-Poland T.HE .MODERN WORLD A SURVEY OF HISTORICAL FORCES Edited by Rt. Hon. H. A. L. Fisher, f.R.S. . . ~ The aim of the volumes in this series is to provide a balanced survey, With such historical illustrations as are necessary, of the tendencies and forces, political, economic, intellectual, which are moulding tpe lives of COD:.temporary states.

Alrea~y Published t ARABIA by .H. St. J. Philby AUSTRALIA by Professor W. K. Hancock CANADA by Professor Alexander ;Br~dy EGYPT by George Young ENGLAND by Dean lnge FRANCE by Sisley Huddleston G:J;:RMANY by G. P. Gooch .GREECE by W. Miller · · . I"NDIA by.Sit .Valentine Chirol. · IRELAND by Stephen Gwynn · ITALY by Luigi Villari JAPAN by I. Nitobe NORWAY by Gathorne Hardy PERSIA by Sir Arnold T. Wilson POLAND by Professor Roman Dyboski ·RUSSIA by N. Makeev and V. O'Hara SOUTH AFRICA by Jan H. ~Hofmeyr ·~ SPAIN by S. de Madariaga . TURKEY by Arnold Toynbee and. K. P. Kirkwood

In Preparation : HUNGARY by C. A. Macartney 'JUGO-SLAVIA by Dr. R. W. Seton-Watson NEW ZEALAND by Dr. \V. P. Morrell scoTLAND by-Dr. R. S. Rait and G. Pryde u.s.A. by S. K. Ratcliffe POLAND- . By ROMAN DYBOSKI ' Ph.D., Professor of English Literature in lhe University of Cracow

With t1 Forewortl by H. A. L •. -FISHER P.C., D.C.L.

London Ernest Benn Limited

I 9 3 3 PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN POLAND

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page FoREWORD 9 AUTHORS PREFACE. ,,.. II •. I. THE OLD PoLAND .. IS 1. The unique fate of Poland.-z. The infiuence of geographical and of religious factors on the old Poland's fall.-3 .. The territorial evolution of Poland in the early Middle Ages.-4. The Polish­ Lithuanian Monarchy.-s. Expansion in the Baltic and the Black Sea Sphere, and its obstacles.-6. Russia and the partitions of Poland.--7. Pessimist views of the old Polish Parliamentary system.-8. Origins of Poland's Parliamentary institutions. -g. Factors of corruption and decay in the system.-xo. Eigh­ teenth-century reforms.-n. A survey of medieval Polish culture.-12. Humanism and the Reformation in Poland.­ IJ. The seventeenth century.-If. The Era of Enlightenment.

II. POLAND UNDER FOREIGN RULE ' ...... 37 1. Active resistance to foreign domination.-z. Consequences of the rising of 1830 : the Great Emigration.-J. Consequences of the rising of I863 : " organic work" and social changes.- 4· The new spirit of realism.-s. The Poles under Russia : political oppression.-6. Economic gains under Russia ; educa- tional and literary achievements.--7. Prussia's anti-Polish policy.-8. Successful resistance of the Polish element.-g. The balance of Polish gains and losses under Prussia.-Io. The Poles under Austria: the early decades.-n. Austro-Polish Home Rule and its record.-12. Social and political problems in the Austrian sector.-IJ. Intellect and Art in Austrian Poland,. -If. Austrian Poland as the_" Piemont" of national revival. · -15. The Poles in America : the early phase of emigration.- I6. Later phases and present importance.- t

III. THE WORLD WA.R AND THE RE-BIRTH OF THE POLISH STATE. 70 1. State of minds in Poland in the later nineteenth century.- z. The Russian Revolution of 1905 and the early Dumas: Pilsudski and Dmowski.-J. The Poles' dilemma in 1914 and Pilsudski's action.-4. Polish activities in the later years of the war.-s. The Polish problem gaining in actuality: I9I7.- 6. The Brzesforests of Poland.-12. Wood industries : saw-mills, furniture factories, manufacture of matches, paper­ mills.-13. Poland's animal wealth : horses.-14. Horned cattle, Conten-ts 7 Page pigs, meat and fat industries, poultry farming, keeping of bees.- 15. Fisheries; game.-16. Mineral resources: coal.-17. Condi­ tions in the Silesian coal industry.-18. The iron industries of Poland.-19. Zinc and cadmium.-2o. Metallurgical industries of Poland.-zt. Oil wells and distilleries.-zz. Salt mines.- 23. Electrical industries.-24. Textile industries.-25. The leather industry.-26. Chemical industries: Glass works.-27. The printing industry.-28. Clothing industries, ceramics, build­ ing.-29. Organization of industrialists.-30 Labour conditions ; social insurance.-31. Handicrafts.-32. Village industries.- 33· General characteristics of Poland's industrial development.- 34· The future of Poland's industries.-35. Commerce : general aspects.-36. Produce exchanges, associations of merchants, Chambers of Commerce ; foreign trade.-37· Fairs ; the Poznan Exhibition.-38. Co-operative organizations.-39. Communica­ tions: roads.-40. Railways and motor-trafli.c.-41. Seaports and inland waterways.-42. Aircraft, telegraphy, telephony, the wireless.-43. The banking system : general conditions.- 44· The State Banks.-45. Private banking ; savings-banks. --46. Stock Exchange. Joint-stock companies. Foreign Capi­ tal in Poland.-47. Insurance companies.-48. The Statistical Office and other organizations for the observation of economic life.-49· The world economic crisis and its impact on Poland.-

VIII. EDUCATION AND RESEARCH 270 1. Schools and learning in the old Poland.-2. Polish education during the World War.-3. The administrative control of the new Poland's educational system.-4. Pre-school education.- 5· The relation of elementary to secondary schools.-6. The·· elementary school system.-7. The training of teachers.-8. Secondary schools.-g. Vocational education.-ro. The old and the new Universities of Poland.-11. The organization of Univer­ sity studies.-12. University statistics.-13. Adult education in the new Poland.-14. Libraries and museums.-15. Physical culture and sports.-16. School hygiene.-17. Research work in the early nineteenth century.-18. Education and research work in the. later nineteenth century.-19. Polish men of learning and the needs of the new state. Law and the philosophy of law.- 20. Political economy and financial science. Social studies.- 21.-History.-22. History (continued).-23. Literary history. 24.- Slavonic studies. Linguistics. Classical studies.-25. Natural sciences. Mathematics. Technology.-26. Medicine.- 27.-Philosophy. Educational theory.-.,.-28. The Polish Academy at Cracow and other learned societies. International organiza­ tions.-29. Bibliographies, Periodicals. Exchange of publica­ tions, of teachers, and of students, with foreign countries, especially with France and America.- IX. LITERATURE AND ART 1. The function of literature in Poland before the partitions and after.-2. Literature from 1863 to 1914.-3. Deaths of great writers in the early years of the new Poland (Sienkiewicz, Rey­ mont, leroxnski Kasprowicz).-4. The young poets of the new Poland.-5. Prose fiction since the War.-6. Modern Polish drama.-7. The theatres of Poland before the War and since.- 8. Literary criticism.-g. The outlook for Polish literature.­ ro. The Polish Press: historical retrospect.-n. The Press in the new Poland : politicaljournals.-12. Non-political periodicals; the Polish Press abroad ; professional organization.-13. Polish painting in the past.-r,.. The older painters of to-day.-rs. 8 Contents Groups and tendencies among the younger painters.-16. Schools of Art andmuseums.-17. Sculpture andArchitecture.-18. The preservation of historical monuments.-19. The recovery of Art treasures and historical objects from Russia.-20. The Decorative Arts.-21. Modem Polish composers.-22. The culti­ vation of music and singing in Poland ; musical education. X. POLAND's POSITION IN THE WORLD OF TO-DAY AND TO-MORROW • 394 I. Territorial problems; Silesia.-2. The "Corridor."-3· Suggested alternatives to the "Corridor.''