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A New Species of Supramontana Carbayo & Leal
Zootaxa 3753 (2): 177–186 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2014 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3753.2.7 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:74D353B7-4D92-4674-938C-B7A46BD5E831 A new species of Supramontana Carbayo & Leal-Zanchet (Platyhelminthes, Continenticola, Geoplanidae) from the Interior Atlantic Forest LISANDRO NEGRETE1, 2, ANA MARIA LEAL-ZANCHET3 & FRANCISCO BRUSA1,2,4 1División Zoología Invertebrados, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n, La Plata, Argentina 2CONICET 3Instituto de Pesquisas de Planárias, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 93022-000 São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil 4Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Supramontana argentina sp. nov. (Platyhelminthes, Continenticola, Geoplanidae) from north-eastern Argentina is herein described. The new species differs from Supramontana irritata Carbayo & Leal-Zanchet, 2003 from Brazil, the only spe- cies of this genus so far described, by external and internal morphological characters. Supramontana argentina sp. nov. is characterized by having a colour pattern with a yellowish median band, thin para-median black stripes, and two dark grey lateral bands on the dorsal surface. The most outstanding features of the internal morphology are a ventral cephalic retractor muscle almost circular in cross section, prostatic vesicle extrabulbar, tubular and very long, and penis papilla con- ical and blunt with a sinuous ejaculatory duct. Key words: triclads, land planarian, Geoplaninae, Argentina, Neotropical Region Introduction The taxonomy of land planarians (Geoplanidae) is mainly based on a combination of external morphological features and internal anatomical characters, mostly of the copulatory apparatus, which are revealed by histological techniques (Winsor 1998). -
Revision of Indian Bipaliid Species with Description of a New Species, Bipalium Bengalensis from West Bengal, India (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Terricola)
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.08.373076; this version posted November 9, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Revision of Indian Bipaliid species with description of a new species, Bipalium bengalensis from West Bengal, India (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Terricola) Somnath Bhakat Department of Zoology, Rampurhat College, Rampurhat- 731224, West Bengal, India E-mail: [email protected] ORCID: 0000-0002-4926-2496 Abstract A new species of Bipaliid land planarian, Bipalium bengalensis is described from Suri, West Bengal, India. The species is jet black in colour without any band or line but with a thin indistinct mid-dorsal groove. Semilunar head margin is pinkish in live condition with numerous eyes on its margin. Body length (BL) ranged from 19.00 to 45.00mm and width varied from 9.59 to 13.16% BL. Position of mouth and gonopore from anterior end ranged from 51.47 to 60.00% BL and 67.40 to 75.00 % BL respectively. Comparisons were made with its Indian as well as Bengal congeners. Salient features, distribution and biometric data of all the 29 species of Indian Bipaliid land planarians are revised thoroughly. Genus controversy in Bipaliid taxonomy is critically discussed and a proposal of only two genera Bipalium and Humbertium is suggested. Key words: Mid-dorsal groove, black, pink head margin, eyes on head rim, dumbbell sole, 29 species, Bipalium and Humbertium bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.08.373076; this version posted November 9, 2020. -
A Comprehensive Comparison of Sex-Inducing Activity in Asexual
Nakagawa et al. Zoological Letters (2018) 4:14 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40851-018-0096-9 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access A comprehensive comparison of sex-inducing activity in asexual worms of the planarian Dugesia ryukyuensis: the crucial sex-inducing substance appears to be present in yolk glands in Tricladida Haruka Nakagawa1†, Kiyono Sekii1†, Takanobu Maezawa2, Makoto Kitamura3, Soichiro Miyashita1, Marina Abukawa1, Midori Matsumoto4 and Kazuya Kobayashi1* Abstract Background: Turbellarian species can post-embryonically produce germ line cells from pluripotent stem cells called neoblasts, which enables some of them to switch between an asexual and a sexual state in response to environmental changes. Certain low-molecular-weight compounds contained in sexually mature animals act as sex-inducing substances that trigger post-embryonic germ cell development in asexual worms