere, apposui, appositum vb tr to apply, to set a table, to place near;to appoint,to add to compono, -ponere, -posui, -positum vb tr to compose, to construct, to settle; to unite, to join compositio, -onis n (f) composition; putting together, mixture, system, compact compositor, -oris n (m) writer; arranger, maker depono, deponere, deposui, depositum vb tr to let drop, to put aside; to entrust, to lay down, to resign dispono, disponere, disposui, dispositum vb tr to arrange, to decide, to appoint dispositio, -onis n (f) arrangement; management expono, exponere, exposui, expositum vb tr to explain; to set forth, to expose, to land, to propose expositio, -onis n (f) exposition; exposing, narration, definition, explanation impono, imponere, imposui, impositum vb tr to place on; to embark, to impose, to inflict, to deceive impositio, -onis n (f) laying on; application interpono, -ere, interposui, interpositum vb tr to intervene; to place between, to introduce, to meddle oppono, opponere, opposui, oppositum vb tr to place before; to oppose, to pledge, to abandon oppositio, -onis n (f) placing opposite; opposition oppositus, -a, -um adj opposite; opposed to praepono, -ere, praeposui, praepositum vb tr to place before; to put in charge, to place upon, to prefer propono, proponere, proposui, propositum vb tr to propose; to place before, to imagine, to expose, to say propositum, -i n (n) purpose, proposition; setting forth, representation repono, reponere, reposui, respositum vb tr to place back, to repose; to renew, to preserve, to put suppono, supponere, supposui, suppositum vb tr to suppose, to expect; to put under, to substitute pons, pontis n (m) bridge populus, -i n (m) people; populace, district, multitude, public publice adv publicly; on behalf of the State, generally porto, portare, portavi, portatum vb tr to carry; to convey, to bring, to endure importabilis, -e adj unbearable; in supportable opportunitas, -atis n (f) opportunity; suitableness, advantage 49 porta, -ae n (f) gate; city-gate, passage, door porticus, -us n (m) portico; colonnade, arcade, porch, entrance, shed portus, -us n (m) harbour; entrance, haven, house, warehouse reporto, reportare, reportavi, reportatum vb tr to carry back; to obtain, to report supportator, -oris n (m) supporter posco, poscere, poposci, ― vb tr to demand (with double acc); to ask for, to invoke, to bid exposco, exposcere, expoposci, — vb tr to demand, to request postulo, postulare, postulavi, postulatum vb tr to ask; to demand, to summon, to complain, to need post adv and prep (with acc) afterwards, after, behind; backwards, except postea adv afterwards; thereafter, besides, then posterior, -ius adj later; latter, (subst) (m) posterity, (n) buttocks posteritas, -atis n (f) posterity; future time, offspring, inferiority posterus, -a, -um adj later; coming after, next, future, (subst) (m) descendents postmodum adv after a while; afterwards, presently postpono, -ere, postposui, postpositum vb tr to postpone; to put after, to neglect postquam conj after; as soon as, when, since postremo or postremum adv superl finally; at last, last

potis, -e adj able, capable, possible impos, -otis adj not in control of (with gen) impossibilis, -e adj impossible impotens, -entis adj not in control of (with gen); powerless, unbridled, violent omnipotens, -entis adj Almighty; omnipotent possessio, -onis n (f) possession; seizing, holding, property possibilis, -e adj possible possideo, possidere, possedi, possessum vb tr to possess; to have and hold, to occupy, to abide in possum, posse, potui, — vb irregular to be able to; can, to have influence, to have power potens, -entis adj powerful; able, master of, fit for potentia, -ae n (f) power; ability, authority potestas, -atis n (f) power; ability, dominion, authority, right, effect, quality potior, poti, potitus vb dep to obtain; to be master of potissime adv superl especially; most of all potius adv compar better, rather; more, preferably praepotens, -entis adj very powerful poto, potare, potavi, potatum vb tr and intr to drink, to give to drink potaticus, -a, -um adj drinker’s potatio, -onis n (f) drinking potator, -oris n (m) drinker potiono, potionare, ―, potionatum vb tr to give a drink potus, -us n (m) drink; drinking, cup, beverage prae prep (with abl) before, in front of, on account of, than praesto adv and quasi-adj with sum at hand; present, immediately praeter adv and prep (with acc) except, beyond; against, more than praeterea adv besides; beyond this, moreover, thereafter praesepes, -is n (f) manger; stable, hut, dwelling, tavern, crib praevaricatio, -onis n (f) transgression; deviation from duty 50 pravus, -a, -um adj perverse; crooked, irregular, vicious, deprave, faithless pravitas, -atis n (f) perverseness; crookedness, irregularity, depravity praetereo, -ire, praeteri(v)i, praeteritum vb tr to pass, to pass by; to escape, to omit, to neglect prehendo, prehendere, prehendi, prehensum vb tr to grasp, to seize, to occupy, to reach apprehendo, -hendere, -hendi, -hensum vb tr to seize; to allege, to understand, to obtain apprehensio, -onis n (f) apprehension; seizing, understanding comprehendo, -hendere, -hendi, -hensum vb tr to comprehend; to seize, to attack, to conceive to narrate deprehendo, -hendere, -hendi, -hensum vb tr to take, to understand; to overtake, to find, to impede praeda, -ae n (f) booty; spoils, plunder, pillage, prey, game praedo, -onis n (m) robber; one who makes booty, plunderer praedor, praedari, praedatus vb tr to rob; to make booty, to plunder, to spoil reprehendo, -ere, reprehendi, reprehensum vb tr to blame; to seize, to restrain, to rebuke, to convict premo, premere, pressi, pressum vb tr to press; to touch, to grasp, to oppress, to hide depressio, -onis n (f) depression; pressing down deprimo, deprimere, depressi, depressus vb tr to depress, to suppress; to sink deep, to disparage exprimo, exprimere, expressi, expressum vb tr to express; to press out, to squeeze, to form, to imitate impressio, -onis n (f) impression; attack, rough handling, squeezing, emphasis opprimo, opprimere, oppessi, oppressum vb tr to oppress; to shut, to quash, to load, to seize, to bury reprimo, reprimere, repressi, repressum vb tr to repress; to restrain pretium, -ii n (n) price; money, wealth, worth, wages, reward pretiosus, -a, -um adj precious; of great value, of great cost, dear, extravagant

primus, -a, -um adj superl first imprimis adv especially, in the first place primas, -atis adj principle; primatial, noble primatia, -ae n (f) primacy; supremacy, nobility primitus adv at first; originally, for the first time primo adv first, at first; in the beginning primogenitus, -a, -um adj first-born primum adv first; at first, in the beginning princeps, principis adj first; foremost, chief, noble princeps, principis n (m) prince; first person, chief person, leader, superior, ruler principalis, -e adj principal; first, original, primitive, chief, princely principaliter adv principally; princely principium, -ii n (n) beginning; origin, foundations, principles, founder prior, prius adj compar former, previous, prior; better, superior, important prior, -oris n (m) prior (monastic rank); ancestor, the ancients priscus, -a, -um adj ancient; of former times, old, antique, venerable pristinus, -a, -um adj former; original, pristine, just past, old-fashioned, early prius adv beforehand; first, previously, formerly priusquam conj before privo, privare, privavi, privatum vb tr to rob; to release privatus, -a, -um adj private; apart from the State, belonging to an individual pro adv and prep (with abl) for, according to, as, in regard to, on account of; before porro adv and conj further, far away; of old, henceforth, again, but, besides pronus, -a, -um adj prone; bent forward, bent downward, setting, favourable protinus adv immediately; onward, continuously probo, probare, probavi, probatum vb tr to prove, to approve; to test, to represent approbo, -are, approbavi, approbatum vb tr to approve; to prove, to render acceptable improbo, -are, improbavi, improbatum vb tr to disapprove; to blame, to condemn, to reject 51 probabilis, -e adj probable; assumed proved, pleasing, good, fit probitas, -atis n (f) probity; good conduct, honesty, modesty reprobus, -a, -um adj false; base procer, proceris or proceri n (m) noble; chief, foremost man procul adv at a distance, far, remote, much inferior to proculdubio adv without a doubt procus, -i n (m) wooer; suitor procax, -acis adj impudent; bold, wanton prope adv and prep (with acc) near appropinquo, -are, -avi, -atum vb intr to approach propemodum adv almost; nearly, in like manner propinquitas, -atis n (f) nearness; kinship, relationship, friendship propinquo, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr and intr to approach; to bring near propinquus, -i n (m) relative propter adv and prep (with acc) on account of; near, at hand, because of, through propterea adv therefore proximus, -a, -um adj superl next, very near; neighbouring, kin, most like, apt, fit proximus, -i n (m) neighbour; fellow man, next of kin properus, -a, -um adj quick propere adv quickly propero, -are, properavi, properatum vb tr and intr to hasten proprius, -a, -um adj own; special, particular, proper, personal, perpetual improprie adv improperly proprie adv properly; specially, particularly, especially, individually proprietas, -atis n (f) special characteristic; property, proper signification prosapia, -ae n (f) lineage

protervus, -a, -um adj violent; bold, wanton provincia, -ae n (f) province; official duty pruna, -ae n (f) coal pudor, -oris n (m) shame; modesty, disgrace, blush repudio, repudiare, repudiavi, repudiatum vb tr to scorn; to divorce, to reject puer, pueri n (m) boy; child, son, young man, bachelor puella, -ae n (f) girl; daughter, maiden, sweetheart, young woman puerilis, -e adj boyish; youthful, puerile, silly pueritia, -ae n (f) childhood; boyhood, youth, innocence, beginning pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum adj beautiful; handsome, noble, glorious pulchritudo, -inis n (f) beauty; excellence pulvis, -eris n (m) dust; powder, arena, scene of action, toil pungo, pungere, pupugi, punctum vb tr to prick; to puncture, to pierce, to poke, to sting, to vex compunctio, -onis n (f) puncture; compunction, remorse compungo, -pungere, -punxi, -punctum vb tr to prick; to pierce, to sting, to cause remorse punctum, -i n (n) point; that which is pricked, puncture, instant purus, -a, -um adj pure; clean, clear, bright, chaste, absolute purgo, purgare, purgavi, purgatum vb tr to make clean, to heal; to purge, to remove, to excuse purifico, purificare, purificavi, purificatum vb tr to purify; to atone puritas, -atis n (f) purity; cleanness pure and puriter adv purely; brightly, clearly, simply putidus, -a, -um adj rotten; stinking, decaying, withered, unnatural putredo, -inis n (f) rottenness; putridity, festering puto, putare, putavi, putatum vb tr to think; to clean, to prune, to consider, to believe computo, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr to compute; to reckon computus, -i n (m) computus; computation deputo, deputare, deputavi, deputatum vb tr to choose, to assign (to); to prune, to consider 52 disputatio, -onis n (f) disputation; computing disputator, -oris n (m) disputator; disputer disputo, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr and intr to dispute; to calculate, to examine, to discuss reputo, reputare, reputavi, reputatum vb tr to consider; to reckon, to impute quattuor adj indec num four quadragesima, -ae n (f) Lent quadragesimus, -a, -um adj num fortieth quadraginta adj indec num forty quadrifarius, -a, -um adj four-fold quadriga, -ae n (f) four-horse chariot; team of four, rapid course quadringentesimus, -a, -um adj num four-hundredth quadringenti, -ae, -a adj num four-hundred quadrupes, -edis adj quadruped; having four feet, going on all fours quartus, -a, -um adj num fourth quater adv four times; a fourth time quattuordecim adj indec num fourteen quattuordecimus, -a, -um adj num fourteenth

quaero, quaerere, quaesivi, quaesitum vb tr to seek; to obtain, to ask, to demand, to desire acquiro, acquirere, acquisivi, acquisitum vb tr to acquire; to get, to amass conquiro, conquirere, conquisivi, conquisitum vb tr to seek for; to acquire, to go in quest of, to seek carefully inquiro, inquirere, inquisivi, inquisitum vb tr to investigate, to ask, to search for inquisitio, -onis n (f) inquiry; searching for, examination perquiro, perquirere, perquisivi, perquisitum vb tr to investigate, to seek; to examine quaeso, quaesere, quaesivi, quaesitum vb tr to beg; to seek quaestio, -onis n (f) question; seeking, inquisition, court, case, subject of case quaestus, -us n (m) profit; gaining, employment, advantage requiro, requirere, requisivi, requisitum vb tr to ask, to ask for, to need; to seek again requisitor, -oris n (m) asker qualis, -e pron adj int and rel (correlative with talis) of what sort; what kind of, as, such as, of such a sort qualiscumque, qualecumque adj rel and absolute of whatever sort; any whatever qualitas, -atis n (f) quality; property, condition qualiter adv int how; in what way or manner, just as quam adv int and rel (correlative with tam) how, as, (compar) than, (with superl ) as . . . as possible quamdiu adv int and rel how long, as long as, until during quamquam conj although quamvis adv rel and conj although; as you will, as possible, however much quando adv int, rel and indef and conj when; at any time, since then, because quandocumque adv rel and indef whenever; at some time or other quandoque adv rel and indef whenever; at some time, sometimes quantus, -a, -um adj int and rel (correlative with tantus) how much, how great; as, as much as quantum and inquantum adv int and rel to what extent, as much as, in as much as quantum ad prep (with acc) regarding quantuslibet, -a-, -um- adj indef rel and absolute as great as you please; however much quatio, quatere, ―, quassum vb tr to shake, to disturb, to brandish, to strike 53 concutio, concutere, concussi, concussum vb tr to strike together; to agitate, to disturb, to urge, to extort discutio, discutere, discussi, discussum vb tr to shatter, to strike; to scatter, to disperse incutio, incutere, incussi, incussum vb tr to instill; to strike against, to strike into, to inspire with percutio, percutere, percussi, percussum vb tr to strike; to kill, to stamp, to shock, to cheat quasso, -are, quassavi, quassatum vb tr and intr to shake; to shatter, to shake violently -que conj enclitic and queror, queri, questus vb dep to complain, to lament conqueror, conqueri, conquestus vb dep to lament; to complain about querela, -ae n (f) complaint; lullaby, plaint, disease querimonia, -ae n (f) complaint qui, quae, quod adj int, rel & connecting, pron rel & conn. what, which, this, these, who, he, she it, they cur adv int and rel why; for what reason, on account of which quapropter adv int and connecting rel why, therefore quare adv int and connecting rel why, therefore quatenus adv int and conj how, how far, since, to the extant that, in order that, that quemadmodum adv int and conj how, in what manner, just as, to the extent that quicumque, quae-, quod- adj and pron indef rel whichever, whatever, whoever; each, all quidam, quaedam, quoddam adj and pron a certain, someone(s), something(s) quilibet, quaelibet, quodlibet adj and pron indef any; whichever, whatever, whoever, all and every quin conj but that, (introducing clause of doubt) that; nay, rather quinam, quaenam, quodnam pron int which exactly, what exactly quisque, quaeque, quodque adj indef each; every, whosoever quod conj because (also eo quod), the fact that, that quodammodo adv indef in a certain way quomodo adv int, rel and indef how, in which manner, even as, in whatever way quia conj because, since, that

