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Stigma How to identify flowering plants Style Pistil Bob Allen, California Native Plant Society, OC chapter, occnps.org Ovary Must-knows • Flower, fruit, & seed • Leaf parts, shapes, & divisions Petal (Corolla) Anther Stamen Filament Sepal (Calyx) Nectary Receptacle Stalk Major local groups ©Bob Allen 2017 Apr 18 Page !1 of !6 A Botanist’s Dozen Local Families Legend: * = non-native; (*) = some native species, some non-native species; ☠ = poisonous Eudicots • Leaf venation branched; veins net-like • Leaf bases not sheathed (sheathed only in Apiaceae) • Cotyledons 2 per seed • Floral parts in four’s or five’s Pollen apertures 3 or more per pollen grain Petal tips often • curled inward • Central taproot persists 2 styles atop a flat disk Apiaceae - Carrot & Parsley Family • Herbaceous annuals & perennials, geophytes, woody perennials, & creepers 5 stamens • Stout taproot in most • Leaf bases sheathed • Leaves alternate (rarely opposite), dissected to compound Style “horns” • Flowers in umbels, often then in a secondary umbel • Sepals, petals, stamens 5 • Ovary inferior, with 2 chambers; styles 2; fruit a dry schizocarp Often • CA: Apiastrum, Yabea, Apium*, Berula, Bowlesia, Cicuta, Conium*☠ , Daucus(*), vertically Eryngium, Foeniculum, Torilis*, Perideridia, Osmorhiza, Lomatium, Sanicula, Tauschia ribbed • Cult: Apium, Carum, Daucus, Petroselinum Asteraceae - Sunflower Family • Inflorescence a head: flowers subtended by an involucre of bracts (phyllaries) • Calyx modified into a pappus • Corolla of 5 fused petals, radial or bilateral, sometimes both kinds in same head • Radial (disk) corollas rotate to salverform • Bilateral (ligulate) corollas strap-shaped • Stamens 5, filaments fused to corolla, anthers fused into a tube surrounding the style • Ovary inferior, style 1, with 2 style branches • Fruit a cypsela (but sometimes called an achene) • The largest family of flowering plants in CA (ca. 200 genera; ca. 750 spp.), second largest family in the world (Orchidaceae is #1). The key to species in The Jepson Manual (Baldwin et al, 2012) divides the family into informal groups, perhaps the easiest method for technical identification. Allen (see Allen & Roberts, 2013) present them in 3 groups for ease in field identification. Discoid, Radiant, & Disciform heads (all disk or disk-like florets) CA: Acourtia, Amblyopappus, Ambrosia, Arnica, Artemisia, Baccharis, Bebbia, Brickellia, Chamomilla [Matricaria], Cotula*, Lepidospartum, Lessingia, Pluchea, Porophyllum, Tetradymia, Xanthium; Everlastings: Anaphalis, Gnaphalium, Pseudognaphalium, Logfia; Pincushions: Chaenactis; Goldenbushes #1: Chrysothamnus, Ericameria, Hazardia, Isocoma; Thistles: Acroptilon*, Carduus*, Centaurea*, Cirsium(*), Cynara*, Silybum* Radiate heads (disk & ray florets) CA: Yarrows: Achillea, Eriophyllum; Achyrachaena, Anthemis*; Asters: Aster, Eurybia, Symphyotrichum, Corethrogyne; Erigeron, Bidens; Tarplants: Centromadia, Deinandra, Holocarpha, Madia, Lagophylla, Osmadenia; Chrysanthemum*, Coreopsis, Eclipta*; Sunflowers: Encelia, Helianthus, Venegasia, Verbesina, Wyethia; Goldenbushes #2: Ericameria; Grindelia, Guiterrezia, Helenium, Heterotheca, Hulsea, Jaumea, Lasthenia, Layia, Pentachaeta, Pulicaria*, Senecio; Goldenrods: Euthamia, Solidago Liguliflorous heads (ligulate florets only) CA: Dandelions: Agoseris, Hedypnois*, Hypochaeris*, Malacothrix, Taraxacum(*); Rafinesquia, Stephanomeria, Tragopogon*; Silverpuffs & Brownpuffs: Microseris, Stebbinsoseris, Uropappus ©Bob Allen 2017 Apr 18 Page !2 of !6 Boraginaceae - Borage Family • Annual herbs, some perennial trees, shrubs; often with stiff or sharp hairs • Leaves simple, alternate (opposite, whorled), entire to pinnate • Inflorescence often a coiled spike (“scorpioid cyme”), uncoiling in fruit • Sepals, petals, 5, fused • Corolla rotate; shaped like a cup or a bell, or tubular • Stamens 5, fused to corolla • Ovary superior True Borages “BHP, 123” • Often with stiff or sharp hairs • Leaves simple (not divided) • Inflorescence a scorpioid cyme • Ovary deeply 4-lobed • Style 1, gynobasic (attached to bottom of ovary), thus the style base is hidden within the ovary lobes • Stigma 1 • Fruit of 4 nutlets • Many endemics in CA, several in deserts • CA: Amsinckia, Cryptantha, Harpagonella, Pectocarya, Plagiobothrys • Cult: Borago, Echium, Mertensia, Myosotis Waterleafs (formerly in the family Hydrophyllaceae) “BHP, 123” • Often bristly, glandular, or rough to