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The Dhema Pass and Its Early Byzantine Fortifications

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Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 1983 The Dhema Pass and Its Early Byzantine Fortifications William Joseph Cherf Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Cherf, William Joseph, "The Dhema Pass and Its Early Byzantine Fortifications" (1983). Dissertations. 2474. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/2474 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1983 William Joseph Cherf THE DREMA PASS AND ITS EARLY BYZANTINE FORTIFICATIONS. by William Joseph Cherf A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Loyola University of Chicago in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy June 1983 '' ' I / ©copyright, 1983, William J. Cherf ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author would first like to thank Professor Edward W. Kase, the director of the Loyola University of Chicago Phokis-Doris Expedition in Central Greece, for his encouragement to study the late remains of the Dhema Pass. To my readers: Professors Kase, James G. Keenan, and George J. Szemler, I extend my thanks. Gratitude is also extended to Loyola University of Chicago for its support through a University Dissertation Fellowship for the year of 1980/1981, to its History Department, and to its ever-cheerful Computer Science staff, especially Miss Margaret Manella, Mr. Nick Rizzio, and Mr. David Gabrovich, for their assistance in the printing of this dis­ sertation. It is appropriate here also to thank Professors John Rosser of Boston College for his permission to describe the late pottery and small finds, John Kraft and H.F. Brown for their preliminary findings concern­ ing the sixth century paleogeography and topography of the Malian Basin, and Dr. Charles K. Wolfe, Jr. for his encouragement and assistance in the field. Finally, I must turn to my parents and sister, without whom the completion of this project would not have been possible. ii VITA The author attended grammar school in Chicago and received his secondary education at Glenbrook South High School in Glenview, Illi­ nois. After his graduation in June of 1970, he first entered Loyola Uni­ versity of Chicago, but then transferred to Indiana University in Bloom­ ington where he majored in Anthropology. During the summer of 1973, the author participated in the excavation of Tel Beersheva in Israel. He was awarded the Bachelor of Arts degree in Anthropology from Indiana in May of 1974. He then spent the following spring and summer of 1975 abroad in preparation for his graduate studies. In September of 1975, he enrolled in the Department of History at Loyola University of Chicago, and received his Master of Arts degree in Ancient History in May of 1978. He then broadened his graduate experi­ ence by participating in the Loyola University of Chicago Phokis-Doris Expedition in Central Greece during the 1976 through 1980 seasons. Dur­ ing his graduate career at Loyola, he was awarded teaching assistant­ ships (1976-80), an instructorship (1980), and the junior faculty posi­ tion of lecturer for 1981-83. William Joseph Cherf, is the son of Frank J. Cherf and Audrey I. (Zeigler)Cherf. He was born on August 30, 1952 in Chicago, Illinois. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. ii VITA . iii LIST OF MAPS, ILLUSTRATIONS, AND PLATES. V ABBREVIATIONS ....... vii INTRODUCTION. 1 Chapter I. THE MALIAN BASIN, OVERLAND COMMUNICATIONS, AND THE STRATEGIC SIGNIFICANCE OF THE DHEMA PASS 13 The Me;idenitsa and Boagrias Valley Routes. 18 The S!stano, Gorge. 20 The Dhamasta Spur ................... 21 The Khalk&°mata Path ................... 22 The Asopos River Gorge. .23 The Thermopylai Pass. .24 The Dhema Pass. .26 II. THE STRATEGIC FORTIFICATIONS OF THE DHEMA PASS. .31 The Dhema Military Complex. .32 The Frontier System of North Central Greece ....... 