of the freshwater planarian Dugesia ryukyuensis (Tricladida). These sex-inducing substances may provide clues to the molecular mechanism of this reproductive switch. However, limited information about these sex-inducing substances is available. Results: Our assay system based on feeding sex-inducing substances to asexual worms of D. ryukyuensis is useful for evaluating sex-inducing activity. We used the freshwater planarians D. ryukyuensis and Bdellocephala brunnea (Tricladida), land planarian Bipalium nobile (Tricladida), and marine flatworm Thysanozoon brocchii (Polycladida) as sources of the sex-inducing substances. Using an assay system, we showed that the three Tricladida species had sufficient sex-inducing activity to fully induce hermaphroditic reproductive organs in asexual worms of D. ryukyuensis. However, the sex-inducing activity of T. brocchii was sufficient only to induce a pair of ovaries. We found that yolk glands, which are found in Tricladida but not Polycladida, may contain the sex-inducing substance that can fully sexualize asexual worms of D. -
A New Species of Freshwater Flatworm (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dendrocoelidae) Inhabiting a Chemoautotrophic Groundwater Ecosystem in Romania
European Journal of Taxonomy 342: 1–21 ISSN 2118-9773 https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2017.342 www.europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu 2017 · Stocchino G.A. et al. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Research article urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:038D2DD8-9088-4755-8347-EC979D58DBE7 A new species of freshwater flatworm (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dendrocoelidae) inhabiting a chemoautotrophic groundwater ecosystem in Romania Giacinta Angela STOCCHINO 1,*, Ronald SLUYS 2, Mahasaru KAWAKATSU 3, Serban Mircea SARBU 4 & Renata MANCONI 5 1,5 Dipartimento di Scienze della Natura e del Territorio, Università di Sassari, Via Muroni 25, I-07100, Sassari, Italy. 2 Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands. 3 9-jo 9-chome 1-8, Shinkotoni, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan. 4 Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Chico, Holt Hall Room 205, Chico CA 95929-515, USA. * corresponding author: [email protected] 2 Email: [email protected] 3 Email: [email protected] 4 Email: [email protected] 5 Email: [email protected] 1 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:A23390B1-5513-4F7B-90CC-8A3D8F6B428C 2 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:8C0B31AE-5E12-4289-91D4-FF0081E39389 3 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:56C77BF2-E91F-4C6F-8289-D8672948784E 4 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:3A7EFBE9-5004-4BFE-A36A-8F54D6E65E74 5 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:ED7D6AA5-D345-4B06-8376-48F858B7D9E3 Abstract. We report the description of a new species of freshwater flatworm of the genus Dendrocoelum inhabiting the chemoautotrophic ecosystem of Movile Cave as well as several sulfidic wells in the nearby town of Mangalia, thus representing the first planarian species fully described from this extreme biotope. -
A Comprehensive Comparison of Sex-Inducing
Nakagawa et al. Zoological Letters (2018) 4:14 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40851-018-0096-9 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access A comprehensive comparison of sex-inducing activity in asexual worms of the planarian Dugesia ryukyuensis: the crucial sex-inducing substance appears to be present in yolk glands in Tricladida Haruka Nakagawa1†, Kiyono Sekii1†, Takanobu Maezawa2, Makoto Kitamura3, Soichiro Miyashita1, Marina Abukawa1, Midori Matsumoto4 and Kazuya Kobayashi1* Abstract Background: Turbellarian species can post-embryonically produce germ line cells from pluripotent stem cells called neoblasts, which enables some of them to switch between an asexual and a sexual state in response to environmental changes. Certain low-molecular-weight compounds contained in sexually mature animals act as sex-inducing substances that trigger post-embryonic germ cell development in asexual worms of the freshwater planarian Dugesia ryukyuensis (Tricladida). These sex-inducing substances may provide clues to the molecular mechanism of this reproductive switch. However, limited information about these sex-inducing substances is available. Results: Our assay system based on feeding sex-inducing substances to asexual worms of D. ryukyuensis is useful for evaluating sex-inducing activity. We used the freshwater planarians D. ryukyuensis and Bdellocephala brunnea (Tricladida), land planarian Bipalium nobile (Tricladida), and marine flatworm Thysanozoon brocchii (Polycladida) as sources of the sex-inducing substances. Using an assay system, we showed that the three Tricladida species had sufficient sex-inducing activity to fully induce hermaphroditic reproductive organs in asexual worms of D. ryukyuensis. However, the sex-inducing activity of T. brocchii was sufficient only to induce a pair of ovaries. We found that yolk glands, which are found in Tricladida but not Polycladida, may contain the sex-inducing substance that can fully sexualize asexual worms of D. -
Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae) in Canada
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ResearchOnline at James Cook University Zootaxa 4656 (3): 591–595 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) https://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2019 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4656.3.13 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:9E91575A-A8BB-4274-9280-191212BE774E First record of the invasive land flatworm Bipalium adventitium (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae) in Canada JEAN-LOU JUSTINE1 5, THOMAS THÉRY2, DELPHINE GEY3 & LEIGH WINSOR4 1 Institut Systématique Évolution Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 51, 75005 Paris, France 2 Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale (IRBV), Centre sur la Biodiversité, 4101 rue Sherbrooke Est, H1X2B2 Montréal, Québec, Canada 3 Service de Systématique Moléculaire, UMS 2700, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 26, 75005 Paris, France 4 College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia 5 Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Summary Specimens of Bipalium adventitium (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae) were found in Montréal, Québec, Canada. The specimens showed the typical colour pattern of the species and barcoding (Cytochrome Oxidase I) demonstrated near- identity with a sequence of the same species from the USA. This is the first record of the species in Canada. Résumé. Des spécimens de Bipalium adventitium (Plathelminthes, Geoplanidae) ont été trouvés à Montréal, Québec, Canada. Les spécimens montraient le motif de couleur typique de l’espèce et le barcode (cytochrome oxydase I) était quasi-identique à une séquence de la même espèce provenant des États-Unis. -
Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae, Bipalium Spp., Diversibipalium Spp.) in Metropolitan France and Overseas French Territories
Giant worms chez moi! Hammerhead flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae, Bipalium spp., Diversibipalium spp.) in metropolitan France and overseas French territories Jean-Lou Justine1, Leigh Winsor2, Delphine Gey3, Pierre Gros4 and Jessica The´venot5 1 Institut de Syste´matique, E´volution, Biodiversite´ (ISYEB), Muse´um National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France 2 College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia 3 Service de Syste´matique Mole´culaire, Muse´um National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France 4 Amateur Naturalist, Cagnes-sur-Mer, France 5 UMS Patrinat, Muse´um National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France ABSTRACT Background: Species of the genera Bipalium and Diversibipalium, or bipaliines, are giants among land planarians (family Geoplanidae), reaching length of 1 m; they are also easily distinguished from other land flatworms by the characteristic hammer shape of their head. Bipaliines, which have their origin in warm parts of Asia, are invasive species, now widespread worldwide. However, the scientific literature is very scarce about the widespread repartition of these species, and their invasion in European countries has not been studied. Methods: In this paper, on the basis of a four year survey based on citizen science, which yielded observations from 1999 to 2017 and a total of 111 records, we provide information about the five species present in Metropolitan France and French overseas territories. We also investigated the molecular variability of cytochrome- oxidase 1 (COI) sequences of specimens. Submitted 16 November 2017 Results: Three species are reported from Metropolitan France: Bipalium kewense, 6 April 2018 Accepted Diversibipalium multilineatum, and an unnamed Diversibipalium ‘black’ species. We Published 22 May 2018 also report the presence of B. -
Piter Kehoma Boll
