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Download (12MB) To be returnedft o the a c a d e m i c r e g is t r a r , UNivERsijy o f A o n DON, SENATE HOUSE, W.C.1. With Wie Examfriers Report ProQuest Number: 10673258 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10673258 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 Comprehension studies in simple and complex Amharic sentences Thesis submitted to the University of London for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Francis Peter Cotterell 2 Abstract Amharic is a Semitic language which is characterized in its syntax by subordination and in its morphology by synthesis. Four different investigations are described which attempt to identify areas of difficulty of comprehension experienced by Ethiopians in the use of Amharic. Comprehension may be defined in terms of the ability to comprehend and to retain the information conveyed by a sentence, as ability to perceive and project grammatical structure in the context of an incomplete sentence, and as the ability to generate a sentence of specified structure by a process of translation. The testing procedures examine these concepts of comprehension, ^articular attention is given to the influence on comprehension of sentence length, sentence type, information load and sentence structure, and to the conditions under which the pendent nom­ inative appears. It is concluded that although such features as sentence length, information load and sentence type may adversely affect sentence comprehension the decisive influence is that of sentence structure. The feature of suspense is identified as a specific factor inhibiting comprehension* The study also suggests that there is, at present, a decided preference for the simple verbal form rather than the compound form, a preference which is not to be attributed to lack of ability in Amharic. 3 CONTENTS page Abstract 2 Abbreviations 6 Bibliography 7 CHAPTER ONE; INTRODUCTION 12 The Amharic language: classification; Trans- • « cription; Punctuation: hulat nat ®b, n^tMla sar&z, derreb saraz, arat nStab; Dialectal variants; Characteristics of Amharic: synthesis as character­ istic of Amharic morphology, subordination as characteristic of Amharic syntax; Previous gram­ matical studies: Ethiopian scholars, non-Ethiopian scholars CHAPTER TWO: AMHARIC SYNTAX W The Amharic sentence: definition, classification of sentences; The compound and complex sentence: the classification of clauses, clause analysis; Syntactical analysis: Ethiopian grammarians, trans­ formational approach; Sentence structure in books, in the newspaper* CHAPTER THREE; THE PROBLEM OUTLINED 80 Sources of complexity: word structure, sentence length, sentence structure; Comprehension as retention of information, as projection of gram­ matical structure, as ability to generate a structure * Zf page CHAPTER FOUR: COMPREHENSION TESTING 103 The selection of auditors; The selection of sentences; The selection of testing procedures: control of parameters, test administration, test marking; Testing comprehension through translation* CHAPTER FIVE: COMPREHENSION AS RETENTION OF INFORMATION 12*f Summary of results; The sentences: Amharic, English translation, discussion; Synthesis of results: validity of results; Comprehension related to sentence length, to syntactio structure, to mode of auditing, to information load, CHAPTER SIX: COMPREHEMSION AS PROJECTION OF GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURE Selection of sentences; Set B: the sentences (text, translation, commentary); Set C: the sentences (text, translation, commentary); Summary of results: distribution of simple and compound verbal forms, selection of active/passive forms of main verb, loss of concord and the pendent nom­ inative, the concept of linearity* 5 - Pa&e CHAPTER SEVEN: COMPREHENSION AS ABILITY TO TRANSLATE 270 The sentences; Structures offered by examinees; Sentence complexity and student performance; The nature of the problem; Analysis of the translations: apparent failure to comprehend the English structure, the influence of information load, the effect of sentence structure, CHAPTER EIGHT: CONCLUSIONS 292 APPENDICES 298 Appendix 1: Test results, Set A (chapter five) 299 Appendix 2 : Test results, Set B (chapter six) 306 Appendix 3: Xngve*s hypothesis (chapter seven) 31** 6 Abbreviations ACISB Atti del convegno internazionale di studi etiopici, published in Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei 357(1960) AJP American Journal of Psychology BBS Bulletin of the Ethnological Society (Addis Ababa) JEP Journal of Experimental Psychology