49 III. THE DREMA PASS AND THE INVASIONS OF GREECE DURING THE FOURTH THROUGH SIXTH CENTURIES .........58 I. Encounters: Fourth through Sixth Centuries. 59 II. Encounters: End of the Sixth Century .... 81 IV. CONCLUSIONS. ....... 88 Appendix A. MAPS, ILLUSTRATIONS, AND PLATES. 93 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..•.... .125 iv LIST OF MAPS, ILLUSTRATIONS, AND PLATES MAPS Page MAP I: The Lower Spercheios and Malian Basin ...........94 MAP II: The Oite-Kallidromos Range ................ 96 The Overland Routes and Early Byzantine Fortifications MAP III: 1:5000 Dhema Topographical Map ..... .98 MAP IV: 1:100 Dhema Topographical Map .............. 100 ILLUSTRATIONS Illustration A: West Slope Wall B Reconstruction ......... 102 Illustration B: Dhema Enclosure Wall C Reconstruction. 104 Illustration C: Main Gate Area Reconstruction ..... 106 Illustration D: Fourth Century Fort Reconstruction ........ 108 ~TES Plate 1: Dhema Pass from the north .. .110 Plate 2: Jam! Wall A, north corner of wall. .111 Plate 3: West Slope Wall B, point 6 .............. 112 Plate· 4: Wall B, levelling bricks, point 6 ........... 113 V Plate 5: Wall B, levelling bricks(detail), point 6. .114 Plate 6: Wall B, levelling bricks (detail), point 6. .115 Plate 7: Compound Wall C, point 1. 116 Plate 8: Wall C, point 2. .117 Plate 9: Wall C, point 7. .118 Plate 10: Crosswall D, cross-section and stream. .119 Plate 11: Wall D, cross-section. .120 Plate 12: Wall D, southern face. .121 Plate 13: Wall D, northern face. .122 Plate 14: 'Wavy-Incised', 'Combed' or 'Ribbed Ware'. .123 Plate 15: Spearhead, Dhema Small Find no. 52. 124 vi ABBREVIATIONS All periodical and journal citations are abbreviated according to the guidelines of the American Journal of Archaeology. Agathias Agathias Historia, in Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae, vol.2, ed., R. Keydell, Berlin, 1967. Amm. Marc. Ammianus Marcellinus, ed., trans., J.C. Rolfe, in Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, 1935-1939. Aufstieg und Niedergang der r8mischen Welt. Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neueren Forschung, eds., H. Temporini, W. Haase, Berlin/New York, 1972-. / ' Bequignon Y. B{quignon, La vallle du Spercheios, Paris, 1934. Burn, Studies A.R. Burn, Thermopylai and Callidromos," Studies Presented to D.M. Robertson, vol.1:480-489, 1951. Burn, "Thermopylai Revisited" A.R. Burn, "Thermopylai Revisited and Some Topographical Notes on Marathon and Plataiai," in K.H. Kinsel, ed., Greece and the Eastern Mediterranean, 89-105, 1978. Bury, LRE J.B. Bury, History of the Later Roman Empire from the Death of Theodosius 1_. to the Death of Justinian (!,Q- 395 to !,Q.565), 2 vols., London, 1923. CSHB Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae, ed., B.G. Niebuhr, Bonn, 1828-1897. vii Diehl, Justinien c. Diehl, Justinien et la civilisation byzantine, Paris, 1901. Dodwell E. Dodwell, A Classical and Topographical Tour Through Greece, Lon­ don, 1819. I Et.Balk. I Etudes balkanigues Eunapios Eunapii Vitae Sophistarum, ed., J. Giangrande, Rome, 1956. Evagrius Evagrius Scholasticus Historia Ecclesiastica, eds., J. Bidez, L. Parmentier, London, 1898. Farrell J. Farrell, "Note on the Position of Rhoduntia," CR 24(1910):116-117. FGrHist Die Fragmente der griechische Historiker, ed., F. Jacoby, Berlin/ Leiden, 1923-1958. Reprint Leiden, 1954-. FHG Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum, eds., C. and Th. Muller, 4 vols., Paris, 1851. GGM Geographi Graeci Minores, ed., C. Muller, 1861. Groag, Reichsbeamten E. Groag, Die romischen Reichsbeamten von Achaia bis auf Diocle­ tian, Vienna/Leipzig, 1939. Groag, Sp~tromischen Reichsbeamten E. Groag, Die romischen Reichsbeamten von Achaia in spatromischer viii Zeit, Budapest, 1946. Hammond, Migrations N.G.L. Hammond, Migrations and Invasions in Greece, Park Ridge, New Jersey, 1976. Handbook of Macedonia A Handbook