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Case Studies from Turkic Vowel Harmony a Dissertation Su UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO Gradience and locality in phonology: Case studies from Turkic vowel harmony A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics by Adam McCollum Committee in Charge: Professor Sharon Rose, Chair Professor Eric Baković Professor Sarah Creel Professor Marc Garellek Professor Rachel Walker 2019 The dissertation of Adam McCollum is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ Chair University of California San Diego 2019 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page ..…………………………………………………………………………………. iii Table of Contents ……………………………………………………………………………….. iv List of Abbreviations ……………………………………………………………………………. viii List of Figures …………………………………………………………………………………… ix List of Tables ……………………………………………………………………………………. xiv Acknowledgments ………………………………………………………………………………. xvii Curriculum Vita …………………………………………………………………………………. xx Abstract of the Dissertation ……………………………………………………………………… xxii Chapter 1: Introduction ………………………………………………………………………….. 1 1.1 Topics and Scope …………………………………………………………………… 1 1.2 Vowel harmony in Turkic ………………………………………………………….. 2 1.2.1 Segmental inventory ……………………………………………………… 2 1.2.1.1 Consonantal inventory ………………………………………… 2 1.2.1.1 Vowel inventory ………………………………………………. 2 1.2.2 Basics of harmony ……………………………………………………….. 3 1.2.2.1 Kyrgyz ………………………………………………………… 3 1.2.2.2 Kazakh ……………………………………………………….... 6 1.2.2.3 Uyghur ……………………………………………………….... 9 1.2.2.4 Uzbek ………………………………………………………….. 16 1.3 Speakers …………………………………………………………………………….. 18 1.3.1 Kyrgyz …………………………………………………………………… 18 1.3.2 Kazakh …………………………………………………………………… 19 1.3.3 Uyghur ………………………………………………………………….... 20 1.3.4 Uzbek …………………………………………………………………….. 21 1.4 Structure of the dissertation ………………………………………………………… 22 1.4.1 Locality …………………………………………………………………... 22 1.4.2 Gradience ………………………………………………………………… 24 Chapter 2: Locality: Locality in Uyghur backness harmony ……………………………………. 27 2.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………… 27 2.2 Background …………………………………………………………………………. 28 2.3 Methods …………………………………………………………………………….. 33 2.3.1 Stimuli …………………………………………………………………… 33 2.3.2 Task ……………………………………………………………………… 35 2.3.3 Participants ………………………………………………………………. 38 2.3.4 Segmentation …………………………………………………………….. 39 2.3.5 Statistical analysis ……………………………………………………….. 39 2.4 Results ……………………………………………………………………………… 39 2.4.1 Root-internal /i/ ………………………………………………………….. 39 iv 2.4.2 Suffixal and raised /i/ ……………………………………………………. 46 2.4.2.1 Short-distance condition ……………………………………… 46 2.4.2.2 Long-distance condition ……………………………………… 49 2.5 Discussion ………………………………………………………………………….. 52 Chapter 3: Locality: Strict locality in harmony …………………………………………………. 59 3.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………… 59 3.2 Locality and the phonology-phonetics interface …………………………………… 60 3.2.1 Locality ………………………………………………………………….. 60 3.2.1.1 Trans-consonantal locality ……………………………………. 60 3.2.1.2 Strict locality ………………………………………………….. 61 3.2.2 The phonology-phonetics interface ……………………………………… 64 3.3 Methods …………………………………………………………………………….. 68 3.3.1 Research questions ………………………………………………………. 68 3.3.2 Stimuli …………………………………………………………………… 70 3.3.3 Participants ………………………………………………………………. 72 3.3.4 Measurement and statistical analysis ……………………………………. 72 3.4 Results ……………………………………………………………………………… 76 3.4.1 Sibilants ………………………………………………………………….. 76 3.4.1.1 Kyrgyz ……………………………………………………….... 76 3.4.1.2 Kazakh ………………………………………………………… 78 3.4.1.3 Uyghur ………………………………………………………… 79 3.4.1.4 Uzbek ………………………………………………………….. 80 3.4.2 Lateral ……………………………………………………………………. 81 3.4.2.1 Kyrgyz ………………………………………………………… 81 3.4.2.2 Kazakh ………………………………………………………… 83 3.4.2.3 Uyghur ………………………………………………………… 85 3.4.2.4 Uzbek …………………………………………………………. 87 3.4.3 Summary ………………………………………………………………… 89 3.5 Discussion and analysis …………………………………………………………….. 91 3.6 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………….. 98 Chapter 4: Gradience in backness harmony: A production study ……………….……………… 100 4.1 Background ………………………………………………………………………… 100 4.2 Methods ……………………………………………………………………………. 103 4.2.1 Participants ………………………………………………………………. 103 4.2.2 Stimuli …………………………………………………………………… 104 4.2.3 Task ……………………………………………………………………… 108 4.2.4 Measurement and statistical analysis ……………………………………. 109 4.2.5 Predictions ……………………………………………………………….. 111 4.3 Results ……………………………………………………………………………… 114 4.3.1 Kyrgyz …………………………………………………………………… 114 4.3.2 Uzbek …………………………………………………………………….. 120 4.3.3 Kazakh …………………………………………………………………… 127 4.3.4 Uyghur …………………………………………………………………… 131 4.3.5 Summary ………………………………………………………………… 138 4.4 Analysis …………………………………………………………………………….. 