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Bachelor Thesis Bachelor's Thesis in English, 90 Credits Bachelor Thesis Bachelor's Thesis in English, 90 credits Gender Roles Represented by the Four Main Characters in Gone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell English, 15 credits Halmstad 2021-02-05 Sara Niklasson HALMSTAD UNIVERSITY Table of contents 1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………… 2 1.1 Background on the Author and the Novel ……….………………………………. 3 1.2 Previous Research ……………………………………………………………….. 4 1.3 Theory ……………….………………………….………………….……………. 6 2 Analysis ………………………………………………………….……………...……..….. 10 2.1 The South and the Southerners ………………………….…...……………….… 10 2.2 Masculinity ……………………………………………….…...…….……..…… 11 2.3 Femininity ……………………………………………….…..……………….… 13 2.4 Marriage ………………………………………………….……..……………… 14 2.5 Scarlett O’Hara ……………………….………………….………….……….… 16 2.6 Rhett Butler ……………………………………………….……….……,…..…. 17 2.7 Ashley Wilkes …………………….……………………….……….…….…….. 18 2.8 Melanie Hamilton ……………………………………….………..…….………. 20 3 Conclusion ……………………….……………..…………………….……..…….………. 21 Works cited ……………………………….………………………………….……..…..………… 24 1 of 25 1. Introduction Margaret Mitchell’s one and only novel, Gone with the Wind, was an instant hit when it was published in 1936. The novel is a romantic tragedy that takes place in a very traditional society in the state of Georgia in the United States before, during, and after the Civil War. Keeping the old traditions is one of the priorities for the Southerners, particularly the ones that have to do with gender roles. However, the war brings changes of which most prominent families highly disapprove. A few seize the opportunities during Reconstruction, while most of them remain in poverty in order to keep the old traditions. My essay will focus on the four main characters in the novel, Scarlett O’Hara, Rhett Butler, Ashley Wilkes, and Melanie Hamilton. Rhett represents the New South and is attracted to Scarlett who is a mixture of the old and the new. She is madly in love with Ashley, who represents the Old South. Ashley is attracted to Scarlett but choses to marry Melanie, who is more like him. The purpose of this essay is to look at gender roles and social norms in the novel, not just in relation to individuals but also how society as a whole treats those who refuse to follow the unwritten rules. How does this affect the lives and relationships of the four main characters? What social norms define the society these characters live in, and what are their individual attitudes to these norms? Southern society is secure as long as the established social norms are not challenged, and these include traditional gender roles. The characters in Gone with the Wind are heavily influenced by gender roles and social norms, and some to such an extent that their conduct and reputations can matter more than the actual person. It is possible to rebel against the system only if one has the self-sufficiency and financial means to do so, as is the case with Scarlett and Rhett. They break away from the traditional gender norms, but their freedom has serious consequences. Ashley Wilkes, on the other hand, has the financial means to succeed but he is so affected by his role as a perfect Southern gentleman that he dares not apply new ideas in his life in order to survive financially, and this makes him feel unfulfilled. His wife Melanie Hamilton fulfills her role as a great lady, which means she is socially and financially dependent on her husband. In analyzing the constraints and consequences of gender roles, I will make use of feminist theory, with particular focus on Simone de Beauvoir’s concept of the Other and her definition of narcissism, and Hilary M. Lips’ explanation of social-cultural theories and prescriptive gender stereotypes. In Gone with the Wind, traditional gender roles, like the old South, are imaginative, unattainable and ultimately destructive. The most conventional characters cannot fully attain or embody the gender roles, while the most non-conformist characters nevertheless long for them, and everyone suffers for it. 2 of 25 1.1 Background on the Author and the Novel Margaret Mitchell was born in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1900. Her parents’ interest in American history, their pride in their ancestors and identity as both Southerners and Atlantans all played important roles in Mitchell’s life and provided personal and political motivation for the writing of Gone with the Wind. Her father worked as a lawyer and she remembered him as a classic Victorian gentleman; formal, dutiful and aloof. Her mother was a great example of how a Southern belle should behave, in Darden Asbury Pyron's biography of Mitchell, Southern Daughter: the Life of Margaret Mitchell (1991), Mitchell’s mother is described as “compassionate, cheerful and righteous” (36-38). Mitchell’s first encounter with