© the Author(S) 2018 P. Koryś, Poland from Partitions to EU

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Annex

Table A.1 Population of Poland (contemporary borders), thousands of people 1810 1825 1843 1857 1868 1890 1910 Prussian part 5091 6451 8083 9353 10,350 12,345 14,158 Russian part 3267 3494 4628 5168 5856 8258 12,205 Austrian part 1158 1416 1646 1853 1968 2300 2690 1931 1960 1970 1986 2000 Prussian part 5757 12,790 14,442 17,029 17,612 (14,567) Russian part 11,706 12,567 13,498 15,722 15,286 Austrian part 3766 4170 4627 5324 5358 Northern and Western territories 8810 (1939) Eastern territories of interwar 12,800 Poland (incorporated by USSR after 1945) Source: Own calculations (Główny Urząd Statystyczny 1993; Wyczański 2003; Gawryszewski 2005) Note: For year 1931, population of Prussian part in borders of Second Republic of Poland (in brackets in contemporary borders, including Northern and Western Territories), population of Northern and Western territories and population of Eastern territories (Kresy) incorporated by USSR after WWII

Table A.2 Urbanization rates (populations of towns 5000+ as a share of total population)

1810 1825 1843 1857 1868 1890 1910 (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) Austrian part 4 4 5 6 8 13 19 Russian part 3 5 5 7 12 18 29 Prussian part 6 8 10 12 15 20 29 Poland, contemporary 5 6 7 9 13 18 27 territory

1921 1931 1950 1970 1988 2010 (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) Poland, contemporary 21 24 34 49 60 58 territory Source: Own calculations (Karpineć 1932; Jelonek 1967) and various statistical yearbooks of the Republic of Poland Note: For years 1921 and 1931, only the territory of the Second Republic of Poland Annex 367 200 203 213 222 226 230 251 257 259 268 350 367 380 412 465 589 642 748 852 1655 Toruń Zabrze Kielce Gliwice Radom Bytom Gdynia Częstochowa Sosnowiec Białystok Lublin Katowice Bydgoszcz Szczecin Gdańsk Poznań Wrocław Kraków Łódź Warszawa 1990 126 134 135 135 139 150 153 168 186 188 194 240 275 279 297 418 443 490 723 1171 Białystok Sosnowiec Ruda Śląska Radom Gliwice Chorzów Gdynia Częstochowa Bytom Lublin Zabrze Bydgoszcz Katowice Szczecin Gdańsk Poznań Wrocław Kraków Łódź Warszawa 1960 78 81 91 99 109 111 113 118 118 127 130 196 221 229 247 269 316 605 625 1178 Radom Chorzów Białystok Bytom Sosnowiec Gliwice Lublin Częstochowa Bydgoszcz Katowice Zabrze Wilno Kraków Gdańsk Poznań Szczecin Lwów Łódź Wrocław Warszawa 1931 58 59 63 65 67 67 68 73 75 80 99 143 157 170 205 210 236 424 512 895 ) and various statistical yearbooks ). In this table, only contemporary Polish names are used 1967 Kresy Bydgoszcz Elbląg Zabrze Lublin Legnica Gliwice Bytom Chorzów Częstochowa Białystok Sosnowiec Kraków Poznań Gdańsk Wilno Lwów Szczecin Łódź Wrocław Warszawa 1910 ; Jelonek 1932 17 18 19 20 21 21 22 22 23 28 31 36 50 56 60 76 87 89 208 255 Szczeciński Wlkp. Stargard Stargard Głogów Nysa Chorzów Lublin Gorzów Tarnów Płock Legnica Bydgoszcz Elbląg Łódź Kraków Poznań Wilno Szczecin Lwów Gdańsk Wrocław Warszawa 1868 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 9 10 10 16 17 21 24 37 44 56 68 78 Population of the largest cities and towns Polish lands, 1810–1990. Thousands people

Szczeciński territories of the Second Republic Poland ( Rawicz Kalisz Przemyśl Nysa Stargard Stargard Zielona Góra Grudziądz Głogów Legnica Świdnica Brzeg Poznań Elbląg Szczecin Kraków Gdańsk Lwów Wilno Wrocław Warszawa 1810 Source: Own estimations (Karpineć (and Gdańsk). In italicized towns from the eastern and Northern Territories Note: In bold towns located in Western Table A.3 Table 368 Annex ) 44.2 12.2 43.6 25.5 2000 14,132 15,633 12,310 13,384 2000 ), since 2018 47.5 11.7 40.8 24.9 1986 2018 11,275 12,970 9434 10,286 1986 46.7 14.1 39.2 23.3 1970 8613 9705 8547 7621 1970 ; Inklaar et al. ) ) 2018 2018 46.9 12.5 40.4 23.4 1960 6253 6891 5534 5832 1960 1989 41.0 8.0 49.0 35.0 1930 3879 1930 ; Bukowski et al. ; Bukowski et al. 39.9 6.5 53.6 1910 4065 3868 2882 4479 1910 1989 1989 32.7 7.4 59.8 1890 3006 2746 2234 3358 1890 ), Główny Urząd Statystyczny ( 27.8 8.2 64.0 1870 2348 2033 1787 2644 1870 1985 25.9 8.8 65.4 1850 1954 1574 1492 2237 1850 ; Główny Urząd Statystyczny ; Główny Urząd Statystyczny 25.0 10.0 65.0 1830 1687 1370 1358 1931 1830 1974 1974 . For years 1790–1910 GDP per capita estimations from Bukowski et al. ( ) 27.9 10.5 61.7 1810 A.4 1491 1217 1289 1727 1810 2018 29.2 12.5 58.2 1790 1431 1217 1359 1625 1790 Regional GDP per capita in Poland (contemporary borders, G-K dollars 2011) Regional shares of GDP (contemporary borders)

Of which and Western Nortern territories

– (Kingdom of Poland) 1921 from Inklaar et al. ( System). Methods of correction, like in Fallenbuchl ( Poland Russian partition Austrian partition Russian partition

Austrian partition Prussian partition Prussian partition GDP GDP Source: Own calculations (Zieliński Note: See comments for Table Source: Own calculations (Zieliński Note: Calculations for the communist period based on corrected estimations of National Income (Material Product A.5 Table Table A.4 Table Annex 369