138 4.4.1 Possible analyses ………………………………………………………… 139 4.4.1.1 Underspecification …………………………………………..... 140 4.4.1.2 Adaptive hypoarticulation …………………………………….. 141 4.4.1.3 Gradient phonology …………………………………………… 142 v 4.4.2 Predictions and independent evidence …………………………………… 143 4.5 Discussion ………………………………………………………………………….. 158 4.6 Summary …………………………………………………………………………… 159 Chapter 5: The perceptibility of backness shifts in Kyrgyz, Kazakh, and Uyghur ……………... 160 5.1 Just noticeable differences …………………………………………………………. 160 5.1.1 Predictions ………………………………………………………………. 161 5.1.2 Predicted JND with production results ………………………………….. 163 5.1.2.1 Uyghur ………………………………………………………... 163 5.1.2.2 Kazakh ………………………………………………………... 166 5.1.2.3 Kyrgyz ………………………………………………………… 167 5.1.3 Summary ………………………………………………………………… 170 5.2 Perceptual thresholds ………………………………………………………………. 172 5.2.1 Predictions ………………………………………………………………. 172 5.2.2 Methods …………………………………………………………………. 176 5.2.2.1 Stimuli ………………………………………………………… 176 5.2.2.2 Task …………………………………………………………... 179 5.2.2.3 Participants …………………………………………………… 180 5.2.3 Results …………………………………………………………………… 181 5.2.3.1 Kyrgyz ………………………………………………………… 181 5.2.3.2 Kazakh ………………………………………………………… 190 5.2.3.3 Uyghur ………………………………………………………... 196 5.2.4 Summary ………………………………………………………………… 200 5.3 Discussion ………………………………………………………………………….. 201 Chapter 6: Incorporating gradience into the formal analysis ………………………………….... 208 6.1 Previous work ………………………………………………………………………. 208 6.1.1 Phonetic gradience in phonology ………………………………………... 209 6.1.2 Gradience and exceptionality ……………………………………………. 215 6.2 Normalization ………………………………………………………………………. 219 6.2.1 Uyghur …………………………………………………………………… 221 6.2.2 Kazakh …………………………………………………………………… 223 6.2.3 Kyrgyz …………………………………………………………………… 224 6.3 Analysis ……………………………………………………………………………... 225 6.3.1 Uyghur …………………………………………………………………… 225 6.3.1.1 Categorical model …………………………………………....... 225 6.3.1.2 Gradient representations ……………………………………..... 230 6.3.1.3 Constraint set …………………………………………………... 232 6.3.1.4 Gradient model ……………………………………………….... 235 6.3.1.5 Finding the weights ……………………………………………. 248 6.3.2 Kazakh ……………………………………………………………………. 253 6.3.3 Kyrgyz ……………………………………………………………………. 257 6.4 Summary …………………………………………………………………………….. 267 Chapter 7: Discussion …………………………………………………………………………..... 269 7.1 Reports of gradient harmony ………………………………………………………... 269 7.1.1 Vowel harmony …………………………………………………………... 270 7.1.2 Consonant harmony and vowel-consonant harmony …………………….. 275 7.1.3 Summary …………………………………………………………………. 278 7.2 Diagnostics for phonological and phonetic effects …………………………………. 281 7.2.1 Previous proposals ……………………………………………………….. 282 vi 7.2.2 Naturalness ……………………………………………………………….. 286 7.2.3 Iterativity and unboundedness ………………………………………….... 290 7.2.4 Predictions of a unified phonology and phonetics ……………………….. 294 7.3 Future directions ……………………………………………………………………. 297 7.3.1 Empirical directions …………………………………………………….... 297 7.3.2 Formal directions ……………………………………………………….... 298 7.4 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………….. 303 Chapter 8: Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………... 305 References ………………………………………………………………………………………. 307 vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 1 first person IMP imperative 2 second person LOC locative 3 third person MASC masculine ABL ablative NEG negation ACC accusative NMZLR nominalizer ADS adessive OT Optimality Theory CAUS causative PFV perfective DAT dative PASS passive F1 first formant PL plural F2 second formant POSS possessive F3 third formant PST past tense FEM feminine REL relativizer GEN genitive S singular GER gerund VP verb phrase HG Harmonic Grammar VRB verbalizer viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: F2(z) of root internal /i/ in Uyghur by lexeme and syllable number. Within each distribution, the middle line represents the median and the two other lines indicate the first and third quartiles ……………………………………………………………………………… 40 Figure 2.2: F2(z) of root internal /i/ in Uyghur by lexeme and syllable number along with percent [+back] suffixes during elicitation. Within each distribution, the middle line represents the median and the two other lines indicate the first and third quartiles ……….….. 42 Figure 2.3: Relationship between F2(z) of root-final /i/ and suffix backness along with a histogram of counts of back (light grey) and front (dark grey) low vowel suffixes …………... 44 Figure 2.4: Correlations between F2(z) of root-final /i/ and suffixal /ɑ/~/æ/ by lexical item …. 45 Figure 2.5: F2(z) of suffix /i/ by root backness and rounding in short-distance
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