BALTIC FORESTRY

NEW FOR LITHUANIA APHID SPECIES OF THE TRIBE EULACHNINI /.../ J. DANILOV ET AL. New for Lithuania Aphid Species of the Tribe Eulachnini (Hemiptera: Aphididae, Lachninae): Is There Any Threat to Local Coniferous Forests?

JURIJ DANILOV, JEKATERINA HAVELKA AND RIMANTAS RAKAUSKAS* Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Saulëtekio al. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania *Corresponding author; e-mail: [email protected]; tel.: +37052398264

Danilov, J., Havelka, J. and Rakauskas, R. 2019. New for Lithuania Aphid Species of the Tribe Eulachnini (Hemiptera: Aphididae, Lachninae): Is There Any Threat to Local Coniferous Forests? Baltic Forestry 25(1): 25–31.

Abstract

Information about Eulachnini species in Lithuania concerns fragmentary faunistic data, therefore, their diversity, abundancy and ecological specificity is insufficiently studied. The aim of this work was to present available information on the new to Lithuania Eulachnini aphid species detected on coniferous plants in Lithuania in 2004 - 2017, with special regard to their potential impacts on forestry. Partial COI sequences (652 bp) were used to confirm morphology-based identifica- tion of the new to Lithuania Eulachnini species and to investigate their genetic diversity and relationships with samples collected in other countries. Twenty-seven aphid species of the tribe Eulachnini were detected in 2004 – 2017 in Lithuania. Eight of them are reported from Lithuania for the first time: Cinara (Cinara) brauni, C. (C.) kochiana, C. (C.) neubergi, C. (C.) laricis, C. (C.) pectinatae, C. (C.) piceae, Eulachnus brevipilosus and E. nigricola. Five species of Eulachnini (C. (C.) piceae, C. (C.) nuda, C. (C.) piceicola, C. (C.) pinea, and C. (C.) pini) appeared to be most promising honeydew producers because of their host plants, Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris, which are the most common conifers in Lithuania. Although five species of Eulachnini were listed in the identification key of forest pests in Lithuania, none of them were of particular importance for now. Out of the recently reported species, only Cinara piceae may be a potential forest pest as it appeared to be rather common in Lithuania and it has been reported as a pest of firs in nurseries of the Czech Republic and Northern Caucasus. Most of the samples from Lithuania represented COI haplotypes which were not previously detected in other countries.

Keywords: Cinara; coniferous trees; Eulachnus; Lithuania; mitochondrial COI

Introduction Species of the genera Eulachnus del Guercio, 1909, Esigella del Guercio, 1909 and Pseudessigella Hille Ris Forests comprise approximately 30 % of Lithuania. Lambers, 1966 are known to feed only on the needles of Most of the forests are the pine and spruce stands the plant species of the family Pinaceae (Binazzi and (Valstybiniø miðkø urëdija 2019). For the present, infor- Scheurer 2009, Chen et al. 2016, Blackman and Eastop mation about Eulachnini species composition and eco- 2018). Therefore, aphids of the tribe Eulachnini might logical specificity in Lithuania is insufficient and con- cause serious damage in nursery gardens, parks, forests cerns fragmentary faunistic data reporting 19 species of and cultivated areas (Murphy and Völkl 1996, Watson et the tribe available in Lithuania (Rakauskas et al. 1992, al. 1999, Penteado et al. 2000, Hopmans and Elms 2013). Rakauskas et al. 2008). For comparison, 34 species have On the other hand, honeydew of these aphid species been recorded from Poland, 19 from Latvia and 21 from supplies the raw material for the so called “forest honey” Belarus (Osiadacz and Halaj 2010, Halaj and Osiadacz which is an important commercial product in Europe 2015, Wojciechowski et al. 2015, Nieto Nafria et al. 2013). (Binazzi and Scheurer 2009). All aphids of the tribe Eulachnini Baker, 1920 (Hemi- European species of the aphid tribe Eulachnini be- ptera: Aphididae, Lachninae) are phloem feeding insects long to three genera: Cinara, Eulachnus and Essigella. inhabiting coniferous plants of families Pinaceae and Genus Cinara comprising of 49 species is the largest Cupressaceae. Most of the species of the genus Cinara one. It is divided into four separate subgenera (Cinara Curtis, 1835 feed on the bark of the woody parts of their Curtis, 1835, Cedrobium Remaudière, 1954, Cupres- hosts (roots, trunks, branches, twigs and shoots), whilst sobium Börner, 1940 and Schizolachnus Mordvilko, species of the subgenus Schizolachnus inhabit needles. 1909), and the nominal subgenus Cinara s. str. is the

