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Wapato and Katzie First Nation Pinto Flats - Field Schools 2002- Field Reports Permits TilE• Publication of the Archaeological Society of British Columbia ISSN 0047-7222 Vol. 33, No. 4 - 2001 Wapato and Katzie First Nation Pinto Flats - Field Schools 2002- Field Reports Permits SERIALS SERVICES RECEIVED JUN -6 2002 UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA McPHERSON LIBRARY • ' ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF &MIDDEN BRITISH COLUMBIA Published four times a year by the Dedicated to the protection of archaeological resources Archaeological Society of British Columbia and the spread of archaeological knowledge. Editorial Committee President Editor: Heather Myles (604.274.4294) Andrew Mason (604.874.9221) heathermyles@ shaw.ca andrew_mason@ golder.com Assistant Editor: Helmi Braches (604.462.8942) Membership braches@ attcanada.ca Permit Lists: Richard Brolly (604.689.1678) Bev Liddle (604.986.6543) rbrolly@ arcas.net [email protected] Heather Myles News Editor: Annual membership includes a year's subscription to Field Editor: vacancy The Midden and the ASBC newsletter, SocNotes. Publications Editor: Monica Karpiak: (604.294.3394) mkarpiak:@ sfu.ca Membership Fees Production & Subscriptions: Individual: $25 Family: $30 Seniors/Students: $18 Fred Braches (604.462.8942) braches@ attcanada.ca Send cheque or money order payable to tJ;le ASBC to: SUBSCRIPTION is included with ASBC membership. ASBC Memberships Non-members: $14.50 per year ($17.00 USA and overseas), P.O. Box 520, Bentall Station payable in Canadian funds to the ASBC. Remit to: Vancouver BC V6C 2N3 Midden Subscriptions, ASBC ASBC on Internet P.O. Box 520, Bentall Station Vancouver BC V6C 2N3 http://asbc.bc.ca SUBMISSIONS: We welcome contributions on subjects germane to BC archaeology. Guidelines are available on request. Submis­ sions should be directed to the appropriate editor at the ASBC Branches address. Nanaimo Contact: Pat [email protected] Copyright President: Lorrie Hayden (acting) Contents of The Midden are copyrighted by the ASBC. Monthly lectures at Malaspina College, 900 Fifth Street, Nan­ It is unlawful to reproduce all or any part, by any means whatso­ aimo, BC ever, without the Society's permission, which is usually gladly given. Victoria Contact: Shirley Cuthbertson (250. 382.0288) Contributors this issue Internet: asbc.ca.calvicsite Stan Copp; Richard Garvin; Brenda Gould; Dave Hall; Phil Hobler; Monica Karpiak:; George Nicholas; Quentin Mackie; Alan McMillan; Mike Rousseau; Terry Spurgeon. The ASBC greatfully acknowledges the financial assistance ARcHAEOLOGICAL SociETY oF BRITISH CoLUMBIA to this project provided by the British Columbia Heri­ meetings in Vancouver featuring illustrated tage Trust to support conservation of our heritage re­ sources, gain further knowledge, and increase public un­ lectures are held on the second Wednesday of derstanding of the complete Ill story of British Columbia. each month from September to June at 8:00 P.M. in the H.R. MacMillan Space Centre BRITISH COLUMBIA Auditorium (Planetarium) at 1100 Chestnut Street. New members and visitors are wel­ come. Admission is free. THE• IDDEN Volume 33 No.4, 2001 In this issue Wapato in Katzie Traditional Territory 2 Subscriptions to THE by Terry Spurgeon MIDDEN are included with Debitage 9 ASBC memberships. The Pinto Flats Site 10 For non-mer.nbers in Canada Upper Similakameen Indian Band Archaeology subscriptions are available Department , Brenda Gould, Charlene Allison, at $14.50 per year-$17.00 and Danette Whitney for addresses outside Canada. 2002 Archaeological Field Schools 12 Single copies of most previ­ Field Notes 13 ous issues are available at Nuu-chah-nulth Voices, Histories, Objects and 17 $5.00 each. Journeys edited by Alan Hoover Subscription forms are avail­ Review by Monica Karpiak able on our Web site at Permits 18 asbc.bc.ca or contact Bev Exhibits inside back cover Liddle (604.986.6543) liddleb@shaw for more infor­ Conferences inside back cover/back cover mation. Cover Page Terry Spurgeon in a wapato patch at the Allouette River. Photo courtesy T. Spurgeon. The Midden 33/4 1 WAPATO IN KATZIE TRADITIONAL TERRITORY by Terry Spurgeon The following is the first of several arti­ cles that are based on Terry Spurgeon's MA thesis, "Wapato (Sagitta ria latifolia) in Katzie Traditional Territory," completed in 2001 in the Department of Archaeology at Simon Fraser University. Introduction For the past several years the author has been studying wapato (Sagittaria latifolia Willdenow; Alismataceae), a tuberous starchy carbohydrate food plant. Wapato is frequently mentioned in ethnographies and archaeological reports concerned with the Katzie First Nation of the Fraser Val­ ley region. First mentioned in the Fort Langley Journals, 1827-30 (Maclachlan 1998), and subsequently in local ethnographies (Suttles 1955, 1987a*) and archaeological reports (Patenaude 1985*), the archaeological and historic context of wapato has neither been addressed criti­ cally, nor has its archaeological preserva­ tion potential been assessed. While it has been studied in detail by botanists (Marburger 1993*) and to a lesser exten~ by archaeologists (Darby 1996; Hather 1993*), wapato in Katzie territory is not well understood. In order to address the shortcomings in understanding, the research focused on the following four goals: 1. to present a detailed description of the ecology of wapatq; by*); of course, for more detailed infor­ sion of the potato (Solanum tuberosum) 2. to critically review ethnographies and mation, the reader may refer to the MA into the area (Suttles 1987b*) and the con­ historical sources; thesis. sequent potential for confusion. 