National Identity in Social Network Sites

CEU eTD Collection

National identity in social network A sites: case study of Romaniana In partialIn fulfillment ofthe requirements for the degree of Advisor: Nationalism Studies Program Central European University Facebook community Budapest, Hungary Professor Master Artsof Submitted to Mihai RoșMihai 2014 by

Szabolcs Pogonyi

CEU eTD Collection from escaping idealized visual representation o of also but nation the about debate of aspace as time same the at acting identity, national Romanian to attached stigma the removing nation a constructing is community rei discourses, nationalist nostalgia between relations the approaches, analytical case a as selected been media social environment online an in expressed are they as identity national sites network re and identity national which in ways the investigates thesis This - eie discursively defined

and archaism are disentangled. disentangled. are archaism and community on Facebook on community . h aayia fcs f hs eerh r the are research this of focus analytical The

study

t gasot, oiotl ee truh h mdu o social of medium the through level horizontal grassroots, a at . Relying on Critical Critical on Relying . f the nation. - b specialized in specialized ad ae o acas, hc hs h efc of effect the has which archaism, on based rand Abstract This research concludes that this particular online particular this that concludes research This i

Discourse Analysis combined with other with combined Analysis Discourse

landscape photography landscape is being constructed, negotiated negotiated constructed, being is

vernacular . perceived

For this pu this For

understandings of of understandings adhp no an into hardship

fied landscape, landscape, fied in Romania in virtual, a rpose, has has CEU eTD Collection ProgramNationalism Studies support whosewas inthe moral pr vital in colleagues and friends my to and questions with pestered have I whom department the of professors other the to as well as supervisor, a as help invaluable and support patience, to gratitude my express officially to like hereby would I

A cknowledgment ii

rf Saoc Pogonyi Szabolcs Prof. ocess ofocess writing.

o his for t h e

CEU eTD Collection 6. D 5. Talk aboutthenation 4. Theelements maindeictical 3. Methodology Literature2. Review Introduction1. 5.3 Duty the nation towards 5.2 "We defeated ourselves" 5.1 The Interviews4.2 withthewebmaster 4. 3.4 Discursive psychology 3.3 Critical Discourse Analysis Laclau3.2 discourse and theory Mouffe's Introduction3.1 ofthe and data limitations 2.6 Responses tostigmatization 2.5 Social network sites and2.4 Globalization national identity Landscape2.3 andidentity national 2.2 National identity Internet2.1 Diasporas and the 1 Titleand Motto ealing theheterogeneity, manufacturing homogeneity 2013 Nationalalbum Day

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40 34 30 29 29 23 22 22 19 16 14 13 13 12

9 8 6 4 3 3 1

CEU eTD Collection 10. Bibliography 9. Appendix 8. Conclusions 7. Nostalgia,Archaism and Escapism 7.6 Escape thenational into 7.5 7.4 Nostalgiaand Migration 7.3 Archaism and Stigma 7.2 Archaism 7.1 NostalgiaNationalismand Banal 6.3 The Roma 6.2 The Hungarians Introduction6.1 National iconography

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70 66 63 61 60 59 56 55 52 52 48 42 40

CEU eTD Collection 2 May2013. 29th and 27th Babeş London, Con Postgraduate Euro Eastern and Central in International Environment 12th the delivered at was topic the jointly on presentation short a and Romania) Bucharest, Studies, Administrative and Political 1 writing) 2010 August in established be to one first the one, main the websites: two through operates community This and feelings has onwhat thoughts their express to users allows section This members. community the of input direct the represent comments, the material, textual the of part second The manager. community the material, This author. an by dictum or poem a from quote a to photograph, a the in represented to objects the of greeting, qualities the seasonal about statement a from range can which sorts, of description a and photographer where caption location the includes usually caption a This it. to attached has which photograph, a around centered usually is post A information. and visual textual both include usually which 'posts', in organized is website the of content The from Romaniaandcan userscomment share, like andonindividual landscapes of photographs mainly features that space virtual been a is It has study. case 273) a as selected as to referred henceforth Romania, leave you before see must you places Român din pleci să înainte vezi le să trebuie care pe locuri de "273 called Facebook environment online an in expressed sites. network re and identity national which in ways the investigates thesis This 1. https://www.facebook.com/273.ro This subj This Introduction - eie discursively defined , is in Romanian and targeted specifically to a Roman a to specifically targeted and Romanian in is , ect was initially explored together with Savu Alin Savu with together explored initially was ect - Bolyai University and the Romanian Academy Romanian the and University Bolyai 1

