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2021 13 May.Final. MA 24 May 2021 PHYSICAL AND METAPHYSICAL ZONES OF TRANSITION COMPARATIVE THEMES IN HITTITE AND GREEK KARST LANDSCAPES IN THE LATE BRONZE AND EARLY IRON AGES by ANNE PERSIDA HAY Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the subject of ANCIENT NEAR EASTERN STUDIES at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: PROFESSOR M DE MARRE JANUARY 2021 2 DECLARATION Anne Persida Hay Student number: 35984597 Degree: Master of Arts in the subject of Ancient Near Eastern Studies I declare that Physical and Metaphysical Zones of Transition: comparative themes in Hittite and Greek karst landscapes in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages is my own work. All the sources that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references, and this work has not been submitted before for any other degree at any other institution. I further declare that I submitted the dissertation to originality checking software and that it falls within the accepted requirements for originality. ................................ Anne Persida Hay Dated 25th January 2021 © University of South Africa 2021 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The hardest part of writing this dissertation was forcing myself to stop. There is so much more to be explored. My journey above and below the earth has been fascinating and would not have been possible without a bursary from the College of Human Sciences at the University of South Africa (Unisa), for which I am immensely grateful. I am indebted to the following people: My supervisor, Professor Martine de Marre, Professor of Ancient History, Department of Biblical and Ancient Studies, gave me the freedom to follow karst hydrology and ancient imagination wherever I thought it flowed, offering unfamiliar texts that would assist my thinking. Navigating the world of Greek sources and scholarship would have been impossible without her impressive knowledge of dead and living languages. She has been a perceptive and encouraging sounding board throughout. Professor Nico van Blerk kindly assisted me with sources for Hittite texts. I have benefitted from the generosity of Julie Baleriaux and Tim Sørensen, who gave me access to their thought- provoking work. Dr Peter Daula at the Language Department of the Goethe-Institut South Africa provided the English translation of Peter Neve’s archaeological introduction to Hawkins (1995) The hieroglyphic inscription of the sacred pool complex at Hattusa (SÜDBERG). Distance study is a solitary activity, which makes face-to-face interaction with lecturers and fellow students so welcome. Over the years, Professor Petrus (Fanie) Vermaak, besides being supportive of my more quirky ideas, provided unique opportunities for students to walk ancient sites in the Middle East from Iran to Egypt, sparking my interest in landscape, water and imagination. Professor Magdel le Roux has done the same in Greece. Two friends and fellow students in particular have given support over the years. Elizabeth Plenderleith opened the door to formal study, pushed me through it and gave me carte blanche to use her extensive personal library. Exchanging ideas on the Ancient Near East with Jayne Vine is always enriching. © University of South Africa 2021 4 My brother and sister-in-law, Francis and Sue Hay, who live in a little English village, were subjected to packages of research books that regularly landed on their doorstep. They toted heavy books from the UK to South Africa in their suitcases without a murmur of protest, ensuring that I received them safely. My friend Jilly Steffens reduced my stress levels in my final year and lives the meaning of her 12th century ancestor’s heraldic symbol of the raven – vigilance for one’s friends. Her husband, Günter Steffens, generously shared his fluent English and mother-tongue German skills, ensuring that I had the clearest translation of a challenging German text. Thank you. © University of South Africa 2021 5 ABSTRACT While there is increasing interest in the effect of landscape on ancient imagination, less attention has been paid to the impact of restless karst hydrology on ancient beliefs. By identifying shared themes, this study compares and contrasts the way Hittites and Aegean people in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages reshaped peripheral karst landscapes into physical and imagined transitional zones. Karst geology underpins much of the Aegean and Anatolian landscape, allowing subterranean zones to be visible and accessible above ground via caves, springs, sinking streams, sinkholes and other unusual natural formations. In both cultures, certain dynamic landscapes were considered to be sacred porous points where deities, daemons, heroes and mortals could transit between cosmic realms. Evidence suggests that Hittites and Aegean