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Invasion of Living Fossil Bivalve, Dosinia Japonica (Reeve, 1850) Along the Indian Coast

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Invasion of Living Fossil Bivalve, Dosinia Japonica (Reeve, 1850) Along the Indian Coast SCIENTIFIC CORRESPONDENCE 3. Craddock, P. T., Freestone, I. C., Gurjar, L. K., Middleton, A. P. and Willies, L., In Old World Archaeometallurgy (eds Haupt- mann, A., Pernick, E. and Wagner, G. A.), Bochum Bergbau Museum, 1989, pp. 51–70. 4. Petrussenko, S., Miner. Rec., 1991, 22, 439–445. 5. Vidyarthi, R. C. and Sen, R., Geol. Surv. India Misc. Pub., 1978, 34, 118–134. 6. Holler, W. and Gandhi, S. M., Can. Miner- al., 1995, 33, 1047–1057. 7. Soni, L. K., Bhamboo, Y. S. and Mukho- padhyay, S., Unpub. Report, Geol. Surv. India, 2015. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. We thank Brij Kumar, Additional Director General and HOD, Geological Survey of India, Western Region, Jaipur for encouragement and permis- sion to publish this work. We also thank offi- cials of EPMA Lab, NCEGR, Faridabad for EPMA study and a reviewer for useful sug- gestions that helped improve the manuscript. Received 30 July 2018; revised accepted 10 Figure 3 a–d. EPMA studies of galena and sphalerite. a, BSE image of galena and dyscrasite January 2019 in Dolomite, Zawar Mine.; b, BSE image showing occurrence of green sphalerite and galena; c, Spectrum of Ag (dyscrasite). d, Spectrum of Zn (sphalerite). 1 SHUBHABRATA MUKHOPADHYAY 1, ABHISHEK ANAND * 2 belts of India and Zawar Belt in particu- revealing the presence of dyscrasite in S. K. RAJPUT lar. The green colour of sphalerite is due Zawar Belt of Udaipur district. to the presence of trace amounts of Co 1Geological Survey of India, and Fe in it. The typical properties of Western Region, 1. Sugden, T. J., Deb, M. and Windely, B. F., sphalerite, viz. translucent light green Jaipur 302 004, India In Precambrian Continental Crust and its 2Hindustan Zinc Limited, colour and very high dispersion make it a Economic Resources (ed. Naqui, S. M.), worthy gem stone. Therefore, further Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Zawar Mines, search for this variety of sphalerite may 1990, pp. 367–390. Udaipur 313 901, India be given priority in the Zawar Belt. This 2. Gandhi, S. M., J. Geol. Soc. India, 2014, *For correspondence. study appears to be the first report 84, 253–266. e-mail: [email protected] Invasion of living fossil bivalve, Dosinia japonica (Reeve, 1850) along the Indian coast Phylum Mollusca is the second largest sumers and primary detritus and thus imately 800 of venerid clams thus far. group of invertebrates and comprises play significant role in nutrient recy- Among these, 82 species are placed soft-bodied animals. They occur in cling. under 25 living genera in India. Under diverse habitats such as freshwater, estu- Invasive species have been a growing genus Dosinia around 15 subgenera are arine, marine, terrestrial and arboreal. problem around the world since several recognized, but the distinguishing cha- Benthic organisms are living on or in the decades3. They have an impact on the racters are not yet clear5. Rao5 also substratum of water bodies. Many organ- new environment, such as importing new described seven Dosinia spp., namely isms are permanently attached to the bot- diseases and competing with native or- Dosinia bruguieri, D. cretacea, D. fibu- tom. Among molluscan species, bivalves ganisms for space and food4. Venerid la, D. histrio, D. prostrate, D. tranque- are larger and thus more visible. They clams are suspension filter-feeders. They barica and D. tumida which are found in exhibit a variety of body shapes, repro- live buried in shallow marine waters and India. Distribution of D. japonica is also ductive modes and feeding styles1. are common along the mainland coasts, confined to coastal waters of Malaysia Bivalves are filter-feeding organisms and but less abundant in the islands. Accord- and Indonesia, Korean peninsula, Japan can purify silted marine waters2; they ing to Rao5, Veneridae is a large family and Russia6. In Japan, this species was form an important link between the con- consisting of 172 genera and approx- reported in an extensive geographic 894 CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 116, NO. 6, 25 MARCH 2019 SCIENTIFIC CORRESPONDENCE range in Pleistocene deposits7. It occurs laboratory, morphological features of 1961. Dosinia japonica (Reeve), Iwai, with molluscan assemblages of still- each specimen were studied, including Saito Ho-on Kai Mus., Res. Bull., living species, which is suggestive of a umbo, radial ribs, posterior slope, lunule, no. 30, pl. 1, figs. 7a-c. provincial Pleistocene era. The present escutcheon, ligament and hinge. Cardinal 1965. Dosinia japonica (Reeve), Iwai, study provides a taxonomic description teeth and growth lines were carefully Bull. Educ. Fac., Hirosaki Univ., of D. japonica which is an alien bivalve. studied. Later the specimen (M.2098) no. 15. p. 41, pl. 18. figs. 5-6. The study site, Padukere beach, loca- was deposited at the Marine Biology 1971. Dosinorbis (Phacosoma) japoni- ted near the mouth of River Udyawara, Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of cus (Reeve), Kuroda et al., The Udupi district, Karnataka (13°20′51.80″N, India (ZSI) in Chennai. Sea Shells of Sagami Bay, p. 649. 