This thesis analyze thesis This

and with the highest number of members of number highest the with and

been posted.

t gasot, oiotl ee truh h mdu o social of medium the through level horizontal grassroots, a at

s pe: Interdisciplinary Approaches, Approaches, Interdisciplinary pe:

vernacular understandings of national identity as they are they as identity national of understandings vernacular . For this p this For .

ference on Central and Eastern Europe Europe Eastern and Central on ference

the photograph and the caption are selected by by selected are caption the and photograph the 1

urpose, a virtual, social media social virtual, a urpose, - Dumitru (MA Anthropology, National School of of School National Anthropology, (MA Dumitru

and held in Cluj in held and

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and is specifically targeted towards foreigners. Both websites follow the same same the follow websites Both foreigners. towards targeted specifically is and

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- users 'talk with' or or with' 'talk users for interpretation, for ed in ed CEU eTD Collection 7 6 5 4 Trandafoiu, Oiarzabal, and Alonso Ties‖; Lost and Ties Old ―NewTies, Franz, and Hiller Building‖; Image National and Diaspora 3 global and hand, one the on discourses, identity diasporic and national between negotiating in in an is missing an diasporic) or 'native' it (be identity national between relation account into the totake failed has far literature becauseso the This is theorydata. primaryand in have c studies these all What associations. diasporic of websites the of analysis content qualitative a was it time this but diaspora, Basque the on also author same the by done was their for communities self the and diaspora Basque the of groups Facebook (SNS) sites network social face and surveys as well as emails, and forums on threads discussion of analysis discourse or qualitative are employed methods common most The study. same the in ones multiple often employed, is instruments long of subject literature onthe of growing Thebodyhome country. the with contact maintain and organize to Internet the of use their and diasporas on focus Internet the of medium the in nationalism and identity national of Studies 2.1 2. Oiarzabal, ―Basque Diaspora Digital Nationalism. Designing ‗Banal‘ Nationalism.‖ ‗Banal‘ Designing Digital Nationalism. ―Basque Diaspora Oiarzabal, Networks.‖ Social Online and Basques ―Diaspora Oiarzabal, Billig, ―Long Anderson, ―Digital Ding, Diaspora‖; ―Building LaDe Cruz, Identity‖; National Chinese and ―Virtual Communities Chan, ommon is their mostly descriptive nature and rather superficial connections drawn between between drawn connections superficial rather and nature descriptive mostly their is ommon LiteratureReview

Diasporas and the InternetDiasporas and Banal Nationalism Banal - distance nationalism distance Diasporas in the New the in Diasporas Diaspora Online Diaspora - Distance - depth discourse analysis of these online communities that clarifies their role their clarifies that communities online these of analysis discourse depth

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and banal nationalism banal and

; Oiarzabal, ―Diaspora Basques and Online Social Networks‖; Networks‖; Social Online and Basques ―Diaspora ; Oiarzabal, riw. hv fud n isac o a td dn on done study a of instance one found have I erviews. 3

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ae edd to tended have CEU eTD Collection 9 8 scientists. and people' 'ordinary by Billig Michael g The daily. reproduced nationhood its and audience by appropriated is discourse nationalist how at looking construction, identity national bottom a taking by efforts these completed have nationalism to approaches top a follows and stance structuralist or institutionalist a either from starts regard this in work the of Most identities. national of construction the well covered has nationalism on literature of body The 2.2 of construction national identity theories. the on discussion elementary more a with proceed will I that, before But identity national neo of a to adaptation discourses the and exchanges these discussing to return will I ones. communist former and countries Western between exchange cultural (unequal) subsequent neo a of spread global the for not it were possible been not have would interaction This identity. interaction the in betwe is phenomenon this of sense making to key the that is hypothesis My possible. community 273 the in appears it as discourse identity national make that conditions larg this of part a as study case present the explain to order In in. fill to seeks thesis this that gap theoretical this is It Internetand contact global hasinenabling discourses. the between local h other the on processes, and discourses Billi Anderson, - National identity g, iea prdg atr h fl o cmuit eie, hc eald n frame and enabled which regimes, communist of fall the after paradigm liberal n etr dsore o Rmna s nto ad oa dsore o collective of discourses local and nation a as Romania on discourses Western en Banal Nationalism Banal Ima gined Communities gined , 9 -

