(SCROPHULARIACEAE) Lic. María De Las Mercede

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(SCROPHULARIACEAE) Lic. María De Las Mercede UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL NORDESTE FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS AGRARIAS DOCTORADO de la UNNE “AREA RECURSOS NATURALES” ESTUDIOS MORFO-ANATÓMICOS, CROMOSÓMICOS y PALINOLÓGICOS EN ESPECIES DE STEMODIA (SCROPHULARIACEAE) Lic. María de las Mercedes Sosa Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste Director: Ing. Agr. Aveliano Fernández Co-director: Dr. Gabriel Bernardello 2009 Para Pilar y Mía RECONOCIMIENTOS A mi director de tesis, Aveliano Fernández, por el asesoramiento científico que me ha brindado durante todos estos años. A mi co-director, Gabriel Bernardello, por la lectura crítica de la tesis. A mi maestra en la botánica, Sara G. Tressens, por el asesoramiento brindado y la lectura crítica de la tesis. Al Ingeniero Antonio Krapovickas por la lectura crítica de la tesis. A Guillermo Seijo y Viviana Solís Neffa por el asesoramiento brindado. A Stella Maris Solís y Ana María González, por toda la ayuda brindada en los estudios anatómicos. A Cristina Salgado por el asesoramiento en el análisis palinólogico. A Andrea Panseri por la ayuda con los datos estadísticos y el estímulo constante. A todos los compañeros del Laboratorio de Citogenética, por tantas horas y charlas compartidas. A todos aquellos con los que compartí mis viajes de colección, en especial a Aurelio Schinini, Manuela Rodríguez, Héctor Keller, Oscar Vanni, Gabriela López, entre otros. A los herbarios de los Institutos Darwinion y Lillo por los préstamos de material. A los bibliotecarios, Sergio Cáceres e Ilene Wichmann por su buena predisposición. A Carmen, Cecilia y Susana, por la ayuda brindada. A José A. Guidici por su excelente desempeño como director de posgrado. Al CONICET por la beca otorgada para la realización de esta tesis. Al subsidio otorgado por la UNNE. AGRADECIMIENTOS ESPECIALES A mis padres y abuelos, por transmitirme el valor de la perseverancia. A mis hijas por todo el amor que me brindan. A mi esposo por comprenderme. A mis hermanos y suegros simplemente por estar cuando más los necesito. A Lily por los mates y charlas compartidas. A mis amigos por el estímulo constante que me brindaron todo este tiempo. A todos los que de una u otra manera me ayudaron con sus palabras de aliento en este trayecto de mi vida. Los resultados obtenidos en esta tesis se volcaron en los siguientes trabajos: 1. PUBLICACIONES 1.1 SOSA, M. de las M. 2005. Anatomía foliar y caulinar en especies de Stemodia (Scrophulariaceae). Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina de Botánica 40 (1-2): 61-71. 1.2 SOSA, M. de las M. 2008. Anatomía foliar y caulinar de Stemodia hassleriana (Scrophulariaceae), una especie endémica del Paraguay. Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina de Botánica 43 (3-4): 255 - 259. 1.3 SOSA, M. de las M., G. J. Seijo & A. Fernández. 2008. Cytogeographic analysis of southern South American species of Stemodia (Scrophulariaceae). Annales Botanici Fennici (en prensa). 1.4 SOSA, M. de las M. & C. R. SALGADO. 2009. Morfología polínica de especies de Stemodia (Scrophulariaceae) de Sudamérica austral. Enviado a Darwiniana. 2. PRESENTACIONES EN CONGRESOS 2.1 XXIX Jornadas Argentinas de Botánica y XV Reunión Anual de la Sociedad Botánica de Chile. San Luis, 19 al 23 de octubre del 2003. Sosa, M.M. & G. Seijo. 