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Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) Systematics and historical biogeography of the genus Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) Eduard Solà Vázquez ADVERTIMENT. La consulta d’aquesta tesi queda condicionada a l’acceptació de les següents condicions d'ús: La difusió d’aquesta tesi per mitjà del servei TDX (www.tdx.cat) i a través del Dipòsit Digital de la UB (diposit.ub.edu) ha estat autoritzada pels titulars dels drets de propietat intel·lectual únicament per a usos privats emmarcats en activitats d’investigació i docència. No s’autoritza la seva reproducció amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva difusió i posada a disposició des d’un lloc aliè al servei TDX ni al Dipòsit Digital de la UB. No s’autoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX o al Dipòsit Digital de la UB (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant al resum de presentació de la tesi com als seus continguts. En la utilització o cita de parts de la tesi és obligat indicar el nom de la persona autora. ADVERTENCIA. La consulta de esta tesis queda condicionada a la aceptación de las siguientes condiciones de uso: La difusión de esta tesis por medio del servicio TDR (www.tdx.cat) y a través del Repositorio Digital de la UB (diposit.ub.edu) ha sido autorizada por los titulares de los derechos de propiedad intelectual únicamente para usos privados enmarcados en actividades de investigación y docencia. No se autoriza su reproducción con finalidades de lucro ni su difusión y puesta a disposición desde un sitio ajeno al servicio TDR o al Repositorio Digital de la UB. No se autoriza la presentación de su contenido en una ventana o marco ajeno a TDR o al Repositorio Digital de la UB (framing). Esta reserva de derechos afecta tanto al resumen de presentación de la tesis como a sus contenidos. En la utilización o cita de partes de la tesis es obligado indicar el nombre de la persona autora. WARNING. On having consulted this thesis you’re accepting the following use conditions: Spreading this thesis by the TDX (www.tdx.cat) service and by the UB Digital Repository (diposit.ub.edu) has been authorized by the titular of the intellectual property rights only for private uses placed in investigation and teaching activities. Reproduction with lucrative aims is not authorized nor its spreading and availability from a site foreign to the TDX service or to the UB Digital Repository. Introducing its content in a window or frame foreign to the TDX service or to the UB Digital Repository is not authorized (framing). Those rights affect to the presentation summary of the thesis as well as to its contents. In the using or citation of parts of the thesis it’s obliged to indicate the name of the author. Cover illustrations: Joan Solà Lamelas Departament de Genètica Programa de Doctorat de Genètica Systematics and historical biogeography of the genus Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) Sistemàtica i biogeografia històrica del gènere Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) Memòria presentada per Eduard Solà Vázquez per a optar al grau de Doctor per la Universitat de Barcelona Eduard Solà Vázquez EDUARD SOLÀ VÁZQUEZ DR. MARTA RIUTORT LEÓN El doctorand La directora Barcelona, maig de 2014. Systematics and historical biogeography of the genus Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) Eduard Solà Vázquez Acknowledgements Acknowledgments Pràcticament he perdut la capacitat d'exclamar amb alegria i despreocupació "Oh, quin riu!" o "Mireu quin rierol més bonic!" quan en veig un, com faria qualsevol persona amb un cert entusiasme per la natura. Aquestes expressions de joia han sigut substituïdes per la no menys joiosa "Planàries! Aquí segur hi ha planàries!". Tot aquest deliri u obsessió pels platihelmints de vida lliure (i d'aigua dolça) possiblement no s'hauria donat si en primer lloc en Julio Rozas no m'haguès presentat na Marta Riutort. El primer agraïment va per ell. Després, majestuosament, vull mostrar el meu agraïment a na pròpia Marta Riutort que va assumir el risc de reclutar un espècimen com jo. A ella li dec tots aquests anys entre planàries i tot el que això ha comportat, que és moltíssim. Però qui més m'han sofert tots aquests anys han sigut les companyes i amigues de laboratori Eva Lázaro, Marta Álvarez, Laia Leria i Àngels Tudó. És tan complicat agrair tantes coses en tan poc espai! Hauré de resumir donant-vos sencillament les gràcies. Ha sigut fantàstic compartir tot aquest temps amb vosaltres. Em quedo amb una pila de grans records. Nogensmenys, aquelles persones que han passat pel laboratori en períodes curts han contribuït a fer el desenvolupament de la tesi més amè i interessant. Muito obrigado Cláudia i gràcies Jose! També a les noves incorporacions que han arribat