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NEW FOR LITHUANIA APHID SPECIES OF THE TRIBE EULACHNINI /.../ J. DANILOV ET AL. largest one (42 species) (Binazzi and Scheurer 2009, Table 1. Aphid samples used for the analysis of partial COI sequences (652 bp) Blackman and Eastop 2018, Nieto Nafrìa et al. 2013, Chen et al. 2016, 2016a). Seventeen aphid species represent- Locality, date, host plant, collection No (when available) GenBank Accession No ing subgenera Cinara (12 species), Cupressobium (3) Cinara (Cinara) brauni n=6 Languedoc-Roussillon, France, 1998.07.01Pinus sylvestris KF639313, KF649558, and Schizolachnus (2) of the genus Cinara are already ACEA053-14 Almaty, Kazakhstan, 2010.05.26Pinus, nigra KF649394 registered in Lithuania (Rakauskas et al. 1992, Rakauskas Klaipëda, BG KU, 2017.06.24, Pinus sp., Da17-320 MH396419 et al. 2008). Another Eulachnini genus, a needle feeding Palanga, 2012.08.19, Pinus nigra, 12HA04602 MH396418 Cinara (Cinara) kochiana n=4 Eulachnus is represented by 12 species in Europe PACA, France, 2009.08.17,Larix decidua KF649382 PACA, France, 2010.09.15,Larix decidua KF649462 (Kanturski et al. 2017), two of them being recorded in Japan, 2012.08.22,Larix leptolepis KP869241 Lithuania (Rakauskas et al. 1992, Rakauskas et al. 2008). Kapèiamiestis, 2017.08.07, Larix decidua, Da17-550 MH396420 Cinara (Cinara) laricis n=10 Species of the genus Eulachnus are reported as pests of China, 2002.07.05,Larix sp. KP339517 China KM501334 pine stands (Murphy and Völkl 1996). Nearctic genus Languedoc-Roussillon, France, 1998.07.31Larix, sp. KF639321 Ulan Bator city, Mongolia, 2009.06.22Larix, sibirica JX035025 Essigella is represented in Europe by a single species Valais, CH, 2011.08.22,Larix decidua KF649554 Essigella californica (Essig 1909) introduced in Spain Languedoc-Roussillon, France, 1998.07.31Larix, decidua KF649556 PACA, France, 2010.09.15,Larix decidua KF649464 and France (for details see Seco Fernandez and Mier PACA, France, 2009.07.11,Larix decidua KF649369 Languedoc-Roussillon, France, 1998.07.3 1 ACEA039-1 4 Durante 1992, Nieto Nafria et al. 2013). Unlike in Aus- Kapèiamiestis, 2017.09.28, Larix decidua, Da17-684 MH396421 tralia (Hopmans and Elms 2013), it does not cause any Palanga, 2012.08.16, Larix decidua, 12HA04624 MH396422 Cinara (Cinara) neubergi n=5 damage in Europe for now. PACA, France, 2009.08.14,Pinus mugo KF649380 Girionys, DA, 2017.06.23, Pinus mugo, Da17-311 MH396423 To enable successful management of the local aphid Smiltynë, 2017.06.27, Pinus mugo, Da17-356A MH396424 Kairënai, BG VU, 2017.07.07, Pinus mugo, Da17-436B MH396425 species, regional species diversity and ecological Juodkrantë, 2017.07.22, Pinus mugo, Da17-515B MH396426 specificity should be properly evaluated (Binazzi and Cinara (Cinara) pectinatae n=6 Languedoc-Roussillon, France, 1998.07.31Abies, alba KF639326, KF649557, Scheurer 2009, Durak 2014, Durak et al. 2016). Ecological ACEA040-14 Languedoc-Roussillon, France, 2009.07.29Abies, alba KF649377 and evolutionary relationships as well as taxonomy of Languedoc-Roussillon, France, 2009.07.22Abies, sp. KF649375 Cinara species are still not clear and demand further Kaunas, BG VMU, 2017.07.08, Abies koreana, Da17-446 MH396427 Cinara (Cinara) piceae n=14 studies in different parts of the distribution area of this Japan, 2012.08.20, Picea ghleni KP869234 Japan, 2012.08.30,Picea ghleni KP869253 aphid genus (Chen et al. 2016). The application of DNA- Alashan Left City, China, 2011.08.13,Picea asperata JQ916814, JQ916815 Colorado, United States,Picea KF649413, KF649414 based methods proved to be a powerful tool for species New-Mexico, United States,Picea KF649445 delimitation and speciation process investigation of the Skirgiðkës, 2006.05.31, Taxus baccata, 06-10 MH396433 Þydaviðkis, 2016.09.01, Picea abies, Da16-358 MH396434 genus Cinara (Jousselin et al. 2013, Chen et al. 2016, Bûti ngë, 2017.06.12, Picea abies, Da17-227 MH396431 Ðventoji, 2017.06.26, Picea abies, Da17-347 MH396430 Meseguer et al. 2017). In this study, partial COI sequences Palanga, 2017.06.26, Picea abies, Da17-353 MH396429 Kaunas, BG VMU, 2017.07.08, Picea abies, Da17-445 MH396432 were used to confirm morphology-based identification Klaipëda, BG KU, 2017.10.17, Picea omorika, Da17-715 MH396428 of new to Lithuania Eulachnini species as well as for the Eulachnus brevipilosus n=16 Central Europe KP637106- KP637118 investigation of their genetic diversity and relationships Alksnynë, 2017.07.22, Pinus sylvestris, Da17-524 MH396417 Bûtingë, 2017.07.26, Pinus sylvestris, Da17-528A MH396416 with samples collected in other countries. Alksnynë, 2017.10.15, Pinus sylvestris, Da17-710 MH396415 Eulachnus nigricola n=3 The aim of this work was to present available infor- Central Europe KP637143- KP637144 mation on the new to Lithuania Eulachnini aphid spe- Klaipëda, BG KU, 2017.06.24, Pinus heldreichii, Da17-324 MH396414 cies detected on coniferous plants in Lithuania between Samples from Lithuania are in bold. BG – Botanical Garden; DA – Dubrava 2004 and 2017, with special regard to their potential im- Arboretum; KU – Klaipëda University; VMU – Vytautas Magnus University; pacts on forestry. VU – Vilnius University.