on elite down, who draws attention the ways in which 'nationness' is taken for granted both both granted for taken is 'nationness' which in ways the attention draws who - liberal paradigm in the section about globalization an globalization about section the in paradigm liberal

er process, the focus needs to be shifted to the enabling discursive discursive enabling the to shifted be to needs focus the process, er ; Gellner, ; Gellner, -

rvn esetv t nation to perspective driven Nationalism Billig posits that nationhood is reproduced everyday everyday reproduced is nationhood that posits Billig and, while taking into account the mediating role the the role mediating the account into taking while and, 4 ; Hobsbawm and Ranger, Ranger, and ; Hobsbawm

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it addresses. However, just because they become invisible does not mean that they that mean not does invisible become they because just However, addresses. it en asd o eea dmnin o Bli' theory Billig's of dimensions several to raised been have pa have ge of Allegiance' that US schoolchildren take every morning or the the or morning every take schoolchildren US that Allegiance' of ge

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CEU eTD Collection 14 13 12 and safety of 11 emotions the on draw to hence and 'home' as nation the of presentation the voc Life Everyday and in issue this tackles Edensor Tim things, other Amongst as understood landscape, between representations ofthe land" relation the is answer to have willthesis this question importantresearch, groundedanmore theory to abstract fromMoving 2.3 distinguish andbanal between blatant to and nationalism banal of framework the refine to helps differentiation conceptual This consumption). about said be can same the analogy, (by explicitly nation the about talking and a as nation the using between difference the stresses nation andwith the betweentalkingaboutconsumed. The brand talking distinction ready thatis tobe a into thereof constituents or nation the frames interface virtual communities' the on appears content the because nation' the 'consume they how of instance an also it and way framed member since performing basis: day to day a on reproduced continuously CynthiaMiller and Fox Jon how isthe transition made betweenand banal hotnationalism? and when words, other In background? the into recede it does when and overt more identity nationalis when question: begsthe This others. and tourism nostalgia, aestheticvalue, as such Edensor, Edensor, Ely, as Cognition.‖ ―Ethnicity Stamatov, Loveman, and Brubaker, Miller Fox and abulary, he shows that it is based on the language of home and domesticity, which enables which domesticity, and home of language the on based is it that shows he abulary, Landscape and and Landscape national identity This Meager Nature Meager This National Identity, Popular Culture and Everyday Life Everyday and Culture Popular Identity, National h nto ad hoig h nto. h frt w ae eeat o m research, my for relevant are two first The nation. the choosing and nation the - - Idriss, ―EverydayNationhood.‖ Idriss, sr tl aot h nto pr e r ipy ics tig i a nationally a in things discuss simply or se per nation the about talk users . 14

By deconstructing the geographical component of the national identity national the of component geographical the deconstructing By , 226. ,

- 13 Idriss and national identity.

have outlined four principal ways in which nationhood is nationhood which in ways principal four outlined have

nationalisms. nationalisms.

akn te ain cnuig h nation, the consuming nation, the talking

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concept to interpret the world the interpret to concept

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CEU eTD Collection 18 17 16 15 value the reversed but premises, and concept the kept discourse Nationalist comparison. a such in lacking appear to landscape Russian the for a only terms, century own West's the 19th on one early Western the to the landscape Russian the in compared landscape of concept Western the adopted elite cultural history" and culture of product "a Russia be Imperial to landscape in identity national and landscape on work Ely's Christopher is perspective, historical a in done time this inquiry, of field this in research relevant Another ofexpression community. an imagined visual the become that images of conglomeration wider a of part becoming territory, national interpret be can that land of piece concrete a of representation case the to The local. the in concentrated is national the and national, the of representation scale a establishing (p.106 rooted community national a of idea the to expression sociological concrete give "to order in intent) been have centuries 19th and 17th by Smith investigated D. Anthony been already has national the and landscapes local between relation The greater national whole. of part as presented be to feature local concrete, a for possible is it how and domesticized is in way the to attention draws insight This home. the with associated comfort Ibid., 10. Ibid., Ely, Anders Smith, This Meager Nature Meager This - 7). Through these paintings, the abstract idea of a nation was made concrete by by concrete made was nation a of idea abstract the paintings, these Through 7). on, on, Real Made Nation The n t on itntv hmln ad xedn ars a utrly eie territory" defined culturally a across extending and homeland distinctive own its in

