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Bob Allen's OCCNPS Presentation About Plant Families.Pages Stigma How to identify flowering plants Style Pistil Bob Allen, California Native Plant Society, OC chapter, occnps.org Ovary Must-knows • Flower, fruit, & seed • Leaf parts, shapes, & divisions Petal (Corolla) Anther Stamen Filament Sepal (Calyx) Nectary Receptacle Stalk Major local groups ©Bob Allen 2017 Apr 18 Page !1 of !6 A Botanist’s Dozen Local Families Legend: * = non-native; (*) = some native species, some non-native species; ☠ = poisonous Eudicots • Leaf venation branched; veins net-like • Leaf bases not sheathed (sheathed only in Apiaceae) • Cotyledons 2 per seed • Floral parts in four’s or five’s Pollen apertures 3 or more per pollen grain Petal tips often • curled inward • Central taproot persists 2 styles atop a flat disk Apiaceae - Carrot & Parsley Family • Herbaceous annuals & perennials, geophytes, woody perennials, & creepers 5 stamens • Stout taproot in most • Leaf bases sheathed • Leaves alternate (rarely opposite), dissected to compound Style “horns” • Flowers in umbels, often then in a secondary umbel • Sepals, petals, stamens 5 • Ovary inferior, with 2 chambers; styles 2; fruit a dry schizocarp Often • CA: Apiastrum, Yabea, Apium*, Berula, Bowlesia, Cicuta, Conium*☠ , Daucus(*), vertically Eryngium, Foeniculum, Torilis*, Perideridia, Osmorhiza, Lomatium, Sanicula, Tauschia ribbed • Cult: Apium, Carum, Daucus, Petroselinum Asteraceae - Sunflower Family • Inflorescence a head: flowers subtended by an involucre of bracts (phyllaries) • Calyx modified into a pappus • Corolla of 5 fused petals, radial or bilateral, sometimes both kinds in same head • Radial (disk) corollas rotate to salverform • Bilateral (ligulate) corollas strap-shaped • Stamens 5, filaments fused to corolla, anthers fused into a tube surrounding the style • Ovary inferior, style 1, with 2 style branches • Fruit a cypsela (but sometimes called an achene) • The largest family of flowering plants in CA (ca. 200 genera; ca. 750 spp.), second largest family in the world (Orchidaceae is #1). The key to species in The Jepson Manual (Baldwin et al, 2012) divides the family into informal groups, perhaps the easiest method for technical identification. Allen (see Allen & Roberts, 2013) present them in 3 groups for ease in field identification. Discoid, Radiant, & Disciform heads (all disk or disk-like florets) CA: Acourtia, Amblyopappus, Ambrosia, Arnica, Artemisia, Baccharis, Bebbia, Brickellia, Chamomilla [Matricaria], Cotula*, Lepidospartum, Lessingia, Pluchea, Porophyllum, Tetradymia, Xanthium; Everlastings: Anaphalis, Gnaphalium, Pseudognaphalium, Logfia; Pincushions: Chaenactis; Goldenbushes #1: Chrysothamnus, Ericameria, Hazardia, Isocoma; Thistles: Acroptilon*, Carduus*, Centaurea*, Cirsium(*), Cynara*, Silybum* Radiate heads (disk & ray florets) CA: Yarrows: Achillea, Eriophyllum; Achyrachaena, Anthemis*; Asters: Aster, Eurybia, Symphyotrichum, Corethrogyne; Erigeron, Bidens; Tarplants: Centromadia, Deinandra, Holocarpha, Madia, Lagophylla, Osmadenia; Chrysanthemum*, Coreopsis, Eclipta*; Sunflowers: Encelia, Helianthus, Venegasia, Verbesina, Wyethia; Goldenbushes #2: Ericameria; Grindelia, Guiterrezia, Helenium, Heterotheca, Hulsea, Jaumea, Lasthenia, Layia, Pentachaeta, Pulicaria*, Senecio; Goldenrods: Euthamia, Solidago Liguliflorous heads (ligulate florets only) CA: Dandelions: Agoseris, Hedypnois*, Hypochaeris*, Malacothrix, Taraxacum(*); Rafinesquia, Stephanomeria, Tragopogon*; Silverpuffs & Brownpuffs: Microseris, Stebbinsoseris, Uropappus ©Bob Allen 2017 Apr 18 Page !2 of !6 Boraginaceae - Borage Family • Annual herbs, some perennial trees, shrubs; often with stiff or sharp hairs • Leaves simple, alternate (opposite, whorled), entire to pinnate • Inflorescence often a coiled spike (“scorpioid cyme”), uncoiling in fruit • Sepals, petals, 5, fused • Corolla rotate; shaped like a cup or a bell, or tubular • Stamens 5, fused to corolla • Ovary superior True Borages “BHP, 123” • Often with stiff or sharp hairs • Leaves simple (not divided) • Inflorescence a scorpioid cyme • Ovary deeply 4-lobed • Style 1, gynobasic (attached to bottom of ovary), thus the style base is hidden within the ovary lobes • Stigma 1 • Fruit of 4 nutlets • Many endemics in CA, several in deserts • CA: Amsinckia, Cryptantha, Harpagonella, Pectocarya, Plagiobothrys • Cult: Borago, Echium, Mertensia, Myosotis Waterleafs (formerly in the family Hydrophyllaceae) “BHP, 123” • Often bristly, glandular, or rough to the touch (“scabrid”) • Leaves entire to pinnately lobed • Ovary entire or shallow-lobed, style base visible • Styles 2 or style branches 2 • Fruit a capsule full of many seeds • Many spp. (especially in Phacelia) endemic to CA • CA: Draperia, Emmenanthe, Eriodictyon [Turricula], Eucrypta, Hesperochiron, Hydrophyllum, Nama, Nemophila, Phacelia, Pholistoma, Romanzoffia, Tricardia • Cult: Emmenanthe, Nemophila, Phacelia, Wigandia Lennoas (formerly in the family Lennoaceae) • Upright parasites • Leaves simple (undivided) • Ovary entire or shallow-lobed, style base visible • Style 1, not forked • Fruit a capsule full of many seeds • CA: Pholisma Brassicaceae - Mustard Family • Mostly herbs; acrid taste, mustard odor • Leaves simple or lobed; alternate; no stipules • Flowers cruciform (like a plus-sign or Maltese cross) • Sepals & petals 4; petal base is a narrow “claw”, distal end is a wide blade • Stamens 6 (rarely only 2 or 4), often 4 long plus 2 short (“4 + 2”) • Ovary superior, with 2 chambers separated by a false septum to which seeds are attached; parietal placentation • Fruit a silique or silicle (dry, dehiscent) • CA: Arabis, Boechera, Brassica*, Cardamine, Caulanthus, Erysimum, Lepidium(*), Raphanus*, Sibaropsis,… • Cult: Brassica, Raphanus" ©Bob Allen 2017 Apr 18 Page !3 of !6 Fabaceae - Pea Family • Herbs, shrubs, trees Banner • Leaves alternate, compound, stipules present • Flowers of 3 types (see subfamilies below) • Sepals 5, gen fused into a tube; petals 5, ±free Stamens 10-many Left Wing • (right wing • Ovary 1, with 1 chamber; pistil 1, gen with a small clubbed stigma removed) Free ends Pedicel of stamens • Fruit a legume, of 2 halves, ovules/seeds attached to alternating sides within (Stalk) Filament Tube Calyx (right half removed) (rarely a loment) Keel Ovary (right half removed) • CA: Acmispon, Amorpha, Astragalus☠ , Cercis, Dalea, Hoita, Lathryus(*), Lotus, Lupinus, Olneya, Pickeringia, Robinia(*), Rupertia, Trifolium(*), Vicia, etc. • CA