Program Summer School in Languages and Linguistics 2021, July 12-23
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Copyright © 2014 Richard Charles Mcdonald All Rights Reserved. The
Copyright © 2014 Richard Charles McDonald All rights reserved. The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary has permission to reproduce and disseminate this document in any form by any means for purposes chosen by the Seminary, including, without, limitation, preservation or instruction. GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS BIBLICAL HEBREW TEXTS ACCORDING TO A TRADITIONAL SEMITIC GRAMMAR __________________ A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary __________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy __________________ by Richard Charles McDonald December 2014 APPROVAL SHEET GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS BIBLICAL HEBREW TEXTS ACCORDING TO A TRADITIONAL SEMITIC GRAMMAR Richard Charles McDonald Read and Approved by: __________________________________________ Russell T. Fuller (Chair) __________________________________________ Terry J. Betts __________________________________________ John B. Polhill Date______________________________ I dedicate this dissertation to my wife, Nancy. Without her support, encouragement, and love I could not have completed this arduous task. I also dedicate this dissertation to my parents, Charles and Shelly McDonald, who instilled in me the love of the Lord and the love of His Word. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.............................................................................................vi LIST OF TABLES.............................................................................................................vii -
A Minimalist Analysis of Uyghur Genitives Stephen Politzer-Ahles
A Minimalist analysis of Uyghur genitives Stephen Politzer-Ahles University of Kansas Abstract This paper investigates the syntactic structure of so-called genitive-possessive DPs in Uyghur, a Turkic language. Uyghur genitive-possessives bear suffixes on both the “possessing” entity (comparable to the Saxon genitive 's in English) and the “possessed” one. The suffix on the “possessor”, -ning, is considered a genitive case marker; the suffix on the “possessed” has multiple allomorphs and is considered an agreement marker that agrees in person and number with the “possessor”. Based on the multiplicity of semantic roles that the “possessing” object may bear, and the observation that it may be dropped from the DP, an analogy is made between genitive-possessive DPs and finite TPs. It is proposed that “possessors” behave in a manner parallel to that of subjects of TPs: they are introduced by a quasi-functional head n or within a gerund, and raise to [Spec,DP] to receive genitive case from D. The agreement suffix, on the other hand, is treated as the phonological realization of an Agr head that is introduced with unvalued phi-features, features which are valued when the “possessing” entity passes through the specifier of AgrP. Adopting this structure can explain data on the realization of definiteness in genitive and non-genitive DPs, and the distribution of adverbials within gerunds. Introduction One of the key components to a theory of noun phrase structure is an explanation of how possessive marking is carried out within the DP. For example, a theory of English DPs owes an explanation of where the 's comes from in phrases like “John’s book”, and how case-checking is done in such a phrase. -
SPLIT-ERGATIVITY in HITTITE Petra Goedegebuure (University of Chicago)
Published in: Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie. Volume 102, Issue 2, Pages 270–303, ISSN (Online) 1613-1150, ISSN (Print) 0084-5299, DOI: 10.1515/za- 2012-0015, January 2013 1 SPLIT-ERGATIVITY IN HITTITE Petra Goedegebuure (University of Chicago) “it is possible that all languages show ergativity on some level” (McGregor 2009, 482) 1. Introduction2 As a highly heterogeneous phenomenon ergativity remains a conundrum for linguistic theory. The ergative case has been treated as a structural case, an inherent/lexical case, or rather as a mix (Butt 2006). Split-ergativity is thought to arise as an epiphenomenon, as ‘collateral damage’ of diachronic change after reinterpretation of passive constructions with instrumentals (Dixon 1994) or through reanalysis of transitive null-subject clauses with inanimate instrumentals (Garrett 1990b). Alternatively, case assignment and therefore also split-ergativity ultimately depends on synchronic structural properties of the clause (Merchant 2006). It has been claimed that only 25% of the world’s languages shows ergativity (Van de Visser 2006), or that “all languages show ergativity on some level” (McGregor 2009, 482). Irrespective of the correct ratio, split-ergativity seems to be the norm among languages that show ergativity. When the ergative split is based on semantic features of noun phrases, it is generally assumed that animacy plays a major role. Silverstein (1976) has shown that pronouns and nouns can be hierarchically arranged based on semantic features such as person, number, or grammatical gender. The strength of this hierarchy is that if agent marking is attested for the first time at a certain point in the hierarchy, all nominals lower in the hierarchy will carry agent marking as well. -
