UN-Habitat KAP Survey on Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Wundwin

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

UN-Habitat KAP Survey on Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Wundwin MYANMAR Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Survey On WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE Wundwin Township UNITED NATIONS HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PROGRAMME KAP Survey on Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Wundwin Township CONTENTS 1. Executive Summary ............................................................................................ 4 2. Introduction 2.1. Background .................................................................................................. 6 2.2. Objectives of the study .................................................................................. 6 2.3. Research Methodology ................................................................................. 7 2.4. Study locations and Sampling ....................................................................... 7 3. General information about the Area ................................................................. 11 4. Water 4.1. Main source of water................................................................................... 12 4.2. Difficulty in getting water ............................................................................ 13 4.3. Treatment of water ...................................................................................... 13 4.4. Fetching water ............................................................................................ 14 4.5. Water quality ............................................................................................... 16 4.6. Contamination of water .............................................................................. 17 4.7. Storage of water ......................................................................................... 19 5. Sanitation 5.1. Defecation practices ................................................................................... 21 5.2. Households with latrine ............................................................................... 22 5.3. Households without latrine .......................................................................... 23 5.4. Maintenance of individual latrines ............................................................... 24 5.5. Problems with latrines ................................................................................. 25 5.6. Perception about the danger of human excreta ........................................... 25 5.7. Animals fed at home ................................................................................... 26 5.8. Defecation behavior of children ................................................................... 27 5.9. Perception about advantages of using a sanitary latrine ............................. 30 6. Environmental sanitation 6.1. Places of bathing and washing clothes ....................................................... 31 6.2. Drainage system ......................................................................................... 32 6.3. Raising animals at home ............................................................................. 32 6.4. Disposal of waste ........................................................................................ 33 6.5. Contamination of environment (Defecation) ................................................ 34 7. Personal hygiene 7.1. Hand washing behavior .............................................................................. 36 7.2. Hygiene awareness .................................................................................... 38 7.3. Incidences of diarrhea ................................................................................. 38 7.4. Knowledge about campaigns on personal hygiene ..................................... 38 7.5. Perception about personal hygiene ............................................................. 39 8. Food hygiene 8.1. Cleanliness of the cook ............................................................................... 40 8.2. Cleanliness of utensils ................................................................................ 40 8.3. Cleanliness of food ..................................................................................... 41 8.4. Perception about clean food ....................................................................... 41 8.5. Cooked food ............................................................................................... 42 8.6. Uncooked food............................................................................................ 43 8.7. Kitchen sanitation ....................................................................................... 44 2 KAP Survey on Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Wundwin Township 8.8. Draining out waste water ............................................................................ 46 9. Conclusions and Recommendations ............................................................... 47 10. Annex 10.1. Research methodology ............................................................................ 