the touch (“scabrid”) • Leaves entire to pinnately lobed • Ovary entire or shallow-lobed, style base visible • Styles 2 or style branches 2 • Fruit a capsule full of many seeds • Many spp. (especially in Phacelia) endemic to CA • CA: Draperia, Emmenanthe, Eriodictyon [Turricula], Eucrypta, Hesperochiron, Hydrophyllum, Nama, Nemophila, Phacelia, Pholistoma, Romanzoffia, Tricardia • Cult: Emmenanthe, Nemophila, Phacelia, Wigandia Lennoas (formerly in the family Lennoaceae) • Upright parasites • Leaves simple (undivided) • Ovary entire or shallow-lobed, style base visible • Style 1, not forked • Fruit a capsule full of many seeds • CA: Pholisma Brassicaceae - Mustard Family • Mostly herbs; acrid taste, mustard odor • Leaves simple or lobed; alternate; no stipules • Flowers cruciform (like a plus-sign or Maltese cross) • Sepals & petals 4; petal base is a narrow “claw”, distal end is a wide blade • Stamens 6 (rarely only 2 or 4), often 4 long plus 2 short (“4 + 2”) • Ovary superior, with 2 chambers separated by a false septum to which seeds are attached; parietal placentation • Fruit a silique or silicle (dry, dehiscent) • CA: Arabis, Boechera, Brassica*, Cardamine, Caulanthus, Erysimum, Lepidium(*), Raphanus*, Sibaropsis,… • Cult: Brassica, Raphanus" ©Bob Allen 2017 Apr 18 Page !3 of !6 Fabaceae - Pea Family • Herbs, shrubs, trees Banner • Leaves alternate, compound, stipules present • Flowers of 3 types (see subfamilies below) • Sepals 5, gen fused into a tube; petals 5, ±free Stamens 10-many Left Wing • (right wing • Ovary 1, with 1 chamber; pistil 1, gen with a small clubbed stigma removed) Free ends Pedicel of stamens • Fruit a legume, of 2 halves, ovules/seeds attached to alternating sides within (Stalk) Filament Tube Calyx (right half removed) (rarely a loment) Keel Ovary (right half removed) • CA: Acmispon, Amorpha, Astragalus☠ , Cercis, Dalea, Hoita, Lathryus(*), Lotus, Lupinus, Olneya, Pickeringia, Robinia(*), Rupertia, Trifolium(*), Vicia, etc. • CA deserts: Acacia, Albizia*, Astragalus☠ , Calliandra, Prosopis, Caesalpinia, Cercidium, Hoffmannseggia, Parkinsonia, Psorothamnus, Senna • Cult: Arachis, Cicer, Glycine, Lathryus, Medicago, Phaseolus, Pisum, Trifolium, Vicia Lamiaceae - Mint Family • Annual or perennial herbs or shrubs (trees), minty odor • Stems square in cross-section • Leaves simple, opposite (whorled); no stipules • Flowers bilateral, gen 2-lipped, often clustered in verticillate whorls • Sepals and petals 5, fused • Stamens (2) 4, often of 2 lengths: 2 short, 2 long (“didynamous”), or 2 fertile, 2 sterile (“staminodes”); filaments fused to corolla tube • Ovary superior, deeply 4-lobed; style located in depression between lobes (“gynobasic”), divided at tip • Fruit of 4 1-seeded nutlets (drupe, berry) • Nectary gen a disk or pad of tissue at ovary base • Shrubby species common in chaparral & coastal sage scrub of CA • Some genera (Monardella, Pogogyne, Salvia) include many endemics • CA: Acanthomintha, Agastache, Cedronella, Clinopodium, Galeopsis, Glechoma*, Hedeoma, Hyptis, Lamiastrum, Lamium*, Leonotis, Leonurus, Lepechinia, Lycopus, Marrubium*, Melissa*, Mentha, Moluccella*, Monarda, Monardella, Nepeta*, Origanum*, Pogogyne, Poliomintha, Prunella, Pycnanthemum, Salazaria, Salvia, Satureja, Scutellaria, Stachys, Teuchrium, Trichostema • Cult: Lavandula, Mentha, Ocimum, Rosmarinus, Salvia, Thymus, etc. Onagraceae - Evening Primrose Family • Herbs (shrubs, trees) • Flowers with hypanthium • Sepals & petals 4; sepals usually reflexed • Stamens 4 or 8 • Ovary inferior, with 4 chambers • CA: Sun Cups Clade: Camissonia, Camissoniopsis, Eulobus, Tetrapteron; Clarkia; Epilobium; Gayophytum; Ludwigia; Oenothera • Cult: Camissionia, Clarkia, Oenothera Orobanchaceae - Broomrape Family • Herbs, all are parasitic, partial (hemiparasites) or complete (holoparasites) • Leaves reduced to small scales in the complete parasites, larger and often pinnate in the partial parasites • Sepals & petals 5 • Corolla at least partially fused into a tube; 2-lipped; 5 free lobes with 2 facing up, 3 down • Stamens 4, in 2 groups; some with a 5th sterile stamen (staminode) • In the paintbrushes (Castilleja spp.), colorful bracts surround the flowers • Seeds small, dispersed by wind & water • CA: Castilleja, Chloropyron, Cordylanthus, Pedicularis, Orobanche(*) ©Bob Allen 2017 Apr 18 Page !4 of !6 Phrymaceae - Lopseed & Monkeyflower Family • Annuals, perennials, & shrubs, many covered with sticky-tipped hairs • Leaves opposite, undivided • Flowers usually 2 per node • Calyx green, tubular, ribbed, with 5 free sharp-tipped lobes • Corolla tubular, often 2-lipped: 2 lobes up, 3 down • Stamens 4, in 2 pairs, all with fertile anthers • Ovary superior, a single style topped with 2 oval-shaped stigma lobes that close when touched • Fruit a capsule full of numerous tiny seeds • CA: Diplacus, Erythranthe, Mimetanthe, Mimulus Plantaginaceae - Plantains & Snapdragons • Annual herbs to shrubs • Leaves alternate & spiral, opposite or whorled in some; undivided with smooth edges or small teeth • Flowers variable (see below) • Sepals fused at least near their bases • Ovary superior Snapdragon-type