Usage and Chinese Translation of Uyghur Auxiliary Verb “Çiq-”*
Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 378 6th International Conference on Education, Language, Art and Inter-cultural Communication (ICELAIC 2019) Usage and Chinese Translation of Uyghur Auxiliary Verb “Çiq-”* Rehmitulla Tudaji School of Uyghur Language and Culture Northwest Minzu University Lanzhou, China 730030 Guzalnur Tursun Osman Juma** School of Uyghur Language and Culture School of Uyghur Language and Culture Northwest Minzu University Northwest Minzu University Lanzhou, China 730030 Lanzhou, China 730030 **Corresponding Author Abstract—Uyghur "çiq" is a kind of auxiliary verb, which attaches to the coverb and loses its lexical meaning completely or II. RELEVANT RESEARCHES ON UYGUR AUXILIARY VERBS partly, expressing the aspect or modal meaning. Uyghur Uyghur auxiliary verbs have rich functions. Although they auxiliaries are a kind of auxiliary verbs, which completely or are only a kind of auxiliary verbs, when they are combined partially lose their lexical meaning and attach to the coverb to with co-verbs, they are the carriers of the whole morpheme express the aspect or modal meaning. They are only a kind of change. Therefore, the understanding of Uyghur auxiliary auxiliary verbs; but when they are combined with coverbs, they verbs is relatively unified. The main research results are as are the carriers of the whole morpheme change. In Uyghur, auxiliary verbs play an important role in enriching language, as follows: it can make the expression of thoughts and feelings more delicate and improve communication efficiency. In addition, it can make A. Study on the Meaning of Uyghur Auxiliary Verbs the language succinct and lively and enable the thoughts and Experts and scholars have a relatively unified feelings to be expressed accurately and appropriately. -
Fine Arts BA (Fine Arts)
THE UNIVERSITY OF THE FREE STATE RULE BOOK 2013 FACULTY OF THE HUMANITIES ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAMMES Dean: Prof. L.J.S. Botes 106 Flippie Groenewoud Building Telephone: 051 4012240 Fax: 051 4445803 OFFICIAL ADDRESS FOR ENQUIRIES: Correspondence with regard to academic matters should be addressed to: The Faculty Manager University of the Free State Faculty of the Humanities P.O. Box 339 BLOEMFONTEIN 9300 Telephone: 051 4012369 Fax: 051 4445803 E-mail: [email protected] hhhhhhhh hhhhhhhh hhhhhhhh 1 Faculty of the Humanities Undergraduate Rule book - 2013 RULE BOOK FACULTIES Humanities Law Agriculture and Natural Sciences Economic and Management Sciences Education Health Sciences Theology N.B.: Copies of the individual sections of the Rule book (as above), including the General Calendar, are available on request from the Registrar: Academic Student Services. 2 Faculty of the Humanities Undergraduate Rule book - 2013 CONTENTS Academic Staff ..................................................................................................... 5 Contact Details .................................................................................................... 8 General Information ............................................................................................. 9 General University Regulations ........................................................................... 9 Faculty Regulations ............................................................................................. 9 General requirements -
Unicode Alphabets for L ATEX
Unicode Alphabets for LATEX Specimen Mikkel Eide Eriksen March 11, 2020 2 Contents MUFI 5 SIL 21 TITUS 29 UNZ 117 3 4 CONTENTS MUFI Using the font PalemonasMUFI(0) from http://mufi.info/. Code MUFI Point Glyph Entity Name Unicode Name E262 � OEligogon LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE OE WITH OGONEK E268 � Pdblac LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P WITH DOUBLE ACUTE E34E � Vvertline LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V WITH VERTICAL LINE ABOVE E662 � oeligogon LATIN SMALL LIGATURE OE WITH OGONEK E668 � pdblac LATIN SMALL LETTER P WITH DOUBLE ACUTE E74F � vvertline LATIN SMALL LETTER V WITH VERTICAL LINE ABOVE E8A1 � idblstrok LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH TWO STROKES E8A2 � jdblstrok LATIN SMALL LETTER J WITH TWO STROKES E8A3 � autem LATIN ABBREVIATION SIGN AUTEM E8BB � vslashura LATIN SMALL LETTER V WITH SHORT SLASH ABOVE RIGHT E8BC � vslashuradbl LATIN SMALL LETTER V WITH TWO SHORT SLASHES ABOVE RIGHT E8C1 � thornrarmlig LATIN SMALL LETTER THORN LIGATED WITH ARM OF LATIN SMALL LETTER R E8C2 � Hrarmlig LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H LIGATED WITH ARM OF LATIN SMALL LETTER R E8C3 � hrarmlig LATIN SMALL LETTER H LIGATED WITH ARM OF LATIN SMALL LETTER R E8C5 � krarmlig LATIN SMALL LETTER K LIGATED WITH ARM OF LATIN SMALL LETTER R E8C6 UU UUlig LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE UU E8C7 uu uulig LATIN SMALL LIGATURE UU E8C8 UE UElig LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE UE E8C9 ue uelig LATIN SMALL LIGATURE UE E8CE � xslashlradbl LATIN SMALL LETTER X WITH TWO SHORT SLASHES BELOW RIGHT E8D1 æ̊ aeligring LATIN SMALL LETTER AE WITH RING ABOVE E8D3 ǽ̨ aeligogonacute LATIN SMALL LETTER AE WITH OGONEK AND ACUTE 5 6 CONTENTS -