49 3 KAP Survey on Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Wundwin Township 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP) survey on Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene was conducted in 38 villages of Wundwin Township, located 61 miles to the south of Mandalay in the dry zone of Myanmar. The primary purpose of the survey is to systematically assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices before UN-Habitat‘s intervention to later identify the impact of its WASH programme. The study applied both quantitative and qualitative methods. In the quantitative method, household interviews, individual interviews, and observation checklists were conducted in a sample of 500 households. In the qualitative component, 12 FGDs and 20 Key Informants interviews were conducted. Survey found that the three main sources of water in the area for both drinking and kitchen use are tube wells, brick-lined wells, and dam. According to the observation checklist, the drinking water in 29% of the sample household is rated good while 4.4% is somewhat bad, and the majority (66.4%) is fairly good. Most of the respondents said they treat water to make it safe for drinking. The common method of treating water is using a cloth filter (80.9%)—which is considered to be an incorrect method—followed by boiling (70.2%) and using other filters (ceramic, sand, composite, etc) (8.4%). About 10% of households reported that they have difficulty in getting water for drinking and kitchen purposes, especially during summer. Survey found that 31.6% of male adult, 27.5% of female adult, and 22.3% of children (age 8- 15) defecate openly ―sometimes or always‖. Of the 500 households surveyed, the households with latrines are about 73%. Of the 366 households with latrines, the latrines in 91% of the households are used privately and those in 9% are shared — mostly between two households. The most common type of latrines is pit latrines with slabs (82.2%). The main reason for not building latrines is lack of money (49%), followed by those who do not have space (27%) and those whose soil is not appropriate for digging a pit because it is swampy or waterlogged (9%). Other reasons are hard soil (2%), not customary (2%), lack of exhortation from health personnel (2%), lack of exhortation from household members, friends, or children (4%), and a lack of knowledge about consequences (2%). Regarding disposal of household waste, all the respondents said each household has to take care of its own waste. The majority (71.6%) dump their wastes in the field outside the village. The second group (8%) throws their waste into the creek or ponds. The third group (7.4%) have a garbage disposal hole inside their compounds. Other places the households dispose their wastes are the place where everybody dumps the waste (4.8%), burning it (3.2%) on the embankment of the creek (3%), on a space inside the compound (1.8%), and into the ditch (0.2%). Of the 500 households, 72% said that they have knowledge about water, sanitation, and personal hygiene, which they acquire from television, radio, friends, IEC materials, and a few from school children. According to household interviews, people wash their hands mostly before eating. The second occasion is when their hands are dirty. The third occasion is after using latrine or after defecation. However, different answers were given by the Focus Group Discussion participants who said the water in the latrine is used only for manually flushing the human waste, and is not used for cleaning bottoms or washing hands. They also said that the most common way of cleaning the bottom was the use of a stick or twig. To sum up the findings from the survey, the following recommendations are made: Regarding water, focus should be placed on the quality of drinking water. As mentioned earlier, about 81% of the households treat the water using cloth filter, 4 KAP Survey on Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Wundwin Township incorrectly thinking that the water is safe to drink by applying this kind of treatment. This suggests that these people need to get proper knowledge on the method of water treatment. The fact that 27% of the 500 households do not have latrines and the common behavior of open defecation indicates the need to be addressed on these sanitation issues. Even though the villagers claim that they have acquired knowledge about water, sanitation, and hygiene, they are still in need of proper knowledge in health and personal hygiene. 5 KAP Survey on Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Wundwin Township 2. Introduction 2.1. Background The Dry Zone
Recommended publications
  • Village Tract of Mandalay Region !
    !. !. !. !. !. !. !. !. !. !. !. !. !. !. !. !. !. !. !. !. !. !. !. !. !. !. !. !. !. !. !. !. !. !. !. !. !. !. !. !. !. !. !. !. !. !. !. !. !. !. !. Myanmar Information Management Unit !. !. !. Village Tract of Mandalay Region !. !. !. !. 95° E 96° E Tigyaing !. !. !. / !. !. Inn Net Maing Daing Ta Gaung Taung Takaung Reserved Forest !. Reserved Forest Kyauk Aing Mabein !. !. !. !. Ma Gyi Kone Reserved !. Forest Thabeikkyin !. !. Reserved Forest !. Let Pan Kyunhla Kone !. Se Zin Kone !. Kyar Hnyat !. !. Kanbalu War Yon Kone !. !. !. Pauk Ta Pin Twin Nge Mongmit Kyauk Hpyu !. !. !. Kyauk Hpyar Yae Nyar U !. Kyauk Gyi Kyet Na !. Reserved Hpa Sa Bai Na Go Forest Bar Nat Li Shaw Kyauk Pon 23° N 23° Kyauk War N 23° Kyauk Gyi Li Shaw Ohn Dan Lel U !. Chaung Gyi !. Pein Pyit !. Kin Tha Dut !. Gway Pin Hmaw Kyauk Sin Sho !. Taze !. !. Than Lwin Taung Dun Taung Ah Shey Bawt Lone Gyi Pyaung Pyin !. Mogoke Kyauk Ka Paing Ka Thea Urban !. Hle Bee Shwe Ho Weik Win Ka Bar Nyaung Mogoke Ba Mun !. Pin Thabeikkyin Kyat Pyin !. War Yae Aye !. Hpyu Taung Hpyu Yaung Nyaung Nyaung Urban Htauk Kyauk Pin Ta Lone Pin Thar Tha Ohn Zone Laung Zin Pyay Lwe Ngin Monglon !. Ye-U Khin-U !. !. !. !. !. Reserved Forest Shwe Kyin !. !. Tabayin !. !. !. !. Shauk !. Pin Yoe Reserved !. Kyauk Myaung Nga Forest SAGAING !. Pyin Inn War Nat Taung Shwebo Yon !. Khu Lel Kone Mar Le REGION Singu Let Pan Hla !. Urban !. Koke Ko Singu Shwe Hlay Min !. Kyaung !. Seik Khet Thin Ngwe Taung MANDALAY Se Gyi !. Se Thei Nyaung Wun Taung Let Pan Kyar U Yin REGION Yae Taw Inn Kani Kone Thar !. !. Yar Shwe Pyi Wa Di Shwe Done !. Mya Sein Sin Htone Thay Gyi Shwe SHAN Budalin Hin Gon Taing Kha Tet !. Thar Nyaung Pin Chin Hpo Zee Pin Lel Wetlet Kyun Inn !.