Table A.6 Occupational structure Russian part 1810 (%) 1830 (%) 1860 (%) 1897 (%) 1921 (%) 1936 (%) I 78 73 74 68 74 52 II 9 9 13 12 17 25 III 13 18 13 20 9 23

Prussian Part 1810 (%) 1867 (%) 1895 (%) 1921 (%) 1936 (%) I 70 X 66 55 68 38 II 13 X 16 26 14 32 III 17 X 18 19 18 29

Austrian part 1810 (%) 1880 (%) 1900 (%) 1921 (%) 1936 (%) I 81 X 80 82 82 64 II 9 X 6 6 7 15 III 10 X 14 12 10 20

Western and Northern Territories 1936 (%) 1950 (%) 1988 (%) I 28 50 23 II 32 25 36 III 40 25 41

1810 1859/1867/ 1895/1897/ 1921 1931 1950 1970 1988 1995 Poland (%) 1869 (%) 1900 (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) I 76 71 64 76 70 57 38 27 28 II 10 13 18 10 13 23 35 36 30 III 14 16 18 14 17 20 27 37 42 Source: Sobieszczański (1860), Załęski (1876, 1901), Grossmann (1925), Tipton (1976), Kociszewski (1999), Szuman (1999) and Koryś and Tymiński (2015) and various statistical yearbooks of Russia, Prussia, Germany, and Austria in the nineteenth century and the Republic of Poland in the twentieth century Note: Year 1810—data for Duchy of Warsaw (Russian, Prussian and Austrian parts). Year 1921 and 1931, see note for Table A.1 in Annex. Territories of partitions included only in the contemporary territory of Poland, cf. Map 11.1 Bibliography

Bukowski, M., Koryś, P., Leszczyńska, C., et al. (2018). Urban population and economic development: Urbanization and approximation of GDP per capita in history—The case of the Polish lands in the 19th century.Mimeo. Fallenbuchl, Z. M. (1985). National income statistics for Poland, 1970–1980. Washington, DC: World Bank. Gawryszewski, A. (2005). Ludność Polski w XX wieku. Warszawa: Instytut Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania im. Stanisława Leszczyckiego PAN. Główny Urząd Statystyczny. (1989). Dochód narodowy Polski według województw w 1986 r. Warszawa: Zakład Badań Statystyczno-Ekonomicznych Głównego Urzędu Statystycznego i Polskiej Akademii Nauk. Główny Urząd Statystyczny. (1993). Historia Polski w liczbach: ludność, teryto- rium. Główny Urząd Statystyczny. Grossmann, H. (1925). Struktura społeczna i gospodarcza Ksiestwa̧ Warszawskiego na podstawie spisów ludności 1808–1810. Warszawa: Główny Urząd Statystyczny. Inklaar, R., de Jong, H., Bolt, J., & van Zanden, J. (2018). Rebasing “Maddison”: New income comparisons and the shape of long-run economic development. Groningen Growth and Development Centre, University of Groningen. Jelonek, A. (1967). Ludność miast i osiedli typu miejskiego na ziemiach Polski od 1810 do 1960 r. Warszawa: Instytut Geografii Polskiej Akademii Nauk.

Karpineć, Ì. (1932). Ilość osad miejskich byłej Galicji i podział ich na miasta i miasteczka. Lwów: asa im. J. Mianowskiego, Instytut Popierania Polskiej Twórczości Naukowej. Kociszewski, J. (1999). Proces integracji gospodarczej ziem zachodnich i północnych z Polską. Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Akademii Ekonomicznej. Koryś, P., & Tymiński, M. (2015). Occupational structure in the Polish territories at the turn of the 20th (1895–1900) century. Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw. Sobieszczański, F. M. (1860). Kalendarz wydawany przez Obserwatoryum Astronomiczne Warszawskie na rok zwyczajny 1861. Warszawa: Obserwatoryum Astronomiczne Warszawskie. Szuman, A. (1999). Przeobrażenia struktury społeczno-zawodowej ludności Polski w XX wieku. Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny, LXI, 187–202. Tipton, F. B. (1976). Regional variations in the economic development of Germany during the nineteenth century. Wesleyan University Press. Various Statistical Yearbooks of Austria, Prussia, Germany, Russia (until 1918) and Republic of Poland (after 1918). Wyczański, A. (Ed.). (2003). Historia Polski w liczbach. T. 1: Państwo, społeczeństwo. Warszawa: Zakład Wydawnictw Statystycznych. Załęski, W. (1876). Statystyka porównawcza Królestwa Polskiego: ludność i stosunki ekonomiczne. Warszawa: Gebethner i Wolff. Załęski, W. (1901). Królestwo Polskie pod względem statystycznym. Cz. 2: Statystyka zajęć i przemysłu. Warszawa: Sklad Glowny w Ksiegarni Jana Fiszera. Zieliński, M. (1974). Próba określenia rozmiarów dysproporcji międzyregionalnych w stopie życiowej ludności i sposobów ich zmniejszenia. Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, 8, 123–134. Index

A Annexation of Austria (Anschluss), Abramovitz, Moses, 9 212 Accumulation, 298 Annexation of Czechoslovakia, 212 Acemoglu, Daron, 3, 13 Anti-communist resistance in Agrarian reform, 24, 95, 107, 116, Poland, 268 123, 132, 140, 143, 156, 168, Anti-Jewish measures, 261 177 Anti-Jewish violence, 261, 263 Agricultural output, 306 Anti-Semitism, 162 Agriculture, 138, 140, 240, 241, Apparatus of control and repression, 292, 305 293 Agroindustry, 137, 140, 141 Arciszewski, Tomasz, 256 Akamatsu, Kanamu, 11, 13 Army, 36, 44, 46, 47, 50, 52, 63, 64, Aldcroft, Derek, 2, 4 68, 78, 80–82, 84, 85, 94, 98, Alexander I Romanov, 82, 357 101, 107, 196–200, 209, 222, Alexander II Romanov, 130 230, 238, 240, 255, 257, 259, Amoral familism, 263 261, 262, 268, 269, 272, 273, Amsden, Alice, 9, 13 289, 293, 311, 322 Anglo-Polish Agreement of Mutual Assembly, 120 Assistance (1939), 212 Augustus II Wettin, 43