quidem and equidem adv postpositive indeed; too, however ne . . . quidem adv not even . . . quies, -etis n (f) rest; quiet, quiet life, peace, sleep, dream, death acquiesco, -ere, acquievi, acquietum vb intr to become quiet; to repose, to submit to, to acquiesce to quiete adv quietly; calmly quietus, -a, -um adj quiet; calm, sleeping, quit (released from legal obligation) quito, quitare, quitavi, quitatum vb tr to quit claim requies, -etis n (f) rest; relaxation, repose, place of rest requiesco, -ere, requievi, requietum vb tr and intr to rest; to repose, to find rest tranquillitas, -atis n (f) tranquillity tranquillus, -a, -um adj tranquil quinque adj indec num five quindecim adj indec num fifteen quingenti, -ae, -um adj num five-hundred quinquaginta adj indec num fifty quinquennium, -ii n (n) five years quintus, -a, -um adj num fifth; quintessence, essence quis, quid pron int who, what ecquid adv int perchance; whether quid adv int why quidni adv int why not quippe adv and conj indeed; for, because, since quippiam or quidpiam adv indef somewhat; a bit quisnam, quaenam, quidnam pron int who exactly, what exactly quisquam, quidquam or quicquam pron indef anyone, anything quisque, quidque pron indef each; every, whosoever quisquis, quidquid or quicquid pron rel indef whoever, whatever 54 quo adv int, rel and connecting to where, how, why, because, (for ut with compar) that quoad adv rel and int and prep (with acc) how long; as long as, as far as, with respect to quousque adv int and rel until; how long, how far, to what extent utquid adv int why quoque adv also; too, even quot adv int and rel (correlative with tot) how many, as many as, as quotie(n)s adv int and rel how often; how many times, whenever quotienscumque adv rel how often so ever; whenever quotus, -a, -um adj int which, what number; how many radius, -ii n (m) ray; staff, rod, shuttle, sting, radius (bone) rapio, rapere, rapui, raptum vb tr to seize, to pillage; , to snatch, to rape, to hasten arripio, arripere, arripui, arreptum vb tr to seize; to accuse, to ridicule corripio, corripere, corripui, correptum vb tr to rebuke, to seize; to rob, to accuse, to attack diripio, diripere, diripui, direptum vb tr to tear apart; to plunder, to struggle, to snatch, to distract eripio, eripere, eripui, ereptum vb tr to take by force, to rescue; to escape, to snatch away rapina, -ae n (f) robbery; plunder, rapine raptor, -oris n (f) thief; plunderer, abductor raptus, -us n (m) carrying off by force; preying, robbing, abduction, rape rarus, -a, -um adj rare; loose-knit, thin, scattered, few, uncommon raro or rare or rariter adv rarely recens, -entis adj recent, fresh; young, immediate, modern, vigorous

rego, regere, rexi, rectum vb tr to rule; to keep straight, to guide, to govern correctio, -onis n (f) correction corrigo, corrigere, correxi, correctum vb tr to correct; to make straight, to reform, to heal dirigo, dirigere, direxi, directum vb tr to direct; to lay straight, to arrange erga prep (with acc) towards; opposite to, against, in respect to ergo adv therefore erigo, erigere, erexi, erectum vb tr to raise; to erect, to build, to halt, to excite, to encourage pergo, pergere, perrexi, perrectum vb tr and intr to proceed; to pursue, to wake up porrectio, -onis n (f) extending; line segment, a straight line porrigo, porrigere, porrexi, porrectum vb tr to extend; to stretch forth, to offer, to prolong, to reach rectitudo, -inis n (f) straightness, uprightness recte adv rightly; correctly, straight, well rector, -oris n (m) ruler; helmsman, governor, teacher rectus, -a, -um adj right, straight; proper, virtuous regalis, -e adj royal; kingly, regal regia, -ae n (f) palace; court, capital regimen, -inis n (n) control, rule; guiding, government regina, -ae n (f) queen; goddess, princess, noble woman, mistress regio, -onis n (f) region; direction, boundary-line, limit, territory, province regius, -a, -um adj royal; kingly, regal regno, regnare, regnavi, regnatum vb tr and intr to rule; to be lord, to reign regnum, -i n (n) kingdom, reign; kingship, sovereignty, tyranny, territory regula, -ae n (f) rule; straight piece of wood, ruler, stick, model regularis, -e adj regular, under monastic rule regulatio, -onis n (f) regulation regulo, regulare, ―, ― vb tr to regulate rex, regis n (m) king remus, -i n (m) oar 55 remex, -igis n (m) rower remigium, -ii n (n) rowing; oars, rowers triremis, -is n (f) trireme reor, reri, ratus vb dep to think; to reckon, to judge ratio, -onis n (f) reason, account, understanding, way; affair, relation rationalis, -e adj rational; pertaining to accounts, dependable, syllogistic rationalitas, -atis n (f) rationality; reasonableness reatus, -us n (m) condition of being accused; criminal charge, guilt reus, -i (m) guilty; defendant, debtor, criminal, culprit, prisoner repentinus, -a, -um adj sudden; hasty, unexpected repo, repere, repsi, reptum vb intr to creep, to crawl surrepo, -ere, surrepsi, surreptum vb tr and intr to creep up; to creep under, to steal upon res, rei n (f) thing, affair, fact, situation respublica, reipublicae n (f) state; republic, government retro adv backwards, to the rear; behind, formerly, on the contrary rideo, ridere, risi, risum vb tr and intr to laugh; to smile, to smile at, to laugh at, to ridicule irrideo, irridere, irrisi, irrisum vb tr to laugh at; to ridicule surrideo, surridere, surrisi, surrisum vb intr to smile rigidus, -a, -um adj rigid; stiff, hardy, rough, harsh, unpolished ripa, -ae n (f) bank; shore rivus, -i n (m) small stream; brook, gutter rivulus, -i n (m) rivulet; small brook robur, -oris n (n) strength; oak, hard-wood tree, hardness, authority corroboratio, -onis n (f) corroboration; strengthening rodo, rodere, rosi, rosum vb tr to gnaw, to bite, to erode, to slander rostrum, -i n (n) beak; snout, muzzle, curved point, ship’s prow, Rostrum

rogo, rogare, rogavi, rogatum vb tr to ask; to question, to interrogate, to beg interrogatio, -onis n (f) question; questioning, syllogism interrogo, -are, interrogavi, interrogatum vb tr to ask; to interrogate, to reason syllogistically, to consult rogus, -i n (m) pyre; funeral pile, grave rota, -ae n (f) wheel; chariot, disk roto, rotare, rotavi, rotatum vb tr to rotate; to spin, to revolve, to round rotundus, -a, -um adj round; rotund, smooth rudis, -e adj uncultivated; rough, wild, unpolished, ignorant eruditio, -onis n (f) instruction; knowledge eruditus, -a, -um adj learned; skilled rumor, -oris n (m) rumour; common talk, hearsay, fame, reputation rumpo, rumpere, rupi, ruptum vb tr to break, to burst; to violate, to annul dirumpo, dirumpere, dirupi, diruptum vb tr to break apart; to sever, to burst praeruptum, -i n (n) cliff; rugged place prorumpo, prorumpere, prorupi, proruptum vb tr to burst forth ruo, ruere, rui, rutum vb tr and intr to rush, to fall to ruin corruo, corruere, corrui, corrutum vb tr and intr to fall; to cause to fall, to overthrow eruo, eruere, erui, erutum vb tr to rescue; to throw out, to rot out, to destroy, to elicit irruo, irruere, irrui, irrutum (inruo) vb intr to rush against; to invade, to attack, to seize upon obruo, obruere, obrui, obrutum vb tr to crush; to overwhelm, to cover, to bury, to weigh down rus, ruris n (n) country ruralis, -e adj rural rusticitas, -atis n (f) rusticity; rustic occupation, rustic behaviour rusticus, -a, -um adj rustic; rural, simple, rough, coarse rusticus, -i n (m) peasant; country person, rustic saeculum, -i n (n) earthly world, age; race, generation, zeitgeist, worldliness saecularis, -e adj secular; worldly, lay, pagan 56 saepe adv often saevus, -a, -um adj fierce; cruel, harsh, dire, barbarous saevio, saevire, saevii, saevitum vb intr to be fierce; to rage against (with dat) sagacitas, -atis n (f) keenness; acuteness of senses, sagacity, shrewdness sagitta, -ae n (f) arrow; bolt, shaft sagitto, sagittare, ―, sagittatum vb tr and intr to shoot arrows salio, salire, salui, saltum vb tr and intr to leap; to jump, to flow down desilio, desilire, desilui, desultum vb intr to jump down ex(s)ultatio, -onis n (f) exultation; leaping ex(s)ulto, -are, -avi, -atum vb intr to exult; to leap up, to gambol about saltus, -us n (m) leap saltem adv at least saltus, -us n (m) mountain pass; woodland pasture, ravine salvus, -a, -um adj saved; safe, well, healthy salubris, -e adj beneficial, healthy; healthful salubriter adv healthy; healthfully, advantageously salus, -utis n (f) salvation, health; safety, welfare salutem idiom (at the end of the salutation of a letter) (sends) greetings salutaris, -e adj healthful; advantageous salutaris, -is n (m) Salvation (Jesus) salutatio, -onis n (f) greeting; salutation saluto, salutare, salutavi, salutatum vb tr to greet; to keep safe, to bid farewell salvator, -oris n (m) Saviour salveo, salvere, —, — vb intr to be well; (imperative) hail, farewell salvo, salvare, salvavi, salvatum vb tr to save

sanguis, -inis n (m) blood consanguineus, -i n (m) blood relative consanguinitas, -atis n (f) blood relation; relationship, similarity sanguinarius, -a, -um adj blood-thirsty sanus, -a, -um adj healthy; whole, san, sober, sound insania, -ae n (f) insanity; unsoundness of the mind, excess, poetic rapture insanio, insanire, insanivi, insanitum vb intr to act insanely; to be of unsound mind, to rave insanus, -a, -um adj unhealthy; unsound in mind, violent, excessive, inspired sanitas, -atis n (f) health; reason, sanity, regularity sano, sanare, sanavi, sanatum vb tr to heal; to make healthy, to correct sapio, sapire, sapi(v), ― vb tr and intr to taste; to have taste, to suggest, to be sensible or wise resipisco, resipiscere, resipi(v)i, ― vb intr to come to one’s senses sapiens, -entis adj wise; sensible, shrewd sapienter adv wisely; sensibly sapientia, -ae n (f) wisdom, the book of Wisdom; good taste, intelligence satis or sat adv and indec adj and subst enough; sufficient, satisfactory, sufficiently satietas, -atis n (f) fullness; sufficiency, sated, disgust saxum, -i n (n) rock scandalum, -i n (n) cause of offense, scandal; stumbling-block, temptation scando, scandere, ―, ― vb tr and intr to climb, to mount, to ascend ascendo, ascendere, ascendi, ascensum vb intr to ascend, to climb, to embark; to surpass ascensus, -us n (m) ascent; approach conscendo, -ere, -i, conscensum vb tr and intr to ascend; to mount, to embark descendo, -ere, descendi, descensum vb intr to descend; to come down; to sink down, to alight scelus, -eris n (n) crime; evil deed, wickedness, sin, fault, rogue, mishap sceptrum, -i n (n) sceptre; pl kingdom scindo, scindere, scidi, scissus vb tr to tear 57 conscindo, conscindere, conscidi, conscissum vb tr to tear excidium, -ii n (n) destruction scissura, -ae n (f) tearing; rending, scissure scintilla, -ae n (f) spark; glimmer, trace scio, scire, scivi, scitum vb tr to know conscientia, -ae n (f) conscience; joint knowledge, privity conscius, -a, -um adj aware of; privy to, conscious of conscius, -i n (m) accomplice; co-conspirator, confidant inscitia, -ae n (f) ignorance; stupidity, lack of knowledge inscius, -a, -um adj unknowing; unaware nescienter adv unknowingly nescio, nescire, nesci(v)i, nescitum vb tr to not know; to be ignorant, to not understand nescioquis, nescioquid (nescio quis) pron indef someone, something nescius, -a, -um adj not knowing; ignorant, not understanding, unknown scientia, -ae n (f) knowledge; science, skill, theory scilicet conj namely; it is evident, of course, certainly scribo, scribere, scripsi, scriptum vb tr to write ascribo, ascribere, ascripsi, ascriptum vb tr to ascribe to (with dat); to add in writing, to include conscribo, -scribere, -scripsi, -scriptum vb tr to write, to title; to enroll, to compose, to prescribe describo, describere, descripsi, descriptum vb tr to describe; to transcribe, to divide, to ascribe descriptio, -onis n (f) description; copy, arrangement praescribo, -ere, praescripsi, praescriptum vb tr to write beforehand; to describe, to order, to except rescribo, rescribere, rescripsi, rescriptum vb tr to rewrite; to write in reply scriptor, -oris n (m) writer; scribe, secretary, author, narrator, compiler scriptum, -i n (n) writing; written composition, work, treatise, law scriptura, -ae n (f) Scripture; writing, composition suprascriptus, -a, -um adj written above