Imagined Communities Imagined - td a hn i ovos te egahcl a o ec poo rvds a provides photo each of tag geographical the obvious: is hand at study metonymical . 15

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relation between the local and the national: the local i local the national: the and local the between relation .

appropriated ows how artistic representations of the land between the the between land the of representations artistic how ows 16

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the author shows how the Russian Russian the how shows author the

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parallel Taking nd nd -

CEU eTD Collection 19 nation of studies in is place taken has globalization and in an which literaturein ofcorpus A describedempirical inthe be will webpage the of space virtual the in unfolds national dynamic this the exactly How weakening community. as presented is which emigration, to reaction a as itself presents underlies dynamic a such that plausible is It multiculturalism. and cosmopolitanism throughworking globalization, of character national anti the of because diminishing is capital cultural its that perceives which group a to security nationalism talk everyday and practices banal through identity national middle white namely group, it in Skey Michael by done been has globalization and identity national between relation the on Work 2.4 redeeming fe this underlying value the turn to trying is premises but perception, the embraced has hand at community The features. redeeming Weste by which Romania, counter a is community 273 the within constructed meager counter a as evolved and appeared which discourse, nationalist of part became can landscape how shows study This landscape. Western the of beauty' 'superficial the to contrast in beauty', 'inner/metaphysical Skey, Skey, s relationing of national identity to globalization as it is perceived by a 'titular' national national 'titular' a by perceived is it as globalization to identity national of relationing s Globalization and nationalGlobalization identity and National Belonging and Everyday Life and Everyday Belonging National , miserable and unattractive. My argument runs argument My unattractive. and miserable , Nati onal Belonging and Everyday Life. Everyday and Belonging onal ature of national character. ature ofnational

discourse to the to discourse part of thethesis. n tnad apas s akad ucvlzd n wtot any without and uncivilized backward, as appears standards rn - class Britons. The argument of this books is that by affirming by that is books this of argument The Britons. class

- depth discussion of the relation between national identitybetweennationalrelation the of discussion depth .

judgment the activity of the 273 community, which explicitly explicitly which community, 273 the of activity the Western perception of Russian territory as boring, as territory Russian of perception Western

The value of this work for this thesis lies in lies thesis this for work this of value The

against itself, by presenting landscape as a as landscape presenting by itself, against - icus t te etr preto of perception Western the to discourse - parallel branding done from a cultural studies cultural a from done branding

to Ely's, meaning that what is what that meaning Ely's, to

provides ontological provides - CEU eTD Collection 24 23 Destinations.‖ Dark Romania‘s Branding: 22 21 20 audiences invisible and replicability searchability, persistence, characteristics: four following the are newspapers or radio television, as such media other networks" technological through together bound are that audiences and "spaces is that publics," "networked as them conceptualize to is Facebook as such websites of meaning social the about think to way One Facebook (and Internet the of specificities and constraints the address to have will communities virtual of analysis interpretative any Finally, 2.5 the thesis top previous from diverges resemblesand nation grassroots this which in ways The brand. national desirable locally a creating by terms local on discourse global a in engage to attempt horizontal a represents 273 that and nation of logic the that of neo marketization accepted the within West hegemonic the communica be to identity national of narratives local for chance the offered power state Nation one. desirable more a with identity shameful a replace to ideologica "the as defined 'transition', of concept the through world the of part this in globalization and identity Kaneva post the to respect With perspective. Ibid., 126. Ibid., boyd, ―Nation Kaneva, Kaneva, For analyses of such cases see see cases such of analyses For Social network sites network Social Why Youth (Heart) Social NetworkSites Social (Heart) WhyYouth 20 Branding Post Branding

is the main reference point. The editor clarifies the relationship between national national between relationship the clarifies editor The point. reference main the is - Branding in Post in Branding identities l project of post of project l -

Communist Nations Communist - branding described above has been been has above described branding .