Augustus III Wettin, 43, 47 Białystok, 140, 141, 230, 257 Austria, 47, 79, 195 Bielecki, Jan Krzysztof, 324 Austrian partition, 116, 119 Bierut, Bolesław, 267–269 backwardness, 106 Bieszczady Mountains, 282 education, 135 Biskupski, James, 4 Josephine reform, 93, 97 Black market, 294, 309 Austrian School of Economics, 213 Bobrowski, Czesław, 277 Autumn of nations, 348 Bobrza, 103 Autonomy of Galicia, 120 Bobrzyński, Michał, 16, 151, 157 AWS, 325 Bochnia, 54, 141 Bogatynia, 304 Border conflicts (1918–1921), 273 B Boryslav-Drohobycz area, 178 Backwardness, 7–15, 17, 21, 40, Borysław, 178 186, 335, 349, 361 Bourgeoisie, 94, 137, 287 in Poland, recognition, 49 Bożyk, Paweł, 280 social reforms, 49 Brandenburg, 282 Badeni, Kazimierz, 120, 151 Braudel, Fernand, 7, 15 Balcerowicz, Leszek, 280, 324, 326, Bródno, 166 327, 335, 336 Brus, Włodzimierz, 277–279, 324 Balicki, Zygmunt, 160 Brzeg, 92 Banking, 307 Budget, 64, 69, 98, 101, 209, 243, Banking crisis of 1793, 69, 96 336 Bank of Agriculture, 308 Bugaj, Ryszard, 280, 328 May 1926 coup d’état, 210 Bujak, Franciszek, 5 Bank of Poland, 102, 136, 243 Bulgaria, 273 Bank of State Economy, 239 Burke, Edmund, 62 Bar Confederation, 44, 45, 48 Buzek, Jerzy, 325 Barlicki, Norbert, 215 Bydgoszcz, 56 Battle for trade, 278, 296, 307 Byelorussia, 329 Bauman, Zygmunt, 269 Byelorussian minority, 229 Bazar, 132, 137 Bełchatów, 304 Belka, Marek, 326 C Berend, Ivan, 3 Cameralist model, 88 Bereza Kartuska, 210 Camp of National Unity, 209 Biała, 141 Carpathian Mountains, 222, 282 Białowieża, 329 Cash rent, 140 Index 375

Catching-up, 2, 11, 18, 26, 329, Cieszyn, 282 342, 347–363 Cimoszewicz, Włodzimierz, 324 Catholic Church, 291 Cities, 284 Ceausescu, Nicolae, 273 Commonwealth of Poland and Cegielski, Hipolit, 137, 173 Lithuania, 55 Cegielski enterprise, 239 Citizen’s Committee, 323 Census, 90 Civic Platform (PO), 325 of 1790–1791, 57 Coal mining, 136, 141, 242, 275 of 1921, 222 Code of Civil Law (Napoleon), 81 of 1931, 222, 235 Collectivization, 306 Duchy of Warsaw (1808, 1810), of agriculture, 259, 278 57, 99 Colonization of the post-German Poland of 1789, 46 lands, 296 Post-WWII censuses (1950, Comecon, 308 1988), 6, 358, 361 Commission of National Education, Prussian census, 79, 99 45 Rodecki table (1828), 106 Committee for Security and the Russian census of 1897, 161, 175 Protection of Public Welfare, Central bank, 308 198 Central Industrial Area, 238–240 Commonwealth, 15, 16, 35–40, 43, Central Industrial District, 220, 276 45, 46, 48, 52, 54–61, 63, Central Lithuania, 222 68–70, 77, 79, 82–86, 88, Central Planning Commission, 296 90–93, 96, 97, 106, 108, 120, Central Planning Committee, 277 126, 143, 157, 176, 180, 196, Central-Eastern Europe (CEE), 20, 209, 211, 255, 348, 350, 351, 36, 342, 360 357, 358 Centrally planned economy, 299 Commonwealth of Poland and Chemical industry, 239 Lithuania, 211 Chernobyl disaster, 304 banking system, 68 Chinese model, 302 cities, 37 Chłapowski, Dezydery, 132 Dutch loans, 68 Chorzów, 238 economic development, 60 Christian Democrats, 218 ethnic and religious minorities, 57 Chrzanów, 141 First Partition, 54 Churchill, Winston, 256 GDP per capita, 61 Ciechanow, 258 Golden Age, 35 Cieszkowski, August, 121 Jews, 58 Commission of National manufacturing sector, 65 Education, 45 model of development, 63 376 Index

Commonwealth of Poland and Czech-Polish conflict, 199 Lithuania (cont.) Czech Republic, 198, 199, 329, 360 Second Partition, 54 Sejm in Grodno, 47 state incomes, 63 D taxation, 63 Dąbrowa baisin, 129, 139, 257 urban economy, 66 Dąbrowa Górnicza, 105, 138, 166 Communes of Polish People, 121, Dąbrowski, Jan Henryk, 84 123 Daszyńska-Golińska, Zofia, 214 Communist Party of the Soviet Daszyński, Ignacy, 156, 214 Union, 272 Davies, Norman, 3, 35, 36, 196, Conference in Magdalenka, 271 198, 199, 202 Conference in Moscow (1944), 256 Davout, Marchal Conference in Teheran (1943), 256 decline of, 43 Conference in Yalta (1945), 256 Debates on emancipation, 117 Constitutions of Poland, 210, 216, December 1970, 270, 291, 293, 300 324 Decree abolishing serfdom, 119 Duchy of Warsaw, 87 Dembowski, Stanislaw, 123 Free City of Cracow, 84 Demographic dividend, 284, 330, Kingdom of Poland, 94 331, 356, 363 of Poland 3rd May, 46 Democratic Bloc, 266 Corruption, 60, 69, 136, 263, 294, Democratic Party, 267 307 de Sismondi, Jean, 122 Corvée, 38, 95, 119 De-Stalinization, 298 Council for Mutual Economic Development economics, 220 Assistance (COMECON), Development gap, 122 271, 275 Dincecco, Mark, 14 Cracow Uprising, 120, 134, 162 Discontinuity, 109 Creditworthiness, 302 Dmowski, Roman, 156, 159, 160, Crimean War, 117, 130 169, 211, 217 Crony capitalism, 328 Doboszyński, Adam, 218 Crude oil production, 141 Drucki-Lubecki, Xawery, 89, 101, Curzon, George, 199 350 Curzon line, 282 Drzymała, Wojciech, 165 Customs border, 140 Duchy of Cieszyn, 222 Czartoryski, Adam, 84, 124 Duchy of Łowicz, 85, 98 Czartoryski family, 121 Duchy of Siewierz, 78, 85, 98, 105 Czechoslovakia, 222, 282 Duchy of Warsaw, 80, 97, 101 Index 377

