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Ορνιθολογικη Αναφορα Του Life011nat/Gr/1014 ΟΡΝΙΘΟΛΟΓΙΚΗ ΑΝΑΦΟΡΑ ΤΟΥ LIFE011NAT/GR/1014 “FOROPENFORESTS” «Conservation of Priority Forests and Forest Openings in “Ethnikos Drymos Oitis” and “Oros Kallidromo” of Sterea Ellada» Χαράλαμπος Αλιβιζάτος Δεκέμβριος 2014 Το έργο συγχρηματοδοτείται από το χρηματοδοτικό μέσο LIFE+ της Ευρωπαϊκής Επιτροπής ΟΡΝΙΘΟΛΟΓΙΚΗ ΑΝΑΦΟΡΑ ΤΟΥ LIFE011NAT/GR/1014 “ForOpenForests” «Conservation of Priority Forests and Forest Openings in “Ethnikos Drymos Oitis” and “Oros Kallidromo” of Sterea Ellada» Χαράλαμπος Αλιβιζάτος Δεκέμβριος 2014 1 Το έργο συγχρηµατοδοτείται από το χρηµατοδοτικό µέσο LIFE της Ευρωπαϊκής Επιτροπής Ομάδα έργου Χαράλαμπος Αλιβιζάτος: Ορνιθολόγος, εργασία πεδίου Νίκος Πέτρου: Φωτογράφος φύσης, επιμέλεια κειμένων Χρήστος Γεωργιάδης: Γεωπόνος, έλεγχος προδιαγραφών 2 Το έργο συγχρηµατοδοτείται από το χρηµατοδοτικό µέσο LIFE της Ευρωπαϊκής Επιτροπής ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΑ Summary ……………………………………………………………………………….....………………………………………..4 1. Εισαγωγή ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....…...5 2. Γενικές πληροφορίες για τα είδη …………………………………………………………………….….....……...6 2.1. Πετροπέρδικα………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..6 2.2. Αιγωλιός…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………7 2.3. Σταχτής Δρυοκολάπτης………………………………………………………………………………………………….8 2.4. Μαύρος Δρυοκολάπτης………………………………………………………………………………………………...9 2.5. Λευκονώτης Δρυοκολάπτης…………………………………………………………………………………………10 3. Μεθοδολογία………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....11 4. Αποτελέσματα………………………………………………………………………………………………………......14 4.1. Πετροπέρδικα………………………………………………………………………………………………………………14 4.2. Αιγωλιός……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….16 4.3. Σταχτής Δρυοκολάπτης…………………………………………………………………………………………………18 4.4. Μαύρος Δρυοκολάπτης……………………………………………………………………………………………….20 4.5. Λευκονώτης Δρυοκολάπτης…………………………………………………………………………………………22 5. Συμπεράσματα ……………………………………………………………………………………………….........……..24 5.1. Πετροπέρδικα ………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………...24 5.2. Αιγωλιός ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….………….…24 5.3. Σταχτής Δρυοκολάπτης …………………………………………………………………………………..…………..24 5.4. Μαύρος Δρυοκολάπτης …………………………………………………………………………………..……….…25 5.5. Λευκονώτης Δρυοκολάπτης………………………………............................................................25 6.1. Διαχειριστικά μέτρα ………………………………………………………………………………........…………..26 6.1. Πετροπέρδικ ………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………...26 6.2. Αιγωλιός ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….…28 6.3. Σταχτής Δρυοκολάπτης ………………………………………………………………………………………..…..…31 6.4. Μαύρος Δρυοκολάπτης ……………………………………………………………………………………..……….33 6.5. Λευκονώτης Δρυοκολάπτης ……………………………..............................................................35 7. Περαιτέρω παρακολούθηση …………………………………………………………………………….......…….37 7.1. Πετροπέρδικα …………………………………………………………………………………………………….……...37 7.2. Αιγωλιός ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….…39 7.3. Σταχτής Δρυοκολάπτης …………………………………………………………………………………………..