Unsupervised Multilingual Learning Benjamin Snyder
Unsupervised Multilingual Learning by Benjamin Snyder Submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY September 2010 © Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2010. All rights reserved. Author............................................................. Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science September 3, 2010 Certified by . Regina Barzilay Associate Professor Thesis Supervisor Accepted by. Terry P. Orlando Chairman, Department Committee on Graduate Students 2 Unsupervised Multilingual Learning by Benjamin Snyder Submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science on September 3, 2010, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Abstract For centuries, scholars have explored the deep links among human languages. In this thesis, we present a class of probabilistic models that exploit these links as a form of naturally occurring supervision. These models allow us to substantially improve performance for core text processing tasks, such as morphological segmentation, part-of-speech tagging, and syntactic parsing. Besides these traditional NLP tasks, we also present a multilingual model for lost language decipherment. We test this model on the ancient Ugaritic language. Our results show that we can automatically uncover much of the historical relationship between Ugaritic and Biblical Hebrew, a known related language. Thesis Supervisor: Regina Barzilay Title: Associate Professor 3 Acknowledgments This thesis would not be possible without my collaborators: Tahira Naseem, Ja- cob Eisenstein, Kevin Knight, and most importantly, my advisor Regina Barzilay. Regina has been a brilliant and tireless advisor throughout my five years at MIT. She has set consistently high standards and has always provided the support and guidance needed to meet those standards. -
Ergativity in Hittite Ilya Yakubovich (Moscow / Oxford)
1 Ergativity in Hittite Ilya Yakubovich (Moscow / Oxford) 1. Traditional analysis of ēshar and ishanant- ‘blood’. (1) KUB 14.3 iv 52, CTH 181 nu apāt ēshar kuwapi paizz[i] CONN. that.NOM.SG.N. blood.NOM.SG.N where go.3SG.PRES ‘When that blood flows…’ (2) KBo 22.1 24-25, CTH 272 nu ŠA LÚMAŠDA ēshar=set natta sanhiskateni CONN. GEN. poor-man blood=his.ACC.SG.N NEG seek.2PL.PRES ‘You do not seek blood of a poor man’. (3) KUB 14.14 rev. 11, CTH 378 nu KUR URUHatti=ya apās ishananza arha namma zinnesta CONN. land Hattusa=and that.NOM.SG.C blood.NOM.SG.C away also finish.3SG.PRET ‘The blood(shed) further finished off the land of Hattusa as well’. 2. Ergative alignment of neuter nouns in Hittite (SO ≠ A). Subject (eshar) Agent (ishananza) Object (eshar) 3. Forschungsgeschichte of Hittite ergativity. Laroche 1962 established that a grammatically neuter noun cannot function in Hittite as the subject of a transitive verb, but must be replaced by a special form in –anz(a) (/-ants/) in the singular and -antes in the plural. He saw that the distribution of these two markers is functionally similar to that of ergative case endings but nevertheless suggested that their primary function is syntactic. More specifically, he writes: “le suffix -ant- est le marque du transfert d’un inanimé dans la classe animée”. Benveniste 1962 plead for the analysis of -ant- as a derivational morpheme that “animatizes” the base noun. The derivatives in -ant-, according to him, “designeront des notions materielles transferées au rang de puissances actives”. -
The University of Chicago Oriental Institute Seminars Number 2
oi.uchicago.edu i THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO ORIENTAL INSTITUTE SEMINARS NUMBER 2 Series Editors Leslie Schramer and Thomas G. Urban oi.uchicago.edu ii oi.uchicago.edu iii MARGINS OF WRITING, ORIGINS OF CULTURES edited by SETH L. SANDERS with contributions by Seth L. Sanders, John Kelly, Gonzalo Rubio, Jacco Dieleman, Jerrold Cooper, Christopher Woods, Annick Payne, William Schniedewind, Michael Silverstein, Piotr Michalowski, Paul-Alain Beaulieu, Theo van den Hout, Paul Zimansky, Sheldon Pollock, and Peter Machinist THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO ORIENTAL INSTITUTE SEMINARS • NUMBER 2 CHICAGO • ILLINOIS oi.uchicago.edu iv Library of Congress Control Number: 2005938897 ISBN: 1-885923-39-2 ©2006 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. Published 2006. Printed in the United States of America. The Oriental Institute, Chicago Co-managing Editors Thomas A. Holland and Thomas G. Urban Series Editors’ Acknowledgments The assistance of Katie L. Johnson is acknowledged in the production of this volume. Front Cover Illustration A teacher holding class in a village on the Island of Argo, Sudan. January 1907. Photograph by James Henry Breasted. Oriental Institute photograph P B924 Printed by McNaughton & Gunn, Saline, Michigan The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Infor- mation Services — Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. oi.uchicago.edu v TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................................. -