    [Show full text]
  • TRENDS in MANDALAY Photo Credits
    Local Governance Mapping THE STATE OF LOCAL GOVERNANCE: TRENDS IN MANDALAY Photo credits Paul van Hoof Mithulina Chatterjee Myanmar Survey Research The views expressed in this publication are those of the author, and do not necessarily represent the views of UNDP. Local Governance Mapping THE STATE OF LOCAL GOVERNANCE: TRENDS IN MANDALAY UNDP MYANMAR Table of Contents Acknowledgements II Acronyms III Executive Summary 1 1. Introduction 11 2. Methodology 14 2.1 Objectives 15 2.2 Research tools 15 3. Introduction to Mandalay region and participating townships 18 3.1 Socio-economic context 20 3.2 Demographics 22 3.3 Historical context 23 3.4 Governance institutions 26 3.5 Introduction to the three townships participating in the mapping 33 4. Governance at the frontline: Participation in planning, responsiveness for local service provision and accountability 38 4.1 Recent developments in Mandalay region from a citizen’s perspective 39 4.1.1 Citizens views on improvements in their village tract or ward 39 4.1.2 Citizens views on challenges in their village tract or ward 40 4.1.3 Perceptions on safety and security in Mandalay Region 43 4.2 Development planning and citizen participation 46 4.2.1 Planning, implementation and monitoring of development fund projects 48 4.2.2 Participation of citizens in decision-making regarding the utilisation of the development funds 52 4.3 Access to services 58 4.3.1 Basic healthcare service 62 4.3.2 Primary education 74 4.3.3 Drinking water 83 4.4 Information, transparency and accountability 94 4.4.1 Aspects of institutional and social accountability 95 4.4.2 Transparency and access to information 102 4.4.3 Civil society’s role in enhancing transparency and accountability 106 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Mandalay Region Census Report Volume 3 – L
    THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census Mandalay Region Census Report Volume 3 – l Department of Population Ministry of Immigration and Population May 2015 The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census Mandalay Region Report Census Report Volume 3 – I For more information contact: Department of Population Ministry of Immigration and Population Office No. 48 Nay Pyi Taw Tel: +95 67 431 062 www.dop.gov.mm May, 2015 Figure 2: Map of Mandalay Region, Districts and Townships ii Census Report Volume 3–I (Mandalay) Foreword The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census (2014 MPHC) was conducted from 29th March to 10th April 2014 on a de facto basis. The successful planning and implementation of the census activities, followed by the timely release of the provisional results in August 2014 and now the main results in May 2015, is a clear testimony of the Government’s resolve to publish all information collected from respondents in accordance with the Population and Housing Census Law No. 19 of 2013. It is now my hope that the main results both Union and each of the State and Region reports will be interpreted correctly and will effectively inform the planning and decision-making processes in our quest for national and sub-national development. The census structures put in place, including the Central Census Commission, Census Committees and officers at the State/Region, District and Township levels and the International Technical Advisory Board (ITAB), a group of 15 experts from different countries and institutions involved in censuses and statistics internationally, provided the requisite administrative and technical inputs for the implementation of the census.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Assessment and Review Framework
    Environmental Assessment and Review Framework Document Status: Final Projet Number: 47152 July 2016 Myanmar: Irrigated Agriculture Inclusive Development Project This environmental assessment and review framework is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments to the legal or other status of any territory or area. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 01September 2015) Currency unit – Myanmar Kyats Kyats 1.00 = US $0.0007855 US $1.00 = MMK 1,273 ABBREVIATIONS ACC – agricultural coordination center ADB – Asian Development Bank AP – affected people CDZ – Central Dry Zone CO2 – Carbon dioxide DOA – Department of Agriculture, MOALI EA – Executing Agency EARF – Environmental Assessment and Review Framework ECD – Environmental Conservation Department, MOECAF EHSO – Environment, Health and Safety Officer EIA – Environmental Impact Assessment EMP – Environmental Management Plan FESR – Framework for Economic and Social Reforms FGD – focus group discussion GEF – Global Environment Facility GHG – greenhouse gas GRM – Grievance Redress Mechanism ha – hectare IEE – Initial Environmental Examination IA – Implementing Agency IAIDP – Irrigated Agriculture Inclusive Development Project IWUMD – Irrigation