…..41 3 Το έργο συγχρηµατοδοτείται από το χρηµατοδοτικό µέσο LIFE της Ευρωπαϊκής Επιτροπής 7.4. Μαύρος Δρυοκολάπτης ………………………………………………………………………………………..…….42 7.5. Λευκονώτης Δρυοκολάπτης ……………………………..............................................................43 8. Νομικό πλαίσιο προστασίας ………………………………………………………………………………......……44 Ευχαριστίες …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..........……46 Βιβλιογραφία ……………………………………………………………………………………………………............……47 ΠΑΡΑΡΤΗΜΑ .…………………………………………………………………………………………………............………48 4 Το έργο συγχρηµατοδοτείται από το χρηµατοδοτικό µέσο LIFE της Ευρωπαϊκής Επιτροπής SUMMARY The five target species in Oiti National Park, Rock Partridge (Alectoris graeca), Tengmalm’s Owl (Aegolius funereus), Grey-headed Woodpecker (Picus canus), Black Woodpecker (Dryocopus martius) and White-backed Woodpecker (Dendrocopos leucotos) were surveyed from November 2012 to November 2014. The Rock Partridge has a scattered distribution in the National Park (population probably 50-100 pairs) and appears to be limited mainly by hunting pressure (legal and illegal). Effective control of poaching should be the most important protection measure, and only secondarily habitat improvement. The Tengmalm’s Owl was recorded only once and probably has a very small relic population (possibly only 1-5 pairs), highly vulnerable to climate change. The installation of nest-boxes should help the species in the midterm. The Grey-head Woodpecker has a scattered distribution in rather specialized habitats with a population possibly of 10-12 pairs. Protection of old and dead trees in the buffer zone (where cutting is permitted), as well as of grassland amongst the forests should help this species. The Black Woodpecker is very widespread above an altitude of about 900 m. in the fir forests and apparently has a quite healthy population (probably 40-60 pairs). Good forest management in the buffer zone will be enaugh for this species. The White-backed Woodpecker is widespread in the Park, although at low densities (population probably 20-25 pairs). Protection of its territories in the buffer zone, through the preservation of old and dead trees, is important for the species. For all woodpeckers, the installation of nest-boxes is recommended mainly as an experiment. 5 Το έργο συγχρηµατοδοτείται από το χρηµατοδοτικό µέσο LIFE της Ευρωπαϊκής Επιτροπής 1. Εισαγωγή Η παρούσα ορνιθολογική μελέτη εστιάστηκε στα 5 είδη–στόχους του προγράμματος: την Πετροπέρδικα (Alectoris graeca), τον Αιγωλιό (Aegolius funereus), το Σταχτή Δρυοκολάπτη (Picus canus), το Μαύρο Δρυοκολάπτη (Dryocopus martius) και το Λευκονώτη Δρυοκολάπτη (Dendrocopos leucotos). Η κύρια περιοχή μελέτης ήταν ο Εθνικός Δρυμός Οίτης (ΕΔ), αλλά στοιχεία συλλέχτηκαν και από την υπόλοιπη Ζώνη Ειδικής Προστασίας (ΖΕΠ) (Εικόνα 1). Λόγω της σχετικά μεγάλης έκτασης της περιοχής, της έλλειψης πρόσβασης σε ορισμένες περιοχές, καθώς και τη δυσκολία που παρουσιάζουν τα συγκεκριμένα είδη στον εντοπισμό τους, η έρευνα έγινε με δειγματοληψίες. Εικόνα 1. Περιοχή μελέτης: Εθνικός Δρυμός Οίτης (κίτρινο ο πυρήνας, πορτοκαλί η περιφέρεια και γαλάζιο η ΖΕΠ). 