army, 98 state-led industrialization, 24, 103 cities, 91 state socialism, 265, 295 fiscal revenue, 98 Economic recession of 1980s, 275, Jews, 92 309 population, 92 Economy of Second Republic of tax system, 97 Poland Dutch loans, 68 customs war with Germany, 355 Dutch Republic, 15, 47, 49 15-year plan, 219 Działyński, Tytus, 121 4-year plan (1936–1940), 219 Dzielski, Mirosław, 280 Grabski macroeconomic stabilization policy, 244 hyperinflation of 1923–1924, 355 E ECSC, 271 Early industrialization, 8, 12, 360 Education, 227, 290 Eastern Galicia, 257 Elbląg, 56, 92, 220, 291 East Galicia, 268 Emancipation of the working class, East Germany, 273, 274, 283, 303 291 East Prussia, 129, 282 Emigration, 224, 280 Econometric Society, 213 World War II, 262 Economic destabilization, 302 Employment, 236 Economic development, 1–3, 7, 10, Employment structure, 263 12, 14, 17–20, 22, 26, 60, 62, Endlösung der Judenfrage, 260 86, 88, 89, 105, 121, 123, Energy crisis, 301 127, 156–158, 160, 171, 172, Enforced collectivization, 291 180, 182, 187, 207–246, 255, Enfranchisement, 83, 87, 116–118, 263, 265–314, 342, 354, 355, 123, 124, 132, 134, 166, 169, 357, 359, 360, 362 172, 349, 352 Economic growth, 244 Enfranchising of the workers, 327 Economic policy, 1, 10, 12, 18, 25, Enlightenment, 45 160, 327, 335, 360 Enlightenment in Poland, 49 big push, 220 Entrepreneurs, 311 building the industrial Epstein, Stephan R., 14, 131 bourgeoisie, 105 Estate, 306 cameralism, 96, 97, 105 Ethnic and religious minorities, 226 cameralist model, 88 Ethnic structure, 286 centrally planned economy, 294, Europe Agreement, 323 299 European Union, 19, 323 mercantilism, 106 Evans Brothers’ factory, 139 378 Index

Evans, Lilpop and Rau, 139 Garczyński, Stefan, 50 Export-oriented industrialization, Gawryszewski, Andrzej, 6 10, 11, 19 Gdańsk, 54–56, 81, 92, 96, 212, Extermination, 25, 255, 258–261, 220, 242, 268, 270, 282, 286, 263, 310 290, 291, 293, 303 Extractive institutions, 3, 13, 17 Gdańsk Voivodeship, 285 Gdynia, 221, 230, 242, 291, 297, 303 F General Governorate, 257, 258, 260 Familia, Czartoryski family, 48, 51 German concentration camps, 257 Familia, Czartoryski house, 44 German historical school of Far-right movements, 326 economics, 127 Feldman, Wilhelm, 6 Germanization, 133 Fertility, 283 German-Polish Non-Aggression Pact FIAT, 298 (1934), 212 Fiedler’s factory, 139 German-Soviet Neutrality and 15-year plan, 219 Non-Aggression Pact of 1926, First Partition, 45, 53, 54, 63, 64, 211–212 79, 350, 357, 358 Germany, 195, 261 Fiscal capacity, 14 Gerschenkron, Alexander, 8, 9, 13, Fiscal revenues, 98 18, 335 Folwark, 62 Geyer, Ludwik, 119, 131, 139 Forced resettlement of the German Giedroyć, Jerzy, 269 population, 265, 268, 271 Gierek, Edward, 270, 280, 290, Foreign licences, 297, 301 300–302, 305, 361 Foreign loans, 302 Giertych, Roman, 326 Foreign trade, 307 Głąbinski, Stanisław, 216 4-year plan (1936–1940), 219 Gołębiowski, Jerzy, 18 France, 47, 98, 274 Gołuchowski, Agenor, 120, 151 Franco-Polish Military Alliance, 212 Gomułka, Stanisław, 216, 327 Free City of Kraków, 82, 84, 97, Gomułka, Władysław, 269, 290, 116, 128 298, 300 Freedom Union (UW), 324, 325 Gorlice, 178 French Revolution, 51 Governing Commission for Galicia, Friedman, Milton, 327 Silesia, Spis and Orava, 198 Government General of Lublin, 196 Government General of Warsaw, 196 G Government-in Exile, 276 Galicia, 5, 83, 92, 106, 119 Grabski, Stanisław, 122, 156, 214, Galician Slaughter, 120, 134 267 Index 379