-4· Polish-Russian relations : the Baltic and the Black Sea regions.-5. Prospects of future relations between Poland and Russia.--6. Poland and the Little Entente.-7. The problems of Austria and of Hungary.- 8. Poland and disarmament. The road towards wider inter­ national unity.--9. Domestic issues in the new Poland : the three sections of the country ; the party system.-10. The minorities.-n. Problems of constitutional reform. The record of the Pilsudski yigimB. Local government.-12. Social changes : the passing of the country gentry; the rise of the peasantry.- 13. The future of Poland's intellectual culture.-14. Poland's proved national vitality a guarantee of her continued existence. BIBLIOGRAPHY 425 INDEX 431 FOREWORD THE Treaty of Versailles has been termed a Carthaginian Peace. The epithet, which implies injustice, is misleading. Justice for justice, the political map of Europe, as it has been drawn in the Peace Treaties, compares favourably with the map which it replaced and is more closely in accord with the wishes of the populations concerned than any previous arrangements in European history. It would be truer to say of the Peace Treaties not that they are Carthaginian but that they are radical. As the revolutionary effervescence of the Napoleonic War was curbed by a Conservative Peace, so the Great War launched by the military Empires of Central Europe produced as a necessary consequence of their downfall a radical Peace. The Congress of Vienna suppressed, the Treaties of Versailles and Trianon released the minor nationalities from the thraldom under which they had long been fretting. The malady of Europe, diagnosed by the doctors of the Entente as repressed nationalism, was provided under these diplomatic instruments with an appropriate cure. The real gravamen against the Treaties is not that they are unjust, but that they are speculative and uncertain. The Western Slav, the universal bondsman of the early Middle Ages, is delivered from the Teuton, the Muscovite and the Magyar whose predominance, rooted in en~rgy, it has been the work of centuries to mature. Is it wise so suddenly to reverse the mighty engines of history? Will the Slav states which have been revived, created or re-fashioned by the Treaties establish themselves in the esteem and confidence of Europe and success­ fully resist the dangers which may proceed from the valiant unreconciled aristocracies of Prussia and Hungary? These questions the future alone can solve. Of the new creations, Poland is the most important, the most interesting and the most controversial. All through history the Poles, like the Irish, have been in the centre of the storm, combative, adventurous, temperamental, irrepressible. Their annals have been marked by extreme vicissitudes of fortune. At one time they have been masters of a wide Empire, at another 9 IO Preface time partitioned and obliterated. That the Polish stock is capable of bearing brilliant fruit, the names of Copernicus, of Joseph Conrad and of Leibnitz (for his pedigree too was Polish) are sufficient to testify. Yet there are few parts of Europe where by the evidence of travellers the peasantry were so long permitted to live in a state of abject and miserable abasement. The future of the new Polish Republic being so speculative and controversial, it has been thought wise to invite a dis­ tinguished Polish historian who possesses a remarkable command of the English language, to contribute the volume on Poland to the series of Nations of the Modern World. Professor Roman Dyboski does not, of course, approach his subject with the glacial impartiality which might be expected of a commentator from Japan. He feels the call of the blood too strongly for that. It is, however, more valuable for English readers to have the full Polish case at first hand from an eminent scholar who passionately believes in it, than to be introduced to the estimate of an alien, which, even if it be more scrupulously balanced, will fail to do justice to the " stress and form " of Polish life. Here then is a volume written with great vigour and conviction as well as from an overflowing fund of knowledge which presents to the English public the case for the Polish Republic and such reasons as there may be for thinking that it deserves to have a place in the sun and may hope to retain it. H. A. L. FISHER. Bibliography York: A. Knopf, 1927. Sienkiewicz, H., With Fire and Sword (1890); The Deluge (2 vols., 1891); Pan Michael (1910); Quo VadisJ (1896 and later); Knights of the Cross (2 vols., 1930); all translated by J. Curtin, and published by Little, Brown & Co., Boston, U.S.A. Idem, In Desert and Wilderness (a story of African adventure for children), translated by M. Drezmal, illustrated by R. Schuyler, Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1923. Idem, Tales, edited by Monica M. Gardner, London: J. M. Dent (Everyman's Library), 1931 (with bibliography of other English translations from Sienkiewicz). Slowacki, J., AnheUi, translated by D. Prall Radin and G. R. Noyes, London: Allen & Unwin, 1930. Mazeppa, translated by C. D. and C. F. Wells, Alumni Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A., 1929. Weyssenhoff, J., The Sable and the Girl, translated by K. .Zuk­ Skarszewska, London: Allen & Unwin, 1929. Winawer, B., The Book of Job, a Satirical Comedy, translated by Joseph Conrad, London :J. M.Dent, 1931. Zeromski, S.,Ashes, translated by H. Stankiewicz-Zand (2 vols.),New York: A. Knopf (London: Allen & Unwin), 1928. X. Poland's Position in the World of To-day and To-morrow. Joseph Conrad, Poland Revisited (1915); A Note on the Polish Problem (r9r6), The Crime of Partition, (1919), all included in Notes on Life and Letters (Uniform Edition, London, J. M. Dent, 1924); see also his Prince Roman (in Tales of Hearsay) and his Personal Record: some Reminiscences (1923, with Author's Note and Familiar Preface in the Uniform Edition). These writings of the great English novelist, who was a Pole by birth, although remote by their very date from the problems of to-day, throw most significant light on Polish national tradition and mentality. A noble interpretation of the Polish national character was given in War time by Miss Monica M. Gardner in her book, Poland: a Study in National Idealism, London: Bums, Oates & Wash bourne, 1915. Of the domestic and foreign problems which beset Poland in the first years of their new existence, a clear and succinct account was given by Professor Charles Sarolea in his Letters on Polish Affairs, Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 1922. Among books which have a more immediate bearing on the problems of Poland in more recent years, and particularly on those discussed in the final chapter of this book, the following must be especially mentioned : A. Skrzynski (Foreign Minister of Poland in 1923 and Prime Minister in 1925, d. 1931), Poland and Peace, London: Allen & Unwin, 1923. "Augur," Eagles, Black and White: the Fight for 430 Poland the Sea, 2nd ed., London and New York: Appleton, 1929. C. Smogorzewski, Poland, Germanyr ana the Corridor, London: Williams & Norgate, 1930 (a documented reply to Sir Robert Donald's The Polish Corridor ana its Consequences, London: Butterworth, 1929). E. W. L. Newman, Britain ana the Baltic, London: Methuen, 1930. J. Weinstein, Upper Silesia, a Country of Contrasts, Paris: Gebethner & Wolff, 1931. A. Plutynski, The German Paradox: a study of German political ana economic life, with special consideration of the problem of East Prussia, London, Wishart & Co., 1933.

