Bob Allen's OCCNPS Presentation About Plant Families.Pages

Bob Allen's OCCNPS Presentation About Plant Families.Pages

Stigma How to identify flowering plants Style Pistil Bob Allen, California Native Plant Society, OC chapter, occnps.org Ovary Must-knows • Flower, fruit, & seed • Leaf parts, shapes, & divisions Petal (Corolla) Anther Stamen Filament Sepal (Calyx) Nectary Receptacle Stalk Major local groups ©Bob Allen 2017 Apr 18 Page !1 of !6 A Botanist’s Dozen Local Families Legend: * = non-native; (*) = some native species, some non-native species; ☠ = poisonous Eudicots • Leaf venation branched; veins net-like • Leaf bases not sheathed (sheathed only in Apiaceae) • Cotyledons 2 per seed • Floral parts in four’s or five’s Pollen apertures 3 or more per pollen grain Petal tips often • curled inward • Central taproot persists 2 styles atop a flat disk Apiaceae - Carrot & Parsley Family • Herbaceous annuals & perennials, geophytes, woody perennials, & creepers 5 stamens • Stout taproot in most • Leaf bases sheathed • Leaves alternate (rarely opposite), dissected to compound Style “horns” • Flowers in umbels, often then in a secondary umbel • Sepals, petals, stamens 5 • Ovary inferior, with 2 chambers; styles 2; fruit a dry schizocarp Often • CA: Apiastrum, Yabea, Apium*, Berula, Bowlesia, Cicuta, Conium*☠ , Daucus(*), vertically Eryngium, Foeniculum, Torilis*, Perideridia, Osmorhiza, Lomatium, Sanicula, Tauschia ribbed • Cult: Apium, Carum, Daucus, Petroselinum Asteraceae - Sunflower Family • Inflorescence a head: flowers subtended by an involucre of bracts (phyllaries) • Calyx modified into a pappus • Corolla of 5 fused petals, radial or bilateral, sometimes both kinds in same head • Radial (disk) corollas rotate to salverform • Bilateral (ligulate) corollas strap-shaped • Stamens 5, filaments fused to corolla, anthers fused into a tube surrounding the style • Ovary inferior, style 1, with 2 style branches • Fruit a cypsela (but sometimes called an achene) • The largest family of flowering plants in CA (ca. 200 genera; ca. 750 spp.), second largest family in the world (Orchidaceae is #1). The key to species in The Jepson Manual (Baldwin et al, 2012) divides the family into informal groups, perhaps the easiest method for technical identification. Allen (see Allen & Roberts, 2013) present them in 3 groups for ease in field identification. Discoid, Radiant, & Disciform heads (all disk or disk-like florets) CA: Acourtia, Amblyopappus, Ambrosia, Arnica, Artemisia, Baccharis, Bebbia, Brickellia, Chamomilla [Matricaria], Cotula*, Lepidospartum, Lessingia, Pluchea, Porophyllum, Tetradymia, Xanthium; Everlastings: Anaphalis, Gnaphalium, Pseudognaphalium, Logfia; Pincushions: Chaenactis; Goldenbushes #1: Chrysothamnus, Ericameria, Hazardia, Isocoma; Thistles: Acroptilon*, Carduus*, Centaurea*, Cirsium(*), Cynara*, Silybum* Radiate heads (disk & ray florets) CA: Yarrows: Achillea, Eriophyllum; Achyrachaena, Anthemis*; Asters: Aster, Eurybia, Symphyotrichum, Corethrogyne; Erigeron, Bidens; Tarplants: Centromadia, Deinandra, Holocarpha, Madia, Lagophylla, Osmadenia; Chrysanthemum*, Coreopsis, Eclipta*; Sunflowers: Encelia, Helianthus, Venegasia, Verbesina, Wyethia; Goldenbushes #2: Ericameria; Grindelia, Guiterrezia, Helenium, Heterotheca, Hulsea, Jaumea, Lasthenia, Layia, Pentachaeta, Pulicaria*, Senecio; Goldenrods: Euthamia, Solidago Liguliflorous heads (ligulate florets only) CA: Dandelions: Agoseris, Hedypnois*, Hypochaeris*, Malacothrix, Taraxacum(*); Rafinesquia, Stephanomeria, Tragopogon*; Silverpuffs & Brownpuffs: Microseris, Stebbinsoseris, Uropappus ©Bob Allen 2017 Apr 18 Page !2 of !6 Boraginaceae - Borage Family • Annual herbs, some perennial trees, shrubs; often with stiff or sharp hairs • Leaves simple, alternate (opposite, whorled), entire to pinnate • Inflorescence often a coiled spike (“scorpioid cyme”), uncoiling in fruit • Sepals, petals, 5, fused • Corolla rotate; shaped like a cup or a bell, or tubular • Stamens 5, fused to corolla • Ovary superior True Borages “BHP, 123” • Often with stiff or sharp hairs • Leaves simple (not divided) • Inflorescence a scorpioid cyme • Ovary deeply 4-lobed • Style 1, gynobasic (attached to bottom of ovary), thus the style base is hidden within the ovary lobes • Stigma 1 • Fruit of 4 nutlets • Many endemics in CA, several in deserts • CA: Amsinckia, Cryptantha, Harpagonella, Pectocarya, Plagiobothrys • Cult: Borago, Echium, Mertensia, Myosotis Waterleafs (formerly in the family Hydrophyllaceae) “BHP, 123” • Often bristly, glandular, or rough to the touch (“scabrid”) • Leaves entire to pinnately lobed • Ovary entire or shallow-lobed, style base visible • Styles 2 or style branches 2 • Fruit a capsule full of many seeds • Many spp. (especially in Phacelia) endemic to CA • CA: Draperia, Emmenanthe, Eriodictyon [Turricula], Eucrypta, Hesperochiron, Hydrophyllum, Nama, Nemophila, Phacelia, Pholistoma, Romanzoffia, Tricardia • Cult: Emmenanthe, Nemophila, Phacelia, Wigandia Lennoas (formerly in the family Lennoaceae) • Upright parasites • Leaves simple (undivided) • Ovary entire or shallow-lobed, style base visible • Style 1, not forked • Fruit a capsule full of many seeds • CA: Pholisma Brassicaceae - Mustard Family • Mostly herbs; acrid taste, mustard odor • Leaves simple or lobed; alternate; no stipules • Flowers cruciform (like a plus-sign or Maltese cross) • Sepals & petals 4; petal base is a narrow “claw”, distal end is a wide blade • Stamens 6 (rarely only 2 or 4), often 4 long plus 2 short (“4 + 2”) • Ovary superior, with 2 chambers separated by a false septum to which seeds are attached; parietal placentation • Fruit a silique or silicle (dry, dehiscent) • CA: Arabis, Boechera, Brassica*, Cardamine, Caulanthus, Erysimum, Lepidium(*), Raphanus*, Sibaropsis,… • Cult: Brassica, Raphanus" ©Bob Allen 2017 Apr 18 Page !3 of !6 Fabaceae - Pea Family • Herbs, shrubs, trees Banner • Leaves alternate, compound, stipules present • Flowers of 3 types (see subfamilies below) • Sepals 5, gen fused into a tube; petals 5, ±free Stamens 10-many Left Wing • (right wing • Ovary 1, with 1 chamber; pistil 1, gen with a small clubbed stigma removed) Free ends Pedicel of stamens • Fruit a legume, of 2 halves, ovules/seeds attached to alternating sides within (Stalk) Filament Tube Calyx (right half removed) (rarely a loment) Keel Ovary (right half removed) • CA: Acmispon, Amorpha, Astragalus☠ , Cercis, Dalea, Hoita, Lathryus(*), Lotus, Lupinus, Olneya, Pickeringia, Robinia(*), Rupertia, Trifolium(*), Vicia, etc. • CA