Grabski, Władysław, 19, 122, 156, Huta Katowice, 301, 305 162, 209, 214, 216, 244 Hyperinflation, 231, 309 Grand Great Duchy of Posen, 82, 83, 220 Great Britain, 15, 47, 49, 274 I Great Depression, 218, 230, 231, Ideas 235, 242 agrarism, 218 Great Emigration, 123, 135 anti-Semitism, 217 Greater Poland, 5, 56, 97, 108, 129, backwardness, 88 133, 136, 137, 208, 229, 257 battle for trade, 278 cities of, 91 cameralism, 49, 88, 89 Great Northern War, 48 communism, 216 Grodek, Andrzej, 5 concepts of anti-communist Grodno, 67, 201 opposition, 280 Growth rate, 310 concepts of post-WWII Polish Grudziądz, 220 economy, 276 Grzybek, Dariusz, 6, 156–158 conservatism, 218 Guzicki, Leszek, 6, 156 de-Stalinization after 1956, 279 Gypsies, 260 development economics, 214 economic schools in interwar Poland, 214 H enlightened absolutism, 49 Habsburg, Joseph II, 24, 186 French Enlightement, 49 Habsburgs, 48 Great Depression, 218 Hayek, Friedrich, 8 Great Emigration, 123, 124 Heavy industry, 136 import substitution, 89 Hel, 221 January Uprising, 124 Hirszowicz, Maria, 280 Kaleckians’ economics, 213 Hohenzollerns, 48 Keynesism, 213 Holocaust, 17, 257 liberalism, 87 Home Army, 257, 268 loyalist policy, 126 Honecker, Erich, 273 mass privatization, 280 Hotel Lambert, 121, 124 mathematical economics, 213 Hryniewicz, Janusz, 16, 177 modernization, 87 Human capital, 299 nationalism, 216, 217 Human Development Index, 335 organic work, 127 Hungarian revolution of 1956, 269 Polish Jacobin ideas, 52 Husak, Gustav, 273 positivism, 127 Huta Bankowa, 138 post-war reconstruction, 276 380 Index

Ideas (cont.) International Monetary Fund (IMF), reception of French Revolution, 271, 275, 327 70 International trade, 242, 243 Romanticism, 122 Investment mania of the late 1780s, Scottish Enlightenment, 49 69 socialism, 215 Iron Curtain, 271, 321 social reform, 127 Stalin model, 277 statism, 219 J Utopia of the non-market Jagiellonian University, 135, 290 economy, 296 Janos, Andrew, 4 IG Farben, 260 Janowski, Maciej, 4, 158 Ihnatowicz, Ireneusz, 6 January Uprising, 118, 162 Illiteracy, 227, 290 decree abolishing serfdom, 119 IMF, 271, 275, 327 Japan, 9 Immigrants, 138 Jaruzelski, Wojciech, 270, 272, 275, Immoral practices, 263 290, 322, 323 Import substitution, 9–11, 13, 18 Jaszczuk, Bolesław, 279, 300 Inclusion to the nation, 263 Jedlicki, Jerzy, 4, 6, 18 Inclusive institutions, 3, 13, 14, 17 Jelonek, Andrzej, 6, 161, 201 Industrialization, 137, 139, 234, Jewish ghettoes, 259 303 Jews, 57, 228, 241, 258–260, 269, Industrialization, first wave of, 9 286, 287, 351 Industrial output, 304 Commonwealth of Poland and Industrious revolution, 12, 13 Lithuania, 57, 58 Industry, 202 Jezierski, Andrzej, 5, 38, 174 Infant industry, 9 Jezierski, Franciszek Salezy, 51 Inflation, 301 Joseph II Habsburg, 49 Informal co-ordination mechanisms, Josephine reforms, 79, 97 307 June 1956, 269, 293 Institute of Business Cycles and June 1976, 270 Prices, 214 Institutionalization of Marxist economics, 277 K Intelligentsia, 127, 226, 287, 290, Kaczyński, Jarosław, 324 292, 299 Kadar, Janos, 273 extermination, 263 Kalecki, Michał, 213, 214, 220, 273, Internal migrations, 285–288 278, 279 Index 381

Kalinka, Walerian, 125, 157 Kozienice, 304 Kaliński, Janusz, 5, 338 Kraków, 54, 56, 92, 94, 97, 130, Kalisz, 89, 92, 106, 108, 136, 139, 134, 170, 230, 234, 305 201 Kronenberg, Leopold, 119, 131, 184 Kamienna, 103 Krosno, 141 Kania, Stanisław, 290 Krysiński, Dominik, 86 Kaps, Klemens, 5, 178, 186 Krzaklewski, Marian, 325 Karpiński, Andrzej, 159, 280 Krzyżanowski, Adam, 156, 162, 176, Karwina, 199 214 Katowice, 285, 303 Kuczyński, Waldemar, 280 Katyn massacre, 259 Kujawski, Aleksandrow, 140 Kawalec, Agnieszka, 5, 179 Kula, Witold, 16, 35, 39, 61, 166 Keynes, John Maynard, 213 Kuroń, Jacek, 269, 279 Khrushchev, Nikita, 269 Kuznets, Simon, 313 Kielce, 67, 103, 129, 136, 139, 236 Kwaśniewski, Aleksander, 324, 325 Kiev, 163, 170, 197, 199 Kwiatkowski, Eugeniusz, 219, 296, Kieżun, Witold, 328 350, 361 Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, 120 assembly, 120 L Kingdom of Lithuania, 197 Labour emigration, 135, 286 Kingdom of Poland, 82, 83, 116, Labour-intensive industrialization, 118, 128, 138, 202, 208, 257 7–15, 18, 140, 182, 186, 187 budget, 101 Labour market, 299 education, 132 Labour migration, 129 fiscal revenues, 102 Labour rent, 52 Kizwalter, Tomasz, 6, 158 Labour Union, UP, 325 Kochanowicz, Jacek, 3, 16, 35, 166, Lake Żarnowiec, 221 184 Landau, Ludwik, 214 Kołakowski, Leszek, 269 Landau, Zbigniew, 3, 5, 202 Kollontaj, Hugo, 51 Land Credit Society, 102 Kołodko, Grzegorz, 328 Landless peasants, 57, 58, 95, 107, Konarski, Stanislaw, 51 226, 291 Konin, 304 Land reform of 1944, 276, 296 Korzon, Tadeusz, 57, 157, 177 Lange, Oskar, 8, 213, 278, 279 Kościuszko, Tadeusz, 47 Lannes, Marchal, 98 Kostrowicka, Irena, 5 Late industrialization, 8, 9, 11, 12, Kowalik, Tadeusz, 6, 328 24, 151–187 382 Index