ADDENDA Pp. 23-4: on the partitions of Poland, see: Lord Eversley, The Partitions of Poland, London, T. Fisher Unwin, 1915 ;­ Robert Howard, Lord, The Second Partition of Poland (Harvard Historical Studies, vol. XXIII), Cambridge, Mass., 1916 ;-R. H. Lord, The Third Partition of Poland (in The Slavonic Review, London, vol. III, No.9, March, 1925). · Pp. 21, 35, 423, 424: on King John Sobieski, see: J. B. Morton, Sobieski, King of Poland (with plates, including portraits, and maps), pp. xvii, 286, Eyre and Spottiswoode, London, 1932 (European Bio­ graphies). INDEX A Balzac, 330 Abr.&mowski, E., Sociologist, ]IZ Balzer, 0., Professor of History, 6], "Academic Sport Association" ]I] (A.Z.S.), 297 Banachiev.icz, T ., Professor of Astro- Academie Fran~. 334 nomy, 324, 334 Academy of Agriculture, Warsaw, 200, Bandrowski, J. Kaden, novelist, 348 206, 290 Bank, Agricultural, 116 Academy of the Fine Arts, Cracow, Bank, Commercial (Bank Handlowy), 290, 373 260 Academy of Mining, Cracow, 290, 324. Bank of National Economy (Bank Academy, Polish. 58, 62, 286, 307, 314, Gospodarstwa Krajowego), 108, u6, 315, 332 seq. 2]2, 258-259 Academy of Veterinary Medicine, Bank of Poland, 46, 108, 117, Z57-258 Lw6w, 290 Bank, Post Office Savings, 259-200 Adriatic, 408 Bank, Sp6lek Zarobkowych, 200 .Agencja Wschodnia (Easter-n .Agency), Bank, State Land, 259 367 Bank, Sugar Industrialists, 204 Agricola Rudolphus, 270 Bartel, K., Professor, ex-Prime Minis­ Alaska, 397 ter, 114, 120, 121, 309 Alexander II, Tsar, 41 Barycz, E., Art historian, 374 America, su under " United States." Batory, Stephen, King of Poland, 2], - South, 68, 183 28,409 Angevin Dynasty, 30 Baudouin de Courtenay, J., Professor Angola, 190 of Indo-European Linguistics, 321, Ann Arbor, University of, 325 Baworowski, Library, Lw6w, 296 Antoniewicz, W., Professor of Archeo- Bayonne, Polish formation at, 74 logy, 312 Beaupre, Dr., journalist, editor of Czas, .Archiuum Neophilologicum, Periodical, ]67 335 Beazley, J. D., Professor, 303 Arctic Sea, 185 Belgium, 38, 219, 306 Argentine, Poles in, 190 Bem, General, ]8, 409 Arianism, su also Unitarianism. 33 Benesic, Professor, 319 Armenians, 169 Berent, W., novelist, 345 Askenazy, S., Professor of History, 310, Bergson, 330 314 Berlin, Association of Poles in Germany, Asnyk, A., Poet, 292, 340, 361 in, 187 " Association of Active Struggle,'' 7z Beskid Hills, 343 .Ateneum, periodical, 359 Beuthen, Polish-German Arbitratioa Austria, 21, 55 seq., 154, 176, 195, Tribunal for Silesia., 143 410 seq. Bialowiez, 126, 209 Axentowicz, T., painter, 370 Bialystok, 226 . Bibliographical Institute, 2?5 . B Bibljoteka Wars.rawska, penodtcal. ]61 Bain, R. Nisbet, 35 Bieganski, logician, 331 Bqkowski, St., poet, 343 Bielany, Institute of Physical Educ&• Balfour, Lord, 77, 83 tion, 144, 299 Balkans, 73 Bielsko (Bielitz), 172, u6 Baltic Sea (and coast) 15, 18 seq., 132, Bieilkowski, Classical Archaeologist. sz a 146, 251, 254, 397 seq., 400 seq. Biological Institute, 309 Baltic States, 119, 251, 4oa seq., 411 Bismarck, ,51, .5.5• 17a 431 432 Index Black Sea, 21, 162, 197, 430 Cambridge, World Conference on Adult .. Bloc, Non-Party of CollaboJation Education at. in 1929. 294, with the Government.'' I20 Canada, I41, 202, 240, 397 Bobrzyliski, M., historian, ex-Governor - Poles in, I83, 190 of Galicia, 62; 313 Carlyle, 294 Bochenek, Professor of Anatomy, 326 Carnegie, Andrew, 219 Bochnia, Salt mines at, 223 Carnegie Endowment. 336 Boecklin, 368 Carpathian Mountains, 19, 21, 59, Boguslawski, W., actor-manager, 352 I26, 127, I61, 209, 213, 215, 221 SIIIJ·• Bohemia, Kingdom of, IS 301 SIIIJ· Boleslas the Brave, Polish Prince, IS Carr, Denzel, 321 Bologna, Law School at, 31 Casimir the Great, King of Poland, Bolsheviks, 78, 14S, 166, 184, 38I, 401 19, 20, 30, 31 seq., sell also under Russia. Catherine the Great, 24 Bolshevik War of 1920, So, SS seq., 424 Caucasus, I62 Boryslaw, Oil wells at, 222 Cazin, Dr. Paul, 319 Bourdelle, A., 377 Celtes, Conrad, German humanist. 270 Boy (T. .2elenski), literary critic, 357 Chambers of Commerce and Industry, Boy Scouts, 297. 299. 302 233· 244 Boznanska, Olga, painter, 370 Charlemagne, 17 Brandenburg, Marchy, of, 22 . Chelm, 79 • Brangwyn, Frank, 370 Chelmonski, J ., painter, 368 Brazil, Poles in, 68, I90 Chernobayev, Professor, 319 Brda, 128 Chicago,66,336,366 Bremen, 254 Chicherin, n I Breslau,g6 China,226,329 British (Royal) Institute of Interna- Chl¢owski, K., historian, 317 tional Affairs, 182 Chmielowski, P., Professor of Litera- British Merchant Service, 42 ture, 318 Broilczyk, K., playwright, 352 Chopin, F., 40, 49, 339, 387 Broniewski, W ., Professor of Engineer- Chorz6w, II3, n6, 228 ing, 325 -the Nitrate factory at " The Brotherhood of St. Luke." 372 Choynowski, P., novelist. 350 Briickner, Alexander, Professor of Chrzan6w, 221 Slavonic languages, 31S, 320 - engine factory Brusilov. General, Sg Chrzanowski, I., Professor of Litera- Brussels, 336 ture, 318 - International Academic Union, 334 Cl&llliUa (Tu Hovr), periodical, 36J - International Research Council. 334 Chwistek, L, Professor of Logics, 331 Brze5~ (Brest), Peace Treaty of. 79 Chybiilski, A., Professor, the History -Synod of, in I5g6, I58 and Theory of Music, 316, 392 Brzozowski, St., literary critic, 356 Chyr6w, Jesuit School at. 283 Bucharest. 255 Ciechanowski, Professor of Pathological Budienny, Sg Anatomy, 326 Budkiewicz, Monsignor, I84 Ci«:glewicz, E., 321 Bugiel, Dr., 326 Cieplak, Archbishop, I84 Bujak, F., Professor of EconOinic Cierniak, J .• 35I History, 316 Cieszkowski, Augustus, philosopher, Bukowski, J ., artist, 386 329 Butrymowicz, B., 321 Cieszyn (Teschen), 6'f, as. go. 18g Bydgoszca (Bromberg), uS, 20I, 210, -Duchy of 243. 2g6, 375 Cieszyilski, Professor of Dental Sur- Bystroil, J. St., Professor of Ethnology, gery, 326 313 ClaparMe, 332 Byzantine Empile. 22, 157, 158 Coli~ de France. 304 Collegium Nobilium, 270 c Commercial Colleges. 244 Cairo, World Congress of Geographers. " Commission of the Codi1icatioa of 335 Polish Law.'' IO'f, 139-142, 310 Index 433 Committee of Intellectual Co-operation Dll:browa G6micza, 218 in Paris, 334 seq. Dll:browska, M., novelist, 349 Committee, National, in Paris, 79, 8:z, Dll:browski, M., editor of the Illust~o- 133· 149 wany Kurjer Codzienny, 363 Committee, Polish, in Moscow, 76 Dante, 66 Comte, A., 41 Danzig, 2o, 22, as. 89, us. 132, 174- Congregation of Merchants, 244 175. 