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Studies in Ancient Ethnography Faculty of Literature and Philosophy Julie Boeten The Herodotos Project (OSU-UGent): Studies in Ancient Ethnography Barbarians in Strabo’s ‘Geography’ (Abii-Ionians) With a case-study: the Cappadocians Master thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Linguistics and Literature, Greek and Latin. 2015 Promotor: Prof. Dr. Mark Janse UGent Department of Greek Linguistics Co-Promotores: Prof. Brian Joseph Ohio State University Dr. Christopher Brown Ohio State University ACKNOWLEDGMENT In this acknowledgment I would like to thank everybody who has in some way been a part of this master thesis. First and foremost I want to thank my promotor Prof. Janse for giving me the opportunity to write my thesis in the context of the Herodotos Project, and for giving me suggestions and answering my questions. I am also grateful to Prof. Joseph and Dr. Brown, who have given Anke and me the chance to be a part of the Herodotos Project and who have consented into being our co- promotores. On a whole other level I wish to express my thanks to my parents, without whom I would not have been able to study at all. They have also supported me throughout the writing process and have read parts of the draft. Finally, I would also like to thank Kenneth, for being there for me and for correcting some passages of the thesis. Julie Boeten NEDERLANDSE SAMENVATTING Deze scriptie is geschreven in het kader van het Herodotos Project, een onderneming van de Ohio State University in samenwerking met UGent. De doelstelling van het project is het aanleggen van een databank met alle volkeren die gekend waren in de oudheid. Anke De Naegel en ikzelf hebben de Geographia van Strabo voor onze rekening genomen, waarvan het resultaat zich in de appendix bij deze scriptie bevindt. Voorts gaat deze thesis over een etnografische case-study: de Cappadociërs. De Cappadociërs waren en zijn een fundamenteel hybride volk, in die zin dat ze reeds vanaf hun prille geschiedenis bestonden uit een mengeling van verschillende volksstammen (de Hattiërs en de Indo- Europeanen). Het is daarom onmogelijk te zeggen wie ‘de’ Cappadociërs waren. In deze scriptie hebben we echter een poging gedaan dit moeilijk vatbare volk te beschrijven, en dat volgens de belangrijkste aspecten die de identiteit van een volk bepalen: hun land, hun gemeenschappelijke naam, hun geschiedenis en hun taal. Tenslotte hebben we ook onderzocht welk beeld er bestond over de Cappadociërs in de antieke literatuur. Een belangrijke vraag die we onderzocht hebben is waarom de Cappadociërs ‘Witte Syriërs’ genoemd werden door Strabo en latere auteurs. Dit komt grotendeels omdat hun genetisch materiaal bestond uit een genotype dat neigde tot een lichtere huid, in tegenstelling tot de inwoners van de streken meer ten oosten of ten zuiden die een donkerdere huidskleur hadden. Daarnaast was het Cappadocische klimaat ook kouder dan dat in Mesopotamië, waardoor de natuurlijke selectie op een gepigmenteerde huid uitbleef. Het beeld van de Cappadociërs hangt nauw samen met het Cappadocische land en klimaat: in de oudheid werden ze gezien als ongeciviliseerde boeren, die zo hard moesten zijn als steen om te kunnen overleven in de bergachtige, koude streek. Daarnaast hadden ze ook de reputatie geldbelust te zijn, en geneigd tot decadentie. In de vierde eeuw veranderde dit beeld, grotendeels onder invloed van de Cappadocische Kerkvaders, en werd het positiever. Vandaag de dag heeft de naam Κάππαδοξ een nostalgische bijklank gekregen en wordt er een Cappadocische identiteit geconstrueerd door de nakomelingen van de oude Cappadociërs. NOTE TO THE REFERENCES There are many references to ancient texts in this thesis. In the bibliography you will find all of the editions of these texts under a separate header: ‘Editions of primary sources’. With each first mention of a primary source, the edition will be mentioned next to it. But from the second mention of this same primary source onwards, it will not be mentioned anymore. TABLE OF CONTENTS I. General Introduction ………………………………………...…………….…………………………………….. 1 II. An ethnographic case study: the Cappadocians ……………………………….……….. 4 II.1. Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………….……….. 5 II.2. Geography and Landscape ……………………………………………………….