Latvia, 211 Manufacturing sector, 137, 139 League of Nations, 238 March 1968, 269, 290, 293 League of Polish Families (LPR), Marshall Plan, 271 325, 326, 334 Martial law in 1981, 275, 293 Leap forward, 298 Marx, Karl, 122 Łęczyca, 106, 108 Masovia, 109, 257 Leder, Andrzej, 17 Mass deportations in Soviet zone, Legnica, 92 259 Legnica-Głogów area, 286 Massey-Ferguson, 301 Łepkowski, Tomasz, 6, 158 Material incentives, 279, 300 Leszczyńska, Cecylia, 5, 174 Material losses, 262 Leszczyński, Stanislaw, 47, 49 Mazowiecki, Tadeusz, 183, 270, 323 Leszek, Miller, 165, 325, 326 Mechanical engineering industry, Lewandowski, Janusz, 280 136 Lignite, 304 Michnik, Adam, 269 Lin, Justin, 12, 13 Middle class, 94 List, Friedrich, 121 Międzymorze, 211 Lithuanian Republic, 197 Mikołajczyk, Stanisław, 256, 267 Little Divergence, 17 Milanovic, Branko, 21, 341 Livezeanu, Irina, 4 Miłkowski, Zygmunt, 159 Łódź, 108, 129, 131, 138, 166, 201, Military territory Ober-Ost, 196 230, 239, 257, 258, 262, 290, Mill, John Stuart, 122 303 Minc, Hilary, 277, 296 Longue durée, 7 Ministry for the Former Prussian Lower Silesia, 91 Partition, 198 Łowicz, 65 Minsk, 163, 198, 199, 222 LPR, 325 Mint, 102 Łubieński family, 136 Mitteleuropa, 197 Lublin, 56 Modernization, 1, 50 Łuczak, Czesław, 5 Modzelewski, Karol, 279 Ludwikowski, Rett, 6 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 212, 255 Łukawer, Edward, 6 Moraczewski, Jędrzej, 208 Lwów, 54, 56, 92, 130, 134, 170, Morawski, Wojciech, 5, 38, 184 230, 257 Morewood, Steven, 4 Mościce, 239 Mościcki, Ignacy, 210 M Moscow, 269 Macierewicz, Antoni, 270 Munich Agreement (1938), 212 Maddison Project, 311 Musiał, Wojciech, 6 Małowist, Marian, 15 Myrdal, Gunnar, 14 Index 383

N O Napoleon’s Civil Code, 119 Obligatory verification, 130 Narojek, Winicjusz, 309 O’Brien, Patrick, 14 Narutowicz, Gabriel, 208 Occupational structure, 235, 288 National Armed Forces, 257, 268 October 1956, 269, 272, 274 National Bank of Poland, 308 Oder, 267 National Council in Przemyśl, 198 Oil and gas pipelines, 305 National Council of the Duchy of Oil refinery in Gdańsk, 301 Cieszyn, 198 Oil refinery in Płock, 298 National Democracy, 208, 210, 216 Old Polish Industrial Area, 103 Nationalization of the economy, 268 Olechowski, Andrzej, 325 National Radical Camp, 218 Oleksy, Józef, 324 NATO, 323, 328 Oligarchy, 60 Nazi German settlements, 220, 259 Olza, 199 Neisse, Lusatian, 267 Opatówek, 139 Nepotism, 22, 136, 329, 354 Operation Tempest, 256, 260 New Silesia, 96 Operation Vistula (1947–1950), 268 Nicholas II Romanov, 130 Orava, 222, 282 Nieśwież, 65 Organized extermination, 260 1976 Strikes, 291, 301 O’Rourke, Kevin, 15 1988 Polish strikes, 270 Oskar Lange, 8 Nitrogen fertilizer production plant in Puławy, 298 Niwka, 105 P Nobility, 16, 17, 36–39, 93, 126, Pale of Settlement, 162 167, 169, 172, 174 Panki, 105 obligatory verification, 130 Partitions of Commonwealth of social structure, 59 Poland and Lithuania Nomenklatura, 292, 294 Austrian Partition, 1, 79 Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation First partition, 45 with the Government, 209, Partition treaty, 93 210 Prussian Partition, 79 North, Douglass C., 13, 14, 20 Russian Partition, 80 November Uprising (1830–1831), 4, Second Partition, 46, 47 82, 94, 108, 122, 130, 162 territorial division, 90 Nowa Huta, 297, 303 Third Partition, 47 Nuclear power, 304 PC, 324 Numerus clausus, 228 Peasants, 17, 36–39, 95, 151, 152, 155, 156, 158, 163–170, 172, 384 Index

174, 177, 179, 181, 183, 184, Pogrom in Jedwabne, 260 186, 291, 324, 331–333, 339, Poland, Lesser, 56, 103, 136 349, 352, 353 Połaniec, 304 cash rent, 140 Polesie, 229 corvée, 93 Polish-Bolshevik War (1919–1921), cottagers, 58 215 debates on emancipation, 117 Polish Committee of National emancipation of, 50 Liberation, 256 enfranchisement, 134 Polish-Czechoslovak border, 282 inclusion to the nation, 127 Polish Democratic Society, 121, January Uprising, 119 123 labour rent, 140 Polish-German border, 274, 283 landless peasants, 95 Polish-German customs war, 244 land reform, 226 Polish Government-in-Exile, 256, parties, 208 271 the peasant-workers, 285 Polish Liquidation Committee, 198 private farms under communism, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 305 43, 52 second serfdom, 36 Polish Loan Bank, 243 serfdom, 50 Polish minority in Czech Republic, serfdom abolishment—Josephine 199 reforms, 79 Polish People’s Party, 210, 267 social structure, eighteenth Polish Round Table, 271 century, 57 Polish Socialist Party, 208–210, 214, subsistence farm, 107 230, 266 Peasants’ Battalions, 257 Polish-Soviet War (1919–1921), 212 People’s Army, 257 Polish-Ukrainian conflict, 228 People’s Guard, 257 Polish-Ukrainian war, 198 Piątkowski, Marcin, 3, 13, 16, 17, Polish Underground State, 257 21, 22, 35, 332, 341 Polish United Workers’ Party, 267, Piłsudski, Józef, 156, 159, 169, 272 209–211, 229 Polish Workers’ Party, 266 Piotrków, 106 Polish zloty, 243 PKO Bank Polski SA, 308 Political myths, 210 Plebiscite in Upper Silesia (1921), Polska Kasa Opieki SA, 308 196, 200 Pomerania, 5, 129, 133, 137, 234, Płock, 298, 303 282 Podymne, 63 Poniatowski, Michał, 65, 348 Index 385