Orthographic Transparency and the Ottoman Abjad Maithili Jais
Orthographic Transparency and the Ottoman Abjad Maithili Jais University of Florida Spring 2018 I. Introduction In 2014, the debate over whether Ottoman Turkish was to be taught in schools or not was once again brought to the forefront of Turkish society and the Turkish conscience, as Erdogan began to push for Ottoman Turkish to be taught in all high schools across the country (Yeginsu, 2014). This became an obsession of a news topic for media in the West as well as in Turkey. Turkey’s tumultuous history with politics inevitably led this proposal of teaching Ottoman Turkish in all high schools to become a hotbed of controversy and debate. For all those who are perfectly contented to let bygones be bygones, there are many who assert that the Ottoman Turkish alphabet is still relevant and important. In fact, though this may be a personal anecdote, there are still certainly people who believe that the Ottoman script is, or was, superior to the Latin alphabet with which modern Turkish is written. This thesis does not aim to undertake a task so grand as sussing out which of the two was more appropriate for Turkish. No, such a task would be a behemoth for this paper. Instead, it aims to answer the question, “How?” Rather, “How was the Arabic script moulded to fit Turkish and to what consequence?” Often the claim that one script it superior to another suggests inherent judgement of value, but of the few claims seen circulating Facebook on the efficacy of the Ottoman script, it seems some believe that it represented Turkish more accurately and efficiently. -
On Uyghur Relative Clauses
On Uyghur relative clauses Éva Á. Csató & Muzappar Abdurusul Uchturpani Csató, Éva Á. & Uchturpani, Muzappar Abdurusul 2010. On Uyghur relative clauses. Turkic Languages 14, 69-93. Two types of relative clauses are used in modern Uyghur: one in which the subject is in the Nominative and the other in which the subject is in the Genitive and the head noun bears possessive agreement. The article gives a concise account of the main characteris- tics of these and some functionally related constructions. The aim is to pave the way for more research on the issues involved. Éva Á. Csató & Muzappar Abdurusul Uchturpani, Department of Linguistics and Philol- ogy, Uppsala University, Box 635, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden. E-mail: [email protected] and [email protected] Turkic relative constructions Turkic relative clauses are typically non-finite clauses based on a participle. The dominating type of relative clause is not marked for subject-predicate agreement (Csató 1996 and references given there). See Ex. 1. Ex. 1 Karachay-Balkar Non-marked relative clause konaχ kel-üčü üy guest come-PART room ‘a room where guests stay’ > ‘guestroom’ Some Turkic languages have developed relative constructions in which subject- predicate agreement is marked by a possessive suffix on the participle. In such con- structions the Genitive can be assigned to the subject. See the following examples. Ex. 2 Turkish Genitive relative clause with subject-predicate agreement kız-ıni uyu-duğ-ui oda girl-GEN sleep-DIK.PART room ‘a /the room where the girl sleeps’ Certain languages, for instance Turkmen, have a type of relative construction in which agreement between the Genitive subject of the relative clause and the head noun is marked; see Ex. -
The Ket Language
Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences 4 (2018 11) 654-662 ~ ~ ~ УДК 811.553 The Ket Language Alexandra A. Sitnikova* Siberian Federal University 79 Svobodny, Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia Received 06.03.2018, received in revised form 11.04.2018, accepted 14.04.2018 This article is of the applied research nature, which was carried out within the framework of the cultural project on preserving the culture of the Krasnoyarsk Krai indigenous peoples by creating the children’s literature in these peoples’ languages. The article presents the key characteristics of the Ket language and culture: the place of the Kets’ residence, the issue of ethnogenesis, the Kets’ art, shamanism, totem beliefs and other aspects. The main part of the article analyzes the available linguistic materials about the Ket language and describes the corpus of texts in the Ket language that are currently available to the public. Particular emphasis is given to the value of digitizing the linguistic data on the Ket language in the context of modern culture virtualization and need for interdisciplinary researches of the Ket language (linguistics and cultural studies). The article hypothesizes that the linguistic data on the Ket language, which were accumulated during the 20th – the beginning of the 21st centuries, can be used as the basis for further culturological research of the key concepts of the Ket culture (the “bear”, for example). They will allow to reconstruct the picture of the world in the culture of the indigenous peoples of the Siberian North. They will also result in a social design of the methods for the Kets’ authentic culture effective preservation and development by publishing the children’s literature in the Ket language for teaching the native Kets their language from pre-school age.