Materials and Methods Budìjovice). For morphology-based identification, keys of Blackman and Eastop (2018), as well as Heie (1995), Sampling and identification of morphological Binazzi and Scheurer (2009) and Kanturski et al. (2017) species were used. Aphid material has been collected during 2004–2017 and included 328 samples of Eulachnini aphid species DNA isolation, amplification, sequencing and data from various coniferous plant species in Lithuania. The analysis entire list of samples is available from the authors on the For molecular analysis, a single aphid individual request. Those used for molecular analysis are listed in from one sampled plant was considered as a unique sam- Table 1. Microscope slides in Canada balsam were pre- ple. Total genomic DNA was extracted from a single aphid pared according to Blackman and Eastop (2000). Ethanol using DNeasy Blood & Tissue kit (Qiagen). For the am- preserved and mounted specimens are stored at the Life plification of COI fragments primers LCO-1490 and HCO- Sciences Centre, Vilnius University and/or Institute of 2198 (Folmer et al. 1994) were used. PCR amplification Entomology of the Czech Academy of Sciences (Èeské was carried out in a thermal cycler (Eppendorf) in 50 µl

2019, Vol. 25, No. 1 (49) ISSN 2029-9230 26 BALTIC FORESTRY NEW FOR LITHUANIA APHID SPECIES OF THE TRIBE EULACHNINI /.../ J. DANILOV ET AL. volumes containing 1 µl genomic DNA, 2.5 µl of each Cinara (Cinara) kochiana (Börner, 1939). This spe- primer (0.5 µM), 25 µl of DreamTaq PCR master mix cies has been already registered in Europe southwards (Thermo Scientific) and 19 µl of nuclease free water from Lithuania, also from Sweden. Aphids form dense (Thermo Scientific). The cycling parameters were as fol- colonies on older branches, trunks and open roots of lows: denaturizing at 95 °C for 5 min (1 cycle), denaturiz- Larix spp. and compulsory depend on ants as they pro- ing at 95 °C for 30 s, annealing at 47°C for 30 s, extension duce a lot of honeydew. Lithuanian samples were from at 72 °C for 30 s (34 cycles in total), and final extension Larix decidua in southern Lithuania (Alytus). Notice- at 72 °C for 5 min (1 cycle). PCR products were purified ably, these were collected on third year twigs and third with Gene Jet PCR purification kit (Thermo Scientific) year stem of young trees. and sequenced at Macrogen Europe (Amsterdam, the Cinara (Cinara) neubergi (Arnhart, 1930). This Netherlands) and Institute of Biotechnology (Life Sci- species is common in mountainous regions of Europe, ences Centre, Vilnius University). The amplification prim- including Austria, Bulgaria, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, ers were also used as sequencing primers. DNA se- Poland and Ukraine. Aphids live on bark of twigs of Pinus quences for each specimen were confirmed with both mugo feeding among needle bases and produce a lot of sense and anti-sense strands and aligned in the BioEdit honeydew. Lithuanian samples were from Pinus mugo in Sequence Alignment Editor (Hall 1999). Partial COI se- the coastal (Neringa, Klaipëda), central (Kaunas) and quences were tested for stop codons and none were eastern (Vilnius) regions of Lithuania. found. GenBank Accession numbers for each sample are Cinara (Cinara) laricis (Hartig, 1839). This species given in Table 1. is common throughout Europe. Aphids form small dense Additional sequences for comparison were down- colonies on twigs of