6 Το έργο συγχρηµατοδοτείται από το χρηµατοδοτικό µέσο LIFE της Ευρωπαϊκής Επιτροπής 2. Γενικές πληροφορίες για τα είδη 2.1. Πετροπέρδικα (Alectoris graeca) Η Πετροπέρδικα είναι μεσαίου μεγέθους ορνιθόμορφο (βάρος αρσενικού 650-750 γρ., θηλυκού 500-650 γρ.) (Εικόνα 2.1.). Το είδος αυτό, αντίθετα με τα υπόλοιπα είδη-στόχους, δεν είναι δασόβιο, αλλά απαντά σε ανοιχτές ορεινές πετρώδεις περιοχές, συνήθως με κάποια κλίση, σε ποικίλο υψόμετρο. Τα ενδιαιτήματα γενικά ποικίλουν από αραιό μακί και άλλους μεσογειακούς θαμνώνες ως την αλπική ζώνη αλλά και σε διάκενα του δάσους. Φωλιάζει στο έδαφος. Τρέφεται κυρίως με φυτικές τροφές (σπόρους, καρπούς, βλαστούς και βολβούς), αλλά και έντομα και άλλα ασπόνδυλα. Στην Ελλάδα είναι διαδεδομένο είδος στις ορεινές περιοχές αλλά θεωρείται ότι μειώνεται και τώρα κατατάσσεται στα Τρωτά στο Ελληνικό Κόκκινο Βιβλίο (Χανδρινός 2009, Handrinos & Akriotis 1997, Perrins 1987). Εικόνα 2.1. Πετροπέρδικα. 7 Το έργο συγχρηµατοδοτείται από το χρηµατοδοτικό µέσο LIFE της Ευρωπαϊκής Επιτροπής 2.2. Αιγωλιός (Aegolius funereus) Ο Αιγωλιός είναι μικρόσωμη Κουκουβάγια (βάρος αρσενικού 90-120 γρ., θηλυκού 120-210 γρ.) (Εικόνα 2.2). Απαντά σε δάση κωνοφόρων ή και μεικτά, στην Ελλάδα πάντα σε ορεινές περιοχές αρκετά πάνω από 1.000 μέτρα, ως το δασοόριο. Φωλιάζει σε τρύπες δέντρων, κυρίως παλιές φωλιές Μαύρου Δρυοκολάπτη. Τρέφεται κυρίως με μικρά θηλαστικά (κυρίως τρωκτικά, αλλά και μυγαλές) και μικρά πουλιά. Στην Ελλάδα απαντά κυρίως στη Ροδόπη, ενώ η Οίτη και ο Παρνασσός αποτελούν το νοτιότερο άκρο της κατανομής του στην Ελλάδα (Cramp 1994, Handrinos & Akriotis 1997, Korpimäki & Hakkarainer 2012). Εικόνα 2.2. Αιγωλιός 8 Το έργο συγχρηµατοδοτείται από το χρηµατοδοτικό µέσο LIFE της Ευρωπαϊκής Επιτροπής 2.3. Σταχτής Δρυοκολάπτης (Picus canus) Ο Σταχτής Δρυοκολάπτης είναι μεσαίου μεγέθους (βάρος 125-165 γρ.) (Εικόνα 2.3). δρυοκολάπτης. Απαντά σε διαφόρων ειδών δάση, συνήθως με κάποια διάκενα. Φωλιάζει σε τρύπες που ανοίγει σε (νεκρά κυρίως) δέντρα. Τρέφεται κυρίως με μυρμήγκια, αλλά και ποικιλία από άλλα έντομα, αράχνες, μερικές φορές και με νεοσσούς πουλιών και καρπούς. Στην Ελλάδα η Οίτη αποτελεί το νοτιότερο άκρο της κατανομής του, ενώ είναι πιο διαδεδομένος στη Βόρεια Ελλάδα. Κατατάσσεται στα Σχεδόν Απειλούμενα στο Ελληνικό Κόκκινο Βιβλίο (Χανδρινός 2009, Cramp 1994, Handrinos & Akriotis 1997, Gorman 2004). Εικόνα 2.3. Σταχτής Δρυοκολάπτης. 9 Το έργο συγχρηµατοδοτείται από το χρηµατοδοτικό µέσο LIFE της Ευρωπαϊκής Επιτροπής 2.4. Μαύρος Δρυοκολάπτης (Dryocopus martius) Ο Μαύρος Δρυοκολάπτης είναι μεγαλόσωμος (βάρος 300-350 γρ.) δρυοκολάπτης (Εικόνα 2.4). Απαντά σε δάση κωνοφόρων και οξιάς, στην Ελλάδα συνήθως πάνω από 800 μέτρα. Φωλιάζει σε τρύπες που ανοίγει ψηλά στα δέντρα. Τρέφεται κυρίως με μυρμήγκια, αλλά και φλοιοφάγα κολεόπτερα, άλλα έντομα, καθώς και λίγους καρπούς. Στην Ελλάδα απαντά σε ορεινές περιοχές νότια ως τον Παρνασσό, καθώς και στην Κεφαλονιά (Cramp 1994, Vittery 1994, Handrinos & Akriotis 1997, Gorman 2004). Εικόνα 2.4. Μαύρος Δρυοκολάπτης. 10 Το έργο συγχρηµατοδοτείται από το χρηµατοδοτικό µέσο LIFE της Ευρωπαϊκής Επιτροπής 2.5. Λευκονώτης Δρυοκολάπτης (Dendrocopos leucotos) Ο Λευκονώτης Δρυοκολάπτης είναι μεσαίου μεγέθους (βάρος 100-115 γρ.) (Εικόνα 2.5). Δρυοκολάπτης. Απαντά σε ώριμα δάση με πολλά γέρικα και νεκρά δέντρα, στην Ελλάδα σε ορεινές περιοχές. Φωλιάζει σε τρύπες που ανοίγει σε νεκρά δέντρα. Τρέφεται κυρίως με έντομα, ιδιαίτερα προνύμφες από ξυλοφάγα κολεόπτερα, πολύ σποραδικά με σπόρους
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