Poniatowski, Stanisław August, 43, PSL Lewica, 208 44, 48 PSL Piast, 208, 209 Pope John Paul II, 274 PSL Wyzwolenie, 208, 209 Potsdam Conference, 274 Public housing, 309 Population, 283 Puck, 221 Population loss, 260, 287 Pula, James, 4 Portugal, 292 Puławy, 298 Post-communism, 26, 322–324, PZPR/PUWP, 267 326, 327, 329, 333, 341 Post-war reconstruction, 288 Potato blithe, 138 R Potsdam Conference, 282 Radom, 234, 270 Poznań, 56, 91, 92, 132, 137, 230, Radziwill family, 65, 66 262, 284–286, 291, 293 Railroads, 234 Poznański, Izrael, 131 Rakowski, Mieczysław, 281 Poznański, Kazimierz, 328 Ránki, Gyorgy, 3 Prague Spring 1968, 273 Rawicz, 230 Prebisch-Singer hypothesis, 10 Recession, 301 Private entrepreneurs in socialism, Reconstruction process, 265 293 Recovered Territories, 265, 283, 288, Private sector, 311 291, 303 Proclamation of Połaniec, 52 Reda, 221 The Promised Land, 303 Red Army, 322 Propination monopolies, 120, 141 Reds’ faction, 124 Protestants, 286 Refugees, 201 Provisional Government of National Regency Council, 197 Unity, 276 Ręmbieliński, Rajmund, 18, 103, Provisional Government of the 105 Republic of Poland, 256 Repatriation of Ukrainians from Prussia, 46, 48, 78 Poland to the Soviet Union, Prussian partition, 116, 121, 136 268 agrarian reform, 107 Reparations Committee in Versailles, cities, 92 202 education, 133 Repphan Brothers’ factory, 139 ethnic structure, 132 Resettlement of the Ukrainian Przemyśl, 56, 130 minority, 268 Przytyk Pogrom, 229 Restoration (1918), 156 PSL, 324, 325 Reymont, Władysław, 158 386 Index

Ricardo, David, 86 Scheibler & Grohman textile factory, Riga, 199 239 Robinson, James, 3, 13 Scottish Enlightenment, 86 Rodecki, Franciszek, 106 Second industrial revolution, 312 Rokossovsky, Konstantin, 268 Sejm Roman Catholicism, 286 of 1780, 45 Romania, 211, 222 Great Sejm, 46, 52 Roosvelt, Franklin D., 256 in Grodno, 1793, 46 Rosenstein-Rodan, Paul, 220, 239 Partition Sejm, 48 Rostowski, Jan V., 327 Silent Sejm of 1717, 48 Roszkowski, Wojciech, 4 Selective development, 300 Round Table, 290 Self-governance, 302 Ruch Underground Movement, 279 Serfdom, 16, 36, 50, 52, 79, 87, 88, Ruhr, 137 95, 116–119, 135, 140, 142 Rural proletariat, 95, 133 Services, 241 Rural-urban migration, 331 Service sector, 307 Rusiński, Władysław, 5 7-Years’ War (1756–1763), 48 Russia, 44, 48, 117, 130, 195 Sienkiewicz, Henryk, 158 Russian Orthodox Church, 286 Silesia, 136, 236, 282 Russian partition, 116, 118, 129 Silesian Plebiscite, 222 Russian Revolution, 197 Silesian Uprisings, 222 Rutkowski, Jan, 5 Sikorski, Władysław, 256 Rybarski, Roman, 214 6-year plan (1950–1955), 268, 277, Rydz-Śmigły, Edward, 210 296 Rzeszów, 239, 286 Skarbek, Fryderyk, 86 Rzewuski, Henryk, 125 Skodlarski, Janusz, 5 Skrzyński, Aleksander, 209 Sławoj-Składkowski, Felicjan, 210 S SLD, 324–326, 334 Sachs, Ignacy, 279 Small Emigration, 135 Sachs, Jeffrey, 327, 336 Smith, Adam, 62, 86 Samoobrona, 325, 326, 334 Smoczyński, Rafał, 17 Sanacja, 209, 210, 218, 226 Socialist calculation debate, 213 Sandomierz, 56 Socialist economy, 294, 360 Saxon House, 43 accumulation, 298 Saxony, 48 Bank of Agriculture, 308 Say, Jean-Baptiste, 86 Bank of State Economy, 239 Scheibler, Karol, 138 battle for trade, 278, 296, 307 Index 387

black market, 294 Solow residual, 299 collectivization, 298 Sosnowiec, 161, 166, 201, 232 collectivization of agriculture, South America, 9 278, 296 South-East Asia, 11 creditworthiness, 302 Soviet-German war, 258 de-Stalinization after 1956, 269 Soviet military forces in Poland, 272 economic destabilization, 302 Soviet-Polish Non-Aggression Pact economic recession of 1980s, 275, (1932), 212 309 Soviet Russia, 213 enforced collectivization, 291 Soviet Union, 257, 261, 272 foreign debt, 293 Sowa, Jan, 16, 35 foreign licences, 297, 301 Spain, 292 foreign loans, 302 Spätaussiedler, 274, 286 hyperinflation of 1980s, 303 Spis, 222, 282 institutionalization of Marxist Spring of Nations, 116, 120, 121, economics, 277 130, 162 nationalization of the economy, Stalin, Joseph, 199, 256, 361 268 Stalinist-era economy, 296 private entrepreneurs in socialism, Stalinization, 268 293 Stańczyk party, 125 public housing, 309 Standard of living, 289, 310 6-year plan (1950–1955), 277 Staniszkis, Jadwiga, 280 socialist welfare state, 309 Starzyński, Stefan, 218 Stalinist-era economy, 296 Staszic, Stanislaw, 51, 89, 103, 161, state-owned agriculture, 311 350, 361 state socialism, 295 State Agricultural Farms, 306, 339 3-year plan (1947–1949), 276 State capacity, 14, 16 winter of 1979/1980, 301 Commonwealth, 43 Socialist welfare state, 309 State income, 63, 243 Social mobility, 288, 289 State National Council, 256, 266 Social reforms, 23, 43, 45, 49, State-induced development, 9, 11 115–143, 203 State-led accelerated Social structure, 6, 7, 21, 36, 38, industrialization, 89 170, 331, 335, 341, 352–354, State-led industrialization, 89, 240 361 State-owned agriculture, 311 Sokal, 282 State-owned industry, 311 Solidarność Movement, 270, 272, Statism, 239 280, 291, 301 Stefano, Biancini, 4 388 Index