lower branches and trunks of young loaded from GenBank and BOLD systems (Table 1). Se- Larix spp. and are important honeydew producers in quences were collapsed into haplotypes using FaBox Austria, Germany, Switzerland and Italy. Lithuanian sam- 1.41 (Villesen 2007). To evaluate within-species sequence ples were from Larix decidua in the coastal (Klaipëda) diversity uncorrected p-distances were calculated with and southern (Alytus) regions of Lithuania. MEGA 7 (Kumar et al. 2016) and statistical parsimony Cinara (Cinara) pectinatae (Nordlinger, 1880). This networks with 95 % implemented connection limit were species has been already registered throughout Europe built using TCS v 1.21 (Clement et al. 2000). southwards from Lithuania, also in Sweden and Norway. Aphids feed on the needles, at the junction between Results petiole and stem on small branches of Abies spp. They are important honeydew producers in Central Europe. Twenty-seven aphid species of the tribe Eulachnini Lithuanian sample was from Abies koreana in the cen- were detected in 2004 – 2017 in Lithuania. Twenty-three tral (Kaunas) region of Lithuania. of them belong to the genus Cinara (eighteen of Cinara (Cinara) piceae (Panzer, 1800). This spe- subgenus Cinara s. str., three of Cupressobium, two of cies is common throughout Europe. These large-sized Schizolachnus) and four to the genus Eulachnus. Eight aphids (5–7 mm long) form large colonies on older species are reported from Lithuania for the first time: branches and trunks of Picea spp., often move to roots Cinara (C.) brauni, C. (C.) kochiana, C. (C.) neubergi, in summer. These important honeydew producers can C. (C.) laricis, C. (C.) pectinatae, C. (C.) piceae, be harmful to host plants. Lithuanian samples were from Eulachnus brevipilosus, E. nigricola. Currently avail- Picea abies, P. pungens and P. omorica in the coastal able information concerning distribution, biology and (Klaipëda), central (Kaunas), northern (Panevëþys) and economic importance of new for Lithuania species is eastern (Vilnius) regions of Lithuania. In 2006, numer- given below mostly after Nieto Nafria et al. (2013), ous colonies (apterae and larvae) of C. piceae were also Blackman and Eastop (2018), Binazzi and Scheurer (2009), found on the bark of trunk and branches of Taxus baccata Albrecht (2017), Kanturski et al. (2017). 2 m height bush (Skirgiðkës, Vilnius distr.). These ap- Cinara (Cinara) brauni Börner, 1940. This species peared to be opportunistic invaders from the nearby has been already registered in Europe southwards from growing overcrowded P. pungens, which failed to sur- Lithuania, also from Sweden. Aphids form dense colo- vive on atypical host (perished in two weeks). nies on young shoots and one or two-year-old twigs of Eulachnus brevipilosus Börner, 1940. This species Pinus nigra, rarely P. sibirica, P. sylvestris and might has been already registered in Europe from mountain cause damage to young host plants. These aphids are areas of Austria, the Czech Republic, Italy, Poland, moderate honeydew producers, optionally dependent on Slovakia and Ukraine, also in Finland and Scandinavian ants. Lithuanian samples were from Pinus nigra, P. Peninsula. Aphids feed on needles of Pinus spp. and are heldreichii and unidentified exotic Pinus sp. in coastal reported as pests causing serious damage to young and (Klaipëda) region of Lithuania. mature pine trees in nursery gardens, parks, forests and