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    Outline of angiosperm phylogeny: orders, families, and representative genera with emphasis on Oregon native plants Priscilla Spears December 2013 The following listing gives an introduction to the phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants that has emerged in recent decades, and which is based on nucleic acid sequences as well as morphological and developmental data. This listing emphasizes temperate families of the Northern Hemisphere and is meant as an overview with examples of Oregon native plants. It includes many exotic genera that are grown in Oregon as ornamentals plus other plants of interest worldwide. The genera that are Oregon natives are printed in a blue font. Genera that are exotics are shown in black, however genera in blue may also contain non-native species. Names separated by a slash are alternatives or else the nomenclature is in flux. When several genera have the same common name, the names are separated by commas. The order of the family names is from the linear listing of families in the APG III report. For further information, see the references on the last page. Basal Angiosperms (ANITA grade) Amborellales Amborellaceae, sole family, the earliest branch of flowering plants, a shrub native to New Caledonia – Amborella Nymphaeales Hydatellaceae – aquatics from Australasia, previously classified as a grass Cabombaceae (water shield – Brasenia, fanwort – Cabomba) Nymphaeaceae (water lilies – Nymphaea; pond lilies – Nuphar) Austrobaileyales Schisandraceae (wild sarsaparilla, star vine – Schisandra; Japanese
  • Overview Regarding the Bioactivity of Agastache Foeniculum and Nepeta Cataria Species

    Overview Regarding the Bioactivity of Agastache Foeniculum and Nepeta Cataria Species

    Overview Regarding the Bioactivity of Agastache foeniculum and Nepeta cataria Species * Simona DUDA, Liviu Al. MĂRGHITAŞ, Dan DEZMIREAN, Otilia BOBIŞ Department of Technological Sciences,[email protected] Faculty of Animal Science and Biotechnologies, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Romania *Corresponding author, email: Bulletin UASVM Animal Science and Biotechnologies 72(1) / 2015 Print ISSN 1843-5262; Electronic ISSN 1843-536X DOI:10.15835/buasvmcn-asb:10591 Abstract Agastache foeniculum Nepeta cataria In this study, we summarize the recent advances on chemical compositionet al., and bioactivity of giant hyssop ( et al., (Pursh) Kuntze) and catnip ( L.). Extracts from giant hyssop and catnip have a significant bioactivity, antibacterial and antioxidant activity (Suschke 2007; Zielińska and Matkowski, 2014; Mihaylova 2013). This literature review wants to emphasize the value of these two plants and the opportunity of using them to obtain bioactive extracts with applicability in beekeeping for different pest control. Different parts of the mentioned plants were used for the determination of active principles from macerates and essential oils. Spectrophotometric methods as well as high performance liquid chromatography and gasAgastache chromatography foeniculum are as generally used for determination of bioactive principles from theTribolium classes ofcastaneum polyphenols, flavonoids, carotenoids andRhyzopertha aromatic acids.dominica Remarkable results have been obtained Ephestia using kuehniella the essential oil from Plodia interpunctellaan insecticide for the control of pests like the Red flour beetle ( Herbst), Lesser grainNepeta borer cataria( F.), Mediterranean flour mothStaphylococcus( aureus) Klebsiellaand t h e pneumoniaeIndian meal Pseudomonasmoth ( aeruginosa, Escherichia) from the coligrain and and Bacillus food warehouses subtillis (Ebadollahi,et al., 2011). The anti-microbial activity of catnip ( ) was proven in over five bacterial strains: , , (Bandh 2011).