253-254, 398 seq. · Cong~ess Kingdom (Kingdom), 39, 45, Daszawa, 222 46 Daszyilski, I., politician, 6o Connecticut, 67 Dawid, J. W., psychologist, 331 Conrad, Joseph, 42, 312, 352, 429 Decroly, Dr., 276 Constance, Council of, 31 Denmark, 4a, 201, 213, 421 Copernicus, Nicholas, 31, 270 - Poles in, 1a9 Comeille, 35 Deutsche Rundschau (German Review), Cossacks, tnuaUtian,21, 130,155 365 Cox, Leonard, of Salisbury, 270 Deutsch~ Wissensch:J.ftlichl Zeitschrift Cracow (Krak6w), 20, 30, 129, :za6, fo~ Polen, 365 301,305-306,316,372, 374-37So3ao Dewey, Charles, 5., 117 - Academy, see Academy, Polish, sa,· Dewey, John, 332 62, :za6, 307, 314, 315, 332 seq. Didur, Adam, opera singer, 391 - Academy of the Fine Arts, 61, 290, Diet, see also Seym, 27 273 Dietl, Dr., J., Mayor of Cracow, 374 - Academy of Miaing, 290, 324 Dillon Loan, 110 - Economic Society, 311 Dilo (Till Cause), tnuaUUan periodical, - Free City Republic, 56 365 - Higher School of Commerce, 290 Disraeli, 6o - Industrial Museum, 3a5 Dmowski, Roman, 72, 76 seq., 82 seq., - Musical Society, 391 107, 361, 410, 419 -National Museum, 297,316,367,374 Dnieper, 18, 21, 162, 197 -"School of Historians," 24, 25, 63, Dniester, 21 313 Dobrowolski, B., Professor of Engi­ - School of Decorative Arts and neering, 325 Artistic Industries, 3a6 Dolzycki, L., artist, 372 - University, see undw Universities Domestic and FMeig• News, periodical, Crimean War, 38 359 Croats, 57 Don, 162 Curie (Sklodowska), Mme., 307 Drabik, W., scene painter, 354, 386 Curzon, Lord, 90 Dresden, I 30 - " Curzon Line.'' 90 Droga (Till Path), periodical, 366 Cybulski, N., Professor of Physiology, Drohobycz, 223 326 Drzewiecki, Z., pianist, 391 Czajkowski, J., Directorofthe Warsaw Dublany, Agricultural Academy at, College of Arts, 3a6 200 Czamowski, S., Celtologist, 322 Duma, 74, 76, 177 Czartoryski Library and Museum at Dunajec, 126, 215, ~02 .. Cracow, 296, 374-375 Dunajewski, J ., Fmance ex-Miruster Czas (Till Times), Conservative daily, of Austria, 62 36o. 364 Dunikowski, K., sculptor, 376 Czechoslovakia, Bs, a6, go, 154, 16~, Dyboski, R., Professor of English 1a9-190, 366, 407 seq. Language and Literature, 319, 381 Czekanowski, J ., Professor of Anthro- Dybowski, B., Colonial geographer, 322 pology, 312 Dygasiflski, A., novelist, 349 Czemich6w, School of Agriculture, zoo Dzialynski Library at K6mik, 296 C~stochowa, 132, 226 Dzieduszycki, 375 Czopowski, Professor of Engineering, Dzierzon, Father, 214 , 325 Dzierzynski, W., Professor of Neuro- logy, 326 . D Dziewoilski, K., Professor of ChemlStTy. Di\bkowski, P., Professor of Law, 316 32 4 EE 434 Index E Gardner, M. Monica, 49, 319 " Echo," Choral Society, 390 Gardowski, L., 386 Educational Commission, 270 Garibaldi, 38, 409 Educational Council, 273 Garliitski, C., 370 Egypt, 38 Garvin, J. L., 394 Elbe, I7, I8 Gawronski, A., Professor of Indo- Emigration Office, 235 European Linguistics, 321 Engineering Academy, Lw6w, 290, 309 Gazeta GYudziqdzka, 362 Engineering Academy, Warsaw, 290, Gazeta Lwowska, 36I 325 Gazeta Polska, 364 England (and Great Britain), 39, 73. Gazeta W aYszawska, 364 90, 108, III, II5, 1I7, I36, 2I3, 23I, Gdynia, 85, ns-u6, 132, 174, 243, 236. 421 253 seq., 398 Eos, periodical, 335 General Mutual Insurance Institute Estonia, 22, ug, 402 (P.Z.U.W.), 264-265 Estreicher, K., Polish bibliographer, Geneva, no, n8 see also under League 294 of Nations -Coal Convention, III, 217 F German, Colonisation, 30, 52 seq., 247 Falcon Societies, see also " Sokols," 63 -Minority in Poland, 17o-I75, 365, Falat, J ., painter, 369, 373 415 " Farmers' Circles," 6o -Order of Knights, I9, 20, 31, 85- Fascismo, I14, 4I7 Germany, 17, 30, 51jeq., III, ns. n8, Feldman, W., literary critic, 356 123, 170 seq., I85-I87, 217, 253, 272, Fierich, F. X., Professor, ex-President · 395 seq., 410 seq., 423 of the Commission of Codification, - Poles in, I85-187 14I, 142, 3IO Gerson, Jacques, 31 Filipkiewicz, St., painter, 370 Gierymski, M., 368 Finkel, F., Professor of History, 3I4 Glinski, M., editor of Music, 392 Finland, 22, II9, 402 Glos Narodu (The Voice of the People), Fischer, A., Professor of Ethnology, daily, 364 313 Gniezno, 18, 138 Five Years' Plan, 219 Godlewski, E., Professor of Plant Foch, Marshal, go Physiology, 201, 323 Folkierski, W., Professor of French Godlewski, E., Junr., Professor of Literature, 319, 335 Embryology, 326, 327 France, 2I, 24, 34, 39, 70 seq., III, ug, Goetel, F., novelist, 347 183, 307, 409 seq. Goetel, W., Professor of Geology, 323 -Poles in, 183 Goethe, I62 Frank, Professor of Medicine, 304 Goya, 340 _ Frederick II (the Great), 24, so, 52, 56 Grabowska, Willmann, Mme. H., Pro­ Fredro, A., playwright, 350 fessor of Sanskrit, 291 "Free Veto, see also" Liberum Veto," Grabski, W., Finance !1-linister, 107 seq .• 28,29 119, 122, 205, 210, 219 Frenkiel, M., actor, 355 Greece, 38 Friedmann, I., pianist, 391 Greek Orthodox Church. 20, 157 seq., Fritius (Frycz) Andreas, 32, 315 165 seq. Frontier Corps, I48 Goluchowo, 303 Frycz, K., scene painter, 354, 386 Groddeck, Professor of Classical Phil- Fundamenta Matemalicae, periodical, ology, 304 335 Gr6dek, 225 Funk, Dr. Casimir, 328 Grossek-Koryska, N., poetess, 345 Furnivall, F. J., 318 Grottger, A., painter, 339 Gumplowicz, L., Professor of Sociology. G 312 Galicia (and Eastern Galicia), I9, 55-65, 84, 87-88, 157 seq., 360 H Gall, J ., composer, 390 Hague, The, Court of International -Galuszka, J. A., poet, 344 Justice, 143 Index 435 Halecki, 0., Professor of History, 335 lrzykowski, K., literary critic, 357 Halicz, Ruthenian Duchy of, 56, 16g Islam, 21, 24, 86, 169, 403, 407 Haller, Joseph, General, 79, So, 88 Italy, 31, 38, 74, 114, 119, 343, 409 seq. Hamburg, 253, 254, 398 Ivan the Great, 22 Handelsman, N .• Professor of History, I waszkiewicz, J ., poet and novelist, 3H 314 Hapsburgs, 23, 24, 332 • J Harbin, 190, 366 J achim ecki, Z., Professor of the "Harfa" ("The Harp"). Choral History and Theory of Music, 316, Society, 390 392 Harriman Concern, 225 Jadwiga, Queen of Poland, 20, 31, 409 Havre, Le, 254 Jagello, Lithuanian Prince, King of Hebrew Language, 182, 278 Poland, 20, 31 Hegel, 40, 304, 329 Jagellonian Dynasty, 20 Heidelberg, 327 Jagellonica, University of Cracow Heinrich, W., Professor of Philosophy, Library, 294. 296 332 . Jakubowski, 187 Henry III, King of France, 34 · James, William, 330 Higher School of Journalism in War­ Japan,71 saw, 367 Jaracz, 5., actor and producer, 355 Hirschfeld, Professor of Bacteriology, Jarecki. T .• composer, 389 328 Jargon, SIJIJ also Yiddish, 176 Hitler, A., 401 Jarocki, W., painter, 370 Hoefer, General, 96 Jasienski. F., art historian, 374 Hoene-Wronski, J. M .