scrupulum, -i n (n) uneasiness; scruple, a measure of time and area scrupulositas, -atis n (f) hesitation; scrupulosity, over-nicety scrutor, scruatri, scrutatus vb dep to search; to examine, to seek, to explore perscrutor, perscrutari perscrutatus vb dep to search; to examine, to investigate scrutinium, -ii n (n) inquiry sculpo, sculpare, sculpsi, sculptum vb tr to sculpt; to carve, to engrave seco, secere, secui, sectum vb tr to cut, to cut off, to divide, to amputate, to castrate secta, -ae n (f) sect; a trodden path, way, method, mode of life, school securis, -is n (f) axe; death-blow, dominion sed or set conj but sedeo, sedere, sedi, sessum vb intr to sit; to settle, to sink, to remain fast assiduus, -a, -um adj busy, constant desidia, -ae n (f) sloth; sitting idle, lying fallow insideo, insidere, insidi, insessum vb tr to sit on; to adhere to, to occupy insidiae, -arum n (f) trap; ambush insidior, insidiari, insidiatus vb dep to lie in wait; to lie in ambush obsideo, obsidere, obsedi, obsessum vb tr to blockade, to besiege; to sit, to inhabit, to occupy obsidio, -onis n (f) siege; blockade, captivity praeses, -idis n (m) chief; protector, president resideo, residere, resedi, — vb intr to remain, to sit down; to reside, to sit up residuus, -a, -um adj the rest ; remaining, due sedes, -is n (f) seat, Episcopal see; throne, home, burial place, place sedo, sedare, sedavi, sedatum vb tr and intr to calm; to become quiet sella, -ae n (f) saddle; seat, stool, sedan sessio, -onis n (f) sitting; seat, loitering, session solium, -ii n (n) seat; throne, dominion, tub, sarcophagus seges, -etis n (f) grain; field, crop, soil, produce, profit 58 semel adv once; a single time, first semper adv always; ever, forever sempiternus, -a, -um adj everlasting; eternal simplex, -icis adj simple; plain, uncompounded, open, frank, sincere simplicitas, -atis n (f) simplicity; simpleness, plainness, frankness sincerus, -a, -um adj sincere; clean, unblemished, whole, genuine, singularis, -e adj singular; alone, remarkable singuli, -ae, -i adj each, individual, several senex, senis n (m) old man senatus, -us n (m) senate; council senectus, -utis n (f) old age; senility senior, -oris n (m) elder; lord senium, -ii n (n) old age; decline, decay, debility, old man, chagrin, grief sentio, sentire, sentivi, sentitum vb tr to sense, to feel; to perceive, to think, to decide assensus, -us n (m) assent; echo consensus, -us n (m) consent; harmony, a common feeling consentio, -sentire, -sensi, -sensum vb tr and intr to consent to (with dat); to conspire, to accord dissensio, -onis n (f) dissension; disagreement sensibilis, -e adj sensible; perceptible, capable of feeling or perceiving sensitivus, -a, -um adj sensitive sensus, -us n (m) sense; perception, feeling, sentiment, opinion, tact sententia, -ae n (f) opinion, sentence; decision, meaning sepelio, sepelire, sepeli(v)i, sepultum vb tr to bury; to inter, to cremate, to destroy sepulchrum, -i n (n) tomb, Sepulchre sepultura, -ae n (f) burial

septem adj indec num seven septentrio, -onis n (m) North; the seven stars of Ursa Major septimus, -a, -um adj num seventh septingenti, -ae, -a adj num seven hundred septuagesimus, -a, -um adj num seventieth septuaginta adj indec num seventy; Septuagint sequor, sequi, secutus vb tr to follow consequentia, -ae n (f) consequence consequor, consequi, consecutus vb dep to achieve; to follow after, to imitate, to result, to attain ex(s)ecutor, -oris n (m) executor; prosecutor, collector insecto, -are, insectavi, insectatum vb tr (also dep) to pursue; to inveigh against insequor, insequi, insecutus vb dep to follow, to pursue; to endeavor, to proceed, to censure obsequium, -ii n (n) obedience; compliance, indulgence, consent obsequor, obsequi, obsecutus vb dep to obey; to comply with, to yield to, to humour persecutio, -onis n (f) persecution; following after, chase, prosecution persequor, persequi, persecutus vb dep to persecute, to pursue; to chase, to overtake, to perform prosequor, prosequi, prosecutus vb dep to follow; to pursue, to adorn, to describe in detail sector, sectari, sectatus vb dep to follow; to chase, to pursue, to strive after secundo adv second, for a second time; twice secundum adv and prep (with acc) according to; after, behind, afterwards, secondly secundus, -a, -um adj second; following, next, secondary, favourable secus adv and prep (with acc) alongside; otherwise, in proportion to subsequor, subsequi, subsecutus vb dep to follow; to follow immediately; to succeed, to imitate serenitas, -atis n (f) serenity sero, serere, sevi, satum vb tr to sow; to plant, to beget, to found, to scatter semen, -inis n (n) seed; elements, spelt, graft, cutting, stock, child, origin semino, seminare, seminavi, seminatum vb tr to sow; to beget, to produce 59 sero, serere, serui, sertum vb tr to join together; to entwine, to combine, to compose assero, asserere, asserui, assertum vb tr to assert; to defend, to free (a slave by laying hand upon) desero, deserere, deserui, desertum vb tr to desert; to fail to appear, to fail desertum, -i n (m) wilderness; desert disertus, -a, -um adj skilled at speaking dissero, disserere, disserui, dissertum vb tr to discuss; to speak, to treat of edissero, edisserere, edisserui, edissertum vb tr to explain insero, inserere, inserui, insertum vb tr to insert; to introduce, to mix with resero, reserare, reseravi, reseratum vb tr to uncover; to unlock, to open, to reveal sera, -ae n (f) bolt; bar for fastening doors seriatim adv in a row series, -iei n (f) series; row, chain, sequence, lineage sermo, -onis n (m) conversation, sermon, speech, word sermocinor, sermocinari, sermocinatus vb dep to preach; to converse serus, -a, -um adj late sero adv late; too late serum, -i n (n) late hour servus, -i n (m) servant, slave deservio, deservire, ―, ― vb intr to serve (with dat); to be devoted to servilis, -e adj servile; slavish, ancillary servio, servire, servi(v)i, servitum vb intr to serve (with dat); to be a slave or servant, to be devoted servulus, -i n (m) little servant; young slave subservio, subservire, ―, ― vb intr to serve (with dat); to be subject to, to humour servo, servare, servavi, servatum vb tr to keep, to preserve; to save, to observe, to remain observatio, -onis n (f) observation; watching, remark, precept, care, esteem observo, observare, observavi, observatum vb tr to observe; to watch, to guard, to comply with, to respect reservo, reservare, reservavi, reservatum vb tr to keep; to save up

sex adj indec num six seni, -ae, -a adj num six each sescenti, -ae, -a adj num six-hundred; an immense number sexaginta adj indec num sixty; an indefinitely large number sextus, -a, -um adj num sixth si conj if acsi conj as if etiamsi conj even though, even if; although etsi conj although nisi or ni conj unless, except quasi adv so to speak, as, as if quodsi conj but if sic adv thus, such, so, yes sin conj but if; if however, if on the contrary siquando conj if ever siquidem adv and conj indeed; if indeed, since sive or seu conj or; or if sive . . . sive conj whether . . . or; if . . . or if, if . . .but if siccus, -a, -um adj dry; without rain, thirsty, firm, jejune, unfeeling ex(s)icco, ex(s)iccare, ex(s)iccavi, ex(s)iccatum vb to dry up; to empty a bottle tr sidus, -eris n (n) star; constellation, sky, height, night, ornament, season consideratio, -onis (consideracio) n (f) contemplation considero, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr to consider; to examine desidero, desiderare, desideravi, desideratum vb tr to desire; to miss, to lose, to examine desiderium, -ii n (n) desire; need, request, pleasures sidereus, -a, -um adj starry; heavenly, divine, bright, excellent signum, -i n (n) sign, constellation; 60 designo, designare, designavi, designatum vb tr to designate; to point out, to contrive, to arrange insigne, -is n (n) emblem; sign, badge of office, uniform, standard, honour insignio, insignire, insignivi, insignitum vb tr to distinguish insignis, -e adj famous; distinguished by a mark, extraordinary insignium, -ii n (n) emblem; sign, miracle sigillo, sigillare, sigillavi, sigillatum vb tr to seal; to adorn with little images sigillum, -i n (n) seal; little figure or image, sign, trace, mark significatio, -onis n (f) meaning; significance, mark, sign, approval, token significo, significare, significavi, significatum vb tr to signify; to show by signs, to intimate, to portend signo, signare, signavi, signatum vb tr to mark; to mark with a seal, to stamp, to signify similis, -e adj similar to (with gen or dat); like, resembling assimulo, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr to imitate; to compare, to counterfeit consimilis, -e adj very similar dissimulatio, -onis n (f) dissimulation; dissembling, disregarding, negligence similitudo, -inis n (f) likeness; resemblance, imitation, analogy, comparison simul adv at the same time, together; as soon as, at once, also sine prep (with abl) without sinister, sinistra, sinistrum adj left, on the left side, wrong, bad, unlucky, lucky (auspices) sinistrorsus or sinistrorsum adv to the left sino, sinere, sivi, situm vb tr to allow, to let, passive situated; lying, present, ready desino, desinere, desi(v)i, desitum vb tr and intr to end, to stop; to leave off indesinenter adv incessantly sinus, -us (m) fold, lap; bosom, purse, hiding-place, bay, gulf, valley

sisto, sistere, stiti, ― vb tr and intr to stand; to place, to stand firm, to stop assisto, assistere, astiti, ― vb intr to assist (with dat); to stand at or by consisto, consistere, constiti, constitum vb intr to consist; to stop, to set, to stand for, to be consistorium, -ii n (n) consistory; assembly place desisto, desistere, destiti, destitum vb tr and intr to stop; to set down, to stand apart ex(s)isto, ex(s)istere, ex(s)titi, ex(s)titum vb intr to be; to step out, to appear, to become, to be visible insisto, insistere, institi, — vb intr to persevere, to pursue; to set foot on, to urge, to repress obsisto, obsistere, obstiti, obstitum vb intr to oppose (with dat); to place before, to resist persisto, persistere, perstiti, ― vb intr to remain; to persist resisto, resistere, restiti, — vb intr to resist (with dat); to stand back, to remain, to rise again subsisto, subsistere, substiti, — vb intr to stop; to stand, to stay, to to subsist, to withstand sitis, -is n (f) thirst; dryness, desire socius, -ii n (m) ally, companion; partner, sharer, associate societas, -atis n (f) union; society, community, partnership, confederacy socio, sociare, sociavi, sociatum vb tr to associate; to join together, to do in common, to share sol, solis n (m) sun solaris, -e adj solar; sunny soleo, solere, solitus vb intr to be accustomed to; to associate with insolitus, -a, -um adj unusual; unaccustomed, uncommon solitus, -a, -um adj usual; accustomed, habitual solidus, -a, -um adj solid; firm, dense, whole, genuine soliditas, -atis n (f) solidity; firmness, entirety solidus, -i (s.) n (m) gold coin (Eng: shilling; Fr: sou; It: soldo; Sp: sueldo) sollemnis, -e adj solemn; annual, appointed, religious, festive, ordinary sollemnitas, -atis n (f) celebration; solemnity, formality sollicitus, -a, um adj anxious; agitated, excited, mournful, careful sollicite adv anxiously; carefully, with grief 61 sollicito, sollicitare, sollicitavi, sollicitatum vb tr to incite, to worry; to disturb, to tempt sollicitudo, -inis n (f) concern; anxiety, care, responsibility solor, solari, solatus vb dep to solace; to comfort, to lighten, to mitigate solacium, -ii n (n) solace; comfort, relief, soothing, compensation solamen, -inis n (n) solace; comfort, relief solum, -i n (n) ground; soil, floor, country, foundation ex(s)ilium, -ii n (n) exile; place of exile, those who are exiles ex(s)ul, -ulis n (m/f) exile; deprived of solus, -a, -um adj alone, only; solitary, deserted desolatio, -onis n (f) desolation; desert solitudo, -inis n (f) solitude; wilderness, a state of want solum or solummodo adv only; alone, barely somnus, -i n (m) sleep; drowsiness, idleness, night, death somnium, -ii n (n) dream; nonsense, vision somnio, somniare, somniavi, somniatum vb tr to dream; to dream of, to talk foolishly sonus, -i n (m) sound; noise, tone, style consono, consonare, consonui, — vb intr to harmonize; to sound together insono, insonare, insonui, — vb intr to sound persona, -ae n (f) person; mask, character personaliter adv personally persono, -are, personui, personitum vb tr and intr to resound; to sound, to fill with sound, to play music resono, -are, resonavi, ― vb tr and intr to resound; to sound again, to re-echo, to say urgently sono, sonare, sonui, sonitum vb tr and intr to sound; to resound, to speak, to cry out, to sing sorbeo, sorbere, sorbui, ― vb tr to swallow; to drink, to swallow up, to endure absorbeo, absorbere, absorbui, absorptum vb tr to swallow up; to absorb sordes, -is n (f) filth; dirt, squalor, mourning clothing, meanness, rabble sordidus, -a, -um adj filthy; dirty, poor, mean, vile