deserts: Acacia, Albizia*, Astragalus☠ , Calliandra, Prosopis, Caesalpinia, Cercidium, Hoffmannseggia, Parkinsonia, Psorothamnus, Senna • Cult: Arachis, Cicer, Glycine, Lathryus, Medicago, Phaseolus, Pisum, Trifolium, Vicia Lamiaceae - Mint Family • Annual or perennial herbs or shrubs (trees), minty odor • Stems square in cross-section • Leaves simple, opposite (whorled); no stipules • Flowers bilateral, gen 2-lipped, often clustered in verticillate whorls • Sepals and petals 5, fused • Stamens (2) 4, often of 2 lengths: 2 short, 2 long (“didynamous”), or 2 fertile, 2 sterile (“staminodes”); filaments fused to corolla tube • Ovary superior, deeply 4-lobed; style located in depression between lobes (“gynobasic”), divided at tip • Fruit of 4 1-seeded nutlets (drupe, berry) • Nectary gen a disk or pad of tissue at ovary base • Shrubby species common in chaparral & coastal sage scrub of CA • Some genera (Monardella, Pogogyne, Salvia) include many endemics • CA: Acanthomintha, Agastache, Cedronella, Clinopodium, Galeopsis, Glechoma*, Hedeoma, Hyptis, Lamiastrum, Lamium*, Leonotis, Leonurus, Lepechinia, Lycopus, Marrubium*, Melissa*, Mentha, Moluccella*, Monarda, Monardella, Nepeta*, Origanum*, Pogogyne, Poliomintha, Prunella, Pycnanthemum, Salazaria, Salvia, Satureja, Scutellaria, Stachys, Teuchrium, Trichostema • Cult: Lavandula, Mentha, Ocimum, Rosmarinus, Salvia, Thymus, etc. Onagraceae - Evening Primrose Family • Herbs (shrubs, trees) • Flowers with hypanthium • Sepals & petals 4; sepals usually reflexed • Stamens 4 or 8 • Ovary inferior, with 4 chambers • CA: Sun Cups Clade: Camissonia, Camissoniopsis, Eulobus, Tetrapteron; Clarkia; Epilobium; Gayophytum; Ludwigia; Oenothera • Cult: Camissionia, Clarkia, Oenothera Orobanchaceae - Broomrape Family • Herbs, all are parasitic, partial (hemiparasites) or complete (holoparasites) • Leaves reduced to small scales in the complete parasites, larger and often pinnate in the partial parasites • Sepals & petals 5 • Corolla at least partially fused into a tube; 2-lipped; 5 free lobes with 2 facing up, 3 down • Stamens 4, in 2 groups; some with a 5th sterile stamen (staminode) • In the paintbrushes (Castilleja spp.), colorful bracts surround the flowers • Seeds small, dispersed by wind & water • CA: Castilleja, Chloropyron, Cordylanthus, Pedicularis, Orobanche(*) ©Bob Allen 2017 Apr 18 Page !4 of !6 Phrymaceae - Lopseed & Monkeyflower Family • Annuals, perennials, & shrubs, many covered with sticky-tipped hairs • Leaves opposite, undivided • Flowers usually 2 per node • Calyx green, tubular, ribbed, with 5 free sharp-tipped lobes • Corolla tubular, often 2-lipped: 2 lobes up, 3 down • Stamens 4, in 2 pairs, all with fertile anthers • Ovary superior, a single style topped with 2 oval-shaped stigma lobes that close when touched • Fruit a capsule full of numerous tiny seeds • CA: Diplacus, Erythranthe, Mimetanthe, Mimulus Plantaginaceae - Plantains & Snapdragons • Annual herbs to shrubs • Leaves alternate & spiral, opposite or whorled in some; undivided with smooth edges or small teeth • Flowers variable (see below) • Sepals fused at least near their bases • Ovary superior Snapdragon-type

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