• philosopher, 330 Jastrzebowski. W., artist, 386 Hofman, V., painter, 368 Jaworski. W. L., Professor of Law, 62, Holland, 149, 213 194· 310 •• Holy Cross Mountains," 126 J~drkiewicz, E., 321 Hoover, 102 Jesuits, 33, 158, 270, 366 Horak, J ., Professor, 319 Jews, 65, 66, 175-182, 365, 415-.p6 Homowski, J ., Professor of Patho- Jordan, Dr. H .• Professor of. Medicine, logical Anatomy, 328 297 Hosius, Cardinal, 33 Joseph, II, 56 House, Colonel. 77, 398 Joteyko, Mlle, 331 Hoyer, M.. Professor of Comparative Jurasz, Professor of Laryngology, 327 Anatomy, 323 Huber, M. T •• Professor of Engineering, K 324 Kalusz, 224 Huberman, W., violinist, 391 Kamiemiec Podolski. 88 Hungary, 27, 30, 57, 89, 119, 408 seg. Kamienski. L .• Professor of the History Hussitism, 32 and Theory of Music, 392 Hutsuls, 127 Kandrzin (K¢zierzyn), 96 Hymans, M. Paul, 93, 94 Karaffa-Korbut,.Professor of Hygiene, 259· 328 I Karaiins, 169 Illustl'owany K ul'jtJI' Codzienny (Illus- Karlowicz, M., composer, 388 tl'ated Daily Courief'), 230, 363, 364 Kasprowicz, J .• poet, 321, 342, 351 Illakowicz, J. K., poetess, 345 Kassubians, 55, 127, 396 Industrial Museum, at Cracow, 385 Katolik (Tu Catlwli&), periodical. 362 lnstitut Fran~. 336 Katowice (Kattowitz), 96, 128, 243, Institute of Aerodynamics, 325 . 256,375 Institute ef Chemical Research, 227, Kattowitur Zeitung, 365 309 Kazimierz, 126 Institute for the Examination of Trade Kellogg, Charlotte, 20 Conditions and Prices, 266 Kellogg Pact, 122 Institute of Public Hygiene, 309 Kelly, E. P .• Professor, 337 International Council for Sea Research, Kelvin, Lord, 3o6 323 Kemmerer, Professor, 117 Irish, 67, 68 Kharkov, 162

EE* Index Kbliboroby ("Bread Makers"), 164 Kucharzewski, J., 317 Kielce, 126 Kudliii.ski, T., novelist, 347 Kiepura, Jan, opera singer, 391 Kukiel, M., General, 317 Kiev, 19, 23, 89, 157, 162, 184, 272 Kuntze, E., chief librarian of the Kirkpatrick, 332 University of Cracow Library, 382 Klecki, K., Professor of General Kurjef' Lwowski (Lwdw Courier), 361 Pathology, 326, 328 Kurjer Polski (Polish Courier), 364 Kleiner, J ., Professor of Literature, 318 Kurjer Poranny (Morning Couriet'),364 Klosn6w, 208 Kurjer Poznanski (Poman Courier), Knickerbocker, 404 362 Kochanowski, Jan, poet, 32, 315, 339, Kurpians, 127 355 Kutrzeba, St., Professor of the History Kochanski, P., violinst, 391 of Law, 316 Kogut6wna, Z. Mlle., artist, 386 Kuznowicz, Father, 237 Kolberg, Oscar, ethnographer, 313 Kwiatkowski, E., ex-Minister of In­ KoUqtaj, Hugh, 271 dustry and Commerce, II6 Konarski, St., 35, 270 Konigsberg, 32, 254. 399 L Konopnicka, M., poetess, 49, 68, 345 Lam, W., artist, 372 Kopaczewski, Dr., 327 Land Bank, 193 Kopera, Dr. F., art historian, Director Land Reform Bill, 101, 165, 194, 208, of the National Museum at Cracow, 420 316 Landowska, W., pianist, 391 Korfanty, W., politician, 96 Laski, John, 32 l{orzon, T., historian, 63, 313 Laskowski, Z., Professor of Anatomy, Kosciuszko, 38 327 Kosciuszko Foundation, 336-337 Laszczka, K., sculptor, 376 Kossak, J ., painter, 368 Latvia, 22, 119, 187, 188, 403 Kossowski, J., novelist, 34 7 Lausanne, Agreement on Reparations, Kostanecki, K., Professor of Anatomy, 124 President of the Polish Academy, 326 " League for Air and anti-Gas Defence" Kot, St., Professor of History, 315 (" L.O.P.P. "), 146 Kotwicz, Professor of Oriental Lan­ League of Assistance to Industry, 59 guages, 321 League of Nations, 94, 97, uo, us. Kowalski, T., Professor of Oriental II8, 123, 149, 156, 161, 171, 173, Languages, 321 174. 187, 334• 398 seq. Kowno (Kaunas), 93, 95, 188 Lechon, J ., poet, 344 Krasicki, 1., poet and satirist, 36, 339 Lednicka, Szczytt, Mme., sculptor, 377 Krasinski, S., poet, 40, 339 Lednicki, Alexander, 76, 77 Krasinski Library, 296 Lednicki, W., Professor of Russian Kraszewski, J. 1., novelist, 304, 359 Literature, 320 Krechowiecki, A., novelist, editor of Lelewel, J., historian, 271, 304 GazetiJ Lwowska, 361 Lenart, B., 386 Kreutz, Professor of Crystallography, Lentz, St., painter, 370 323 . Lepszy, L., historian, 381 Krokiewicz, A., Professor of Classical LeSmian, B., poet, 344 Philology, 321 Leszczyii.ski, St., King of Poland, 35 Krosno, 222 Lewis of Anjou, King of Poland, 409 Krynica, 132 Lewkowicz, K., Professor of Paediatrics Krzemieniec, public school at, 271 328 Krzyzanowski, A., Professor of Econo- "Liberum Veto," su also "Free mics, 311 Veto," 28,29 Krzyzanowski, J ., Professor of Litera­ Library R~t~iew, 295 ture, 319 Linde, B., lexicographer, 304 Krzyzanowski, W ., Professor of Archi­ Lisiecki, S., 321 tecture, 378 LitMaltw11o Nflit4kowyj Wismjk (LitM­ Ksia,znica-Atlas, 230 ory attd Scilftlijic R111i11w), 365 Kubala, L., Professor of History, 63, Lithuania, 19, 20, 83, 93-95, 295, 167 313 seq., 187, 399 seq., 278, 401 Index 437 Lithuania, Poles in, 187, 189 Malczewski, J ., painter, 368 Lithuanian Minority in Poland, 167 Malicka, Mlle., actress, 355 Little Entente, 119, 407 seq. Malinowski, B., Professor of Social lloyd George, 411 Anthropology, 312 Locamo Treaties, 110, 111, 122 Malinowski, L., Professor of Slavonic London,136,149,254•367 Languages, 320 -School of Economics, 312 Maliszewski, W., composer, 389 - University, School of Slavonic Malthus, 311 Studies, 336- Malecki, Dr. M., linguist, 320 Los Angeles, 300 Manchester, 170, 306 Loth, J ., Professor of Anatomy, 329 Manchuria, 190, 366 Louis XI, King of France, 26 Marchlewski, Communist leader, 185 Lubecki, Prince, Finance Minister of Marchlewski, L., Professor of Chem- the " Congress Kingdom,'' 46 istry, 326 Lublin, 131, 132, 220, 272 Marcinkowski, K., Dr., 53 - Socialist Government at, 81, 133 Marek, C., composer, 389 -Pact of, in 1569, 20, 132 Marinetti, 343 Lubomirski, 375 Markowicz, A., painter, 370 Lutoslawski, W., Professor of Philo­ Marymont, Agricultural College at, zoo sophy, 330 Masaryk, President, 189 Lw6w (Lemberg), 56, 87, 13D-131, Maszkowski, K., Director of the Arts J6o, 164. 169, 286, 296-297. 375 and Crafts School at Poznan. 386 -Academy of Veterinary Medicine, Maszyflski, P., musician, 390 290 Matejka, Jan, painter, 61, 63, 297, -"Eastern Fairs," 246 340,367.368,373.383 - Engineering Academy, 290, 309 Mayakovsky, Russian poet, 344 - Institute for Research and Indus- McCracken, H. N., 337 trial Chemistry, 227, 309 Mediterranean, 255 - Musical Society, 391 Mehoffer, J., painter, 383, 384 - Ossolinski Library and Museum, 296 Melcer, H., pianist, 388 -" School of Historians,'' 313 Memel, 94, 399, 400 - University, see v~er Universities Mercier, Cardinal, 331 Mestrovic, I vo, 3 76 l. Metallman, Dr. J., philosopher, 331 "l.ad," group of artists, 385 Metternich, Chancellor, 57 l..azarska. Mme., 386 Meyer, K. H., Professor, 319 Lazienki, 35. 