    [Show full text]
  • Myanmar-Government-Projects.Pdf
    Planned Total Implementing Date Date Last Project Project Planned Funding Financing Tender Developer Sector Sr. Project ID Description Expected Benefits End Project Government Ministry Townships Sectors MSDP Alignment Project URL Created Modified Title Status Start Date Sources Information Date Name Categories Date Cost Agency The project will involve redevelopment of a 25.7-hectare site The project will provide a safe, efficient and around the Yangon Central Railway Station into a new central comfortable transport hub while preserving the transport hub surrounded by housing and commercial heritage value of the Yangon Central Railway Station amenities. The transport hub will blend heritage and modern and other nearby landmarks. It will be Myanmar’s first development by preserving the historic old railway station main ever transit-oriented development (TOD) – bringing building, dating back in 1954, and linking it to a new station residential, business and leisure facilities within a constructed above the rail tracks. The mixed-use development walking distance of a major transport interchange. will consist of six different zones to include a high-end Although YCR railway line have been upgraded, the commercial district, office towers, condominiums, business image and performance of existing railway stations are hotels and serviced apartments, as well as a green park and a still poor and low passenger services. For that railway museum. reason, YCR stations are needed to be designed as Yangon Circular Railway Line was established in 1954 and it has attractive, comfortable and harmonized with city been supporting forYangon City public transportation since last development. On the other hand, we also aligned the 60 years ago.
    [Show full text]
  • Members of Parliament-Elect, Myanmar/Burma
    To: Hon. Mr. Ban Ki-moon Secretary-General United Nations From: Members of Parliament-Elect, Myanmar/Burma CC: Mr. B. Lynn Pascoe, Under-Secretary-General, United Nations Mr. Ibrahim Gambari, Under-Secretary-General and Special Adviser to the Secretary- General on Myanmar/Burma Permanent Representatives to the United Nations of the five Permanent Members (China, Russia, France, United Kingdom and the United states) of the UN Security Council U Aung Shwe, Chairman, National League for Democracy Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, General Secretary, National League for Democracy U Aye Thar Aung, Secretary, Committee Representing the Peoples' Parliament (CRPP) Veteran Politicians The 88 Generation Students Date: 1 August 2007 Re: National Reconciliation and Democratization in Myanmar/Burma Dear Excellency, We note that you have issued a statement on 18 July 2007, in which you urged the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC) (the ruling military government of Myanmar/Burma) to "seize this opportunity to ensure that this and subsequent steps in Myanmar's political roadmap are as inclusive, participatory and transparent as possible, with a view to allowing all the relevant parties to Myanmar's national reconciliation process to fully contribute to defining their country's future."1 We thank you for your strong and personal involvement in Myanmar/Burma and we expect that your good offices mandate to facilitating national reconciliation in Myanmar/Burma would be successful. We, Members of Parliament elected by the people of Myanmar/Burma in the 1990 general elections, also would like to assure you that we will fully cooperate with your good offices and the United Nations in our effort to solve problems in Myanmar/Burma peacefully through a meaningful, inclusive and transparent dialogue.