soror, -oris n (f) sister; female friend sors, sortis n (f) chance, lot, sum; rank consors, consortis n (m/f) partner; sharer, brother, sister consortium, -ii (consorcium) n (n) fellowship; community of goods sortior, sortiri, sortitus vb dep to draw lots; to choose, to share, to obtain spargo, spargere, sparsi, sparsum vb tr to sprinkle; to scatter, to moisten, to strew, to disperse aspergo, aspergere, aspersi, aspersum vb tr to sprinkle; to bestow, to stain conspergo, -spergere, -spersi, -spersum vb tr to sprinkle; to besprinkle, to scatter dispergo, dispergere, dispersi, dispersum vb tr to scatter spatium, -ii n (n) space; distance, square, track, walking, interval, time ex(s)patior, ex(s)patiari, ex(s)patiatus vb dep to wander about spatior, spatiari, spatiatus vb dep to walk; to promenade, to spread out specio or spicio, -ere, spexi, spectum to look, to look at aspectus, -us n (m) appearance, sight; aspect, form, colour aspicio, aspicere, aspexi, aspectum vb tr to look at; to consider, to admire, to see conspectus, -us n (m) sight; notice, proximity, appearance, consideration conspicor, conspicari, conspectus vb dep to notice conspicuitas, -atis n (f) visibility; conspicuousness despicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spectum vb tr and intr to look down, to look down on ex(s)pecto, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr to wait for; to look out for, to expect, to fear, to hope for inspectio, -onis n (f) inspection; looking at, consideration inspicio, inspicere, inspexi, inspectum vb tr to inspect; to look at, to consider respicio, respicere, respexi, respectum vb tr to look at, to provide for; to regard, to consider specialiter adv in particular; specifically species, -iei n (f) appearance, species, kind; sight, shape, colour, pretence speciosus, -a, -um adj beautiful; plausible spectaculum, -i n (n) spectacle; miracle, wonder, show, stage-play, theatre specto, spectare, spectavi, spectatum vb tr to look at; to behold, to aim for, to pertain to 62 speculum, -i n (n) mirror (a literary genre) suspecto, -are, suspectavi, suspectatum vb tr to mistrust; to suspect, to look up at, to observe spelunca, -ae n (f) cave sperno, spernere, sprevi, spretum vb tr to spurn; to sever, to despise, to reject spes, -ei n (f) hope; anticipation, apprehension insperatus, -a, -um adj unsuspecting; unhoped for prosper or prosperus, -a, -um adj prosperous; favourable, fortunate prosperitas, -atis n (f) prosperity; joy spero, sperare, speravi, speratum vb tr to hope; to expect spiro, spirare, spiravi, spiratum vb tr to breathe; to favour, to be alive, to exhale, to express conspiratio, -onis n (f) conspiracy; unanimity ex(s)piro, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr and intr to die; to breathe out, to send forth, to come forth, to end inspiro, inspirare, inspiravi, inspiratum vb tr to inspire; to blow into, to breath into spiritualis, -e adj spiritual; pertaining to breathing or air spiritualiter adv spiritually spiritus, -us n (m) spirit, Holy Spirit; breath, breeze, smell, breathing, soul suspirium, -ii n (n) sigh; deep breath, asthma, breathing suspiro, -are, suspiravi, suspiratum vb tr and intr to sigh; to exhale, to long for, to exclaim with a sigh splendeo, splendere, splendui, ― vb intr to shine; to be bright resplendeo, resplendere, ―, ― vb intr to shine; to glitter, to be resplendent splendidus, -a, -um adj splendid; bright, shining, noble, showy, clear splendor, -oris n (m) splendour; brightness, magnificence, dignity spolio, spoliare, spoliavi, spoliatum vb tr to rob; to strip, to to rob of clothing, to pillage ex(s)polio, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr to pillage; to deprive

spondeo, spondere, spopondi, sponsum vb tr to promise; to engage, to post bail, to betroth, to vow respondeo, respondere, respondi, responsum vb tr to respond; to promise in return, to advise, to answer to responsio, -onis n (f) response; refutation responsum, -i n (n) response; opinion, oracle sponsa, -ae n (f) bride; fiancée sponsalia, -ium n (n) betrothal; betrothal feast, betrothal gift sponsalitius, -a, -um adj pertaining to betrothal sponsio, -onis n (f) promise; engagement, wager, stake spuo, spuere, spui, sputum vb tr and intr to spit; to spit out ex(s)puo, -ere, ex(s)pui, ex(s)putum vb tr and intr to spit out; to spit, to expel, to emit, to banish spurius, -a, -um adj illegitimate; spurious statuo, statuere, statui, statutum vb tr to establish; to set up, to fix, to stop, to settle, to decree constituo, constituere, constitui, constitutum vb tr to set up; to station, to establish, to appoint, to decide destitutus, -a, -um adj destitute of; forsaken, robbed instituo, instituere, institui, institutum vb tr to establish; to arrange, to institute, to appoint, to teach restituo, restituere, restitui, restitutum vb tr to restore; to revive, to renew, to give back, to recall stercus, -oris n (n) shit, manure; slag stella, -ae n (f) star; shooting-star sterilis, -e adj barren; sterile, causing sterility, fruitless, unprofitable sterno, sternere, stravi, stratum vb tr to lay out; to stretch out, to scatter, to strew, to cover consterno, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr to dismay; to overcome, to startle, to excite to revolt construo, construere, construxi, constructum vb tr to build; to pile up destructio, -onis n (f) destruction; refutation destruo, destruere, destruxi, destructum vb tr to destroy; to tear down ex(s)truo, ex(s)truere, ex(s)truxi, ex(s)tructum vb tr to build; to pile up, to construct, to exaggerate industria, -ae n (f) diligence, purpose, skill instructio, -onis n (f) instruction; constructing, arranging 63 instrumentum, -i n (n) equipment, instrument; material, provision, ornament instruo, instruere, instruxi, instructum vb tr to instruct; to build, to prepare, to plan prosterno, prosternere, prostravi, prostratum vb tr to lay low; to prostrate, to destroy, to prostitute stilla, -ae drop of liquid; small quantity, moment instillo, instillare, instillavi, instillatum vb tr to instill; to pour in by drops stimulus, -i n (m) goad; sting, spur, incitement

sto, stare, steti, statum vb intr to stand, to stay, to stop; to remain, to endure asto, astare, astiti, — vb intr to be present; to await, to assist, to stand up circumsto, -stare, -steti, -statum vb tr and intr to stand around; to surround, to encompass constans, -antis adj constant; consistent, sure consto, constare, constiti, constatum vb intr to be apparent; to stand with, to agree, to stop, to remain destino, destinare, destinavi, destinatum vb tr to direct; to bind, to resolve, to intend, to choose, to aim disto, distare, —, — vb intr to be distant; to stand apart, to differ ex(s)tasis, -is n (f) ecstasy; terror, amazement ex(s)to, ex(s)tare, ex(s)titi vb intr to be; to stand forth, to stand above, to be conspicuous instans, -antis adj eager; present, pressing instantia, -ae n (f) insistence; presence, perseverance obsto, obstare, obstiti, ― vb intr to stand in the way of (with dat); praestantia, -ae n (f) excellence praestans, -antis adj excellent; efficacious praesto, -stare, -steti, -statum/-stitum vb tr & intr to excel, to present; to be excellent, to fulfill, to show stabilis, -e adj stable; steady, firm, durable, unwavering, steadfast stabilitas, -atis n (f) stability; firmness, durability, steadfastness stabulum, -i n (n) stable; stall, habitation, dwelling, cottage, pub, brothel statim adv immediately; steadfastly statura, -ae n (f) height; size, stature status, -us n (m) state, stopping; manners, dress, condition substantia, -ae n (f) substance; being, essence, contents, material, fortune strenuus, -a, -um adj vigorous; brisk, quick, active, restless strenue adv vigorously; briskly, quickly, actively stringo, stringere, strinxi, strictum vb tr to bind; to touch upon, to pluck, to rule, to waste, to pain constringo, -ere, constrinxi, constrinctum vb tr to bind together; to compress perstringo, -ere, perstrinxi, perstrinctum vb tr sum up; to bind, to graze, to plough, to dull, to blame studeo, studere, studui, — vb tr and intr to strive, to study; to be eager, to favour 64 studium, -ii n (n) effort, pursuit, study, zeal stultus, -a, -um adj stupid; foolish stultitia, -ae n (f) stupidity; foolishness stupeo, stupere, stupui vb tr and intr to be struck senseless; to be amazed, to be amazed at stupefacio, -ere, stupefeci, stupefactum vb tr to stupefy; to strike senseless, to amaze stupor, -oris n (m) numbness; stupor, astonishment, stupidity stuprum, -i n (n) dishonour; illicit sex suadeo, suadere, suasi, sausum vb tr and intr to persuade (with dat); to advise, to urge, to advocate persuadeo, persuadere, persuasi, persuasum vb tr to persuade (with dat); to convince, to prompt persuasio, -onis n (f) persuasion; convincing, conviction, belief, opinion sub prep (with abl) under, during, within; (with acc) up to, before subter adv and prep (with acc) underneath; below, beneath, secretly subtus adv below; underneath sublimis, -e adj high; elevated, lofty, distinguished sublimitas, -atis n (f) highness; height, loftiness sublimiter or sublime adv on high; aloft, highly subtilis, -e adj subtle; fine, slender, delicate, precise, simple subtiliter adv subtly; finely, minutely, plainly sudor, -oris n (m) sweat; liquid, toil, fatigue suesco, suescere, suevi, suetum vb tr and intr to become accustomed; to accustom assuefacio, -ere, assuefeci, assuefactum vb tr to make accustomed assuesco, --ere, assuevi, assuetum vb tr and intr to be accustomed; to make accustomed consuesco, -ere, consuevi, consuetum vb tr & intr to grow/be accustomed to; to accustom, to have sex with consuetudo, -inis n (f) custom, habit, (monastic) rule; intercourse (social or sex) consuetus, -a, -um adj usual; customary suffragium, -ii n (n) vote; suffrage, judgment, assent

—, sui pron refl (3rd pers), sese emphatic him-, her-, itself, themselves, reciprocal: each other suus, -a, -um possessive adj reflexive his, her, its, their; own sum, esse, fui, futurum vb intr to be absens, -entis adj absent; not appearing absentia, -ae n (f) absence absum, abesse, abfui, abfuturum vb intr to be absent; to be freed, removed, not fit, wanting adsum, adesse, adfui, adfuturum vb intr to be present; to be at hand, to aid, to appear, to convene desum, deesse, defui, defuturus vb intr to fail (with dat), to be lacking (with dat); to neglect essentia, -ae n (f) essence; being futurum, -i n (n) future futurus, -a, -um adj future insum, inesse, infui, infuturum vb intr to be in; to pertain to interesse subst inf interest intersum, interesse, interfui, — vb intr and impers to be between, to be of concern; to differ, to attend praesens, -entis adj and adv present; at hand, forthwith praesentia, -ae n (f) presence; impression, effect praesento, praesentare, ―, praesentatum vb tr to present; to place in view, to show praesum, praeesse, praefui, praefuturum vb intr to be in charge of (with dat); to be present prosum, prodesse, profui, profuturum vb intr to profit (with dat); to be useful, to be good sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sumptum vb tr to take up; to begin, to take, to use, assume assumo, assumere, assumpsi, assumptum vb tr to take with one’s self, to assume; to obtain, to add consumo, -sumere,-sumpsi, -sumptum vb tr to consume; to destroy, to expend, to take up praesumo, -ere, praesumpsi, praesumptum vb tr to presume; to take in advance, to perform, to spend praesumptio, -onis n (f) presumption; taking beforehand, anticipation, boldness resumo, resumere, resumpsi, resumptum vb tr to resume; to take along with, to recover sumptum, -i n (n) expense sumptus, -us n (m) expense summus, -a, -um adj highest; top of, last, extreme 65 summa, -ae n (f) essence; height, summit, completion, sum, whole summe adv superl extremely; in the highest degree summitas, -atis n (f) top, summit summopere adv exceedingly; very much summotenus adv extremely; up to the top super adv prep (with abl or acc) above, concerning, on, over, upon; thereupon, besides desuper adv above; from above insuper adv and prep (with acc or abl) moreover; above, on top, from above, over superbia, -ae n (f) pride superbus, -a, -um adj proud superus, -a, -um adj above, upper, higher superior, -ius adj compar earlier, upper; previous, older, greater, superior superius adv compar earlier; above supernus, -a, -um adj heavenly; higher, celestial supero, superare, superavi, superatum vb tr to overcome; to surpass, to exceed, to remain supra adv and prep (with acc) above, concerning; before, previously, beyond, more supremus, -a, -um adj superl highest; last, supreme supplex, -icis adj humbly begging; suppliant, supplicant supplicatio, -onis n (f) supplication; prayer supplico, supplicare, supplicavi, supplicatum vb tr to pray; to supplicate, to worship surdus, -a, -um adj deaf; inattentive, dull-sounding, not heard, faint