deserts: Acacia, Albizia*, Astragalus☠ , Calliandra, Prosopis, Caesalpinia, Cercidium, Hoffmannseggia, Parkinsonia, Psorothamnus, Senna • Cult: Arachis, Cicer, Glycine, Lathryus, Medicago, Phaseolus, Pisum, Trifolium, Vicia Lamiaceae - Mint Family • Annual or perennial herbs or shrubs (trees), minty odor • Stems square in cross-section • Leaves simple, opposite (whorled); no stipules • Flowers bilateral, gen 2-lipped, often clustered in verticillate whorls • Sepals and petals 5, fused • Stamens (2) 4, often of 2 lengths: 2 short, 2 long (“didynamous”), or 2 fertile, 2 sterile (“staminodes”); filaments fused to corolla tube • Ovary superior, deeply 4-lobed; style located in depression between lobes (“gynobasic”), divided at tip • Fruit of 4 1-seeded nutlets (drupe, berry) • Nectary gen a disk or pad of tissue at ovary base • Shrubby species common in chaparral & coastal sage scrub of CA • Some genera (Monardella, Pogogyne, Salvia) include many endemics • CA: Acanthomintha, Agastache, Cedronella, Clinopodium, Galeopsis, Glechoma*, Hedeoma, Hyptis, Lamiastrum, Lamium*, Leonotis, Leonurus, Lepechinia, Lycopus, Marrubium*, Melissa*, Mentha, Moluccella*, Monarda, Monardella, Nepeta*, Origanum*, Pogogyne, Poliomintha, Prunella, Pycnanthemum, Salazaria, Salvia, Satureja, Scutellaria, Stachys, Teuchrium, Trichostema • Cult: Lavandula, Mentha, Ocimum, Rosmarinus, Salvia, Thymus, etc. Onagraceae - Evening Primrose Family • Herbs (shrubs, trees) • Flowers with hypanthium • Sepals & petals 4; sepals usually reflexed • Stamens 4 or 8 • Ovary inferior, with 4 chambers • CA: Sun Cups Clade: Camissonia, Camissoniopsis, Eulobus, Tetrapteron; Clarkia; Epilobium; Gayophytum; Ludwigia; Oenothera • Cult: Camissionia, Clarkia, Oenothera Orobanchaceae - Broomrape Family • Herbs, all are parasitic, partial (hemiparasites) or complete (holoparasites) • Leaves reduced to small scales in the complete parasites, larger and often pinnate in the partial parasites • Sepals & petals 5 • Corolla at least partially fused into a tube; 2-lipped; 5 free lobes with 2 facing up, 3 down • Stamens 4, in 2 groups; some with a 5th sterile stamen (staminode) • In the paintbrushes (Castilleja spp.), colorful bracts surround the flowers • Seeds small, dispersed by wind & water • CA: Castilleja, Chloropyron, Cordylanthus, Pedicularis, Orobanche(*) ©Bob Allen 2017 Apr 18 Page !4 of !6 Phrymaceae - Lopseed & Monkeyflower Family • Annuals, perennials, & shrubs, many covered with sticky-tipped hairs • Leaves opposite, undivided • Flowers usually 2 per node • Calyx green, tubular, ribbed, with 5 free sharp-tipped lobes • Corolla tubular, often 2-lipped: 2 lobes up, 3 down • Stamens 4, in 2 pairs, all with fertile anthers • Ovary superior, a single style topped with 2 oval-shaped stigma lobes that close when touched • Fruit a capsule full of numerous tiny seeds • CA: Diplacus, Erythranthe, Mimetanthe, Mimulus Plantaginaceae - Plantains & Snapdragons • Annual herbs to shrubs • Leaves alternate & spiral, opposite or whorled in some; undivided with smooth edges or small teeth • Flowers variable (see below) • Sepals fused at least near their bases • Ovary superior Snapdragon-type
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