JES Journal of Ethiopian Studies JSS Journal of Semitic Studies JVLVB Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour PAPS Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society RRAL Rendiconti della Reale Accademia dei Lincei* Classe di scienze morali, storiche e filologiche RSE Rassegna di studi etiopici E.C. Ethiopian Calendar * Where a star appears against an Amharic word it is an indication that,although it is recognised that the word is incorrectly constructed, this is the form offered by an informant 7 BIBLIOGRAPHY Where a work is referred to frequently the abbreviation indicated after that work is employed, Abraham D&moz, "The peculiarities of the Gondarene Amharic", BES, Abbe Gob&nna, Molkam, Addis Ababa, 1956 (1963-4) MLKM 4(1955) Af’awark G’dbrU-YMsus, Grammatica della lingua amarica, Rome, 1905 GLLA II verbo amarico,Rome, 1911 Lebb w H U U d tarik, Rome, 1908 LWT Alaka TayyK, YK-Ityopya hezb tarik, Addis Ababa, 1955 (1962-3)^ YIHT Alone, J.P.H,M., Short manual of the Amharic l a n g u a g e , London, 1909 and revised by D,E* Stokes, London, 1946^ Armbruster, C*H#, Initia Amharica, Part I, Grammar, Cambridge, 1908 As8 ffa GSbr&~Maryam, 9nda w&tta£ kUrr&£, Addis Ababa, 1946 (1953-4) IWK Baeteman, J., Dictionnaire amarigna-fran^ais, Dire-Baoua, 1929 Beeston, A.F.L., Written Arabic, an approach to the basic structures, Cambridge, 1968 Bloomfield, L*, Language, New York, 1933 Carroll, J.B*, Language and thought. New Jersey, 1964 Cohen, M., fltudes d*§thiopien meridional, Paris, 1931 Nouvelles etudes d^thiopien meridional, Paris, 1939 TraitS de langue amharique, Paris, 1936 TLA 8 Cowley, R*, "The standardisation of Amharic spelling",JES,V,2(1968) Damso W&ld&-Ammanuel, Fitawrari, Ya-Germawi Kadamawi Hajle~ Sellassie Negusg-Mg3st Mekar Bet, Addis Ababa, 19^8 (1955-6) m Dawkins, C*H., The fundamentals of Amharic, Addis Ababa, 1960 Dillmann, A #, Ethiopic grammar, 2nd edition, enlarged by C* Bezold, translated by J,A. Crichton, London, 1907 EG Diringer, D., The alphabet, London, 1968^ Driver, G.R*, Semitic writing from pictograph to alphabet, London, 195^ Fusella, L*,"La cronaca dell*Imperatore Teodoro II di Etiopia in un manoscritto amarico", Annali dell1Istituto Univers- itario Orientale di Napoli,VII(1957),VIII(195&),XX(1959) Germa££&w T&klSL-Hawaryat, Araya, written in 1958-9( 19^5-7)» first published in Asmara, ND, ARA Germa Amar&, "Memorisation in Ethiopian schools",JES,I,1(1965) G&bru, Kantiba, Yamaranna sawasaw m£ri, Addis Ababa, 1915(1922-5) Goldenberg, G,, "On the Amharic tense system",JSS, IX,1(196^) "Studies in Amharic syntax",JES,III,1(1967) SAS Gough, P.B., "Grammatical transformations and speed of under­ standing", JVLVB, W1965) Guidi, I., "Documenti amarina", RRAL, VII(1891) Grammatica elementare della lingua amarica, Rome, 1889 , 19365 "Le canzoni geez amarinna in onore di re abissini", RRAL,V(1889) 9 Vocabolario amarico-italiano, Home, 1901 Sup-plemento al vocabolario amarico-italiano, with F. Gallina and E. Cerulli, Home, 1940 Heruy WaldU-Sellassie, Wada&cle lebbe, Addis Ababa, 1915 (1922-3) WL Yol-heywat tarik, Addis Ababa, 1923 (1930-1) YHT Hockett, C.F., The state of the art. The Hague, 1968 Isenberg, K*W*, Dictionary of the Amharic language, London, 1841 Geografiya, y^-meder temhert, London, 1841 Grammar of the Amharic language, London, 1842 Kabb&d'd HabtU-Maryam, SUrto manor, Addis Ababa, 1953 (1960-1) SM Koutsoudas, A., Writing transformational grammars, New York, 1966 Lewis, M*B., Sentence analysis in modern Malay, London, 1969 Littmann, E., Die altamharischen Kaiserlieder, Strasbourg, 1914 Ludolf, H., Grammatica lingua Amharicae, Frankfurt, 1698 GLA Mahler, L., Praktische Grammatik der amharischen Sprache, Vienna, 1906 Makonn’an 3ndalka££&w, Ras Bitwad’ad, Armun, Addis Ababa, 194? (1954-5) ARM Martin, E., and Roberts, K.H*, ’'Grammatical factors in sentence retention” , JVLVB, 5(1966) M&ngastu L’dmma, YallaEa GabEa, Addis Ababa, 1957(1964-5) YG Marse*e Hazan W*alda-Kirkos, Blata, YK-amarenna sawasaw, Addis Ababa, 1935(19^2-3), 19*f8 (1955-6) YSMH Moscati, S., Spitaler, A., Ullendorff, E., Von Soden, W., An introduction to the comparative grammar of the Semitic languages, phonology and morphology, Wiesbaden, 1964 CGSL 10 Payne, D*A., The specification and measurement of learning outcomes, London, 1968 Pei, M,A., and Gaynor, F., dictionary of linguistics, London, 1968 ^ DL Plutchik, R*, Foundations of experimental research. New York, 1968 Polotsky, H.J., "Syntaxe amharique et syntaxe turque", AC1SE, Rome, 1959, pp.117-121 Praetorius, F,, die amharische Sprache,
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