74°41′30.92″E) (Figure 1) was surveyed p. 421, pl. 91, Fig. I. monthly (February 2009 to April 2010) Classification: 1977. Phacosoma japonicum (Reeve), during low tides for 1.3 years. Near this Phylum: Mollusca Linnaeus, 1758 Habe, Bivalvia and Scaphopoda. sampling site, there is a group of four Class: Bivalvia Linnaeus, 1758 p. 260, pl. 55, fig. 1. small islands collectively known as St Order: Venerida Gray, 1854 1981. Dosinia (Phacosoma) japonica Mary’s Island, spreading over a distance Family: Veneridae Rafinesque, 1815 (Reeve), Ogasawara, Saito Ho-on of about 4 km from north to south, Genus: Dosinia Scopoli, 1777 Kai Mus., Res. Bull., no. 49. pl. parallel to the mainland of Udupi district. Species: japonica Reeve 1850 1, fig. 12. Dosinia species (dosinids) were col- Dosinia japonica (Reeve, 1850) lected by hand-picking from intertidal Synonymized name: Artemis japonica regions at approx. 0.8 m depth during 1850. Artemis japonica Reeve, Conch. Reeve, 1850 low tide. Specimens were washed using Icon. Artemis sp. 17, pl. 3, fig. Material examined: 126 numbers (liv- sea water to remove the debris, and then 17. ing specimens) collected and studied transferred to clean plastic bags. There- 1862. Dosinia japonica (Reeve), Roe- near the mouth of River Udyawara, after, they were brought to the laborato- mer, Monogr. Molluskengatt. Padukere (Karnataka, India). ry, photographed and identified up to Dosinia, p. 60, pl. 11, figs. 4, 4a, Description: Shell is nearly orbicular species level using standard taxonomic 4b. and maximum distance between ventral keys of Rao5, Oliver8, Huber9, Huber et 1933. Dosinia (Phacosoma) japonica al.10 and Natural History Museum Rot- (Reeve), Kuroda, Cat. Mollusca, terdam (Mollusca) (https://www.nmr- Fukui Pref., no. 369, p. 201. pics.nl/). Classification and scientific 1951. Dosinia (Phacosoma) japonica names were referred from the World (Reeve), Habe. Genera of Japa- Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) nese shell, no. 1, Pelecypoda, p. (http://www.marinespecies.org). In the 169, text-fig. 384. Figure 2. a, Right valve of Dosinia japoni- ca. b, Left valve; scale bar = 5 mm. c, Post- erior adductor muscle scar (green circle). d, Anterior adductor muscle scar (green circle). Figure 3. Escutcheon of D. japonica (source: Figure 1. Location of study site in Padukere beach, Karnataka, southwest coast of India. Takagi7). CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 116, NO. 6, 25 MARCH 2019 895 SCIENTIFIC CORRESPONDENCE Table 1. Comparison of Dosinia tumida (India), D. japonica (India) and D. japonica (Japan) Species Dosinia tumida (India) D. japonica (India) D. japonica (Japan) Shell shape Orbicular Orbicular Orbicular Umbo Prominent and pointed Prominent and pointed obliquely towards Prominent and pointed obliquely obliquely towards anterior end towards anterior end anterior end Lunule Heart shaped and black Large lunule and distinct. Lunule cordate Large lunule and distinct. Most of and impressed. Most of the specimens the specimens have a moderately have a moderately wide–long lunule wide–long lunule Internal shell Smooth and white Smooth and white Smooth and white Adductor impression Almost of same size Adductor muscle scars large, oblong, Large, oblong, distinctly defined; (muscle scar) distinctly defined; posterior one somewhat posterior one somewhat larger than larger than anterior one anterior one Escutcheon D. tumida escutcheon is Escutcheon is prominent and broader Escutcheon is prominent and broader. narrow and its shell is compared to D. tumida. Shell is slightly Shell is slightly smooth smooth smooth ligament and escutcheon are important for taxonomic separation at the species level. This clam can be separated from the others by comparing a wide, distinct and V-shaped escutcheon with a short ligament. Boominathan et al.11 reported only one species, i.e. Dosinia tumida from estuarine areas of Karnataka. D. tumida escutcheon is narrow and its shell is smooth, whereas D. japonica does not display these characters (Table 1). Habitat: D. japonica was found throughout the year in the present study. This dosinid inhabits intertidal zone to muddy sediments of shallow coastal waters12. It occurred in the very fine sandy beach located near the mouth of River Udyawara13. These common inter- tidal and inshore bivalves are used as food by local fishermen. Figure 5. (a) Unsmooth surface and (b) Geological range: Pleistocene– teeth of right valve; scale bar = 2.32 mm. Recent7. Figure 4. a, Sraie of left valve; scale bar = Distribution: Singapore, Malaysia, 1.95 mm. b, Teeth and hinge; scale bar = 2.31 mm. Chinese Taipei, Japan, China, Australia (https://www.gbif.org), India (present and V-shaped escutcheon and a short study). The given global distribution ligament (Figure 3). The ligament shape record is based on previous published and umbo is high, concentrically finely is closely interrelated with its escut- records. They inhabit a wide variety of elevated, striated (Figure 2 a and b).
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