people interpreted dramatic karst landscapes as liminal thresholds and spaces situated between the world of humans and the world of deities. Part One investigates physical zones of transition via the karst ecosystems of rural sanctuaries. Part Two considers the creative interpretation in myth and iconography of karst phenomena into metaphysical zones of transition. The examples reveal the way in which Hittites and Aegean people built their concept of the sacred on the extraordinary characteristics of karst geology. Numinous karst landscapes provided validity and a familiar reference point for the creation of imagined worlds where mortal and divine could connect. Vandag is daar toenemende belangstelling in die effek van die landskap op die verbeelding van die mensdom in die oudheid - maar minder aandag word bestee aan die impak van die rustelose karst landskap op die mens se gelowigheid in die oudheid. Deur die identifisering van sekere gemene temas, vergelyk hierdie verhandeling die manier waarop die Hetiete en die Egeïese volkere in die Laat Brons- en vroeë Ystertydperke die omliggende karstlandskap herskep het in fisiese en denkbeeldige oorgangszones. Die Egeïese en Anatoliese landskap bestaan grotendeels uit karst geologie, met tot gevolg dat ondergrondse zones bo die grond sigbaar en toeganklik is in die vorm van grotte, bronne, sinkgate en ander uitsonderlike natuurlike formasies. In beide bogenoemde kulture is sekere landskapstonele beskou as heilige en poreuse punte waar gode, demone, helde en sterwelinge tussen die kosmiese zones kon beweeg. Die getuienis van die tyd suggereer dat die Hetiete en die Egeïese volkere die dramatiese karst landskappe as grense of drempels tussen hulle wêreld en dié van die gode beskou het. © University of South Africa 2021 6 Deel Een ondersoek die fisiese oorgangszones deur te kyk na die karst ecostelsels waarin plattelandse heiligdomme hulle bevind het. Deel Twee beskou die kreatiewe gebruik van karst verskynsels as voorstellings van metafisiese oorgangszones in die gekrewe bronne en ikonografie. Die geselekteerde voorbeelde dui aan die manier waarop die Hetiete en Egeïese volke hulle konsepte van heiligdom gebaseer het op die buitengewone verskynsels van karst geologie. Numineuse karst landskappe het hulle idees gestaaf en ‘n bekende verwysingspunt uitgemaak waar die menslike en die goddelike met mekaar in kontak kon kom. Ngenkathi intshisekelo ekhulayo yethonya lokwakheka komhlaba emcabangweni wasendulo, kunakwe kancane umthelela we-karst hydrology engenazinkolelo ezinkolelweni zasendulo. Ngokukhomba izingqikithi okwabelwana ngazo, lo mqondo uqhathanisa futhi uqhathanise indlela amaHeti nabantu base-Aegean kweLate Bronze kanye ne-Early Iron Ages abuye abuye abumbe kabusha imigwaqo ye-karst yomngcele ibe yizingxenye zesikhashana zomzimba nezicatshangwe. I-Karst geology isekela kakhulu indawo yezwe i-Aegean ne-Anatolian evumela ukuthi izindawo ezingaphansi komhlaba zibonakale futhi zifinyeleleke ngaphezu komhlaba ngemigede, iziphethu, imifudlana ecwilayo, imigodi yokushona nokunye ukwakheka okungokwemvelo okungajwayelekile. Kuwo womabili amasiko izindawo ezithile eziguqukayo zazithathwa njengezindawo ezingcwele zokungena lapho onkulunkulu, amademoni, amaqhawe nabantu abafayo bengadlula phakathi kwezindawo zomhlaba. Ubufakazi bukhombisa ukuthi amaHeti nabantu base-Aegean bahumusha imidwebo emangazayo yekarst njengemikhawulo yemikhawulo nezikhala eziphakathi komhlaba wabantu nezwe lonkulunkulu. Ingxenye yokuqala iphenya izindawo eziguqukayo zomzimba ngokusebenzisa imvelo ye-karst yezindawo ezingcwele zasemakhaya. Ingxenye Yesibili ibheka ukutolikwa kokudala kunganekwane nakwizithonjana zezinto ze-karst kube izingxenye eziguqukayo zenguquko. Izibonelo ziveza indlela abantu abangamaHeti nabantu base- Aegean abawakha ngayo umqondo wabo ongcwele ngezimpawu ezingavamile ze-karst geology. Amathafa amahle we-karst ahlinzeka ngokusebenza kanye nephuzu elijwayelekile lesethenjwa lokwakhiwa kwamazwe acatshangelwe lapho abantu abafayo nabaphezulu bangaxhuma khona. © University of South Africa 2021 7 KEYWORDS Zones of transition; liminal; metaphysical; karst hydrology; Hattian; Hittite; Anatolia; Aegean; Greek; Late Bronze Age; Early Iron Age; rural sanctuaries; landscape monuments; holy mountains; sacred springs; thermal springs; sinking rivers; sinkholes; caves; maquis; marsh; meadow; sacred groves; bee; bee maiden; cosmogony; underworld; afterlife; Tartarus; Telepinu; Trophonios; Divine Road of the Earth; Sun Goddess of Arinna (and the Earth); Artemis; Hecate; Heracles; Hermes; Gavurkalesi; Mt Oeta; Ivriz; Brauron; Delphi; Südburg; Lebadeia. © University of South Africa 2021 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS xii STYLISTIC CONVENTIONS xiv DEFINITIONS OF TERMS xv INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1:
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