surgo, surgere, surrexi, surrectum vb tr and intr to rise; to lift, to raise, to rise against assurgo, assurgere, assurrexi, assurrectum vb intr to rise (to); to swell ex(s)urgo, ex(s)urgere, ex(s)urrexi, ― vb intr to rise up; to recover one’s strength insurgo, insurgere, insurrexi, insurrectum vb tr to rise up; to mount, to rise, to arise, to rouse resurgo, resurgere, resurrexi, resurrectum vb intr to rise again resurrectio, -onis n (f) resurrection taberna, -ae n (f) tavern, shop, dwelling contubernia, -ae n (f) companionship; attendance, (slave) marriage or dwelling tabernaculum, -i n (n) tabernacle; tent tabula, -ae n (f) tablet; plank, writing-tablet, account book, will, panel taceo, tacere, tacui, tacitum vb tr and intr to be silent; to be still, to pass over in silence conticesco, conticescere, conticui, ― vb intr to grow silent; to keep silent, to stop taedet, taedere, taeduit, — vb impers (acc) is weary of (gen or inf); is disgusted, is offended taedium, -ii n (n) weariness; boredom, disgust, loathsomeness taeter, taetra, taetrum adj foul; loathsome, hideous, shameful talis, -e adj demonstr such; of such a kind taliter adv demontr in such a way tam adv demonstr so; so much, as attamen adv but yet tam . . . quam conj as much . . . as, both . . . and tamen adv nevertheless tamquam conj as, like; as if, so to speak, for instance tandem adv finally; now, in the end tango, tangere, tetigi, tactum vb tr to touch; to reach, to border on, to handle, to affect attingo, attingere, attigi, attactum vb tr to touch, to touch upon; to attack, to reach, to concern contagio, -onis n (f) or contagium, -ii n (n) contagion; infection, contact contingit, contingere, contigit, — vb impers it happens that (introducing indirect speech) 66 contingo, -tingere, -tigi, -tactum vb tr and intr to happen; to reach, to touch, to taste, to concern intactus, -a, -um adj untouched; uninjured, intact, untried, chaste integer, integra, integrum adj whole; untouched, unharmed, virtuous, sane integritas, -atis n (f) wholeness; undiminished condition, innocence, chastity tactus, -us n (m) touch; touching, handling, influence tantus, -a, -um adj (correlative with quantus) so great, so much, as great, as much intantum adv to such an extent tantillum, -i n (n) trifle tantum adv only, so much tardus, -a, -um adj slow, late; stupid, deliberate tego, tegere, texi, tectum vb tr to cover; to roof, to deck, to bury, to hide, to protect protego, protegere, protexi, protectum vb tr to protect; to cover over, to put up a roof, to conceal tectum, -i n (n) roof, covering, ceiling, house tugurium, -ii n (n) cottage tellus, -uris n (f) earth; globe, ground, land, district, region temere adv rashly; blindly, at random, inconsiderately temeritas, -atis n (f) rashness; hap, chance, accidence, temerity temerus, -a, -um adj rash; inconsiderate templum, -i n (n) temple; place of observation, open space, sacred place contemplatio, -onis n (f) contemplation; consideration contemplativus, -a, -um adj contemplative; theoretical contemplo, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr to contemplate; to gaze upon

tempus, -oris n (n) time, tense; period of time, proper time intemporalis, -e adj atemporal; eternal, unseasonable obtempero, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr to comply with (with dat); to obey tempero, temperare, temperavi, temperatum vb tr to temper; to regulate, to restrain from tempestas, -atis n (f) storm; period of time, season, weather, tempest temporalis, -e adj temporal temporaliter adv in the temporal world; temporarily tendo, tendere, tetendi, tentum vb tr and intr to tend, to exert one’s self; to stretch, to extend, to go attendo, attendere, attendi, attentum vb tr to turn towards, to pay attention to; to strive towards attente adv attentively; carefully contendo, -tendere, -tendi, -tentum vb tr and intr to contend; to stretch, to strive for, to compare, to ask contentus, -a, -um adj content; intent, stretched distendo, distendere, distendi, distentum vb tr extend; to distend, to divide, to distract extendo, extendere, extendi, extentum vb tr to extend; to enlarge, to continue, to pass time intendo, intendere, intendi, intentum vb tr to intend; to stretch out, to bend a bow, to attend intentio, -onis (intencio) n (f) intention; straining, tension, attention, accusation intente adv intently intentus, -a, -um adj intent; strained, attentive, strict, vigorous ostendo, ostendere, ostendi, ostensum vb tr to show, to point at; to stretch out, to expose, to flourish tentorium, -ii n (n) tent tenebra, -ae n (f) shadow; darkness, night, death, blindness, prison, hell teneo, tenere, tenui, tentum vb tr to hold, to keep; to occupy, to possess, to know, to recall abstinentia, -ae n (f) abstinence; self-restraint contineo, continere, continui, contentum vb tr to contain; to hold together, to detain, to check continuatio, -onis n (f) continuation; period(ic sentence) continuo adv continuously, immediately continuus, -a, -um adj continuous; joining 67 detineo, detinere, detinui, detentum vb tr to detain; to delay, to engage, to know manuteneo, -ere, manutenui, manutentum vb tr to maintain obtineo, obtinere, obtinui, obtentum vb tr to hold, to obtain; to take hold of, to assert, to prevail pertinax, -acis adj very tenacious; very durable, constant, obstinate pertineo, pertinere, pertinui, — vb intr to pertain; to reach to, to reach, to tend, to suit, to belong retineo, retinere, retinui, retentum vb tr to hold fast, to restrain, to retain;to maintain, to preserve sustentatio, -onis (sustentacio) n (f) sustenance; deferring, delay, suspension sustento, sustentare, sustentavi, sustentatum vb tr to sustain; to support, to preserve, to restrain, to delay sustineo, sustinere, sustinui, sustentum vb tr to sustain, to put up with; to restrain, to support, to delay tenor, -oris n (f) tenor; holding fast, course, career, contents, sense tento or tempto, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr to tempt, to test tentatio or temptatio, -onis n (f) temptation tenuis, -e adj thin; fine, rare, slender, weak, delicate, exact extenuo, extenuare, extenuavi, extenuatum vb tr to make thin; to diminish, to weaken tergeo or tergo, tergere, tersi, tersum vb tr to wipe; to rub, to clean, to polish, to improve, to amend manutergium, -i n (n) napkin terminus, -i n (m) and termen, -inis n (n) boundary, limit; end, term conterminus, -a, -um adj sharing a border tero, terere, trivi, tritum vb tr to rub; to bruise, to grind, to thresh, to wear away contero, conterere, contrivi, contritum vb tr to crush; to exhaust, to grind, to wear away protero, proterere, protrivi, protritum vb tr to crush; to trample, to drive forth, to defeat, to abuse tribulatio, -onis n (f) tribulation tribulo, tribulare, tribulavi, tribulatum vb tr to trouble; to press terra, -ae n (f) land, earth; ground, soil, country, region terrenus, -a, -um adj earthly; earthen territorium, -ii n (n) territory; land around a town

terreo, terrere, terrui, territum vb tr to terrify; to frighten, to frighten away deterreo, deterrere, deterrui, deterritum vb tr to deter; to prevent, to keep off exterreo, exterrere, exterrui, exterritum vb tr to terrify perterritus, -a, -um adj terrified terribilis, -e adj terrible; venerable terror, -oris n (m) terror; fear, an object of fear testis, -is n (m) witness; testicle attestor, attestari, attestatus vb dep to attest detestabilis, -e adj detestable testamentum, -i n (n) covenant, Testament, will testificor, testificari, testificatus vb dep to testify; to show, to call to witness testimonium, -ii n (n) meeting, testimony; witness, evidence, proof testor, testari, testatus vb dep to bear witness; to show, to understand, to assert testudo, -inis n (f) turtle, tortoise; lyre, arch, shelter, military manoeuvre texo, texere, texui, textum vb tr to weave; to fit together, to build, to make, to compose contexo, -ere, contexui, contextum vb tr and intr to compose; to interweave, to devise thesaurus, -i n (m) treasure, treasury; hoard, treasure-chamber, strong-box thronus, -i n (m) throne; throne (angelic order) timeo, timere, timui, — vb tr and intr to fear; to be afraid pertimesco, pertimescere, pertimui, — vb intr to be very afraid; to become very afraid timidus, -a, -um adj fearful; cowardly, timid timor, -oris n (m) fear; apprehension, anxiety, awe, object of fear titulus, -i n (m) title; inscription, label, ticket, notice, fame, pretext tolero, tolerare, toleravi, toleratum vb tr to endure; to bear, to support, to nourish, to observe tolerantia, -ae n (f) endurance; bearing, supporting tollo, tollere, sustuli, sublatum vb tr to lift, to remove, to take; to acknowledge, to build attollo, attollere, ―, ― vb tr to lift up; to exalt, to enlarge 68 tonitruo, tonitruare, tonitruavi, tonitruatum vb tr to thunder torqueo, torquere, torsi, tortum vb tr to twist; to bend, to whirl, to distort, to torture detorqueo, -ere, detorsi, detortum vb tr and intr to distort; to turn aside or away distortus, -a, -um adj misshapen; dwarfish, unseemly tormentum, -i n (n) torment; catapult, ballista, missile, rope, the rack torpeo, torpere, ―, ― vb intr to be numb, to be sluggish, to be inactive torpor, -oris n (m) numbness; torpor, stupefaction, inactivity torreo, torrere, torrui, tostum vb tr to roast; to dry to burn, to affect with passion torrens, -entis n (m) rushing stream; torrent tot adj indec num (correlative with quot) so many, as many, as totidem adj indec num the same number; just as many totiens adv num so many times; as often totus, -a, -um adj whole, entire ex toto idiom entirely; wholly, altogether, totally totaliter adv entirely; wholly, altogether, totally

traho, trahere, traxi, tractum vb tr to draw; to drag, to withdraw, to contract, to dink abstractio, -onis n (f) abduction; separation abstraho, abstrahere, abstraxi, abstractum vb tr to remove; to draw away, to withdraw attraho, attrahere, attraxi, attractum vb tr to attract; to drag with force contractus, -us n (m) contract; an entering upon (an affair) contraho, contrahere, contraxi, contractum vb tr to enter into; to assemble, to cause,to contract, to narrow detraho, detrahere, detraxi, detractum vb tr to remove; to purge, to lower, to disparage, to withhold extraho, extrahere, extraxi, extractum vb tr to unsheathe, to remove, to rescue; to draw out pertracto, -are, pertractavi, pertractatum vb tr to conduct; to touch, to handle, to treat, to study protraho, protrahere, protraxi, protractum vb tr to drag forward; to reveal, to betray, to prolong, to weary retraho, retrahere, retraxi, retractum vb tr to draw back; to withdraw, to make known again subtractus, -us n (m) drawing back; loss, subtraction subtraho, subtrahere, subtraxi, subtractum vb tr to remove; to carry off, to steal, to withdraw, to omit tracto, tractare, tractavi, tractatum vb tr to discuss, to govern, to handle, to treat; to drag, to lead tractus, -us n (m) pull; dragging, train, course, extent, tract of land, length trans prep (with acc) across; beyond, on the other side, through tremo, tremere, tremui, ― vb tr and intr to tremble; to tremble at tremebundus, -a, -um adj trembling tremefacio-cere, tremefeci, tremefactus vb tr to cause to tremble tremulus, -a, -um adj trembling; causing to tremble tres, tria adj num three ter adv num three times; thrice, often, repeatedly tertius, -a, -um adj num third tricesimus, -a, -um adj num thirtieth triduum, -i n (n) three days triginta adj indec num thirty trinitas, -atis n (f) Trinity; three, triad trinus, -a, -um adj num three each; triple, threefold 69 triplicatio, -onis n (f) tripling triplico, triplicare, triplicavi, triplicatum vb tr to triple tribus, -us n (f) tribe; division of people, commonalty, mob attribuo, attribuere, attribui, attributum vb tr to attribute; to bestow, to join to distribuo, distribuere, distribui, distributum vb tr to distribute; to divide, to apportion retributio, -onis n (f) retribution; repayment tribuo, tribuere, tribui, tributum vb tr to assign; to allot, to give, to pay, to yield, to allow tributum, -i n (n) tribute; stated payment, contribution, gift tristis, -e adj sad; mournful, melancholy, harsh, bitter, foul, gloomy contristo, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr to sadden; to darken tristitia, -ae (f) sadness; sorrow, melancholy, harshness, sourness tristor, tristari, tristatus vb dep to be sad trux, -ucis adj savage; wild, fierce tu, tui pron pers (2nd pers sing) you tuus, -a, -um poss adj (2nd pers sing) your tuba, -ae n (f) trumpet; war, loud sound, epic poetry, exciter tubicino, tubicinare, tubicinavi, tubicinatum vb intr to trumpet tueor or tuor, tueri, tuitus vb dep to look at; to defend, to consider, to maintain contueor, contueri, contuitus vb tr to look at; to ponder, to perceive intueor, intui, intuitus vb dep to look at; to regard, to consider, to admire tutus, -a, -um adj safe, secure tum adv (correlative to cum) then tum . . . tum conj both . . . and; now . . . now, sometimes . . . sometimes tunc adv then

tumeo, tumere, ―, ― vb intr to swell; to be excited, to swell with pride tumba, -ae n (f) tomb tumor, -oris n (m) swelling; tumour, excitement, commotion, bombast tumulo, tumulare, tumulavi, tumulatum vb tr to bury; to entomb tumultus, -us n (m) commotion; tumult, storm, sudden war, rebellion tumulus, -i n (m) tomb; mound, burial-mound turba, -ae n (f) crowd; commotion, uproar, quarrel, multitude, band conturbo, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr to confuse; to disturb, to bankrupt turbo, turbare, turbavi, turbatum vb tr to throw into confusion; to disturb, to muddy turpis, -e adj shameful, ugly; foul, infamous turris, -is n (f) tower; castle, fortress tus, -uris n (n) frankincense, incense typicalis, -e adj figurative; typical tyrannus, -i n (m) tyrant; monarch, king, cruel ruler, despot tyrannis, -idis n (f) tyranny; region ruled by a tyrant uber, -eris n (n) breast; teat, udder, fertility, richness ubertas, -atis n (f) plenty; richness, fruitfulness, fullness, copiousness ubi adv int, rel and connecting where, when, there ubicumque adv rel and indef wherever, everywhere ubinam adv int where ubique adv indef everywhere; anywhere unde adv int, rel & connecting (correlative to inde) therefore, about which, from where, from which undique adv indef everywhere, from every side; utterly, entirely ulcus, -eris n (n) sore, ulcer ulcerosus, -a, -um adj ulcerous; full of sores, knobby ullus, -a, -um adj indef any, any one nonnullus, -a, -um adj indef some, several 70 nullatenus adv in no way nullus, -a, um adj no; none, (for nemo) no one ultra adv and prep (with acc) further, beyond, on the other side of ulterius adv compar further; farther, beyond umbra, -ae n (f) shade; shadow, dark spot, ghost, trace, shelter umbraculum, -i n (n) shelter; that which furnishes shade, school, umbrella umbratilis, -e adj shadowy; in the shade, in retirement, of schools umor, -oris n (m) humour; liquid, moisture umquam adv ever nonnumquam adv sometimes numquam adv never; by no means unda, -ae n (f) wave; water, surge abundanter adv abundantly abundantia, -ae n (f) abundance abundo, abundare, abundavi, abundatum vb intr to abound; to flow over, to shoot up, to overflow inundatio, -onis n (f) flood; overflowing, inundation, deluge unus, -a, -um adj indef & num one; single, sole, a, an, some una adv together; at the same time unicus, -a, um adj single, singular; sole, uncommon, unique uniformis, -e adj uniform; of one shape unitas, -atis n (f) one; oneness, sameness, uniformity, agreement universalis, -e adj universal; belonging to all universus, -a, -um adj all, entire; general, universal unusquisque pron indef everyone, everything urbs, urbis n (f) city; Rome