    [Show full text]
  • Risk Factors for Lymphatic Filariasis and Mass Drug Administration Non
    Dickson et al. Parasites Vectors (2021) 14:72 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-04583-y Parasites & Vectors RESEARCH Open Access Risk factors for lymphatic flariasis and mass drug administration non-participation in Mandalay Region, Myanmar Benjamin F. R. Dickson2*, Patricia M. Graves1,3, Ni Ni Aye4, Thet Wai Nwe4, Tint Wai5, San San Win6, Myint Shwe7, Janet Douglass1,3, Peter Wood1, Kinley Wangdi8 and William J. McBride2 Abstract Background: Myanmar commenced a lymphatic flariasis (LF) elimination programme in 2000. Whilst the country has made considerable progress since then, a number of districts have demonstrated persistent transmission after many rounds of mass drug administration (MDA). The causes of unsuccessful MDA have been examined elsewhere; however, there remains little information on the factors that contribute in Myanmar. Methods: We conducted an analysis of factors associated with persistent infection, LF-related hydrocoele and MDA participation in an area with ongoing transmission in 2015. A cross-sectional household survey was undertaken in 24 villages across four townships of Mandalay Region. Participants were screened for circulating flarial antigen (CFA) using immunochromatographic tests and, if positive, for microflaria by night-time thick blood slide. Individu- als 15 year and older were assessed for flariasis morbidity (lymphoedema and, if male, hydrocoele) by ultrasound- assisted clinical examination. A pre-coded questionnaire was used to assess risk factors for LF and for non-participa- tion (never taking MDA). Signifcant variables identifed in univariate analyses were included in separate step-wise multivariate logistic regressions for each outcome. Results: After adjustment for covariates and survey design, being CFA positive was signifcantly associated with age [odds ratio (OR) 1.03, 95% CI 1.01–1.06), per year], male gender (OR 3.14, 1.27–7.76), elevation (OR 0.96, 0.94–0.99, per metre) and the density of people per household room (OR 1.59, 1.31–1.92).
    [Show full text]
  • Laboratory Aspects in Vpds Surveillance and Outbreak Investigation
    Laboratory Aspect of VPD Surveillance and Outbreak Investigation Dr Ommar Swe Tin Consultant Microbiologist In-charge National Measles & Rubella Lab, Arbovirus section, National Influenza Centre NHL Fever with Rash Surveillance Measles and Rubella Achieving elimination of measles and control of rubella/CRS by 2020 – Regional Strategic Plan Key Strategies: 1. Immunization 2. Surveillance 3. Laboratory network 4. Support & Linkages Network of Regional surveillance officers (RSO) and Laboratories NSC Office 16 RSOs Office Subnational Measles & Rubella Lab, Subnational JE lab National Measles/Rubella Lab (NHL, Yangon) • Surveillance began in 2003 • From 2005 onwards, case-based diagnosis was done • Measles virus isolation was done since 2006 • PCR since 2016 Sub-National Measles/Rubella Lab (PHL, Mandalay) • Training 29.8.16 to 2.9.16 • Testing since Nov 2016 • Accredited in Oct 2017 Measles Serology Data Measles Measles IgM Measles IgM Measles IgM Test Done Positive Negative Equivocal 2011 1766 1245 452 69 2012 1420 1182 193 45 2013 328 110 212 6 2014 282 24 254 4 2015 244 6 235 3 2016 531 181 334 16 2017 1589 1023 503 62 Rubella Serology Data Rubella Test Rubella IgM Rubella IgM Rubella IgM Done Positive Negative Equivocal 2011 425 96 308 21 2012 195 20 166 9 2013 211 23 185 3 2014 257 29 224 4 2015 243 34 196 13 2016 535 12 511 12 2017 965 8 948 9 Measles Genotypes circulating in Myanmar 1. Isolation in VERO h SLAM cell line 2. Positive culture shows syncytia formation 3. Isolated MeV or sample by PCR 4. Positive PCR product is sent to RRL for sequencing 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Sputum Smear-Positive Case