130, 382 Mianowski Foundation, 333 Lempicki, Z., Professor of German 1\fichalski, Professor, Finance ex- Language and Literature, 319 Minister, 105, 107 l.6dz, 47· 127, us, 170, 172, 225-226, Michalski, C., Father, Professor of 375 Philosophy, 33 I, 334 l.os, J ., Professor of Slavonic Languages Michalski, Dr. St., Director of the 320 " National Cultural Fund,'' 308 l.owicz, 131 Michalowski, A., pianist, 391 l.ozmski, W., historian, 315 Michalowski, P., painter, 368 Luck, 169,296 Mickiewicz, Adam, poet, 38, 40, 70, Lukasiewicz, I., chemist, 221 271, 304, 320, 339. 355. 359. . Mierzejewski, Professor of Engmeenng, M 325 " Macierz Szkolna " (" The Mother of Military Geographical Institute, 323 Schools"), 292 "Military Preparation" (P.W.), 299 Mackiewicr:, St., journalist, editor of Miller, J. N., literary critic, 356 Slowo, 364 Minsk, 166 M<\dralin, 303 Misky, L., painter, 372 Magdeburg, 30, 78, 81 Missionary Fathers, 392 Majewski, E., sociologist, 312 Mi:zwa Stephen P., Director of the Maklakiewicz, A., composer, 389 " K~sciuszko Foundation," 337 Makuszyilski, K., novelist and humor- Mlodzianowski, K., 385 ist, 350 Mlynarski, E., musician, 391 Index Modrzejewska, Helen, 353 Now4 Reform4 (Reform), daily, 361 Monitor, Official Gazette, 357 Nowak, J ., Professor of Bacteriology, Moniuszko, ·st., musician, 49, 387 326 Montessori, Mme., 276, 332 Nowakowski, Z., novelist and humor- Morawski, E., composer, 389 ist, 350 Morawski, K., Professor of Classical Nowowiejski, F., composer, 388 Philology, 321 Now.v D8iennik (The New Journal), 365 Morawski, Z., historian, 317 Nowy S~cz, 215 Morcinek, G., novelist, 347 ·Nowy Targ, 215 Morelowski, Professor of the History of Noyes, G. R. Professor of Slavonic Art, 382 Literatures, 319, 322 Morgenthau, H., 177, 178 Nullo Francesco, 409 Morozewicz, J ., Professor of :Miner- " Numerus Clausus," see also under alogy, 323 "Jews," 179 Morstin, H., poet, 35 Nuncio, Papal, 138 Morstin, J. H., playwright, 351 Mortkowicz, Jacob, publisher, 230 0 Moscicki, Ignatius, Professor, President Oder, 17, 18, 19, 96 of Poland, 113, n6, 228, 309, 325 Olszewski, ex-Minister, 382 Moscice, Chemical Factory, n6, 228 Olszewski, K., Professor of Chemistry, Moscow, 23, 76, 149, 165, 272 62, 324 Moszyflski, K,. Professor of Ethnology, Olympic Games, 300 312 Opienski, H., Polish musical historian, Mszana, 302 316, 388 Munich, 368 Oppeln (Opole), 96 Mussolini, 401 Orawa, 86, 90 Muzyka (Music), periodical, 392 Ordon, Mlle., actress, 356 Ordyflski, R., stage manager, 355 N Orkan, Vv., novelist, 347 Nalkowska, Z., novelist, 348 Orlowski, painter, 368 Nalkowski, geographer, 322 Orszulski, R., painter, 372 Nancy, 35 Orzeszko E., novelist, 346 Naples, 30 Ossendowski, F., novelist, 347 Napoleon, 38, 75, 85 Ossoliflski Library and Museum at - Code of, 140 Lw6w, 296 Napoleon III, 39 Osterwa, J ., actor manager, 354 Najw8od (Forward), Socialist daily, 362 Ostrowska, N., poetess, 345 Narutowicz, Gabriel, Professor, ex- Osuchowski, A., 76 President of Poland, 106, 107, 225 Nasz Przeglq_d (Our Review), 365 p Natanson, W., Professor of Physics, Paderewska, Mme., 386 324 Paderewski, I., pianist and composer, National Culture Fund, 308 49, 54, 76, So seq., IOI, 133, 341, National Export Institute, 245 388, 391, 419 National Library in Warsaw, 295, 383 Padua, University of, 31, 270 Nauka Polska (Polish Learning),peri- Palestine, 416 odical, 308 -Polish Jews in, 190 Nencki, M., Professor of Chemistry, 209 Pankiewicz, J., painter, 373 New York, 66, 132, 254 PariS,39.43•76,79,149o307,333 Niemcewicz, J. U., poet, 359 - Committee of Intellectual Co-opera­ Niemen, 91, 94, 255 tion, 334. 335 Niewiadowski, St., composer, 388 - Polish-German Mixed Arbitration Nitsch, K., Professor of Slavonic Tribunal, 143 Languages, 320 -Polish Library and Museum, 307, Noakowski, S., Professor of Architec- 333 ture, 370 -Polish National Committee, 149 Nobel Prize, 49, 340, 341 -University, 31, 40, 270 Norblin, painter, 368 Paulus, Vladimiri, 31 Noskowski, Z., composer, 388 Pautsch, F., painter, 370 Index 439 Pawlicki, S. Father, Professor of Potoclli, Count, 6o Philosophy, 331 Potocki, Venceslas, 33 Pawlikowska, M., poetess, 34.5 Poznan (Posen), .53, .54. S4, us; 170, Pawlikowski, T., stage manager, 3.53 272, 296, 307, 371 seq. Pawlowski, Professor of Aerodynamics, -_,Fair," 246 32.5 -National Exhibition, 117, 216, 229, Peiper, T., poet, 344 Z46-247 " People's School Society"(" T.S.L."), - Raczynski Library, z96 63 -University, see under Universitiea Perkowski, P., composer, 3S9 Poznania, .5.5, S3, 170, 173, 1S.5 Persia, 226 ' " Praesens," group of artists, 372 Perzynski, W., novelist, 349 Prague, 30, 164- 336 Peter the Great, 22, 23 Prawda (Truth), periodical, 360 Petlura Ataman, SS Primate of Poland's Church, 18 Petrazycki, L., Professor of Law, 3II Pripet, 126, 197 Petri, E., pianist, 391 Pronaszko brothers, scene decorators, Petrograd, see also St. Petersburg, 27z 3.5.5 Piarists, 7.70 Prosvita, Enlightenment, 164 Piast Dynasty, .54 Prus, B., novelist, 41, 340, 349, 360 Piast, daily, 364 Prussia, see also under Germany, .so-.52 Pieniny, 126 Prussia, East, xS, 2z, 84 seg., go, 94, Pienkowski, St., Professor of Physics, 396 seg. 324 Prussians (Original), 19 Pilsudski, Joseph, Marshal, 77. seq., PIUszkowski, painter, T., 372 78 seq., 91, 99, 106 seq., nz seq., Przeglq,d Polski (Polish Re11iew), 361 133, 1.51 seg., 1So seq., zoS, Z3.5 seg., Przeglq,d Powszechny (The Uni11ersal 362, 414, 417 seq. Re11iew), 366 Pilsudski's" Legion," 74, 7S, 79 Przeglq,d Warszawski (The Warsaw Pi:niD.ski, L., Count, 320, 37.5 Re11iew), 366_ Piflsk, 177 Przeglq,d Wspdlczesny (The Contem­ Pius XI, 91 porary Re11iew), 319, 366 " Plastic Art,'' group of artists, z72 Przeglq,d Wszechpolski (The Pan-Polish Plock, 126, 333 Re11iew), 361 Pol, W ., poet, 304 Przemysl, 333 Polesie, 197 Przezdziecki Library, 296 " Polish Armed Force " (Polnische Przybyszewski, St., novelist, 342, 343 Wehrmacht), 7S, Sx • Przychocki, G., Professor of Classical "Polish Broadcasting Company," z.s6, Philology, 321 293 PtaSnik, J., Professor of History, 317 "Polish Dictionary of National Bio- Pulaski, 3S graphy,'' 333 Pulawy, Agricultural Research Insti­ Polish Economist, tile, periodical, z66 tute, ZOI Polish Emyclopaedia, 333 "Polish