uro, urere, ussi, ustum vb tr to burn comburo, combuere, combussi, combustum vb tr to burn combustio, -onis n (f) burning ustulo, ustulare, ustulavi, ustulatum vb tr to scorch; to burn a little usquam adv anywhere, in any way nusquam adv nowhere usque adv and prep (with acc) up to, towards; all the way, constantly, until ut or uti conj (with subjunctive) introducing indirect command, substantive, purpose, and result clauses: that, in order that, such that (with indicative) introducing temporal clauses and comparisons: as, like, when adv int and exclamatory how prout conj just as, to the extent that sicut or sicuti conj just as utinam or ut conj introducing optative subjunctive would that utique adv certainly; in any case, at least, especially, merely utpote adv namely, as velut or veluti adv just as; for example, as though uter, utra, utrum adj int, rel and indef which of two uterque, utraque, utrumque pron and adj indef both utrum conj int introducing double direct or indirect question whether utor, uti, usus vb dep to use (with abl); abutor, abuti, abusus vb dep to abuse (with abl); to consume, to use improperly abusive adv improperly, loosely; not in good earnest inutilis, -e adj useless; unprofitable, injurious, hurtful usurarius, -ii n (m) usurer usurpo, usurpare, usurpavi, usurpatum vb tr to use; to enjoy, to perceive, to obtain, to usurp 71 usus, -us n (m) use, enjoyment; wear, exercise, experience, habit utilis, -e adj useful; profitable, advantageous utilitas, -atis n (f) usefulness; use, utility, service, profit, advantage utiliter adv usefully; effectively, profitably, advantageously uxor, -oris n (f) wife vaco, vacare, vacavi, vacatum vb intr to be empty; to be without (with abl), to be at leisure evacuo, evacuare, evacuavi, evacuatum vb tr to empty; to evacuate, to ride one’s self of, to make void supervacuus, -a, -um adj superfluous; unnecessary, redundant vacuus, -a, -um adj empty, vain; free, without, devoid of vado, vadere, vasi, ― vb intr to go; to walk, to rush evado, evadere, evasi, evasum vb tr and intr to escape, to become; to go out, to pass over invado, invadere, invasi, invasum vb tr and intr to attack; to go into, to fall into, to seize vadum, -i n (n) ford; a shallow, body of water, bottom of a body of water vagor, vagari, vagatus vb dep to wander; to waver, to spread abroad valeo, valere, valui, valitum vb intr to be able,to be strong,to prevail imperative hail,farewell convalesco, convalescere, convalui, — vb intr to grow healthy; to recover, to become valid invaletudo, -inis n (f) sickness invalidus, -a, -um adj weak; not strong, inefficient, inadequate praevaleo, praevalere, praevalui, — vb intr to be very able; to prevail, to be of great efficacy praevalidus, -a, -um adj very strong; prevalent valde adv very, greatly; strongly, vigorously valenter adv vigorously; strongly, violently valetudo or valitudo, -inis n (f) bodily condition; health, good health, ill health, sickness validus, -a, -um adj strong; vigorous, able, healthy valles or vallis, -is n (f) valley convallis, -is n (f) valley

valva, -ae n (f) door vanus, -a, -um adj vain; empty, nothing evanesco, evanescere, evanui, ― vb intr to vanish; to die away, to sink into oblivion vanesco, vanescere, ―, ― vb intr to vanish vanitas, -atis n (f) vanity; emptiness, nothingness, fickleness vapor, -oris n (m) vapour; steam, heat, warmth varius, -a, -um adj various; diverse, varying varietas, -atis n (f) variety; diversity, coloured attire vario, variare, variavi, variatum vb tr and intr to vary; to change, to waver vas, vasis n (n) vessel; dish, baggage, implement vasto, vastare, vastavi, vastatum vb tr to lay waste to; to make empty, to devastate, to destroy vates, -is n (m) prophet, seer, poet vaticinium, -ii n (n) prophecy veho, vehere, vexi, vectum vb tr to carry; to convey, passive to ride adveho, advehere, advexi, advectum vb tr to carry to; to convey, passive to ride conveho, convehere, convexi, convectum vb tr to convey; to gather eveho, evehere, evexi, evectum vb tr to carry away; to move forth, to spread abroad, to raise proveho, provehere, provexi, provectum vb tr to carry forward; to promote, to proceed, to prolong reveho, revehere, revexi, revectum vb tr to carry back transveho or traveho, -vehere, -vexi, -vectum vb tr to carry across; to pass by vectigal, -alis n (n) tax vehementer adv vehemently; eagerly, violently, very much, exceedingly vehiculum, -i n (n) vehicle; carriage, wagon, cart, ship vel adv and conj even, indeed, or -ve conj enclitic or vel . . . vel conj either . . . or vellus, -eris n (n) fleece; shorn wood, hide, pelt, wool 72 evello, evellere, evelli, evulsum vb tr to pull out; to pluck out, to drag away, to eradicate velox, -ocis adj quick velociter adv quickly velum, -i n (n) sail; veil, curtain revelatio, -onis n (f) revelation revelo, revelare, revelavi, revelatum vb tr to reveal; to unveil vexillum, -i n (n) flag; ensign, banner, troops under a banner vendo, vendere, vendidi, venditum vb tr to sell; to betray, to praise venalis, -e adj for sale vendito, venditare, venditavi, venditatum vb tr to sell; to try to sell, to praise, to conciliate, to betray venditio, -onis n (f) sale; a thing sold venumdo or venundo, -dare, -dedi, -datum vb tr to sell venenum, -i n (n) poison; potion, drug, evil, charm, seduction, dye venenosus, -a, -um adj venomous; full of poison venero, venerare, veneravi, veneratum vb tr (also dep) to venerate; to revere, to worship, to beg venerabilis, -e adj venerable; venerating venia, -ae n (f) pardon; indulgence, mercy, favour, permission

venio, venire, veni, ventum vb intr to come adinventio, -onis n (f) invention advenio, advenire, adveni, adventum vb intr to arrive; to occur, to accrue, to come by conveyance adventus, -us n (m) arrival; approach, the state of having arrived circumvenio,-venire, -veni, -ventum vb tr to surround; to beset, to circumvent, to evade, to grasp convenio, -venire, -veni, -ventum vb tr, intr, impers to be suitable, to gather together; to unite, to agree conventio, -onis n (f) agreement; assembly, marriage, indictment conventus, -us n (m) agreement; meeting, assembly , corporation, union devenio, devenire, deveni, deventum vb intr to reach; to arrive evenio, evenire, eveni, eventum vb intr to happen; to come out, to result intervenio, -ire, interveni, interventum vb intr to occur; to come between, to interrupt, to oppose invenio, invenire, inveni, inventum vb tr to find; to come upon, to invent, to discover, to acquire pervenio, pervenire, perveni, perventum vb intr to arrive praevenio, praevenire, praeveni, praeventum vb tr to come before; to precede, to prevent, to surpass provenio, provenire, proveni, proventum vb intr to proceed, to prosper; to appear, to originate revenio, revenire, reveni, reventum vb intr to come back; to return supervenio, -ire, superveni, superventum vb intr to come up; to to come upon, to surpass, to go beyond venor, venari, venatus vb dep to hunt; to chase venatorius, -a, -um adj hunting venatus, -us n (m) hunting; fishing, game ventus, -i n (m) wind venus, -eris n (f) Venus verber, verberis n (n) whip, blow; thong of a sling, flogging verbero, verberare, verberavi, verberatum vb tr to beat; to whip, to harass verbum, -i n (n) word; language, discourse, saying, proverb, verb proverbium, -ii n (n) Proverb verboso, -are, verbosavi, verbosatum vb tr and intr to blather; to be verbose 73 vereor, vereri, veritus vb dep to fear; to feel awe, to revere irreverentia, -ae (irreverencia) n (f) irreverence; disrespect reverendus, -a, -um adj reverend reverentia, -ae n (f) reverence; awe, deference vernus spring vernalis, -e adj spring; vernal verno, vernare, —, — vb intr to flourish; to bloom vero conj postpositive but verum conj 1st position but verumtamen conj but yet

verto, vertere, verti, versum vb tr and intr to turn; to change, to exchange, to subvert, to refer adversarius, -i n (m) adversary; enemy adversum or adversus adv and prep (with acc) against; toward adverto, advertere, adverti, adversum vb tr to direct; to turn toward, to admonish of, to attend to animadverto, -vertere, -verti, -versum vb tr to notice; to observe averto, avertere, averti, aversum vb tr to avert, to turn away; to embezzle, to divert, to estrange controversia, -ae n (f) controversy conversatio, -onis n (f) way of life; frequent abode, conversation conversor, conversari, conversatus vb intr to conduct one’s self; to dwell, to live with conversus, -a, -um adj opposite converto, -vertere, -verti, -versum vb tr and intr to change, to convert, to turn; to return deorsum adv downwards; below deversorium, -ii n (n) inn diversitas, -atis n (f) diversity; contradiction, disagreement, difference, variety diversus, -a, -um adj diverse; opposed, hostile, separate, dissimilar, hesitating diverto, divertere, diverti, diversum vb intr to deviate, to turn; to separate, to divorce, to differ everto, evertere, everti, eversum vb tr to overturn; to upset, to expel, to destroy perversus, -a, -um adj perverse; askew, evil reverto, -ere, reverti reversum vb intr (also dep) to turn back, to return rursus adv again, back; backward, anew sursum adv high, upwards versifico, -are, -avi, -atus vb tr (also dep) to write verse versio, -onis n (f) version; turning, change, translation verso, versare, versavi, versatum vb tr to turn; to disturb, to think over versor, versari, versatus vb intr to be, to dwell; to busy one’s self versus, -us n (m) verse; furrow, line, line of verse versus adv and prep (with acc) against, towards versutus, -a, -um adj cunning; versatile, shrewd 74 vertex, -icis n (m) whirlpool; vortex, crown of the head, head, pole, peak verus, -a, -um adj true; genuine, proper, right revera adv truly veraciter adv truly verax, -acis adj truthful vere adv truly verifico, verificare, verificavi, verificatum vb tr to verify veritas, -atis n (f) truth; reality, nature, etymology vescor, vesci, — vb intr to feed upon (with abl); to eat, to enjoy, to use vesper, -eris or -eri n (m) evening; West vespertinus, -a, -um adj evening; western vestigium, -ii n (n) footstep, trace, track; sole, instant investigatio, -onis n (f) investigation investigo, -are, investigavi, investigatum vb tr to find out, to investigate; to track after, to discover vestis, -is n (f) clothes; carpet, tapestry vestiarium, -ii n (n) vestiary; wardrobe vestimentum, -ii n (n) clothes, garment; vestment, bedclothes, tapestry vestio, vestire, vestivi, vestitum vb tr to clothe; to adorn veto, vetare, vetui, vetitum vb tr to forbid vetus, -eris adj old veteres, -um n (m) the ancients; ancestors vetulus, -a, -um adj elderly; little old vexo, vexare, vexavi, vexatum vb tr to shake; to harass, to injure

via, -ae n (f) way, road; manner, method devia, -orum n (n) unfrequented places devio, deviare, deviavi, deviatum vb intr to deviate invius, -a, -um adj impassable; without a road obviam adv and prep (with dat) in the way of; towards, against, to meet, at hand obvio, obviare, obviavi, obviatum vb intr to meet (with dat); to resist, to hinder, to obviate obvius, -a, um adj in the way of; to meet, against, at hand praevius, -a, -um adj leading the way; going before vicis, -is n (f) turn; change, alternation, time, fate, place invicem adv each other (used to denote reciprocal use of se) vicus, -i n (m) village; row of houses, street vicinus, -a, -um adj near; neighbouring, similar, kindred, allied vicinus, -i n (m) neighbour villa, -ae n (f) village; country-house, villa video, videre, vidi, visum vb tr to see; to perceive, to know, to consider, to see to evidens, -entis adj evident; apparent, manifest improvisus, -a, -um adj unexpected; unforeseen invideo, invidere, invidi, invisum vb tr to envy (with dat); to look askance at, to hate, to emulate invidia, -ae n (f) envy; grudge, object of envy invisibilis, -e adj invisible; unseen prudens, -entis adj wise; foreseeing, foreknowing, knowing, skilled, clever prudentia, -ae n (f) wisdom; foreseeing, knowledge, intelligence, discretion providentia, -ae n (f) providence; foresight, foreknowledge, precaution provideo, providere, providi, provisum vb tr to foresee, to provide for; to see ahead, to be cautious provisio, -onis n (f) foreseeing; provision, foresight, forethought, hindrance videlicet adv and conj clearly, namely videor, videri, visus vb passive to seem, to seem good visibilis, -e adj visible; seeing 75 visio, -onis n (f) vision; sight, apparition, case visito, visitare, visitavi, visitatum vb tr to visit; to see frequently, to punish visus, -us n (n) sight, vision; glance, appearance vigil, -ilis adj awake, on watch, active vigil, -ilis n (m) sentry; watchman vigilatio, -onis n (f) vigil; wakefulness vigilia, -ae n (f) vigil; wakefulness, watch, vigilance vigilo, vigilare, vigilavi, vigilatum vb intr to stay awake; to be vigilant, to keep watch viginti adj indec num twenty vicesimus or vigesimus, -a, -um adj twentieth vilis, -e adj cheap; common, worthless, vile, abundant vincio, vincire, vinxi, vinctum vb tr to bind; to fasten, to fetter, to lass, to surround vinculum, -i n (n) chain; binding, bond, rope, fetters vinco, vincere, vici, victum vb tr to conquer convinco, convincere, convici, convictum vb tr to refute, to convict; to convince devinco, devincere, devici, devictum vb tr to conquer evinco, evincere, evici, evictum vb tr to conquer; to prevail victor, -oris n (m) victor; conqueror, master of, successful in victoria, -ae n (f) victory victrix, -oris n (f) victor; conqueror vis, ― (pl vires) n (f) force, pl strength inviolatus, -a, -um adj inviolate; unhurt, happy, inviolable vindico, vindicare, vindicavi, vindicatum vb tr to avenge, to claim; to liberate vindicta, -ae n (f) vengeance; liberating-rod, protection violenter adv violently violentus, -a, -um adj violent