    Report on National TB Prevalence Survey 2009-2010 Acknowledgements The National Tuberculosis Prevalence Survey 2009-2010 for Myanmar was conducted by the National Tuberculosis Programme (NTP), Department of Health (DOH), Ministry of Health (MOH), the Union of Myanmar with the technical support from the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Research Institute of Tuberculosis/Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association (RIT/JATA). Financial, human resources and technical support for the survey were provided by the MOH, WHO, Three Diseases Fund, Japan International Cooperation Agency, RIT/JATA, Population Services International and the United States Agency for International Development (see Annex 1). For data collection, NTP coordinated with state, regional, district and township health authorities. Local laboratory technicians and Basic Health Staff worked closely with the survey teams. The contribution of the Myanmar Health Assistant Association was also of great value in completing data collection, data cleaning and data entry. In addition, volunteers, local authorities and local communities participated and made great contributions to the survey. The NTP is most grateful to MOH for its guidance and approval of this survey and for the continual encouragement which enabled NTP to complete the survey during a challenging period. We express our deep thanks and appreciation to all organizations and individuals for their contribution in making this survey successful. We record our special thanks to Dr Hans H. Kluge from WHO for his strong support for this survey, and to Dr Ikushi Onozaki of WHO and Dr Norio Yamada of RIT/JATA for their tremendous contributions. It is our hope both that the survey’s findings reflect our country’s actual disease burden, and also that it will lead to constructive changes in future plans to control tuberculosis in Myanmar.
    [Show full text]
  • Mandalay, Pathein and Mawlamyine - Mandalay, Pathein and Mawlamyine
    Urban Development Plan Development Urban The Republic of the Union of Myanmar Ministry of Construction for Regional Cities The Republic of the Union of Myanmar Urban Development Plan for Regional Cities - Mawlamyine and Pathein Mandalay, - Mandalay, Pathein and Mawlamyine - - - REPORT FINAL Data Collection Survey on Urban Development Planning for Regional Cities FINAL REPORT <SUMMARY> August 2016 SUMMARY JICA Study Team: Nippon Koei Co., Ltd. Nine Steps Corporation International Development Center of Japan Inc. 2016 August JICA 1R JR 16-048 Location業務対象地域 Map Pannandin 凡例Legend / Legend � Nawngmun 州都The Capital / Regional City Capitalof Region/State Puta-O Pansaung Machanbaw � その他都市Other City and / O therTown Town Khaunglanhpu Nanyun Don Hee 道路Road / Road � Shin Bway Yang � 海岸線Coast Line / Coast Line Sumprabum Tanai Lahe タウンシップ境Township Bou nd/ Townshipary Boundary Tsawlaw Hkamti ディストリクト境District Boundary / District Boundary INDIA Htan Par Kway � Kachinhin Chipwi Injangyang 管区境Region/S / Statetate/Regi Boundaryon Boundary Hpakan Pang War Kamaing � 国境International / International Boundary Boundary Lay Shi � Myitkyina Sadung Kan Paik Ti � � Mogaung WaingmawミッチMyitkyina� ーナ Mo Paing Lut � Hopin � Homalin Mohnyin Sinbo � Shwe Pyi Aye � Dawthponeyan � CHINA Myothit � Myo Hla Banmauk � BANGLADESH Paungbyin Bhamo Tamu Indaw Shwegu Katha Momauk Lwegel � Pinlebu Monekoe Maw Hteik Mansi � � Muse�Pang Hseng (Kyu Koke) Cikha Wuntho �Manhlyoe (Manhero) � Namhkan Konkyan Kawlin Khampat Tigyaing � Laukkaing Mawlaik Tonzang Tarmoenye Takaung � Mabein