Military Organisation ("P.O. Q W."), 7S, S1 Quirinal, I 49 "Polish Party of Socialist" (" P.P. S.") 71, 33.5, 362 R " Polish Radiological Institute,'' 307, Rabka, 301 309 Raczynski, .53 "Polish Telegraph Agency"(" P.A.T." Raczynski Library, zg6 " Polska Agencja Telegrafi.czna), 366 · Raitfeisen Banks, .59, 248 •• Pologm Litteraire, 366 Rajchman, Dr., 329 Poltawski, A., artist, 3S6 Rapallo, Treaty, 400, 401 Pomerania (Pomorze), .5.5, 64, 170, xS.s Rapperswyl, Polish Museum at. •295, Poniatowski, Stanislas Augustus, king 374· 37.5 of Poland, 3.5, 130, 3S3 Rathaus, K., composer, 389 Poremba, 302 " Reduta," theatre, 354 Porzeziflski, W., Professor of Indo­ Regency Council, 7.5, S1, 149 European Linguistics, 321 Reinhardt, 35.5 440 Index Remarque, 34 7 Ruthenians, White, 157, 165-167, 278, Reymont, W. S., novelist, 49, 127, 129, 401, 402 341 - see also Ukrainians, 56 " Rhythm," group of artists, 371 - Red, see also Ukrainians, 165 "Rifleman's Association," 72 seq., Rutherford, Sir Ernest, 306 114 Rutkowski, J., Professor of Economics,· Riga, Peace Treaty, 91 "seq., 148, 160, 317 166, 184, 221, 295. 381 Rydzyna, 283 Rilke, Rainer Maria, 343 Ryman6w, 301 Rio de Janeiro, 254 · Rz~tkowski, K., ~rofessor of Medicine, Rittner, T., novelist and playwright, 348 328 Robotnik (The Workingman), Socialist daily, 72, 362, 364 s Rockefeller Foundation, 309, 336 Salonica, 255 Rodziewicz, M., novelist,. 346 Samuel, Sir Stuart, 177 Rogowski, L. M., composer, 389 Sandomierz, 126 Roman Catholic Church, 18, 62, 137- Sari, Ada, opera singer, 391 139, 157 seq., 184, 189, 396, 406 Savoir, Allred, playwright, 352 Rome, 149,158,161,199.333.336,406, Sawicki, L., Professor of Geography, see also Roman Catholic Church 322 Romer, E., Professor of Geography, Saxon Kings, 35, 130 230, 322 Saxony, 229 Rose, M., Professor of Neurology, 328 Scamander, periodical, 344 Rose, W. J ., 35 Scandinavian countries, us, 217, 254. Rosenblatt, Professor of Mathematics, 292 324 Schiller, L., stage manager, 351, 354 Rosner, A., Professor of Gynaecology, School Reform Bill, 277, 284, 285 326, 329 Schultze-DeUtsch, 248 Rostworowski, K. H., playwright, 351 Scott, Sir Walter, 304 Rostworowski, M., Professor of Law, Scudery, Mlle., 35 143 Semashko, Uniat Bishop, 159 Rowid, Dr. W., 332 Serbia, 57, 154, 157 Rozwadowski, J ., Professor of Indo­ Seweryn, T., painter, 372 European Linguistics, 320 "Seym," 151 R6zycki, L., composer, 388 Sforza, Bona, Queen of Poland, 3 I Rubczynski, W., Professor of Philo- Shaw, Bernard, 355 sophy, 331 Shevchenko, Taras, Ukrainian poet, Rubens, 367 159 Rubinstein, A., pianist, 391 Shevchenko Society, 164 Rudzki, K., Warsaw firm, 221 Siberia, 43. 71, 126, 184, 312 Rudzki, M. P., Professor of Astronomy, Sichulski, K., painter, 370 324 Siedlecki, M., Professor of Natural Ruhr, 186 Science, 323 Ruiz (Roysius), Pedro, 270 Siemaszko, Mme., actress, 355 Rumania, 21, 89, u6, II9, 125, 154, Siemiradzki, M., painter, 368, 374 187-188, 226, 251, 403, 407 Sienkiewicz, H., novelist, 34. 54. 63, Rurik Dynasty, 157 . 76, 313, 340, 347· 349 Russell, Bertrand, 331 Sieroszewski, W., novelist, 346 Russia, 2I seq., 38, 44-50, 70 seq., IOO Sierpmski, W., Professor of Mathema­ seq., 118, 136, 137, 140, 144, 147, tics, 324 157 seq., 167 seq., 176 seq., 184-185, Sigismund I, King of Poland, 31 195, 220, seq., 272, 400 seq., 423, 424 Sigismund Augustus, King of Poland, - Poles in, 184-185 22, 31, 33 Russj.an, Minority in Poland, 167-168 Sigismund III, King of Poland, 22 Russians, Little, see Ukrainians, 159 Sikorski, General, Prime Minister, 78, Ruszczyc, F., 370 106 Ruthenia, White, 20, 83, 92 Silesia, 18, 55, 83, 85, go, 95-97, 128, Ruthenian, White, Soviet Republic, 132, 134, 143, 170, 173-174• 189 seq., 166, 402 251, 274· 347· 395 Index Sinko, T., Professor of Classical Stebnik, 224 • Philology, 321 S~powski, K., Junosza, 355 Skarga, P., preacher, 339 Sternbach, Professor of Classical Philo- Skierkowski, Father, 351 logy, 334 Skoczylas, W., artist, 372 Stettin, 254, 399 Skrzyilski, Alexander, Count, Foreign Stojalowski, Father S., 361 Minister, 106, III, 112, 117 Stojowski, Z .,composer, 388 Slavs, Balkan, 73 Stolypin, 195.. • - Pan-Slav Congress at Prague, in S~ewicz, Z., Professor of Engineer- 1908,73 . mg. 325 - - Pan-Slavic idea, 72, 158, 408 Stresemann, uS. ~lendziflski, L., painter, 371 Strug, A., novelist, 347 ~leszyilski, T., Professor of Mathema- Stryjeflska, Z., painter, 371 tics, 331 Stryjeftski, K., 386 ~liwinski, J .• pianist, 391 Strzelecki, Sir James, geographer, Slovaks, 154 explorer, 3a2 Slonimski, A., poet and essayist, 344 Supreme Administrative Tribunal, 143 Slowacki, J ., poet, 40, 339, 350 Supreme Chamber of Control, 104 Slowo (The Word), 364 Supreme National Committee, 74 Slowo, Polskie (The Polish Word), Suwalki. 93, 126 periodical, 361 Sweden, 22, 149, 218, 402 Smolensk, 23 Swierczyflski, R., Professor of Archi- Smolenski, historian, 63 tecture, 378 Smolenski, J ., Professor of Geography, Swi~tochowski, A., journalist, 317, 36o 323 Swietostawski, W., Professor of Smolka, F., 57 Chemistry, 324, 334 Smoluchowski, Professor of Physics, Switzerland, 76, 149, 295, 374• 375 · 324 Szafer, W., Professor of Botany, 323 Sobeski. M., Professor of Philosophy, Szaniawski, J ., playwright, 352 331 . Szczepanowski, Stanislas, 63, 221 Sobieski, John, King of Poland, 21, 35, Szczepkowski. J ., artist, 384 91, 423, 424 Szczucka, Kossak-,Sophia, novelist, 16o, Socinus, Faustus, 33 346 "Sokols," su also" Falcon Societies," Szeptycki. Archbishop, 161 63 Szober, S., Professor of Indo-European Sokolowski, Dr., 327 Linguistics, 321 Sokolowski, Professor of the History of Szopski, F., composer, 388 Art, 316 Szujski, J ., historian, 62 Solovets Islands, 185 Szukalski. St., painter and sculptor, Solska, Mme., actress, 355 377 . Solski, L., actor, 355 Szyjkowski, N., Professor of Literature, Sosnowiec, 220 319 " Sovpoltorg" (" Polish-Russian Trade Szyfman, A., stage manager, 353 Corporation"), 184 Szymanowski. K., composer, 388, 389, Spa, 89 390 Spain, 17, 27, 125 Szymanowski. W., sculptor, 376 Spala, 128 Szymanski. J ., Professor, Chairman of Spisz, 86, 90 the Upper House of Parliament, 327 St. Petersburg, 45. 70, 295, 311, 371 Szymonowicz, W., Professor of Histol- Stafi, Leopold, poet, 342 ogy, 326 · Stanislavsky, 354 Szyszko-Bohusz, Professor of Architec- Stanislaw6w, 163 ture, 378 Stanislawski, J ., painter, 369 Staszic, Stanislas, Polish Scientist and T Statesman, 36, 46, 304, 339 Talko-Hryncewicz, J., Professor of State Geological Institute, 222, 309, Anthropology, 312 . 