3. to char wapato tubers to evaluate the There are several problems affecting the potential for detecting archaeological understanding of wapato. These include: The Study Area remains; (1) the paucity of comparative paleobo­ The geographic focus of this research 4. to construct a model for the archaeo­ tanical materials; (2) the potential pres­ are Katzie traditional territory (Figure 1) logical presence of wapato. ence of research, informant, and gender and the wapato patches of the Pitt Polder/ bias in ethnographies; (3) the consider­ Lowland area (Figure 2). Katzie territory Due to space constraints this article ad­ able passage of time from first contact to encompasses parts of Port Coqui tlam and dresses the mqre important, but not all, the recording of ethnographic data; (4) the Coquitlam west of the Pitt River, as well aspects of the first goal, including a look relative lack of archaeological survey and as portions of Surrey and Langley adja­ at linguistics, while the latter three goals excavation for the area of concern; (5) the cent to the Fraser River. The area as shown will be dealt with in future articles. In the potential for bias and misunderstanding in Figure 1 extends east from Websters interest of brevity many useful references of historical information pertaining to First Corner and north to the upper reaches of are not included in this article (indicated Nations people; and (6) the early diffu- Pitt Lake and the Pitt River. Fort Langley 2 The Midden 33/4 is specifically included because of its g proximity, early post-contact economic ~ Ul importance, and the fact that frequent ~ mention is made of the Katzie and wapato ~ in the Fort ·Langley Journals, 1827-30 (Maclachlan 1998). Notwithstanding, a focus encompassing the whole Fraser Val- ley region is relevant, as wapato was and is present throughout the wet lowlands of the region. The UBC Herbarium Database <http ://herbarium. botany. ubc. ca/ herbarium_data/info.html> lists wapato and other plants collected over many dec­ ades in the Fraser Valley region, confirm- ing the widespread presence of wapato. Regarding the whole Fraser Valley as a wetland with its many seasonally flooded lowlands, fens, marshes, swamps, bogs," estuaries, and waterway margins is con­ sistent with accepted wetland definitions (see Nicholas 1998:721). Figure 3. Wapato plant. The Katzie The Katzie are included in the lower Fraser River St6:16 sub-group and are one of the Central Coast group of Coast Salish peoples (Suttles 1990:453). Katzie tradi­ tional territory, approximately 50 km up the Fraser River from the ocean, is located within the Georgia Depression and the Coast Mountain physiographic region. Driver ( 1998) provides a detailed descrip­ tion of the geology, vegetation, and wild­ life of the area. The lowland areas are just a few metres above sea level and prior to the advent of modern diking in 1892, were flooded annually by the Fraser River freshet. Today, low-lying areas are still subject to seasonal and daily water-level fluctuations. The daily tides, which ebb and flow in the regionally dominant drainages of the Fraser and Pitt rivers, af­ fect the lower reaches of the Alouette River and Widgeon Creek drainages and Pitt Lake. During the middle-Holocene, as the Fraser delta migrated southwest­ wards, the Pitt Polder area was part of a large estuary. Tidal Pitt Lake is located in a former fiord, long cut off from the ocean by sea level change. Daily tidal reversals continue to build a delta front that pres­ ently extends ca. 6 km into Pitt Lake (Ashley 1977). In the past the Katzie utilized the abun­ 0 dant natural resources of the region in an annual round of fishing, hunting, and gath­ ering. Because their traditional territory (;::=:=1- Higher Ground encompasses a variety of natural settings Figure 2. Pitt Polder - Pitt Meadows lowland The Midden 33/4 3 the Katzie had ready access to fresh- and c3 species tolerates and as­ saltwater fish, a wide variety of mammals similates high levels of nu­ and birds, and a plentiful supply of plant trients and heavy metals, and resources. The Fraser River supported pre­ is eaten by insects, water­ dictable migrations of salmon, which en­ fowl, mammals, and fish tered the local drainages, and other salt­ (Marburger 1993*). water species such as eulachon and seals, S. latifolia is found in both which, in addition to resident sturgeon, monoecious (bisexual) and were seasonally plentiful throughout the dioecious (unisexual) forms region. These species were all used by the (Marburger 1993:249-50*).
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