23 . Although it has no connection to the state per se, I will argue later later argue will I se, per state the to connection no has it Although . Wh aea n Popes and Kaneva

- at differentiates networked publics from unmediated publics or publics unmediated from publics networked differentiates at Communist Europe: Identities, Markets and Democracy,‖ 7. Democracy,‖ and Markets Identities, Europe: Communist -

communist national identity construction" identity national communist - . comm

, 125. , - down attempts down unist European region, the book edited by Nadia Nadia by edited book the region, European unist

u ―ainl dniy ie; Bâ Lite‖; Identity ―National cu, 9

in particular) as a medium of communication. communication. of medium a as particular) in - iea otooy wih eadd the demanded which orthodoxy, liberal 22

one of the investigative avenues of avenuesof investigative the of one appropriat - branding as a instrument of instrument a as branding . 24 ed lo i cnrs to contrast in Also, rdan and Imre, ―Vampire ―Vampire Imre, and rdan

at a grassroots level grassroots a at , 21

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CEU eTD Collection 28 27 26 25 Friends online make and themselves inc names, real their with profile popularity its gathered and life to came Facebook way the of because information, fake include or profile fake a create to possible is it While profiles. personal interac audience The public. and private between relation the is that and matters complicate that SNS of nature the of aspect another is There a ratherunstructured space, ofinputfrom the audience. terms public asin least po same the for comments the in ongoing distinct be may discussions several Moreover, pretext. more a ensue as just to serving tend post original comments the with the spontaneously, in discussions rather topic, precise a on discussion expl an there is rarely 273, of case the in but Wall, their on post a through topic a on thoughts their share to audience their invite may profile a of owner The forum. commercial compan a of person, physical a of it be profile, flexible any that the means Facebook subject, of distinct structure a having thread each with threads, discussion in structured creatingcomputeras thus a non by accessible even indivi and pages community as such parts distinct its as well as whole, a as Facebook makes This multidirectional interaction betweenthusenabling participants,sociability. r television, hl peiu res previous While Baym and boyd, ―Socially Mediated Pu Mediated ―Sociallyboyd, Baymand boyd, ofVisibility‖; Conundrum ―The al., boydet of(the)‘race‘.‖ Future ―The Byrne, 221. Sites,‖ Network ―Social Ellison, boyd and dual profiles, social spacessocialprofiles, dual y, of an artist or a community page such as 273, acts simultaneously as a profile and a and profile a assimultaneously acts 273, as such page communitya or artist an y,of adio and the press and like unmediated publics, networked publics facilitate the the facilitate publics networked publics, unmediated like and press the and adio ac o ti kn hs en oe n ou wbae, hr cnet is content where webpages, forum on done been has kind this of earch

- users are a public sphere where users can share content and discuss, discuss, and content share can users where sphere public a are users - mediated public mediated

25 blicness.‖ . Group pages, such as this case study, open to all users andusers all to casestudy, open this as such pages,Group . ue el oil n dmgahc nomto about information demographic and social real lude 28

with their offline friends. Moreover, the way a a way the Moreover, friends. offline their with

Why Youth (Heart) Social Network Network (Heart) WhySocial Youth - sphere 10

. s n h cmuiy ae hog their through page community the on ts 26

st, making this community page community this making st, 27

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CEU eTD Collection 33 32 31 30 29 theirfame communityan and ofindividual and isspread augmented. the which through medium the is Facebook so of, part are they community the of and maker Gawa of Fame in Munn Nancy by described as Ring Kula the and Facebook between parallel interesting Miller Daniel Facebook, aga to asserted specifically relation be in can Furthermore, identity globalization. national which in arena an Internet the making globe, the across from equivalents other with contact direct in identities local puts it cosmop more people making by nationalism attenuating than rather globalization: and nationalism local between mediating in Internet the of role the about point important an makes Trinidad work ethnographic The way they activity online and how talk the influences actions certain address they whom to people the and comments their read will users other all to v is shares) comments, (likes, 273 on presence their that aware be not may or may Users ontheconceptsshort discussion ofmediated andimagined publicness audience isnecessary. This connections. social other's each see setup infrastructural cannot user's that means which user, each of network Friend the of mapping no has site the where and pseudonyms through interact wor of equivalent virtual a networks, social people's through 'likes' gathers it that is works Facebook on page community Munn, Miller, Slater, and Miller ― Litt, ― Gross, Acquisti and Knock, Knock Knock, The Fame of Gawa of Fame The Tales from Facebook from Tales olitan, access to the Internet accessolitan, salience identity theofnational to the seemsbecause increase to . 33 The Internet The .

