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Czyzewska, Izabella Sylwia (2012) How to Pray to Hittite Gods: a Semantic and Contextual Analysis of Hittite Prayer Terminology

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Czyzewska, Izabella Sylwia (2012) How to Pray to Hittite Gods: a Semantic and Contextual Analysis of Hittite Prayer Terminology Czyzewska, Izabella Sylwia (2012) How to Pray to Hittite Gods: A Semantic and Contextual Analysis of Hittite Prayer Terminology with the New Editions of Selected Prayers of Muršili II. PhD Thesis, SOAS, University of London http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/13817 Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non‐commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this thesis, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", name of the School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination. 1 HOW TO PRAY TO HITTITE GODS: A SEMANTIC AND CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS OF HITTITE PRAYER TERMINOLOGY WITH THE NEW EDITIONS OF SELECTED PRAYERS OF MURŠILI II BY IZABELLA SYLWIA CZYZEWSKA A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 2012 DEPARTMENT OF NEAR AND MIDDLE EAST SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF LONDON 2 Declaration for PhD thesis I have read and understood regulation 17.9 of the Regulations for students of the School of Oriental and African Studies concerning plagiarism. I undertake that all the material presented for examination is my own work and has not been written for me, in whole or in part, by any other person. I also undertake that any quotation or paraphrase from the published or unpublished work of another person has been duly acknowledged in the work which I present for examination. Signed: Izabella S. Czyzewska Date: 23 May 2012 3 ABSTRACT This thesis examines five key terms employed in the colophons and in the main body of Hittite prayers as well as in festival, ritual and oracle texts to describe religious utterances (and rites) and are thus relevant for studying Hittite prayer terminology. These include the verbs arkuwai-, mald-, mugai-, talliya-, walla/i- and wallu- as well as the related nouns arkuwar , malduwar , malteššar , mugawar , mukeššar , talliyawar and walliyatar . The thesis is divided into four chapters. Chapter one summarises the previous research on the topic of Hittite prayers and the terminology relating to Hittite prayer and praying. Issues and problems to be investigated in this thesis are identified; they pertain mainly to the function of these terms in the context of prayers. Furthermore, issues relating to the methodology used in this thesis are discussed. In chapter two, all the terms named above are subjected to a detailed semantic and contextual analysis in order to determine their precise meanings and functions, or rather, the functions of the utterances and rites denoted by these terms, within the sphere of Hittite religion. Chapter three investigates the usage of these terms in the prayer context and offers new important insights into the question of whether the various terms represent different prayer types or functional elements of a typical Hittite prayer and, in turn, provides a better understanding of the Hittite prayer system and its diachronic development. Chapter four offers new critical philological editions of selected prayers of Muršili II, that is the hymn and prayer to the Sungoddess of Arinna (CTH 376.II) as well as the first and the second plague prayers (CTH 378.I and CTH 378.II). It also contains a translation and transliteration of the hymn and prayer to Telipinu (CTH 377). These texts are of vital importance for the study of Hittite prayer terminology. The plague prayers are the first Hittite prayers which are labelled by Hittite scribes as arkuwar . The prayers to the Sungoddess of Arinna and to Telipinu are the first structurally complex compositions whose elements are explicitly labelled by Hittite scribes with specialised terms. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS VOL. I TITLE PAGE 1 DECLARATION 2 ABSTRACT 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS 4 FOREWORD 7 ABBREVIATIONS 8 CHAPTER ONE: Introduction 1.1. General Background 9 1.2. History of Research on Hittite Prayer 11 1.3. Identifying the Problems 17 1.3.1. Definition of a Hittite Prayer 17 1.3.2. Termini Technici of Hittite Prayer 18 1.4. Main Research Objectives 21 1.5. Remarks on Methodology 22 1.5.1. Lexical Semantics 22 1.5.2. Generic Approach to Hittite Prayer 24 CHAPTER TWO: Hittite Prayer Terminology. A Semantic Analysis. 