2019, Vol. 25, No. 1 (49) ISSN 2029-9230 27 BALTIC FORESTRY NEW FOR LITHUANIA APHID SPECIES OF THE TRIBE EULACHNINI /.../ J. DANILOV ET AL. cultivated areas, especially in invasive distribution ar- Table 3. COI haplotypes of seven Eulachnini eas of aphid species (Kanturski et al. 2017). Lithuanian species new to Lithuania. Sample information is samples were from P. sylvestris in the coastal (Klaipëda, given in Table 1 Neringa) and eastern (Utena) regions of Lithuania. Haplotype Number of Sequences belonging to haplotype Eulachnus nigricola (Paðek 1953). This species has code sequences been already registered in Europe from mountain areas Cinara (Cinara) brauni of Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Ger- H1 2 Da17-320, KF649394 many, Hungary, Italy, North Macedonia, Moldova, Po- H2 1 12HA04602 H3 3 KF639313, KF649558, ACEA053-14 land, Romania, Slovakia, Spain and Switzerland. Until Cinara (Cinara) kochiana recently, it was regarded as montane element, but in H1 1 Da17-550 Southern Poland, this species is very common also in H2 2 KF649382, KF649462 anthropogenic areas (Kanturski et al. 2017). It was also H3 1 KP869241 Cinara (Cinara) laricis found in Copenhagen (Kanturski 2017, personal com- H1 7 Da17-684, KF639321, KF649554, munication). Aphids feed on needles of Pinus nigra (incl. KF649556, KF649464, KF649369, var. pallasiana, var. salzmanii), also P. heldreichii, P. ACEA039-14 H2 1 12HA04624 massoniana P. leucodermis. Lithuanian samples were H3 1 KP339517 from P. nigra and P. heldreichii in coastal (Klaipëda) H4 1 KM501334 region. H5 1 JX035025 Partial COI sequences (652 bp) were used to con- Cinara (Cinara) neubergi H1 4 Da17-311, Da17-356A, Da17-436B, firm morphology-based identification of the new to Da17-515B Lithuania Eulachnini species by comparing with avail- H2 1 KF649380 able sequences from public databases (see Table 1). The Cinara (Cinara) pectinatae number of downloaded sequences was from 1 to 13 per H1 1 Da17-446 H2 5 KF639326, KF649557, KF649375, species. Average proportion of differences (p-distances) KF649377, ACEA040-14 within species varied from 0.05% in C. pectinatae to Cinara (Cinara) piceae 2.36% in C. piceae (Table 2). Two COI haplotypes were H1 1 Da17-715 H2 4 06-10, Da17-227, Da17-347, Da17-353, detected in E. nigricola, C. neubergi and C. pectinatae, Da17-445 3 in C. brauni and C. kochiana, 5 in C. laricis, 7 in C. H3 2 KP869234, KP869253 piceae and 9 in E. brevipilosus (Table 3). H4 1 Da16-358 Most of the samples from Lithuania represented COI H5 2 JQ916814, JQ916815 haplotypes, which were not previously detected in other H6 2 KF649413, KF649414 H7 1 KF649445 countries (Table 3, Figure 1). Samples of C. brauni col- Eulachnus brevipilosus lected in Lithuania belonged to two COI haplotypes, one H1 1 KP637118 of them (H2) was unique, while another one (H1) was the H2 5 KP637108-KP637111, KP637117 same with sample from Kazakhstan. Unique COI haplo- H3 1 KP637116 H4 1 KP637115 type (H1) was also detected in Lithuanian sample of C. H5 1 KP637114 kochiana. It differed from samples collected in France H6 2 KP637106, KP637113 (H2) by single nucleotide substitution. In case of C. H7 1 KP637112 laricis, one sample from Lithuania represented unique H8 1 KP637107 haplotype (H2), differing by four nucleotides from the H9 3 Da17-524, Da17-528A, Da17-710 Eulachnus nigricola most abundant COI haplotype (H1), which included sam- H1 2 KP637144, KP637143 ples from Lithuania, France and China. COI sequences H2 1 Da17-324