UNIVERSIDADE DO VALE DO RIO DOS SINOS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM BIOLOGIA Diversidade e Manejo da Vida Silvestre DOUTORADO Piter Kehoma Boll INVESTIGANDO A ECOLOGIA TRÓFICA DE PLANÁRIAS TERRESTRES NEOTROPICAIS: ECOMORFOLOGIA, DESENVOLVIMENTO E COMPORTAMENTO São Leopoldo 2019 Piter Kehoma Boll INVESTIGANDO A ECOLOGIA TRÓFICA DE PLANÁRIAS TERRESTRES NEOTROPICAIS: ECOMORFOLOGIA, DESENVOLVIMENTO E COMPORTAMENTO Tese apresentada como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Biologia, área de concentração: Diversidade e Manejo da Vida Silvestre, pela Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos. Orientadora: Profª. Drª. Ana Maria Leal-Zanchet São Leopoldo 2019 B691i Boll, Piter Kehoma. Investigando a ecologia trófica de planárias terrestres neotropicais : ecomorfologia, desenvolvimento e comportamento / Piter Kehoma Boll. – 2019. 87 f. : il. ; 30 cm. Tese (doutorado) – Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia, 2019. “Orientadora: Profª. Drª. Ana Maria Leal-Zanchet.” 1. Comportamento. 2. Ecomorfologia. 3. Geoplanidae. 4. Hábitos alimentares. I. Título. CDU 573 Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação (CIP) (Bibliotecária: Amanda Schuster – CRB 10/2517) AGRADECIMENTOS À minha mãe, Rosali Dhein Boll, pelo apoio e especialmente pelo empenho em me ajudar na coleta, em seu quintal, de muitos espécimes que foram essenciais para a conclusão desta tese. Ao meu esposo, Douglas Marques, pelo companheirismo na vida familiar e acadêmica, pelo apoio, pelos ensinamentos, pela paciência em me ouvir discorrer sobre as planárias e pelo auxílio em diversas questões centrais para a tese. À Drª. Ana Maria Leal-Zanchet pela orientação e pela oportunidade para que eu pudesse seguir pesquisando este grupo fascinante, mas ainda negligenciado, de predadores tropicais. -
Development of Risk Assessments to Tackle Priority Species and Enhance Prevention
Study on Invasive Alien Species – Development of Risk Assessments: Final Report (year 1) - Annex 10: Risk assessment for Arthurdendyus triangulatus Study on Invasive Alien Species – Development of risk assessments to tackle priority species and enhance prevention Contract No 07.0202/2016/740982/ETU/ENV.D2 Final Report Annex 10: Risk Assessment for Arthurdendyus triangulatus (Dendy, 1894) (Jones & Gerard, 1999) November 2017 1 Study on Invasive Alien Species – Development of Risk Assessments: Final Report (year 1) - Annex 10: Risk assessment for Arthurdendyus triangulatus Risk assessment template developed under the "Study on Invasive Alien Species – Development of risk assessments to tackle priority species and enhance prevention" Contract No 07.0202/2016/740982/ETU/ENV.D2 Based on the Risk Assessment Scheme developed by the GB Non-Native Species Secretariat (GB Non-Native Risk Assessment - GBNNRA) Name of organism: New Zealand flatworm Arthurdendyus triangulatus Author(s) of the assessment: Archie K. Murchie, Dr, Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute, Belfast, Northern Ireland (UK) Risk Assessment Area: The territory of the European Union (excluding the outermost regions) Peer review 1: Wolfgang Rabbitch Umweltbundesamt, Vienna, AUSTRIA Peer review 2: Jørgen Eilenberg, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DENMARK Peer review 3: Brian Boag, Dr, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie Dundee, Scotland, UK. Peer review 4: Robert Tanner, Dr, European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO/OEPP), PARIS, FRANCE This risk assessment -
1 the Invasive Land Planarian Platydemus Manokwari
1 The invasive land planarian Platydemus manokwari (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae): records from five new localities, including the first in the USA Jean-Lou Justine*, Leigh Winsor, Patrick Barrière, Crispus Fanai, Delphine Gey, Andrew Wee Kien Han, Giomara La Quay- Velázquez, Benjamin Paul Yi-Hann Lee, Jean-Marc Lefevre, David Philippart, David G. Robinson, Jessica Thévenot, Francis Tsatsia ** * Corresponding author **Authors are listed alphabetically, except for the first and second one. Jean-Lou Justine, Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB, UMR7205 CNRS, EPHE, MNHN, UPMC, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, CP 51, 57 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France Patrick Barrière, Conservatoire d’espaces naturels de Nouvelle-Calédonie (CEN NC), Pôle espèces envahissantes (PEE), Presqu'Île de Foué, BP 10, 98860 Koné, New Caledonia Delphine Gey, Service de Systématique moléculaire, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France Andrew Wee Kien Han, SingHealth Polyclinics, Marine Parade, Blk 80, Marine Parade Central, #01-792, Singapore 440080 Giomara La Quay-Velázquez, Department of Biology, Universidad de Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931-3360, USA Benjamin Paul Yi-Hann Lee, (1) Durrell Institute of Conservation & Ecology, University of Kent, United Kingdom; (2) National Parks Board, Singapore David Philippart, FREDON de Basse Normandie, 4 place de Boston, Bâtiment Ambassadeur A, 14200 Hérouville- Saint-Clair, France David G. Robinson, USDA APHIS National Malacology -