2.1. Introduction 27 2.2. Previous Research, Attestations and Meaning 27 2.2.1. arkuwai -, -za arkuwar iya -, -za arkuwar ešša -, *arkueššar 27 2.2.2. (-za) mald -, malduwar , malteššar , mammalt-, malteš(ša)nala- 41 2.2.3. mugai -, mugawar , mukeššar 60 2.2.4. talliya -, talliyawar 68 2.2.5. walla/i -, wallu -, walluške/a -, walli -, walliyatar 80 2.3. Conclusion: Summary of Semantic Development and the Usage of Hittite Prayer Terminology 88 5 CHAPTER THREE: Hittite Prayer Terminology in Context 3.1. Introduction 94 3.2. Hittite Prayer Terminology and Taxonomy of the Genre 95 3.2.1. mald- 96 3.2.2. mugai- 98 3.2.3. arkuwai-, arkuwar 101 3.3. Hittite Prayer Terminology and Structure of “Royal Prayers” 114 3.3.1. Invocation Ritual, Hymn and Prayer of Muršili II to the Sungoddess of Arinna (CTH 376.II) 115 3.3.2. Invocation Ritual, Hymn and Prayer of Muršili II to Telipinu (CTH 377) 118 3.3.3. Muwatalli’s “Prayer” to the Assembly of the Hittite Gods (CTH 381) 120 3.3.4. Hymn and Prayer of Vattušili and Pudu Jepa to the Sungoddess of Arinna (CTH 383) 122 3.3.5. Prayers of Pudu Jepa to the Sungoddess of Arinna and Her Entourage (CTH 384) 123 3.4. Summaries and Conclusions 127 3.4.1. Usage of mald-, mugai-, arkuwai- and arkuwar in Prayer Context: A Diachronic and Synchronic 128 View 3.4.2. Function of mald-, mugai-, arkuwai-, arkuwar , walla/i- and wallu- in “Royal Prayers” 133 CHAPTER FOUR: Prayers of Muršili II: Critical Editions 4.1. Introduction 140 4.2. Prayers Concerning the Plague and Enemies (CTH 376) 140 4.2.1. CTH 376 Manuscripts 141 4.2.2. Texts 145 A Middle Hittite Prayer to the Sungoddess of Arinna (CTH 376.I) 145 Hymn and Prayer of Muršili II to the Sungoddess of Arinna (CTH 376.II) 156 4.3. Prayers Concerning the Plague 196 6 The ‘First’ Plague Prayer (CTH 378.I) 197 The ‘Second’ Plague Prayer (CTH 378.II) 217 4.4. Hymn and Prayer to Telipinu (CTH 377) 248 BIBLIOGRAPHY 260 VOL. II APPENDIX ONE: Catalogue 2 APPENDIX TWO: Join Sketches 123 APPENDIX THREE: CTH 376 – Additional Prayers (CTH 376.III, CTH 376 IV, CTH 376.V) 136 7 FOREWORD First, I would like to express my gratitude to Prof. Dr. Daniel Schwemer, under whose supervision this thesis was written, and to Dr. Mark Weeden for their support and invaluable help in forming the ideas that are included in this dissertation. I have benefited from the discussion with both scholars and have been kindly allowed to consult some of their works prior to their publications. Any mistakes or misinterpretations are my own responsibility. I am very grateful to Prof. G. Wilhelm, Dr. S. Košak and Dr. F. Fuscagni for showing great hospitality when I visited the Akademie der Wissenschaften in Mainz to use the lexical card catalogue and the photo collection. I am especially grateful to Prof. G. Wilhelm for the permission to use unpublished photographs held at the Akademie der Wissenschaften in Mainz in preparation of this thesis. Prof. Jared L. Miller kindly sent me photographs of unpublished fragments used in my new editions of selected prayers of Muršili II, when he held a research position at the Akademie der Wissenschaften in Mainz. I also had the opportunity to visit the Vorderasiatische Museum, Berlin, in order to use the photo collection, and would like to thank director B. Salje as well as J. Marzahn and his team for their facilitation of my visit. My visit was paid for partially by a grant from the Central Research Fund of the University of London and partially by the SOAS Postgraduate Additional Fieldwork Award. To both Institutions I extend my gratitude. Finally, I would like to thank the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada as well as the School of Oriental and African Studies for awarding me the doctoral fellowship and the Overseas Research Students Award, which partially founded my PhD research at SOAS. 8 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CAD The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago . CHD The Hittite Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago . HED Puhvel, J. Hittite Etymological Dictionary HEG Tischler, J. Hethitisches Etymologisches Glossar HG Hoffner, H.A. – Melchert, H.C. A Grammar of the Hittite Language (2008) HW Friedrich, J. Hethitisches Wörterbuch HW 2 Friedrich, J.- Kammenhuberm A. Hethitisches Wörterbuch. TRANSLITERATION CONVENTIONS USED IN THE TEXTS xxxxx signs written over erasure / end of a line → line continues // end or beginning of a paragraph /// end or beginning of an entry in one line of the bi- /trilingual lexical lists :x x x x words preceded by a Glossenkeil [?] break in the tablet that may or may not contain signs [ø] break in the tablet that does not contain any signs [ ... ] gap of an uncertain size < x > sign omitted by the scribe {x} redundant sign — words not included in the text 9 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1. General Background Prayer was one of the fundamental features of the Hittite religion.
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