vinum, -i n (n) wine vinea, -ae n (f) vineyard; vine vineatus, -a, -um adj having vineyards vir, viri n (m) man, husband; soldier curia, -ae n (f) court; curia, meeting house semivir, semiviri n (m) half-man; half-man-half-beast, hermaphrodite, unmanly virilis, -e adj manly; virile, vigorous, bold viriliter adv vigorously; courageously virtus, -utis n (f) virtue, strength; bravery, manhood virga, -ae n (f) rod; slender green branch, twig, wand, staff virgo, -inis n (f) virgin, maiden; girl, young woman, unmarried virginitas, -atis n (f) virginity vitium, -ii n (n) vice; fault, blemish, offence, error, crime, violation vito, vitare, vitavi, vitatum vb tr to shun devito, devitare, devitavi, devitatum vb tr to shun vitrum, -i n (n) glass vitreus, -a, -um adj of glass; glassy, brilliant, fragile vivo, vivere, vixi, victum vb intr to live; to survive, to live well, to endure convivium, -ii n (n) banquet; company at a table convivo, convivere, convixi, convictum vb intr to live with; to banquet together revivo, revivere, revixi, revictum vb intr to live again semivivus, -a, -um adj half-dead victus, -us n (m) food; sustenance, nourishment, way of life vita, -ae n (f) life vitalia, -ium n (n) vitals; grave-clothes vivaciter adv vigorously vivifico, vivificare, vivificavi, vivificatum vb tr to bring back to life; to vivify 76 vivus, -a, -um adj living vix adv scarcely voco, vocare, vocavi, vocatum vb tr to call; to summon, to name convoco, convocare, convocavi, convocatum vb tr to call together invoco, invocare, invocavi, invocatum vb tr to invoke; to call upon, to appeal to, to name revoco, revocare, revocavi, revocatum vb tr to call back; to recall, to retire, to recover, to restrain vocabulum, -i n (n) name vocatio, -onis n (f) calling; summons, invitation vociferor, vociferari, vociferatus vb dep to shout vocito, vocitare, vocitavi, vocitatum vb tr and intr to call vox, vocis n (f) voice, word; sound, saying, language volo, volare, volavi, volatum vb intr to fly; to move swiftly volatilis, -e adj flying; winged, swift, fleeting volucris, -is n (f) bird; flying creature volo, velle, volui, — vb tr to wish, to want invito, invitare, invitavi, invitatum vb tr to invite; to entertain, to summon, to incite, to attract invitus, -a, -um adj unwilling malo, malle, malui, — vb tr to prefer nolo, nolle, nolui, — vb tr to not want, imperative do not; to wish ill voluntas, -atis n (f) will; wish, accord, disposition, favour, testament, meaning voluptas, -atis n (f) pleasure; delight, passion volvo, volvere, volvi, volutum vb tr to turn, to roll, to consider involvo, involvere, involvi, involutum vb tr to overwhelm, to wrap; to roll upon, to cover revolvo, revolvere, revolvi, revolutum vb tr to roll back, to spin; to unwind, to reread, to repeat volumen, -inis n (n) volume; a roll of writing, book vomo, vomere, vomui, vomitum vb tr to vomit evomo, evomere, evomui, evomitum vb tr to vomit out; put forth

voro, vorare, voravi, voratum vb tr to swallow; to to devour, to destroy, to use up devoro, devorare, devoravi, devoratum vb tr to devour; to swallow up, to waste, to endure, to enjoy vorax, -acis adj gluttonous;; devouring, lecherous vos, vestri pron pers (2nd pers pl) you vester, vestra, vestrum adj poss (2nd pers pl) your voveo, vovere, vovi, votum vb tr to vow; to promise, to devote, to wish for devote adv devoutly devotio, -onis n (f) devotion; devoting, fealty, curse, sorcery, spell, prayer devotus, -a, -um adj devout; devoted, abandoned to votum, -i n (n) prayer vulgus, -i n (n) common people; multitude, public, mob divulgo, divulgare, divulgavi, divulgatum vb tr to spread vulgatus, -a, -um adj Vulgate; general, common, public vulnus, -eris n (n) wound; damage, misfortune vulnero, vulnerare, vulneravi, vulneratum vb tr to wound; to hurt, to pain

77

THEMED VOCA BULARY LISTS

ANIMALS accipiter, accipitris n (m) hawk agnus, -i n (m) lamb anas, -atis n (f) duck animal, -alis n (n) animal; beast aquila, -ae n (f) eagle; Roman battle standard asellus, -i n (m) little ass asina, -ae n (f) she-ass asinus, -i n (m) ass; blockhead avis, -is n (f) bird; omen belua, -ae n (f) monster, whale; elephant, beast, brute bestia, -ae n (f) beast; non-human animal, wild beasts bidens, -entis n (f) animal (for sacrifice, with two rows of teeth) bos, bovis n (m/f) ox; bull, cow camelus, -i n (m/f) camel canis, -is n (m/f) dog; shameless person, follower caper, capri n (m) goat; body odour cetus, -i n (m) whale cervus, -i n (m) deer; stag, object resembling antlers, chevaux-de-frise columba, -ae n (f) dove, pigeon corvus, -i n (m) raven draco, -onis n (m) dragon; serpent, cohort’s standard, sea-serpent, the Devil elepha(n)s, -antis n (m) or elephantus, -i n (m) elephant equus, -i n (m) horse 78 fera, -ae n (f) wild animal ferina, -ae n (f) wild animal; game gallina, -ae n (f) hen gallus, -i n (m) rooster grex, gregis n (m) flock; herd, drive, swarm, troop, crowd, company iumentum, -i n (n) beast of burden; carriage leo, -onis n (m) lion; lion’s skin lupus, -i n (m) wolf lustrum, -i n (n) lair; den, bog, forest, house of ill-repute, debauchery mulus, -i n (m) mule ovis, -is n (f) sheep; wool, simpleton ovile, -is n (n) sheepfold; goatfold, enclosed space papilio, -onis n (m) tent; butterfly, moth pardus, -i n (m) pard (mates with a lion to produce a leopard); panther pecu, -us n (n) cattle; pastures, money pecus, -oris n (n) cattle; herd pecus, -udis n (m) cattle; beast, brute animal, head of cattle porcus, -i n (m) pig; hog, porpoise serpens, -entis n (m) serpent sus, suis n (m/f) swine; pig, hog taurus, -i n (m) bull turtur, turturis n (m) turtle-dove ursus, -i n (m) bear vacca, -ae n (f) cow vermis, -is n (m) worm volucris, -is n (f) bird; flying creature

ARTS AND LITERATURE alchimia, -ae n (f) alchemy algebra, -ae n (f) algebra (al-jabr: restoration) arithmetica, -ae n (f) arithmetic arithmeticus, -a, -um adj arithmetical astrologia, -ae n (f) astrology; astronomy astronomia, -ae n (f) astronomy chronicon, -i n (n) chronicle charta, -ae n (f) letter; leaf of papyrus, tablet, paper, charter codex, -icis n (m) book; tree trunk, block of wood (or two fastened together) dialectica, -ae n (f) dialectic; logic dialogus, -i n (m) dialogue; conversation epistula, -ae (epistola) n (f) letter; epistle, written communication, imperial law ethica, -ae n (f) ethics etymologia, -ae n (f) etymology geometres, -ae n (m) geometer geometrica, -ae n (f) geometry geometricus, -a, -um adj geometric grammatica, -ae n (f) grammar historia, -ae n (f) history; narrative, story, subject of discourse liber, libri n (m) book; inner bark of a tree, papyrus, paper, treatise, work libellus, -i n (m) little book; pamphlet, journal, notice, letter, libel, brief littera, -ae n (f) letter; letter of the alphabet, word, handwriting, epistle litteratus, -a, -um adj literate; lettered, learned 79 logicum, -i n (n) logic musica, -ae n (f) music nigromantia, -ae n (f) necromancy philosophia, -ae n (f) philosophy; philosophical subject, philosophical sect philosophicus, -a, -um adj philosophical philolosphus, -i n (m) philosopher physica, -ae n (f) physics; natural science poeta, -ae n (m) poet; maker, producer prosus, -a, -um adj prose; straight-forward, prosaic prosa, -ae n (f) prose (literary genre) schola, -ae n (f) school; disputation, lecture, sect scholaris, -e adj scholarly; belonging to a school theologia, -ae n (f) theology

BODY PARTS ala, -ae n (f) wing; armpit bracchium, -ii n (n) arm; forearm, whole arm, branches, extensions of objects calx, calcis n (f) heel; foot, foot of an object capillus, -i n (m) hair (includes beard); hair of animals, threads caput, -itis n (n) head; origin, summit, life, leader caro, carnis n (f) flesh cervix, -icis n (f) neck collum, -i n (n) neck coma, -ae n (f) hair (of the head only), foliage; crest of a helmet, mane cor, cordis n (n) heart corpus, -oris n (n) body; corpse, flesh, trunk, person, corporation cutis, -is n (f) skin, rind, surface dens, dentis n (m) tooth; tine, prong, envy dext(e)ra, -ae n (f) right hand; the right side, friendship digitus, -i n (m) finger; toe, twig, inch dorsum, -i n (n) back; ridge of a hill fauces, -ium n (f) throat; inlet, entrances, jaws, abyss femur, -oris n (n) thigh frons, frontis n (f) forehead; brow, front, outside, appearance gena, -ae n (f) cheek; eyelid, eye genu, -us n (n) knee; knot 80 gremium, -ii n (n) bosom; lap, pocket, female genitals, interior part gula, -ae n (f) throat, gullet, gluttony guttur, -uris n (n) throat; gullet gluttony ilia, -ium n (n) groin; flank, genitals labium, -ii n (n) lip latus, -eris n (n) side; flank, body, intimacy, relationship lingua, -ae n (f) tongue, language; speech, utterance lumbus, -i n (m) loin; genitals lumen, -inis n (n) eye, light membrum, -i n (n) limb; member, penis, part, division naris, -is n (f) nostril; nose, opening, vent nasus, -i n (m) nose; nozzle, spout natis, -is n (f) buttock; rump nervus, -i n (m) muscle; sinew, tendon, nerve, string, bow, prison, vigor oculus, -i n (m) eye; sight, luminary, bulb, principal ornament, mind’s eye os, oris n (n) mouth, face os, ossis n (n) bone; innermost part palma, -ae n (f) palm; hand, sole, oar-blade, palm-tree, date, palm-branch pectus, -oris n (n) chest; breast, breastbone, stomach, feelings, heart, spirit supercilium, -ii n (n) eyebrow; brow, ridge, nod, pride tergum, -i n (n) back; body, skin, hide, leather vena, -ae n (f) vein; blood-vessel, artery, vein of metal, strength, interior venter, ventris n (m) belly, womb; paunch, appetite, fetus, bowels viscera, -um n (n) entrails, heart; internal organs, flesh, offspring, bowels vultus, -us n (m) face; countenance, expression, appearance, portrait