Table 2. Average and range of pairwise within-species sam- of C. neubergi from Lithuania were identical and were ple divergences (p-distances) of partial COI sequences (652 different from the single sample from France by three bp) for seven species of the tribe Eulachnini nucleotide substitutions. Partial COI sequences of C. pectinatae samples from France (H2) differed by one Species Number of Average; Number of samples range of divergence, % haplotypes nucleotide from the sample collected in Lithuania (H1). Cinara (Cinara) brauni n=6 0.14; 0.00 – 0.31 3 All COI haplotypes of Lithuanian C. piceae samples (H1, Cinara (Cinara) kochiana n=4 1.94; 0.00 – 3.83 3 Cinara (Cinara) laricis n=10 0.47; 0.00 – 1.23 5 H2 and H4) were not detected in samples collected in Cinara (Cinara) neubergi n=5 0.18; 0.00 – 0.46 2 other countries. The closest haplotype was H3, repre- Cinara (Cinara) pectinatae n=6 0.05; 0.00 – 0.15 2 Cinara (Cinara) piceae n=14 2.36; 0.00 – 5.37 7 senting samples from Japan. Partial COI sequences of E. Eulachnus brevipilosus n=16 0.29; 0.00 – 0.67 9 nigricola from Lithuania (H2) differed from other avail- Eulachnus nigricola n=3 0.22; 0.00 – 0.33 2 able European samples (H1) by two nucleotides. Unique

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Figure 1. Haplotype networks for partial COI sequences (652 bp, 95% connection limit, gaps treated as missing data) of new to Lithuania species of Eulachnini. The haplotype with the high- est outgroup probability is displayed as a square, while others are displayed as ovals. For sample information, see Tables 1 and 3. CH – Switzerland, CN – China, FR – France, JP – Japan, KZ – Kazakhstan, LT – Lithuania, MN – Mongolia, US – United States of America