    [Show full text]
  • The Prevalence of Lymphatic Filariasis Infection and Disease Following Six Rounds of Mass Drug Administration in Mandalay Region, Myanmar
    RESEARCH ARTICLE The prevalence of lymphatic filariasis infection and disease following six rounds of mass drug administration in Mandalay Region, Myanmar 1 2,3 4 4 5 Benjamin F. R. DicksonID *, Patricia M. GravesID , Ni Ni Aye , Thet Wai Nwe , Tint Wai , 6 7 2,8 9 San San Win , Myint Shwe , Janet DouglassID , Richard S. Bradbury , William J. McBride1 1 College of Medicine & Dentistry, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia, 2 College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Division of Tropical a1111111111 Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia, 3 James Cook University and a1111111111 World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for the Control of Lymphatic Filariasis, Soil Transmitted a1111111111 Helminths and Other Neglected Tropical Diseases, Cairns, Queensland, Australia, 4 Vector Borne Disease a1111111111 Control Unit, Ministry of Health and Sport, Naypyitaw, Myanmar, 5 Regional Vector Borne Disease Control a1111111111 Unit, Ministry of Health and Sport, Mandalay, Myanmar, 6 World Health Organization, Yangon, Myanmar, 7 General Practitioner, Mandalay, Myanmar, 8 Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom, 9 School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, North Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia * [email protected] OPEN ACCESS Citation: Dickson BFR, Graves PM, Aye NN, Nwe TW, Wai T, Win SS, et al. (2018) The prevalence of Abstract lymphatic filariasis infection and disease following six rounds of mass drug administration in Lymphatic filariasis is widely endemic in Myanmar. Despite the establishment of an elimina- Mandalay Region, Myanmar. PLoS Negl Trop Dis tion program in 2000, knowledge of the remaining burden of disease relies predominantly on 12(11): e0006944.
    [Show full text]
  • Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan States. in Five
    GAZETTEER OF UPPER BURMA AND THE SHAN STATES. IN FIVE VOLUMES. COMPILED FROM OFFICIAL PAPERS BY J. GEORGE SCOTT. BARRISTER-AT-LAW, C.I.E., M.R.A.S., F.R.G.S., ASSISTED BY J. P. HARDIMAN, I.C.S. PART II.--VOL. III. RANGOON: PRINTED BY THE SUPERINTENDENT, GOVERNMENT PRINTING, BURMA. 1901. [PART II, VOLS. I, II & III,--PRICE: Rs. 12-0-0=18s.] CONTENTS. VOLUME III. Page. Page. Page. Ralang 1 Sagaing 36 Sa-le-ywe 83 Ralôn or Ralawn ib -- 64 Sa-li ib. Rapum ib -- ib. Sa-lim ib. Ratanapura ib -- 65 Sa-lin ib. Rawa ib. Saga Tingsa 76 -- 84 Rawkwa ib. Sagônwa or Sagong ib. Salin ib. Rawtu or Maika ib. Sa-gu ib. Sa-lin chaung 86 Rawva 2 -- ib. Sa-lin-daung 89 Rawvan ib. Sagun ib -- ib. Raw-ywa ib. Sa-gwe ib. Sa-lin-gan ib. Reshen ib. Sa-gyan ib. Sa-lin-ga-thu ib. Rimpi ib. Sa-gyet ib. Sa-lin-gôn ib. Rimpe ib. Sagyilain or Limkai 77 Sa-lin-gyi ib. Rosshi or Warrshi 3 Sa-gyin ib -- 90 Ruby Mines ib. Sa-gyin North ib. Sallavati ib. Ruibu 32 Sa-gyin South ib. Sa-lun ib. Rumklao ib. a-gyin San-baing ib. Salween ib. Rumshe ib. Sa-gyin-wa ib. Sama 103 Rutong ib. Sa-gyu ib. Sama or Suma ib. Sai Lein ib. Sa-me-gan-gôn ib. Sa-ba-dwin ib. Saileng 78 Sa-meik ib. Sa-ba-hmyaw 33 Saing-byin North ib. Sa-meik-kôn ib. Sa-ban ib.
    [Show full text]