Presence of the Invasive Land Flatworm Platydemus Manokwari (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae) in Guadeloupe, Martinique and Saint Martin (French West Indies)
Zootaxa 4951 (2): 381–390 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) https://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2021 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4951.2.11 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D80399D8-C9E1-4F7F-B2A5-6A96DEA7A1D5 Presence of the invasive land flatworm Platydemus manokwari (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae) in Guadeloupe, Martinique and Saint Martin (French West Indies) JEAN-LOU JUSTINE1*, DELPHINE GEY2,3, JULIE VASSEUR2,7, JESSICA THÉVENOT 4, MATHIEU COULIS5 & LEIGH WINSOR6 1Institut Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, rue Cuvier, CP 51, 75005 Paris, France, 2Service de Systématique moléculaire, UMS 2700 CNRS, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, 43 rue Cuvier, CP 26, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France 3Present address: Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-Organismes, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. �[email protected]; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5656-1793 4Patrinat, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France �[email protected]; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8077-4879 5CIRAD, UPR GECO, F-97285 Le Lamentin, Martinique, France �[email protected]; http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5895-8519 6College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia �[email protected]; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6679-470X 7 �[email protected]; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3415-8880 *Corresponding author. �[email protected]; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7155-4540 Abstract The land flatworm Platydemus manokwari (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae) is recorded from the islands of Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Saint Martin in the Caribbean arc. -
The Invasive Land Planarian Platydemus Manokwari (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae): Records from Six New Localities, Including the first in the USA
The invasive land planarian Platydemus manokwari (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae): records from six new localities, including the first in the USA Jean-Lou Justine1, Leigh Winsor2, Patrick Barriere` 3, Crispus Fanai4, Delphine Gey5, Andrew Wee Kien Han6, Giomara La Quay- Velazquez´ 7, Benjamin Paul Yi-Hann Lee8,9, Jean-Marc Lefevre10, Jean-Yves Meyer11, David Philippart12, David G. Robinson13, Jessica Thevenot´ 14 and Francis Tsatsia4 1 Institut de Systematique,´ Evolution,´ Biodiversite,´ ISYEB, UMR7205 CNRS, EPHE, MNHN, UPMC, Museum´ National d’Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universites,´ Paris cedex, France 2 College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Australia 3 Conservatoire d’Espaces Naturels de Nouvelle-Caledonie´ (CEN NC), Poleˆ Especes` Envahissantes (PEE), Presqu’Ileˆ de Foue,´ Kone,´ New Caledonia 4 Biosecurity Solomon Islands, Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, Honiara, Solomon Islands 5 Service de Systematique´ Moleculaire,´ Museum´ National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France 6 SingHealth Polyclinics, Marine Parade, Marine Parade Central, Singapore 7 Department of Biology, Universidad de Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA 8 Durrell Institute of Conservation & Ecology, University of Kent, United Kingdom 9 National Parks Board, Singapore 10 Environnement et Cadre de Vie, Ville de Caen, Caen, France 11 Del´ egation´ a` la Recherche, Gouvernement de la Polynesie´ franc¸aise, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia 12 FREDON de Basse Normandie, 4 place de Boston, Batimentˆ Ambassadeur A, Herouville-Saint-Clair,´ France 13 USDA APHIS National Malacology Laboratory, Academy of Natural Sciences, Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, PA, USA 14 Service du Patrimoine Naturel, Museum´ National d’Histoire Naturelle, France ABSTRACT Submitted 25 November 2014 The land planarian Platydemus manokwari de Beauchamp, 1963 or “New Guinea Accepted 29 May 2015 flatworm” is a highly invasive species, mainly in the Pacific area, and recently in Published 23 June 2015 Europe (France).