of Macedonia and Surrounding Territories, Compiled by the Geographical Section of the Naval Intelligence Division, Naval Staff, Admiralty, London, 1920. Hauptmann L. Hauptmann, "Les rapports des byzantins avec les slavs et les avares pendant la seconde moitie du VI siecle," Byz. 4(1927-1928):137-170. HGM, Dindorf Historici Graeci Minores, ed., L.A. Dindorf, 2 vols., Leipzig, 1870. Hierokles Hierocles Synecdemos, ed., G. Parthey, 1866. Reprint ed., G. Par­ they, 1866, Chicago, 1967. John of Ephesus John of Ephesus Historia Ecclesiastica, ed., trans., R.P. Smith, Oxford, 1860. John of Nikiu John of Nikiu Chronicle, ed., trans., R.H. Charles, Oxford, 1916. Jones, LRE A.H.M. Jones, The Later Roman Empire 284-602, 2 vols., Norman, Oklahoma, 1964.- Jordanes Romana Jordanes Getica Jordanes MGH, AA, vol.5, ed., Th. Mommsen, Berlin, 1882. ix Kase, Szemler, "Amphiktyonic League" E.W. Kase, G.J. Szemler, "The Amphiktyonic League and the First Sacred War: A New Persective," Transactions of the VIIth Interna­ tional Congress of Classical Associations, Budapest, 1979, 520-527. Kase, Szem 1er, "Xerxes I Marc h" E.W. Kase, G. J. Szemler, "Xerxes' March through Phokis (Her. 8, 31-35)," Klio 64(1982):353-366. Kader/Hild J. Kader, F. Hild, Hellas und Thessalia, Vienna, 1976. Lemerle, "Invasions" P. Lemerle, "Invasion et migrations dans les Balkan depuis la fin l'epoque romaine jusqu'au VIII siecle," RHist 211(1954):265-305. Luttwak, Grand Strategy E.N. Luttwak, The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire. From the First Century ~.Q. to the Third, Baltimore, 1981. MacKay P.A. MacKay, "Procopius' De Aedificiis and the Topography of Ther­ mopylae," AJA 67 (1963): 241-255. Marc. Comes Marcellinus Comes Chronicon, ed., Th. Mommsen, in Chronica Minora, vol.2, MGH, AA, vol.11, Berlin, 1894. Migne, PG J.P. Migne. Patrologiae cursus completus, series Graeco-Latina, Paris, 1857-. Migne, PG J.P. Migne, Patrologiae cursus competus, series Latina, Paris, 1884-. Miller K. Miller, Itineraria Romana, 2nd ed., Stuttgart, 1929. X Monumenta Germaniae Historica eds., G.H. Pertz, Th. Mommsen, et al., 1826-. Qbolensky, "Northern Neighbours" D. Obolensky, "The Empire and its Northern Neighbours, 565-1018," CMH vol.4:473-518.
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    Pienem WEDNEDAY, MAY 16, 1894 ded Ee —— ; = e | beef, mutton and pork, which reads as THE FARTHOQUAKES IN GREECE GENERAL TELEGRAPHIC NEWS THE DAILY EXAMINER. | follows: “Meats of all kinds, prepared or FREE FROM ALL The scene ef the earthquakes of the CaLoutra, May 12.—Despatohes from preserved, not specially provided for in Simia say that the disturbance among the —--~— -- ec this act, 20 per cent al valorem.” 22od ult. was that part of Eastern Greece vexatious conditions and Sedat soldiers of the 17th Bengal native infantry Extraordinary Purchase MAY 16, 1894. A new paragraph places a duty of 1 mainly comprised in Atticu, Boetia, Locris and Phoeis and the Island of Eubcea or at Avra is officially explained as. being due restrictions are the Poli- ROPE ==> cent a pound on lard. | Negropont. The greatest destruction was to the fact that the native soldiers reserted sncininili iis Poultry, dressed or undressed, changed cies issued by the COMMUNICATION WITH THE MAIN- caused in the district of Chalcis and Atal- the too harsh treatment of a recruit of one LAND. from 20 per cent. to the Heuse provision anti. But the shocks were distinctly felt of the drill masters. The mal-contents, CANADA | of 2 cents a pound, and 3 cents on dreseed at Athens. The Parthenon has sustained however, did not use force. The soldiers ° Uvrit. satisfactorily settled, the question | poultry. ACCIDENT White and Grey injuries, a large splinter having fallen arrested will be tried by court martial. It will be observed that the duties on of communication between Prince Edward from the shaft Ofene of the northern col- Liverpoo., May 12.—At a meeting of ASS.A0.
