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Contents

List of Abbreviations ...... v Introduction ...... ix Part I: Algeria’s Ancestral History and the First Transatlantic Contacts Chapter 1 ...... 3 7,000 Years Ago: the First Berber Rachida Addou Chapter 2 ...... 13 The Roman Era: Numidia and the Punic wars Abdelouaheb Boukaila Chapter 3 ...... 21 Arab Conquest and the Islamisation of North Africa Abderrahmane Khelifa Chapter 4 ...... 41 Algeria at the Time of the Ottoman Empire and the Emergence of an Algerian Navy Abderrahmane Khelifa

Part II: French Occupation and the Revolutions Chapter 5 ...... 59 French Colonisation and Emir Abdelkader: Birth of a Nation Habib Merabet and Abderahmane Cheref Chapter 6 ...... 91 November 1954: Decolonization's Breaking Point Kamel Bouchama

Part III: Fifty Years of Algerian Independence and Transatlantic Relations Chapter 7 ...... 109 Economic and Social Revolution in Algeria Boumediene Derkaoui Chapter 8 ...... 125 The Iran Hostage Crisis and US–Algerian Rapprochement Jonathan Roberts and Samy Boukaila Chapter 9 ...... 133 The Black Decade: to the Grassroots of Islamic Terrorism Ali Haroun ch0-frontmatter.qxp_CTR 6x9 12/17/18 8:23 PM Page iv

iv ALGERIA AND TRANSATLANTIC RELATIONS

Chapter 10 ...... 157 President Bouteflika's Era: Victory Against Terrorism and Development Renewed Ali Oumellal

Part IV: Reform: Algeria at a Crossroads Chapter 11 ...... 183 Algeria and Deradicalization: An Experience to Share Abdelkader Messahel Chapter 12 ...... 217 Algeria as a Regional Energy Hub: Strategy and Vision Abdelmadjid Attar Chapter 13 ...... 237 Algerian Agriculture: Potential, Performance and Prospects Facing Future Challenges Omar Bessaoud Part V: Transatlantic Relations Chapter 14 ...... 263 US–Algeria Trade Relations: The Urgent Prospect to be Anchored in a Post-Oil Era Mouloud Hedir Chapter 15 ...... 289 Seeking a Sea Change for the Private Sector in Algeria Pamela Beecroft Chapter 16 ...... 299 US–Algeria Relations: Looking Back at the Last Decade Ismael Chikhoune Chapter 17 ...... 307 US–Algeria: For a Security and Development Partnership Hamid Boukrif Chapter 18 ...... 315 Transatlantic Cooperation in Higher Education Zine Barka Chapter 19 ...... 325 Transforming Knowledge into Competencies Ellen Wasylina Chapter 20 ...... 339 Algeria's Geoeconomic Challenges Salah Brahimi

About the FCE ...... 353 The FCE's Role and Aspirations for the Algerian Economy Mehdi Bendimerad and Mohamed Skander About the Authors ...... 359