UN-Habitat KAP Survey on Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Wundwin
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MYANMAR Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Survey On WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE Wundwin Township UNITED NATIONS HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PROGRAMME KAP Survey on Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Wundwin Township CONTENTS 1. Executive Summary ............................................................................................ 4 2. Introduction 2.1. Background .................................................................................................. 6 2.2. Objectives of the study .................................................................................. 6 2.3. Research Methodology ................................................................................. 7 2.4. Study locations and Sampling ....................................................................... 7 3. General information about the Area ................................................................. 11 4. Water 4.1. Main source of water................................................................................... 12 4.2. Difficulty in getting water ............................................................................ 13 4.3. Treatment of water ...................................................................................... 13 4.4. Fetching water ............................................................................................ 14 4.5. Water quality ............................................................................................... 16 4.6. Contamination of water .............................................................................. 17 4.7. Storage of water ......................................................................................... 19 5. Sanitation 5.1. Defecation practices ................................................................................... 21 5.2. Households with latrine ............................................................................... 22 5.3. Households without latrine .......................................................................... 23 5.4. Maintenance of individual latrines ............................................................... 24 5.5. Problems with latrines ................................................................................. 25 5.6. Perception about the danger of human excreta ........................................... 25 5.7. Animals fed at home ................................................................................... 26 5.8. Defecation behavior of children ................................................................... 27 5.9. Perception about advantages of using a sanitary latrine ............................. 30 6. Environmental sanitation 6.1. Places of bathing and washing clothes ....................................................... 31 6.2. Drainage system ......................................................................................... 32 6.3. Raising animals at home ............................................................................. 32 6.4. Disposal of waste ........................................................................................ 33 6.5. Contamination of environment (Defecation) ................................................ 34 7. Personal hygiene 7.1. Hand washing behavior .............................................................................. 36 7.2. Hygiene awareness .................................................................................... 38 7.3. Incidences of diarrhea ................................................................................. 38 7.4. Knowledge about campaigns on personal hygiene ..................................... 38 7.5. Perception about personal hygiene ............................................................. 39 8. Food hygiene 8.1. Cleanliness of the cook ............................................................................... 40 8.2. Cleanliness of utensils ................................................................................ 40 8.3. Cleanliness of food ..................................................................................... 41 8.4. Perception about clean food ....................................................................... 41 8.5. Cooked food ............................................................................................... 42 8.6. Uncooked food............................................................................................ 43 8.7. Kitchen sanitation ....................................................................................... 44 2 KAP Survey on Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Wundwin Township 8.8. Draining out waste water ............................................................................ 46 9. Conclusions and Recommendations ............................................................... 47 10. Annex 10.1. Research methodology ............................................................................ 49 3 KAP Survey on Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Wundwin Township 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP) survey on Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene was conducted in 38 villages of Wundwin Township, located 61 miles to the south of Mandalay in the dry zone of Myanmar. The primary purpose of the survey is to systematically assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices before UN-Habitat‘s intervention to later identify the impact of its WASH programme. The study applied both quantitative and qualitative methods. In the quantitative method, household interviews, individual interviews, and observation checklists were conducted in a sample of 500 households. In the qualitative component, 12 FGDs and 20 Key Informants interviews were conducted. Survey found that the three main sources of water in the area for both drinking and kitchen use are tube wells, brick-lined wells, and dam. According to the observation checklist, the drinking water in 29% of the sample household is rated good while 4.4% is somewhat bad, and the majority (66.4%) is fairly good. Most of the respondents said they treat water to make it safe for drinking. The common method of treating water is using a cloth filter (80.9%)—which is considered to be an incorrect method—followed by boiling (70.2%) and using other filters (ceramic, sand, composite, etc) (8.4%). About 10% of households reported that they have difficulty in getting water for drinking and kitchen purposes, especially during summer. Survey found that 31.6% of male adult, 27.5% of female adult, and 22.3% of children (age 8- 15) defecate openly ―sometimes or always‖. Of the 500 households surveyed, the households with latrines are about 73%. Of the 366 households with latrines, the latrines in 91% of the households are used privately and those in 9% are shared — mostly between two households. The most common type of latrines is pit latrines with slabs (82.2%). The main reason for not building latrines is lack of money (49%), followed by those who do not have space (27%) and those whose soil is not appropriate for digging a pit because it is swampy or waterlogged (9%). Other reasons are hard soil (2%), not customary (2%), lack of exhortation from health personnel (2%), lack of exhortation from household members, friends, or children (4%), and a lack of knowledge about consequences (2%). Regarding disposal of household waste, all the respondents said each household has to take care of its own waste. The majority (71.6%) dump their wastes in the field outside the village. The second group (8%) throws their waste into the creek or ponds. The third group (7.4%) have a garbage disposal hole inside their compounds. Other places the households dispose their wastes are the place where everybody dumps the waste (4.8%), burning it (3.2%) on the embankment of the creek (3%), on a space inside the compound (1.8%), and into the ditch (0.2%). Of the 500 households, 72% said that they have knowledge about water, sanitation, and personal hygiene, which they acquire from television, radio, friends, IEC materials, and a few from school children. According to household interviews, people wash their hands mostly before eating. The second occasion is when their hands are dirty. The third occasion is after using latrine or after defecation. However, different answers were given by the Focus Group Discussion participants who said the water in the latrine is used only for manually flushing the human waste, and is not used for cleaning bottoms or washing hands. They also said that the most common way of cleaning the bottom was the use of a stick or twig. To sum up the findings from the survey, the following recommendations are made: Regarding water, focus should be placed on the quality of drinking water. As mentioned earlier, about 81% of the households treat the water using cloth filter, 4 KAP Survey on Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Wundwin Township incorrectly thinking that the water is safe to drink by applying this kind of treatment. This suggests that these people need to get proper knowledge on the method of water treatment. The fact that 27% of the 500 households do not have latrines and the common behavior of open defecation indicates the need to be addressed on these sanitation issues. Even though the villagers claim that they have acquired knowledge about water, sanitation, and hygiene, they are still in need of proper knowledge in health and personal hygiene. 5 KAP Survey on Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Wundwin Township 2. Introduction 2.1. Background The Dry Zone