2003. “Números cromosómicos de Especies Sudamericanas de Stemodia (Scrophulariaceae)”. Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina de Botánica 38 (Supl.): 248. 2.2 XXX Jornadas Argentinas de Botánica. Rosario, noviembre del 2005. Sosa, M. M. 2005. "Estudios morfo-anatómicos en series poliploides de Stemodia hyptoides Cham. & Schltdl. (Scrophulariaceae)". Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina de Botánica 40 (Supl.): 149. 2.3 57º Congresso Nacional de Botânica, 13º Encontro Estadual de Botânicos e no 5º Encontro Estadual de Herbários, Gramado, RS; Brasil, 4 al 12 de noviembre de 2006. Sosa, M. M. & M. Dematteis. "Números cromosómicos y distribución geográfica en especies sudamericanas de Stemodia L. (Scrophulariaceae)". 2.4 XXXI Jornadas Argentinas de Botánica. Corrientes, septiembre del 2007. Sosa, M. M. 2007. “Variación de caracteres florales entre poblaciones de Stemodia hyptoides (Scrophulariaceae)”. Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina de Botánica 42 (Sup.): 113. 2.5 XXXI Jornadas Argentinas de Botánica. Corrientes, septiembre del 2007. Sosa, M. M. 2007. “Identidad de Stemodia hyptoides y Stemodia stricta (Scrophulariaceae) en una zona de simpatría". Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina de Botánica 42 (Sup.): 140. 2.6 Comunicaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas 2008. UNNE, Corrientes. Sosa, M. M. & C. Salgado. 2008. “El polen de Stemodia L. (Scrophulariaceae) del extremo sur de Sudamérica”. (www.unne.edu.ar) ÍNDICE GENERAL Pág. Resumen 1 Summary 3 Introducción 5 Objetivos 9 Taxonomía Introducción 11 Materiales y Métodos 14 Resultados Historia del género 16 Tratamiento taxonómico 18 Distribución geográfica 19 Descripción de las especies 22 Anatomía Introducción 55 Materiales y Métodos 56 Resultados Hoja 60 Tallo 70 Clave con caracteres anatómicos 71 Discusión 76 Citología Introducción 80 Materiales y Métodos 82 Resultados Recuentos cromosómicos 86 Fertilidad de los granos de polen y análisis de las 94 esporadas Cariotipos 100 Citogeografía 112 Discusión 116 Morfo-anatomía y poliploidía Introducción 122 Materiales y Métodos 123 Resultados y Discusión 129 Morfología y Taxonomía en Stemodia hyptoides y S. stricta Introducción 158 Materiales y Métodos 159 Resultados y Discusión 161 Palinología Introducción 171 Materiales y Métodos 172 Resultados 175 Discusión 183 Conclusiones 185 Bibliografía 188 Apéndice 204 Índice de Tablas Pág. Tabla 1 Caracteres diferenciales de la hoja 68 Tabla 2 Tricomas presentes en tallos y hojas: caracteres diferenciales 69 Tabla 3 Caracteres diferenciales de tallo 73 Tabla 4 Material estudiado y números cromosómicos observados 87 Tabla 5 Fertilidad de los granos de polen de las especies de Stemodia 94 Tabla 6 Análisis de las esporadas en S. hyptoides 97 Tabla 7 Análisis de los cariotipos 103 Tabla 8 Coeficientes de variación de los cromosomas 107 Tabla 9 Matriz del análisis estadístico de los parámetros de los cromosomas 108 Tabla 10 Contribución de las variables a los Ejes 1 y 2 110 Tabla 11 Números cromosómicos, coleccionistas y localidades de S. hyptoides 126 Tabla 12 Caracteres morfológicos y anatómicos utilizados y su codificación 127 Tabla 13 Media aritmética, desvío estándar, valores máximos y mínimos de los caracteres exomorfológicos analizados en las poblaciones de S. hyptoides 131 Tabla 14. Media aritmética, desvío estándar, valores máximos y mínimos de los caracteres florales analizados en las poblaciones de S. hyptoides 135 Tabla 15. Media aritmética, desvío