ECCLESIASTICAL TERMS abbas, -atis n (m) abbot absida, -ae n (f) apse altar(e), -is n (n) altar; that which is place on the altar proper (ara) amen adv amen; So be it, truly anathema, -atis n (n) anathema; cursed thing, person cursed/excommunicated angelus, -i n (m) angel; messenger angelicus, -a, -um adj angelic; dactylic (measure) evangelicus, -a, -um adj evangelic evangelista, -ae n (m) Evangelist evangelium, -ii n (n) Gospel; good news evangelizo, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr and intr to evangelize; to preach the Gospel apostolus, -i n (m) apostle (“one who is sent away”) apostato, -are, -avi, -atum vb intr to apostatize (abandon one’s religion) apostolicus, -a, -um adj apostolic ara, -ae n (f) altar baptisma, -atis n (n) baptism; dipping in baptismum, -i n (n) baptism baptisterium, -ii n (n) baptistery; vessel or place for bathing baptizo, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr to baptize basilica, -ae n (f) basilica; public building for judicial tribunals or exchange blasphemia, -ae n (f) blasphemy; reviling, slander caerimonia, -ae n (f) ceremony; sacredness, veneration canon, -onis n (m) canon (rule); model, wooden channel, tribute, (pl) cannon 81 canonicus, -a, -um adj canon(ical); according to rule, at regular interval canonicus, -i n (m) canon (clergy); one of the rule or discipline concanonicus, -i n (m) fellow canon capella, -ae n (f) chapel; a small cape capellanus, -i n (m) chaplain cardinalis, -is n (m) Cardinal catechumenus, -i n (m) catechumen cathedra, -ae n (f) see, chair cathedralis, -e adj cathedral incathedro, -are, incathedravi, incathedratum vb tr to invest catholicus, -a, -um adj Catholic; universal clerus, -i n (m) clergy clericalis, -e adj clerical clericus, -i n (m) cleric coenobium, -ii n (n) monastery; cloister, convent daemon, -onis n (m) demon; spirit, celestial sign daemonium, -ii n (n) demon; little spirit deus, -i n (m) God, god dea, -ae n (f) goddess deitas, -atis n (f) deity deiformis, -e adj God-like divinitas, -atis n (f) divinity; divination, excellence divinus, -a, -um adj divine; divinely inspired, godlike di(v)us, -i n (m) god; deity divum, -i n (n) sky diabolus, -i n (m) devil diabolicus, -a, -um adj diabolic

diaconus, -i n (m) deacon archidiaconus, -i n (m) archdeacon condiaconus, -i n (m) fellow deacon dogma, -atis n (n) teaching; philosophical tenet, doctrine, decree ecclesia, -ae n (f) Church; assembly, congregation ecclesiasticus, -a, -um adj ecclesiastic eleemosyna, -ae n (f) alms episcopus, -i n (m) bishop; overseer, superintendent archiepiscopalis, -e adj archiepiscopal archiepiscopus, i n (m) archbishop episcopatus, -us n (m) bishopric; episcopate exorcismus, -i n (m) exorcism exorcista, -ae n (m) exorcist haeresis, -is n (f) heresy; sect haereticus, -a, -um adj heretical haereticus, -i n (m) heretic holocaustum, -i n (n) burnt offering hymnus, -i n (m) hymn idolum or idolon, -i n (n) idol; image, ghost ieiuno, ieiunare, ieiunavi, ieiunatum vb intr to fast; to abstain from ieiunium, -ii n (n) fast; fast-day, hunger, leanness, barrenness immolo, immolare, immolavi, immolatum vb tr to sacrifice; to sprinkle a victim with meal, to immolate levita, -ae n (m) deacon; Levite martyr, -yris n (m/f) martyr martyrium, -i n (n) martyrdom; martyr’s grave, church dedicated to a saint missa, -ae n (f) mass mitratus, -a, -um adj mitred 82 monachus, -i n (m) monk monachicus, -a, -um adj monastic; monkish monasteriolus, -i n (m) little monastery monasterium, -ii n (n) monastery mysterium, -ii n (n) mystery; secret worship, secret rites, secret oro, orare, oravi, oratum vb tr and intr to pray; to beg, to plead, to treat, to argue adoro, adorare, adoravi, adoratum vb tr to adore; to entreat, to pray to, to worship, to admire exoro, exorare, exoravi, exoratum vb tr to pray, to beg; to persuade by entreaty oraculum, -i n (n) oracle; prophecy, mercy-seat oratio, -onis n (f) prayer, speech; discourse, language, style, oration, prose orator, -oris n (m) one who prays; orator, speaker, ambassador, suppliant oratorium, -ii n (n) oratory organum, -i n (n) Psalms, instrument paeniteo, paenitere, paenitui, ― vb tr and impers to do penance, to be sorry; to displease, to concern paenitentia, -ae n (f) penance; repentance paganus, -i n (m) pagan; belonging to the country or village, rustic papa, -ae n (m) Pope; father, bishop parabola, -ae n (f) speech; comparison, parable, proverb, taunting speech paradisus, -i n (m) Paradise; park pascha, -ae n (f) Easter, Passover; paschal lamb pecco, peccare, peccavi, peccatum vb intr to sin; to mistake, to make a mistake, to fail, to miscarry peccator, -oris n (m) sinner peccatum, -i n (n) sin; fault, guilt, punishment of sin plasmo, plasmare, plasmavi, plasmatum vb tr to form protoplastus, -i n (m) first-created man, Adam plebanus, -i n (m) secular priest

pontifex, -icis n (m) Bishop, Pontiff (Pope); high-priest pontificalis, -e adj pontifical pontificatus, -us n (m) bishopric, pontificate praelatus, -i n (m) prelate (clerical rank) precor, precari, precatus vb dep to pray; to ask, to speak as a suppliant, to hail, to curse deprecor, deprecari, deprecatus vb dep to pray; to avert by prayer, to intercede, to imprecate imprecor, imprecari, imprecatus vb dep to pray for; to invoke, to pray to precamen, -inis n (n) prayer precatio, -onis n (f) prayer, supplication precatorius, -a, -um adj precatory prex, precis n (f) prayer; request greeting, curse, intercession presbyter, -eri n (m) priest; elder presbyteratus, -us n (m) priesthood; presbyterate prior, -oris n (m) prior (monastic rank) supprior, -oris n (m) subprior (monastic rank) prodigium, -ii n (n) prophetic sign; wonder, monster, prodigy profanus, -a, -um adj profane; unholy, common, wicked, ignorant, ill-boding propheta, -ae n (m) prophet prophetia, -ae n (f) prophecy; body of prophets prophetice adv prophetically propheticus, -a, -um adj prophetic psalmus, -i n (m) psalm, Psalm psalterium, -ii n (n) Psalter, psaltery (instrument);song sung to psaltery, satire quadragesima, -ae n (f) Lent religio, -onis n (f) religion, monasticism; religious awe, scrupulousness religiosus, -a, -um adj religious; pious, clerical, scrupulous, accurate, holy ritus, -us n (m) rite; custom, way, habit 83 rite adv duly; according to rite, in the usual manner sabbatum, -i n (n) Saturday; Sabbath sacer, sacra, sacrum adj holy; dedicated to a deity, sacred, accursed, execrable consecrator, -oris n (m) consecrator consecro, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr to consecrate; to dedicate, to deify, to immortalize obsecro, obsecrare, obsecravi, obsecratum vb tr to beseech; to supplicate, to conjure sacerdos, -otis n (m/f) priest; priestess sacerdotium, -ii n (n) priesthood sacramentum, -i n (n) sacrament, oath; secret, gospel revelation, mystery sacrificium, -ii n (n) sacrifice sacro, sacrare, sacravi, sacratum vb tr to dedicate, to make sacred; to condemn, to worship sacrosanctus, -a, -um adj sacrosanct; fixed as inviolable, most holy sanctus, -a, -um adj holy, saint; rendered sacred, venerable, innocent, pious sanctificatio, -onis n (f) holiness; sanctification sanctifico, -are, sanctificavi, sanctificatum vb tr to make holy; to sanctify, to consecrate sanctimonialis, -e adj holy; monastic schisma, -atis n (n) schism synodus, -i n (f) synod

FOOD AND DRINK amarus, -a, -um adj bitter, salty; shrill, offensive, unpleasant, caustic, morose bibo, bibere, bibi, bibitum vb tr to drink; to draw in calix, calicis n (m) chalice; goblet, wine, cooking-vessel cena, -ae n (f) dinner, Supper; dish, course, table company cibus, -i n (m) food cibaria, -orum n (n) foodstuff coquo, coquere, coxi, coctum vb tr to cook; to consider, to vex coquinarius, -a, -um adj culinary coquus, -i n (m) cook decoquo, decoquere, decoxi, decoctum vb tr to cook; to boil away, to bankrupt, to waste excoquo, excoquere, excoxi, excoctum vb tr to boil out; to dry up crapula, -ae n (f) drunkenness daps or dapis, -is n (f) meal, feast dapifer, dapiferis n (m) steward, seneschal; servant who waits tables ebriosus, -a, -um adj drunk; addicted to drink, juicy ebrietas, -atis n (f) drunkenness; juiciness inebrio, inebriare, inebriavi, inebriatum vb tr to intoxicate; to saturate sobrietas, -atis n (f) sobriety; temperance, moderation, prudence edo, esse, edi, esum vb tr to eat; to consume, to destroy, to devour comedo, comedere, comedi, comesum vb tr to eat; to devour, to waste exedo, exedere, exedi, exesum vb tr to eat up; to consume, to destroy, to corrode inedia, -ae n (f) inability to eat; fasting epulum, -i n heterocl. (n) pl epulae, -arum (f) feast; sumptuous dishes, banquet far, farris n (n) grain, spelt, coarse meal farina, -ae n (f) flour 84 favus, -i n (m) honeycomb haurio, haurire, hausi, haustum vb tr to drink; to draw out, to spill, to exhaust, to derive holus, -eris n (n) vegetables; kitchen herbs, cabbage, turnips, plain diet lac, lactis n (n) milk; something sweet, juice of a plant, milk-white colour merum, -i n (n) unmixed wine nectar, -aris n (n) nectar; the drink of the gods olla, -ae n (f) pot; jar panis, -is n (m) bread; loaf, food pincerna, -ae n (m) cup-bearer, butler pistor, -oris n (m) baker; miller, pastry-cook prandium, -ii n (n) late breakfast; lunch, meal, fodder pulmentum, -i n (n) anything eaten with bread; condiment, relish saliva, -ae n (f) saliva; spit, slime, taste, appetite sal, salis n (m) salt, sea, good sense, cunning, wit, elegance, sharpness salsus, -a, -um adj salty uter, utris n (n) water-skin; wine-skin uva, -ae n (f) grape; bunch of grapes, vine, cluster, uvula vinum, -i n (n) wine

COLOURS albus, -a, -um adj white; pale, favourable, bright argenteus, -a, -um adj silver; adorned with silver, silvery white, monetary ater, atra, atrum adj black; dark, gloomy, malevolent, obscure aureus, -a, -um adj golden; gilded, beautiful candidus, -a, -um adj white; bright, resplendent, hoary, clean, clear, happy clarus, -a, -um adj bright, famous; clear, manifest color, -oris n (m) colour; complexion, dye, condition, fashion, splendor discoloris, -e adj of different colors; of another color, variegated, various flavus, -a, -um adj yellow; golden niger, nigra, nigrum adj black; pertaining to death, sad, unlucky, wicked purpura, -ae n (f) purple; purple-fish, purple cloth, high dignity purpuratus, -a, -um adj clad in purple roseus, -a, -um adj red; rosy ruber, rubra, rubrum adj red (includes orange), ruddy erubesco, erubescere, erubui, ― vb intr to blush; to grow red, to be ashamed rubeus, -a, -um adj red; reddish rubicundus, -a, -um adj red; ruddy, filled with redness viridis, -e adj green; young, lively

PLANTS arbor, -oris n (f) tree cedrus, -i n (f) cedar frons, frondis n (f) leaf; leafy bough, garland hedera, -ae n (f) ivy 85 herba, -ae n (f) herb, grass; green crops, weeds hortus, -i n (m) garden; enclosure for plants, vegetables lignum, -i n (n) beam, the Cross, tree; wood, timber, writing tablet, staff lilium, -ii n (n) lily nemus, -oris n (n) grove; wood with meadow, heath, tree pratum, -i n (n) meadow; meadow grass, broad field radix, -icis n (f) root; radish, foot, foundation, origin rosa, -ae n (f) rose silva, -ae n (f) forest; woodland, orchard, grove, trees, crowd silvestris, -e adj wild; overgrown with trees, wooded, sylvan, pastoral spica, -ae n (f) ear of grain; point, spike, tuft, hair-pin spina, -ae n (f) thorn, difficulty; spine, cares, errors stirps, stirpis n (f) stem; stalk, shrub, root, stock, lineage, origin, beginning sycomorus, -i n (f) mulberry tree

INTERJECTIONS ecce interj Behold! en interj Lo! hercle (mehercule) interj By Hercules! heu (eheu) interj Alas! o interj (introducing direct address) Oh! proh interj Alas!

WAR AND WEAPONS acies, -ei n (f) battle line; sharp edge, sharpness, debate arma, -orum n (n) arms; armour, shield, defense, implements(in general) armamentarium, -ii n (n) armory; arsenal armo, armare, armavi, armatum vb tr to arm; to equip, to to excite bellum, -i n (n) war bellator, -oris n (m) warrior bellicosus, -a, -um adj fierce; warlike bellicus, -a, -um adj of war; incited, war-like belligero, -are, belligeravi, belligeratum vb tr to wage war debello, -are, -avi, -atum vb tr and intr to vanquish; to finish a war castrum, -i n (n) pertaining to the camp castellum, -i n (n) castle, city; fortress castra, -orum n (n) camp; castle, refuge castrensis, -e adj camp; day’s march, military service, party, sect classis, -is n (f) fleet; class, rank, army, division cohors, -ortis n (f) armed force; enclosed space, cohort, crowd, attendants dux, ducis n (m) duke, ealdorman, general, leader; guide ensis, -is n (m) sword; war, royal sway eques, -itis n (m) horseman; rider, knight, the equestrian order equito, equitare, equitavi, equitatum vb tr and intr to ride a horse; to manoeuvre, to go, to ride through galea, -ae n (f) galley; helmet gladius, -ii n (m) sword hasta, -ae n (f) spear; lance, pike, javelin miles, -itis n (m) knight, soldier; infantry, marine, army, chessman militaris, -e adj military; martial, warlike 86 militia, -ae n (f) military; warfare, military service, bravery, civil service milito, militare, militavi, militatum vb intr to serve as a soldier; to wage war mucro, -onis n (m) sword; sharp end of a sword, sharpness pharetra, -ae n (f) quiver pirata, -ae n (m) pirate proelium, -ii n (n) battle; combat, warrior, contest proelior, proeliari, proeliatus vb dep to battle; to fight, to contend pugno, pugnare, pugnavi, pugnatum vb intr to fight; to engage in combat, to oppose, to struggle expugno, expugnare, expugnavi, expugnatum vb tr to assault; to subdue, to conquer, to refute pugna, -ae n (f) fight; fist fight, combat, line of battle, dispute spatha, -ae n (f) broadsword telum, -a n (n) weapon; missile, spear, an offensive weapon torneamentum, -i n (n) tournament triumphus, -i n (m) triumph triumphalis, -e adj triumphal turma, -ae n (f) sing squadron, pl troops

Please report any typographical errors found in this word-list to Morris Tichenor, [email protected], for correction.

22 April 2014