gender roles took place when she was only two and a half years old, when she played too near the fireplace and her skirt caught fire. Her mother decided after that incident that her daughter would not wear dresses except for special occasions. Dressed as a boy, the little girl obtained a male identity and the nickname Jimmy (29). It was fine for her to dress in boy’s clothes and behave like a tomboy until she started school. There, Mitchell was raised to behave properly and fit into the social role of a Southern belle, which meant she was forced to “attend the hated classes in deportment with the Misses Hudson and the dancing lessons of the equally loathsome Professor Seaglo’s” (47). It was important that a girl knew the rules and fulfilled her part as Southern belle. However, her mother, an active feminist, wanted Margaret also to be able to question male dominance and female subordination, and insisted that her daughter “do what the boys do” (47). Shooting and horseback riding were two of the more masculine skills she insisted Margaret learn. When Mitchell was in her first year of college, her mother died, and her decision to return home to become the housekeeper of her father’s house went completely against her mother’s will. She wanted her daughter to live her own life. Taking her mother’s place in the household provided a means of taking back for herself some of her mother’s dominance. However, household duties for an entire establishment turned out to be a big challenge for the young woman. Mitchell told a friend, “I want to write a book about women […] every one has always told the men’s stories; I want to tell the women’s and what it was like for them during the War” (Pyron 262), and it was during this period that she wrote Gone with the Wind. Mitchell’s intention for her book was that it would be read by adults and she was therefore shocked when she found out that children were reading it, because, as she admitted to one of her critics, not even her mother 3 of 25 would have allowed her to read her own novel until she was eighteen (255). The book became an immediate best-seller when it was published in 1936. It sold a million copies in the first six months and over 25 million more have been sold since then. There are at least 155 editions and it has been translated into 27 languages and published in 37 countries (Taylor 2). Mitchell won the National Book Award for most distinguished novel of 1936, and the 1937 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. She never wrote another book after Gone with the Wind but devoted the rest of her life to the publicity and fame that came with its outstanding success. She died in a road accident in 1949. 1.2 Previous Research A general search for Gone with the Wind in the MLA database yields 216 entries, the earliest of which is from February 1949 and the most recent from fall 2015. The main subjects in the articles and essays are gender roles, the movie, and race and racism. The main purpose of Lauren Cardon’s article ‘Good breeding’: Margaret Mitchell’s multi-ethnic South, is to show how good or bad breeding results in either survival or death in the novel. Gerald O’Hara, Scarlett’s father, is not fully accepted by the Southern aristocracy because of his Irish background, as it “characterizes him as loud, wild, and prone to vulgarity” (67). Ellen Robillard accepts Gerald’s proposal, and despite the fact that she does not love him she remains faithful to him and her breeding has prepared her to be a perfect wife, mother and plantation mistress (68). Ellen is an ideal Southern lady but she, as an individual, fades away in the novel “under the projections of her family and the feminine training of her youth” (69). Melanie Hamilton is content with her place in society and her loyalty to feminine virtue makes it possible for her husband, Ashley Wilkes, to continue living in his dream world (74). Ashley fails to engage in masculine behaviors as we can see when he is caught with Scarlett in his arms but never defends his honor; instead, he hides behind Melanie’s protection (75). Cardon compares Scarlett to Melanie, and how the former stands for survival and the latter extinction. Melanie descends from inbred, polished Southern planters, and while she possesses all the ideal qualities of white aristocratic femininity, she is too physically weak and bear children. Scarlett is just the opposite and she survives because of her mixed identity of Irish peasant and French aristocratic blood, which contains both tradition and valued Southern whiteness as well as strengths, she is able to survive three childbirths. Even if her Irish temper gets her into trouble it still “invigorates her spirit and helps her to rise above tragedy” (70). Rhett Butler, Scarlett’s third husband, never judges her courageous and practical manner but finds these traits rather attractive.
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