estándar, valores máximos y mínimos de los caracteres anatómicos analizados en las poblaciones de S. hyptoides 139 Tabla 16. Media aritmética, desvío estándar, valores máximos y mínimos de los caracteres cuantitativos analizados en los tres citotipos de S. hyptoides 142 Tabla 17. Matriz de datos utilizada para la elaboración del fenograma y el ACP 143 Tabla 19. Coleccionistas y localidades de S. hyptoides y S. stricta 160 Tabla 20. Media aritmética, desvío estándar, valores máximo y mínimo de los caracteres analizados en S. stricta y en S. hyptoides 164 Tabla 21. Matriz utilizada para realizar el fenograma y el ACP 165 Tabla 22. Contribución de las variables a los Ejes 1, 2 y 3 167 Tabla 23. Valores obtenidos de las mediciones de los granos de polen 177 Tabla 24. Medidas en micras de los cromosomas somáticos de S. ericifolia 204 Tabla 25. Medidas en micras de los cromosomas somáticos de S. hassleriana 205 Tabla 26. Medidas en micras de los cromosomas somáticos de S. hyptoides 206 (2n=22) Tabla 27. Medidas en micras de los cromosomas somáticos de S. hyptoides (2n=44) 207 Tabla 28. Medidas en micras de los cromosomas somáticos de S. lanceolata 208 Tabla 29. Medidas en micras de los cromosomas somáticos de S. lobelioides 209 Tabla 30. Medidas en micras de los cromosomas somáticos de S. stricta 210 Tabla 31. Medidas en micras de los cromosomas somáticos de S. verticillata 211 Índice de Figuras Pág. Fig. 1 Mapa de distribución de las especies sudamericanas del género Stemodia 20 Fig. 2 Mapa de distribución de Stemodia ericifolia 23 Fig. 3 Stemodia ericifolia, hábitat y detalle de una rama 26 Fig. 4 Mapa de distribución de Stemodia hassleriana 28 Fig. 5 Stemodia hassleriana, hábitat, detalle de una hoja y flor 29 Fig. 6 Mapa de distribución de Stemodia hyptoides 31 Fig. 7 Stemodia hyptoides, hábitat, detalle de inflorescencia 33 Fig. 8 Mapa de distribución de Stemodia lanceolata 35 Fig. 9 Stemodia lanceolata, hábitat, detalle de inflorescencia 38 Fig. 10 Mapa de distribución de Stemodia lobelioides 40 Fig. 11 Stemodia lobelioides, detalle de una rama florífera 41 Fig. 12 Mapa de distribución de Stemodia palustris 43 Fig. 13 Stemodia palustris, detalle de una rama florífera 45 Fig. 14 Mapa de distribución de Stemodia stricta 47 Fig. 15 Stemodia stricta, hábitat y detalle de una inflorescencia 49 Fig. 16 Mapa de distribución de Stemodia verticillata 51 Fig. 17 Stemodia verticillata, planta y detalle de una flor 53 Fig. 18 Papilas 63 Fig. 19 Tricomas 64 Fig. 20 Tricomas glandulares 65 Fig. 21 Estomas 66 Fig. 22 Mesófilo y tricomas 67 Fig. 23 Estructura de los tallos 74 Fig. 24 Sectores de los transcortes de tallos 75 Fig. 25 Metafases mitóticas de Stemodia 92 Fig. 26 Metafases mitóticas de Stemodia con citotipo poliploide 93 Fig. 27 Gráfico de barras de la fertilidad de polen en las especies de Stemodia 95 Fig. 28 Gráfico de barras del análisis de las tétradas en Stemodia hyptoides 97 Fig. 29 Tétradas normales y anormales en Stemodia hyptoides 98 Fig. 30 Mónadas y tríadas en Stemodia hyptoides 99 Fig. 31 Idiogramas de S. ericifolia, S. hassleriana y S. lanceolata 104 Fig. 32 Idiogramas de S. stricta, S. verticillata y S. lobelioides 105 Fig. 33 Idiogramas de S. hyptoides con citotipo diploide y tetraploide 106 Fig. 34 Diagrama de dispersión que representa la asimetría intracromosómica (A1) y 107 la intercromosómica (A2) Fig. 35 Fenograma resultante del agrupamiento UPGMA de las especies de 109 Stemodia Fig.
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