29 The parallel is that, just as the circulation of Kula increases the fame of its its of fame the increases Kula of circulation the as just that, is parallel The

. Who‘s T .

Imagined Communities.‖ Imagined The way users imagine their audience is, who will see their activity, who who activity, their see will who is, audience their imagine users way The

blurs the line between public and private and it is for this reason that a a that reason this for is it and private and public between line the blurs .

done by Daniel Miller and Don Slater Don and Miller Daniel by done .

. here?‖.

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CEU eTD Collection 36 35 Times. Student pentru Savuica 34 negotiate they stigmaa inorder to how importantly, most and stigma this interpret way and the rationalize stigma, members of perception the study to which in space appropriate highly a it makes media express to encouraged even and safe the (see is 'Romania' with connectedness it and identification where space a as 273 marks nostalgia and chara rural two These traditional sense). romantic a dishes, in 'ruins' traditional or architecture costume, folk traditional in people old and children of (images past' glorious 'a and/or childhood with associate markers using by nostalgia often visual nationally concrete only not a is content gives The nation. which the to itself, expression content the through as well as used) language the creates 273 stigmawith this are expressed? dealing of strategies What and community? this within perceived stigmatization is How were: emigrants st (perceived) of discourse prevailing generally more a against the by stated as creation, its interviews, several in manager community behind motives the and community the of name very The 2.6 Miller, ―New Media, Networkin ―New Media, Miller, see Tre 273? ce De Săvuică, Responses to Woodcock, ―Romania and EUro ―Romania and Woodcock,

ie yVnet Miller Vincent by sites . 35

For this reason, several important questions this research had to take into account account into take to had research this questions important several reason, this For a nationally a stigmatization chieve a positive sense of self. chieve a sense positive ofself.

buie sa plecam din Romania? Interviu cu Magda Savuica; Săvuică, Interviu Magda Magda Interviu Săvuică, Savuica; Magda cu Interviu Romania? din plecam sa buie - defined public sphere through deictical markers (the title itself and and itself title (the markers deictical through sphere public defined

g and Phatic Culture.‖ Phatic gand

36 pe‖; Morosanu and Fox, ―‗No Smoke without Fire.‘‖ Smoke ―‗No MorosanuFox, and pe‖;

)

, to reflect upon and discuss one's national belonging. This This belonging. national one's discuss and upon reflect to , 34

makes it clear that the community positions itself itself positions community the that clear it makes 12

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[1.06. CEU eTD Collection 91 105770909&type=3&theater 90 89 88 categories people, isworthquoting which of at length: two to sent then is message A integrity. moral their for period communist the from dissidents two and politician century 20th early and 19th late a king, medieval a applauds then text The 'decadent a and past' 'glorious a between juxtaposition the is signs these all links that thread The train." the of out get you when pockets your Watch Europe. in capital churchiest subsidi government with built often buildings, Church Orthodox disparity new the of influx is great aspects the between negative the Among new. and old politicians figures, historical ever. us, defeated foundation. youth Christian a of president the by post blog a from quote long a was photograph this Accompanying awe. inspire to made is composition glorifies that occasion the sky blue a against flag, the behind sun the with underneath directly from shot wind, the in flying flag Romanian a of that was photograph attent of lot a gathered particular in post One 5. either doing are we what of proud not are we and not, ―definitely third a and ―No‖ reply simply monument the with along wi done I have we Carl what and us of King proud be forefathers of our ―Would revolution: 1989 statue the commemorating a features which Bucharest, in http://www.ciresarii.ro/index.php/la https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=674889085885239&set=a.675594925814655.1073741844.142699 ceeacefacem de suntemmandrii nu sinicinoi nu, siguranta cu c de noisi de fi mandri Oareinaintasiinostriar 2

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