COI haplotype was detected in all samples of E. brevi- Osiadacz and Haùaj 2009, Haùaj and Osiadacz 2015). pilosus from Lithuania (H9) and it differed from the most For the present, economical value of Eulachnini spe- abundant haplotype (H2) by single nucleotide. cies in Lithuania mostly concern their honeydew pro- duction and 13 species out of 27 registered are known as Discussion and Conclusions important producers of honeydew (Binazzi and Scheurer 2009). Out of them, C. (C.) piceae, C. (C.) nuda, C. (C.) Current research added eight species of Eulachnini piceicola, C. (C.) pinea, and C. (C.) pini appear most to the earlier reported 19 species in the faunal list of promising because their host plants, Picea abies and Lithuania. With 27 species on the list, Lithuanian Pinus sylvestris, are the most common conifers in Lithua- Eulachnini appear to be rather well studied when com- nia, as have already been noted by the Lithuanian bee- pared with adjacent countries – 19 from Latvia, 21 from keepers (Straigis and Amðiejus 2002). To increase the Belarus (Nieto Nafria et al. 2013). Thirty-four species effective management of honeydew resource, a proper have been recorded from Poland, due to the presence of knowledge of the local specificity of honeydew produc- mountainous regions in Southern Poland, and establish- ing conifer aphid species is inevitable including the pre- ment of alien species Cinara curvipes (Patch 1912, cise identification of aphid species.

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The application of molecular taxonomy tools can be conifer-feeding aphids in the mountains of southwest important both for aphid species life stages association China. Scientific Reports 6: 20123. Chen, R., Favret, C., Jiang, L., Wang, Z. and Qiao, G. (Zhang et al. 2008) and the detection of cryptic species 2016 a. An aphid lineage maintains a bark-feeding niche (Rakauskas et al. 2011). DNA fragments can also be used while switching to and diversifying on conifers. Cladis- for tracing invasion history (Lozier et al. 2009). In case tics 32: 555-572. DOI: 10.1111/cla.12141 of new to Lithuania Eulachnini aphids, revealing the area Clement, M., Posada, D. and Crandall, K. A. 2000. TCS: a computer program to estimate gene genealogies. Mo- of their origin is almost impossible for now, because of lecular Ecology 9: 1657-1659. the scarcity of available sequences for comparative Durak, R. 2014. Life cycle, seasonal and interannual poly- analyses (see Table 1 for details). Species of the genus morphism in a monoecious aphid Cinara mordvilkoi Cinara belonging to the “pinea group” (for details see (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea: Lachnidae). European Journal of Entomology 111(3): 357–362. Blackman and Eastop 2018), are an example when mo- Durak, R., Wægrzyn, E. and Leniowski, K. 2016. Do all lecular taxonomy tools are inevitable. aphids benefit from climate warming? An effect of tem- Eulachnini species are not included in the list of im- perature increase on a native species of temperate cli- matic zone Cinara juniperi. Ethology Ecology and Evo- portant forest pests in Lithuania for now (Valstybinë lution 28(2): 188-201. Miðkø Tarnyba 2019). Out of the recently reported spe- Folmer, O., Black, M., Hoeh, W., Lutz, R.and Vrijehoek cies, only C. piceae appeared to be rather common, al- R. 1994. DNA primers for amplification of mitochon- ready registered in the coastal (Klaipëda), central (Kau- drial cytochrome C oxidase subunit I from diverse meta- zoan invertebrates. Molecular Marine Biology and Bio- nas), northern (Panevëþys) and eastern (Vilnius) regions technology 3: 294-299. of Lithuania. The species has been reported as a pest of Haùaj, R. and Osiadacz, B. 2015. On foreign land: the con- firs in nurseries of the Czech Republic and Northern Cau- quest of Europe by Cinara curvipes (Patch, 1912). Deut- casus (Stary 1976). Situation in Lithuania requires con- sche Entomologische Zeitschrift 62(2): 261-265. Hall, T. A. 1999. BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence stant monitoring because alien species of Eulachnini may alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/ establish novel insect-plant interactions as was docu- 98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium 41: 95-98. mented for C. curvipes in Poland (Haùaj and Osiadacz 2015). Heie, O. E. 1995. 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