323 Tarnawski, W. H., Professor of English State Meteorological Office, 309 Language and Literature, 319 Statistical Office, Central. 265 Tanlopol, 163, 297 442 Index Tarn6w, 228 University of Wilno, 33, 48, 131, :zoo, Ta:nowski,St.,Prof.ofLiterature,62,318 . 271, 286, 304 Tartars, 19, 21, 26, 30, 130, 131, 16g University of Technical Sciences, War­ Tasmania, 220 saw, Lw6w, _324, see also Engineering Tatarkiewicz, W., Professor of Philo- Academies. sophy, 331 ..,. Urle, 35 Tatra Mountains, 90, 125, 127, 132, v 209, 280, JO:Z , Valois Dynasty, 34 Tczew, 399 Vasa Dynasty, 22 Tennyson, 422 Vassar College, 337 . Tetmajer, K., poet and novelist, 342 Vatican, see also ufllkr Roman Catholic Thomson, Sir J ., 306 Church, 149, t61, 162,168,406 Tichy, K., 386 - Concordat between Poland and Tames, Tlss, 91 Vatican, 137, 138 Tokarz, W., Professor of History, 314 Venetian Republic, 16 Tomassini, F., 91 · Versailles, Treaty of, 79, 84, 86, 123, Tomasz6w Rawski, 226 143 Tomkowicz, St., Dr., 316 -Minority Treaty at, 97, 156, 187 Toruii. (Thorn), 126, 251, 296, 307, Vienna, 75• 149 333· 375 - Congress of, 44· 45. 56, 130 Trent, Council of, 33 - Rescue of, in 1683, 21, 91, 423 Treter, B., 386 V1Stula, 17 seq., 55. 83, 90, 91, II3, Tretiak, A., Professor of English II5, 126, 128, 129, 254, 255, 425 Language and Literature, 320 Volhynia,16o,I63,I7o, 171,296 Tribunal of States, 143 Tribune des Peuples, La, periodical, 359 . w Trojanowski, E., 386 Wachholz, L., Professor of Forensic Troki, 169 Medicine, 327 "T.S.L.," see also " People's School Wallek-Walewski, B., composer and Society," 63, 292 musician, 390 Trzciii.ski, T., stage manager, 355 Warchalowski, J., art historian, 384 Tudors, 26 Warrain, F., 330 Turczynski, J ., pianist, 391 Warsaw (Warszawa), :zo, 35, 49-50, 81, Turkey, 16, 21, 23, 38, 88, 89, 91, 16g 89, 91, 129-130, 138, 167, J.72, 199. Tustanowice, 222 220, 221, 229, 244, 294-297, 306 seq., Tuwim, J., poet, 344 371, 315· 38o Tygodnak IUustrowany, weekly, 366 -Academy of Agriculture, 200, 206, 290 u -Academy of Fine Arts, 375, 387 Ukrainian " Cossacks," 21, 155 - .. Duchy of," 75 - Soviet Republic, 162, 402 - Engineering Academy, 290, 325 Ukrainians, see also Ruthenians, 56, 6o, - " Free University,'' 290, 294 · 84, 86 seq., 92, 106, 157-165, 278, - Higher School of Commerce, 290 365. 402, 415 - Higher School of Journalism, 367 Uniat Church, 158 seq. - Learned Society, 333 "Unicorn, The," group of artists, 372 - Mianowski Foundation, 333 Unitarianism, see also Arianism, 33 -National Institute of Chemical United States, 65 seq., 11· 78, So, Research, 217 336-337 -National Library, 295 -Loan, 117 -National Museum, 297, 375 - and Poland, 77 - Philharmonic Society, 391 -Poles in, 65-69, 183, 336-337 _,;. School of Graphic Industries, 230 University, of Cracow, 30, 32, 58. 61- - " School of Historians," 313 62, 129, 179, 200, 206, 270 seq., 286 -University, see under Universities • seq., 292, 304, 306 -Victory at, in 1920, 91 - Lw6w, 33, 58, 164, 200, 286, 292 Warta, 19,255 - Lublin (Roman Catholic), 290 Washington, 149 - Poznail, 200 Wasilewski, Z., journalist, 361 -Warsaw, 48, 168, 272, 286, 306 Wasylewski, St., essayist, 315 Index 443 Wawel, 129, 375, 380 Wyslouch, N., editor of Ku,.jer Lwofll­ Wawelberg and Rotwand, Technical ski, 361 School in Warsaw, 284 Wysocka, S., actress, 354 . Wawrzyniak, Father, 52 Wyspianski, Stanislas, painter and poet W~dkiewicz, St., Professor of Romance 64, 340, 35o-351, 353, 367, 384, 4ao Languages and Literatures, 319, 366 Weigl, F., Professor of Biology, 328 y Weiss, W., 370 .. Yevreinov, 352 W eissenhoff, J ., novelist, 346 Yiddish, 176, 178, 182, 278, 365, see Wertheim, J., composer, 388 ' also Jargon Westphalia, 187 Y.M.C.A., 237, 298-299, 302, 378 Weygand, General, 90 Young, Sir Hilton, 108, 117 Whitehead, 331 Yugoslavia, 98, 119, 125, 154, 407 seq. Wiadomosci, Literackie (Litwa,.y News), 366 z Wieliczka, Salt mines at, 223 Za Svobodu (FM Fl'eedom), Russian Wielopolski. Count, 45 paper, 365 Wieniawski, A., composer, 389 Zak, E., painter 271 Wienie~ i pszczdlka (The Ga,.land and Zaklicka, Mme., actress; 355 the Bee), periodical, 361 Zakopane, 132, 238,28o,284,297.301, Wierzyflski. K., poet, 344 302, 328, 384. 385 Wigura, engineer, 326 ·Zakrzewski, K., historian of antiquity, Wiktor, K., novelist, 349 322 Wilbur, Earl Morse, Professor, 33 Zaleski, Augustus, ex-Minister of Williamstown Institute of Political Foreign Affairs, 117, uS Science, no Zaleszczyki, 206 •· Wilno, 20, 89, 93 seq., 125, 131, 167, Zal~ki. E., Professor of Agriculture, 169. 188, 238. 297. 316, 371, 381 323 - University, see untlel' Universities Zaluski, Library, 295, 383 Wilson, President, 77• 81, 398 Zamosc, 131 Wimbledon, 300 Zamoyski, A., sculptor, 377 Winawer, B., playwright, essayist, 352 Zamoyski. Jan, 28 Windakiewicz, St., Professor of Litera- Zamoyski. Library, 296 ture, 319 Zaremba, S., Professor of Mathematics, Witkiewicz, St., critic, painter, 356, 324 367. 368, 384 Zawistowska, K., poetess, 34.5 Witkiewicz, St. J ., novelist, 350 Zbrucz, 9:1 Witkowski. A. W ., Professor of Physics, Zdziechowski,ex-Finance Minister, 112 324 Zdziechowski, M., Professor of Compar- Witkowski. S., Professor of Classical ative Literature, 319, 3:10 Philology, 321 Zegadlowicz, E., poet, 343• 35:1 Witos, Wincenty, ex-Prime Minister, ielenski, T. (Boy), literary critic, 357 6o, 107, liZ, II3, 120, 364, 420 :telenski, W., composer, 388 Witoszyflski, C., Professor of Engineer- :teligowski. General, 93, 94 ing, 325 Zeromski, Stephen. novelist, 64, 341- Wittig, E., sculptor, 376 342 Wittlin, J .• poet, 321 Zieliflski. T ., Professor of Classical Witwicki, W., 321 Philology, 322 Wojciechowski, Stanislas, Professor, Ziemnowicz, Dr., M., 332 ex-President of Poland, 106, 247 Znaniecki, F., Professor of Sociology, Woldemaras, M., Lithuanian Prime Minister, 118 312 Wolf, Mr. L., 182 Zola, 348 Zoliborz, 377 Wordsworth, William, 342 Zoll, F., Professor of Civil Law, 310 Workingman's Sickness Insurance Offices, 121, 235 Zurawski. St., painter, 372 Wroblewski, Professor of Physics, 62 Zurich, 295, 374 Wroblewski, Library at Wilno, 296 Zwirko, Lieutenant, 325 Wycz6lkowski, L., painter, 369 Zyrard6w, 226

l'rlnted In Great Britain at the KaiiP HALL Puss, LTo. In the City of Odorcl MAP OF POLAND

inlernationql boundaries prcvincial (vDr'evodshi'p) bcvndari'es cl>i~f raifwarp S c B A=- L T ~ -0 -z.

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Scale of miles 'fO 20 30 50