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Systematic Scoping Review on Social Media Monitoring Methods and Interventions Relating to Vaccine Hesitancy

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Systematic Scoping Review on Social Media Monitoring Methods and Interventions Relating to Vaccine Hesitancy TECHNICAL REPORT Systematic scoping review on social media monitoring methods and interventions relating to vaccine hesitancy www.ecdc.europa.eu ECDC TECHNICAL REPORT Systematic scoping review on social media monitoring methods and interventions relating to vaccine hesitancy This report was commissioned by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and coordinated by Kate Olsson with the support of Judit Takács. The scoping review was performed by researchers from the Vaccine Confidence Project, at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (contract number ECD8894). Authors: Emilie Karafillakis, Clarissa Simas, Sam Martin, Sara Dada, Heidi Larson. Acknowledgements ECDC would like to acknowledge contributions to the project from the expert reviewers: Dan Arthus, University College London; Maged N Kamel Boulos, University of the Highlands and Islands, Sandra Alexiu, GP Association Bucharest and Franklin Apfel and Sabrina Cecconi, World Health Communication Associates. ECDC would also like to acknowledge ECDC colleagues who reviewed and contributed to the document: John Kinsman, Andrea Würz and Marybelle Stryk. Suggested citation: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Systematic scoping review on social media monitoring methods and interventions relating to vaccine hesitancy. Stockholm: ECDC; 2020. Stockholm, February 2020 ISBN 978-92-9498-452-4 doi: 10.2900/260624 Catalogue number TQ-04-20-076-EN-N © European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2020 Reproduction is authorised, provided the source is acknowledged ii TECHNICAL REPORT Systematic scoping review on social media monitoring methods and interventions relating to vaccine hesitancy Contents Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................................... iv Glossary ....................................................................................................................................................... iv Executive summary ........................................................................................................................................1 Introduction and background .....................................................................................................................1 Aims ........................................................................................................................................................1 Methods ...................................................................................................................................................1 Results ....................................................................................................................................................1 Discussion ................................................................................................................................................2 1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................................................4 2 Background ................................................................................................................................................5 3 Goals and objectives ...................................................................................................................................7 4. Review methods ........................................................................................................................................8 4.1. Search strategy and database search ...................................................................................................8 4.2. Screening and selection of articles .......................................................................................................8 4.3. Data extraction and analysis ................................................................................................................9 5. Review results ......................................................................................................................................... 10 5.1 Individuals’ preferences for using social media platforms as a source of information on vaccination and social media’s influence on individuals’ perceptions of vaccination ............................................................... 11 5.2 Social media monitoring ..................................................................................................................... 12 5.3 Using social media monitoring to inform vaccination communication strategies ....................................... 29 5.4 Uses, benefits and limitations of social media as an intervention tool in relation to vaccination ................. 33 6. Discussion ............................................................................................................................................... 36 6.1 Use of social media for vaccination information .................................................................................... 36 6.2 Methodologies to monitor social media in relation to vaccination ........................................................... 36 6.3 Review how social media monitoring methods and information gathered from monitoring can be used to inform communication strategies .............................................................................................................. 41 6.4 Understanding the uses, benefits and limitations of using social media as an intervention around vaccination .... 42 6.5 Limitations of this systematic scoping literature review ......................................................................... 43 7. Conclusions and the way forward .............................................................................................................. 44 References .................................................................................................................................................. 45 Annexes ...................................................................................................................................................... 52 Figures Figure 1. Prisma flow diagram ....................................................................................................................... 10 Figure 2. Social media monitoring phases ....................................................................................................... 12 Figure 3. Number of articles published by type of social media and by year until 2018 ....................................... 15 Figure 4. Number of articles published by type of vaccine ................................................................................ 15 Figure 5. Number of articles published by country monitored ........................................................................... 16 Figure 6. Number of studies by type of social media monitoring tools used ....................................................... 17 Figure 7. Keywords most commonly used across all studies (>4 use) ................................................................ 21 Figure 8. Sentiment codes used across all studies ........................................................................................... 25 Figure 9. Number of studies using manual or automated sentiment coding, by social media ............................... 27 Tables Table 1. Inclusion and exclusion criteria for screening of articles ....................................................................... 8 Table 2. Data extraction categories .................................................................................................................9 Table 3. Description of social media platforms identified in the scoping review .................................................. 14 Table 4. Different manual browser searches and limitations mentioned by the studies using the tool ................... 18 Table 5. Social media APIs and their limitations mentioned by the stuides using the tool .................................... 19 Table 6. List of codes, definitions and counts for sentiment analysis used in the identified studies ....................... 26 Table 7. Suggestions for increasing presence on social media identified in scoping review studies ..................................... 31 iii Systematic scoping review on social media monitoring methods and interventions relating to vaccine hesitancy TECHNICAL REPORT Abbreviations AI Artificial Intelligence API Application Programming Interface CDC United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ECDC European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control HTML Hyper Text Markup Language HPV Human Papillomavirus GDPR General Data Protection Regulation GPS Global Positioning System LDA Latent Dirichlet Allocation MMR Measles Mumps Rubella PHP Hypertext Preprocessor UK United Kingdom URL Uniform Resource Locator US United States VCP Vaccine Confidence ProjectTM Glossary Application Programming Interface Software allowing two applications to talk to each other (e.g. smartphone software sending text/images to the Twitter database/platform). Global Positioning System A system of satellites, computers, and receivers able to determine the geographical location of an object on Earth. Latent Dirichlet Allocation A generative statistical model (in natural language processing) used for topic extraction, representation and analysis from large datasets. Hypertext
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