  • The Case of Vrbjanska Čuka, a Tell Site in Pelagonia, Republic of Macedonia

    The Case of Vrbjanska Čuka, a Tell Site in Pelagonia, Republic of Macedonia

    Volume IX ● Issue 2/2018 ● Pages 121–145 INTERDISCIPLINARIA ARCHAEOLOGICA NATURAL SCIENCES IN ARCHAEOLOGY homepage: http://www.iansa.eu IX/2/2018 An Archaeobotanical Onsite Approach to the Neolithic Settlements in Southern Regions of the Balkans: The Case of Vrbjanska Čuka, a Tell Site in Pelagonia, Republic of Macedonia Jaromír Beneša,b, Goce Naumovc, Tereza Majerovičováa,b*, Kristýna Budilováa, Jiří Bumerla,b, Veronika Komárkováa, Jaromír Kovárníka, Michaela Vychronováb, Lucie Juřičkovád aLaboratory of Archaeobotany and Palaeoecology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Na Zlaté stoce 3, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic bInstitute of Archaeology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31a, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic cCenter for Prehistoric Research/Goce Delčev University, Kiro Krstevski Platnik 11-2/7, Republic of Macedonia dDepartment of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44 Praha 2, Czech Republic ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: This paper is focused on the Neolithic tell-site of Vrbjanska Čuka in Pelagonia, Republic of Received: 22nd September 2018 Macedonia, where the authors have been performing archaeobotanical research since 2016. Results of Accepted: 31st December 2018 the analyses of botanical macroremains and microremains (starch, phytoliths) and faunal microremains collected in season 2016 are presented in the broader context of the Neolithic in the Balkans in order DOI: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.24916/iansa.2018.2.1 to estimate the bioarchaeological potential of this site. The first and final parts of the paper outline the bioarchaeological studies connected with Neolithic settlements in the southern regions of the Balkans. Key words: A substantial proliferation of environmental studies has been recorded in the last decade concerning bioarchaeology the archaeobotanical and archaeozoological evidence.
  • Rock Falls in Delphi Archaeological Site, in Greece

    Rock Falls in Delphi Archaeological Site, in Greece

    Rockfalls occurred in the archaeological site of Delphi, Greece B. Christaras Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Geology, Lab. of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, e-mail: [email protected] K. Vouvalidis Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Geology, Dept. of Physical & Environmental Geography, e-mail: [email protected] M. - F. Papakonstantinou Ministry of Culture, Chief Archaeologist of I’ Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities, Delphi, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: In the present investigation, the safety of the northern slope of Delphi’s archaeological site in Greece was investigated against rockfalls. The area consists of limestone lying over flysch. Three possible rockfall rebound tracks, passing through the ancient stadium, and the theatre, were studied for different rock dimensions and tracks resulting that the more dangerous and difficult in retention rockfall track is that which crosses the stadium. The use of barriers was investigated accepting, finally, that a 2.5m-high metallic barrier could be installed along the northern steep slope for the protection of the archaeological site. KEY WORDS: ROCKFALLS, DELPHI, SLOP STABILITY, RESTRAINING BARRIERES 1. INTRODUCTION In the middle of September 2009, prolonged rainfall activated rockfalls from the upper sections of the archaeological site’s northern slope and fall downslope, out of the enclosure wall of the Sanctuary of Apollo, north of the Portico of Attalus. Rockfalls also occur in the stadium from 2003 onwards (Figure 1). The slope, consisting of limestone, is steep and heavily broken as a result of the existing tectonics. The rockfalls created dangerous conditions in the archaeological site regarding the safety of tourists, the staff of the ephorate and the protection of the monuments.