Stefczyk, Franciszek, 180 Szlajfer, Henryk, 4 Steinkeller, Piotr, 131 Szomburg, Jan, 280 Stettin, 92 Strikes, 166, 230, 290 1883 strike in Żyrardów, 166 T 1892 strike in Łódź, 167 Targowica Confederation, 44, 46, 53 1905 strike, 155, 167 Tax system, 244 1920 strike in Poznań, 230 Taylor, Edward, 214 1920 strike in Rawicz, 230 Tepper, Piotr, 68 1923 strike in Cracow, 230 The Enlightenment reform, 44 1926 strike of railway workers, Textile industry, 107, 140, 141, 239 230 Third Republic of Poland, 266 1931 strike in Białystok, 230 Third World countries, 273 1931 strike in Łódź, 230 Thomas, Robert P., 13 1933 farm workers strike, 230 3-year plan (1947–1949), 277, 296 1936 farm workers strike, 230 Tilly, Charles, 14 1945–1946 strikes, 290 Tomaszewski, Jan, 3, 6 1956 June strike, 269 Topolski, Jerzy, 5, 61 1956 October strike, 272 Toruń, 54, 56, 140, 220, 230 1970 December strike, 300 Tourism, 273 1976 June strike, 269 Trade, 307 1980 protests, 286 Trade partners, 242 school strikes, 165, 170 Transferable ruble, 309 strike in Września, 165 Transport infrastructure, 137, 140, Structural change, 299 141, 234, 305 Subsistence farm, 306, 352 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 197, 198 Sudetenland, 222 Treaty of Locarno, 211 Sums of Bayonne, 81, 98 Treaty of Rapallo, 211 Supiński, Józef, 126, 157, 158 Treaty of Riga, 222 Supreme People’s Council, 198 Treaty of Versailles, 198 Surowiecki, Wawrzyniec, 87–89 Turkey, 49 Suwalki, 257 Turnock, David, 4 Sweden, 48 Tymiński, Stanisław, 323, 334 Świdnica, 92 Tyzenhaus, Antoni, 53, 59, 67 Świętokrzyskie Mountains, 103 Systemic transformation, 3, 321, 322, 324, 326, 327, 335, 341, U 354, 361 Ukraine, 197, 199, 281, 329 Szczecin, 268, 282, 285, 286, 291, Ukrainian Insurgent Army, 268 303, 304 Ukrainian minority, 229 Index 389

UNCIO, 271 Warszawa, 55, 56, 65, 67, 91, 129, Under-urbanization, 331 131, 136, 138, 139, 166, 234, United People’s Party, 267 291, 303, 305 UNO, 271 Warthegau, 257, 258 Upper Silesia, 78, 91, 129, 140, 200, Washington Consensus, 327, 336 222, 234, 257, 268, 285, 303, Wawelbergs family, 119, 131 305 Weber, Max, 12 Urban economy, 235 Weingast, Barry R., 14 Urbanization, 91, 284 Werwolf, 268 Ursus, 270, 301 Western and Northern Lands, 265, USSR, 255 282 Western Europe, 1, 8, 9, 13, 20, 36–39, 155, 169, 172, 174, V 180, 181, 328, 332, 338, 339, Vagabonds, 95, 105 341, 348, 356 Versailles, 211 Western Galicia, 79, 257 Vistula Country, 160 Western Ukrainian People’s Vistula River, 54 Republic, 199 Volhynia, 222 West Germany, 274 Voltaire, 62 West Prussia, 129, 282 von Klimo, Arpad, 4 White collar workers, 334 von Reden, Friedrich Wilhelm, 78 Whites’ faction, 131 Wieliczka, 54, 97, 141 Wielopolski, Aleksander, 18, 118, W 125, 131 Wajda, Andrzej, 303 Williamson, Jeffrey G., 11, 15 Wałbrzych, 286 Wilno, 56, 79, 92, 211 Wałęsa, Lech, 270, 323–325 Wilson, Woodrow, 211 Wańkowicz, Melchior, 239 Winter of 1979/1980, 301 Wapiński, Roman, 6, 152, 160 Witos, Wincenty, 209 War damages, 38, 39, 63, 80, 195, WOG, 300 201, 241, 245, 261, 263, 276, Wójtowicz, Grzegorz, 5 289, 295, 355, 361 Wojtyła, Karol (Pope John Paul), 274 Walras auctions, 213 Worcell, Stanislaw, 123 War of the Polish Succession, 47 Working class, 288 Warsaw World Bank, 271 mint, 102 World War I, 133, 263 Warsaw Pact, 271, 322 World War II, 255 Warsaw Uprising, 256, 260 German settlement, 258 390 Index

Wrocław, 92, 285, 286 Zamoyski, Adam, 3 Wybicki, Józef, 51 Zaolzie, 199 Żarnowiec, 304 Zarycki, Tomasz, 17 Y Zawadzki, Władysław, 177, 213, 214 Yalta political order, 321 Zdziechowski, Jerzy, 214, 244 Yalta Treaty, 263 Żeromsk, Stefan, 159 Yanayev political coup in Russia, 322 Zhang, Weying, 12 Young Plan, 212 Zhivkov, Todor, 273 Zieleniewski, Ludwik, 179 Złoty, 102, 243, 308 Z ZSL, 323 Zamorski, Jan, 217 Żurawicki, Seweryn, 6 Zamoyski Code, 46 Żyrardów, 138, 166, 239