cap al final de la meva tesi, i amb els que, de ben segur, hauria agraït compartir més temps al laboratori: Oleguer, Paula, Raquel i Santi. Muy agradecido también a Eduardo Mateos que tuvo el coraje de llevarme a mi primer muestreo, a Andalucia, y con el que es fácil hacer amigos en los bares del sur de España. El siguiente paso fue la exploración de las islas y las ensaladas griegas, y algun que otro muestreo más. Una altra gran coneixença ha sigut en Miquel Vila, a qui vaig trobar per primera vegada a Amsterdam i amb el que he tingut el privilegi de mostrejar diverses vegades. Mai oblidaré aquelles llegums tan extraordinàries que vam cuinar a Holanda. Ringrazio a Giaccinta Stocchino, una grande colaboratrice e splendida persona. Ho avuto la fortuna di incontrarla più di una volta. Grazie Giacinta! I no oblidar l'Enric i la Marga, que en més d'una ocasió m'han portat planàries dels seus viatges a Grècia. Gràcies! També vull fer una menció especial per les companyes oficials d'esmorzar Gema, Eva, Eli i Paola. Sou magnífiques! La vida a la tercera planta del departament de genètica no seria el mateix sense els seus habitants, Bàrbara, Jenny, Isaac i Marta. Ah! I els congressos a Madrid tampoc serien el mateix sense Cristina, Pablo, i Roser! Gràcies també a l'Álex per fer-me veure la llum en un moment crític d'aquestes últimes setmanes. I'm specially indebted to Ronald Sluys who teached me in the painstaking process of the planarian sectioning and who was a very nice host during my two visits in Amsterdam. He has also been helping me or solving any doubt by mail faster than any other human being. Dank u Ronald! Southwards, in the beautiful Greek lands I met Konstaninos Gritzalis, who was also a fantastic host. We spent many car hours together, sampling planarians all across Greece. I still remember the enthusiasm with which he talked about phylosophy and other interesting social stuff about Greek life. It was one of my greater experiences. Σας ευχαριστούμε! Kostas! The stay in Michigan was one of the other fantastic experiences during the thesis development in which I was lucky to learn a lot. I'm very grateful to Lacey L. Knowles who had no problem in accepting me in her lab. I really enjoyed the events at her home such as pumpkin carving, thanksgiving day, cookies workshop, and random barbacues. I'm also extremely happy to have had the opportunity to meet fascinating and cheerful people in the Ecology and Evolutionary Department of the University of Michigan: Melisa, Pavel, Qixin, Lucy, Juan Pablo, Déa, Pamela, Diego, Raquel, Carlos, JP, Hayley, Mauricio, Tristan, and many others. Fora del món acadèmic nombroses persones m'han donat el seu suport i preguntat i fet broma al voltant de les planàries. El meu agraïment més gran per a la meva família; la meva mare Dora, el meu pare Joan i la meva germana Blanca, sense els quals aquesta tesi no haguès sigut possible, literalment. Han sigut col·laboradors entusiastes responsables de part del mostreig a Grècia. D'altra banda, mon pare ha ideat i executat diverses il·lustracions de planàries per a presentacions i per a aquesta mateixa tesi. I sense sortir de l'àmbit personal, hi ha algú que s'ha carregat de paciència i afecte durant gran part de la meva tesi i a qui també li dec moltíssim, mil gràcies Noelia. Moltíssimes gràcies per tot a tots. El meu últim i més que sincer agraïment va per cadascuna de les Dugesia, Recurva i altres planàries (Polycelis, Crenobia, Dendrocoelum, Phagocata, Microplana) que s'han creuat pel camí de la meva tesi. A elles els dec les meves primeres passes pel món científic. Thesis summary in Catalan language Thesis summary in Catalan language Dugesia és un gènere de platihelmints triclàdides de vida lliure que habita a l'aigua dolça, trobant-se a fonts, rierols, rius i llacs entre d'altres. Les espècies d'aquest gènere es caracteritzen per presentar un cap triangular amb dos ulls i un cos allargat i aplanat dorsoventralment. Aquesta forma tan característica les fa reconeixibles per persones no expertes que també les solen identificar per les seves capacitats de regeneració. Quan les planàries d'aigua dolça són ferides o bé seccionades, aquestes tenen la capacitat de regenerar el tros que els hi manca gràcies a l'activitat dels neoblasts, que actuen com a cèl·lules mare. Aquesta capacitat sembla ser més accentuada en la família dels dugèsids i especialment en aquells individus que es reprodueixen asexualment per fissiparitat. A part de la reproducció asexual per fissió, les Dugesia també poden reproduir-se per partenogènesi (ponen ous que no han sigut fecundats) o bé sexualment per fertilització creuada. En estat salvatge es poden trobar individus reproduint-se d'una de les tres maneres, però es desconeix si poden canviar el mètode de reproducció a la natura.
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