……………..……….. 8 II.2.1. Boundaries: the isolation of Cappadocia? …………………………………………………….…………….. 9 II.2.2. Rivers and Mountains …………………………………………………………………………………………….…… 10 II.2.3. Climate ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………. 11 II.3. Nomenclature …………………………………………………………………………………………..…….…….. 13 II.3.1. Katpatuka ……………………………………………………………………………….………………………………….. 13 II.3.2. Syrians, Assyrians and White Syrians …………………………………….……………………………………. 13 II.3.3. A multitude of names ………………………………………………………………………………………..……….. 16 II.4. History and Ethnography ……………………………………..…………………………………………… 19 II.4.1. Before Assyria ……………………………………………………………………………………….……….…………… 19 a) Sumerians …………………………………………………………………………………….…………………… 19 b) Akkadians ………………………………………………………………………………………….………….…… 20 c) Indo-Europeans ……………………………………………………………………………….………….…….. 20 d) The dawn of the Assyrian colonies ………………………………………………….………….……… 24 II.4.2. The Assyrian kārū ………………………………………………………………………………………………..……… 26 a) Colonisation? ………………………………………………………………………………………….…………. 28 b) The Cappadocian tablets …………………………………………………………………………….…….. 29 c) The end of the Assyrian period and the rise of the dynasty of Kuššara …………….... 30 II.4.3. The Hittite Kingdom …………………………………………………………………………………………..……….. 34 a) The foundations of the Hittite kingdom …………………………………………………….………. 35 b) Territories and rivals ………………………………………………………………………………….………. 36 c) Ethnicity in the Hittite kingdom ………………………………………………………………….……… 37 d) The fall of the Hittite kingdom ……………………………………………………………………….….. 38 e) The aftermath: Neo-Hittites and Neo-Assyrians ……………………………………….………… 41 II.4.4. The country ‘in between’ ……………………………………………………….…………………………….…….. 45 a) The Muški, the Phrygians and the Moschi …………………………………………………………. 45 b) The Cimmerians ……………………………………………………………………………………….……….. 49 c) The Medes ……………………………………………………………………………………………….……….. 51 II.4.5. The Persian Achaemenid Empire …………………………………………………………………….………….. 54 a) Foundations of the Persian Achaemenid Empire ………………………………………….……. 54 b) The satrapy of Katpatuka ………………………………………………………………………….……….. 56 c) Ethnicity in the Persian Empire …………………………………………………………….……………. 57 d) Alexander the Great and the end of the Achaemenid dynasty …………………….…….. 59 II.4.6. The Hellenistic Kingdoms ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 60 a) The Cappadocian Hellenistic culture ………………………………………………………………….. 61 b) Strabo of Pontus ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 64 c) Archelaus Philopatris and the dawn of the Roman period ………………………..……….. 65 II.4.7. White Syrians? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..…….. 70 II.4.8. The Roman Empire ……………………………………………………………………………………………...……… 73 a) A rich province in the east …………………………………………….…………………………….…….. 73 b) The Cappadocian frontier ………………………………………….………………………………………. 75 c) Roman influence? ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 76 d) The Byzantine Empire …………………………………………………………………………………...…… 77 II.4.9. From Manzikert to today: Turks and the Cappadocian diaspora …………………………………. 79 II.5. Language …………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………….. 82 II.5.1. Hattic and the Anatolian Languages ……………………………………………………………………………. 82 a) Hattic …………………………………………………………………………………………………...………..…. 82 b) The Anatolian languages ……………………………………………………………………………………. 83 II.5.2. Persian times ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..………. 84 II.5.3. Hellenization …………………………………………………………………………………………………..………….. 85 II.5.4. Turkish and the Cappadocian dialect …………………………………………………………….……………. 90 II.6. Image-making ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 93 II.6.1. The three most terrible kappas …………………………………………………………………………………… 93 a) Barbarians and oriental trash ………………………………………………………………………..…… 94 b) Avaricious and decadent pimps ………………………………………………………………..……….. 95 c) Strong but stupid ………………………………………………………………………………………..…….. 96 II.6.2. The land of cattle and honey ………………………………………………………………………………………. 98 II.6.3. Restored honour …………………………………………………………………………………………………..……. 100 II.6.4. Famous Cappadocians ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 101 II.7. Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 103 III. Appendix: Strabo’s index ……………………………………………………………………………………. 105 IV. Bibliography ………………………………………………………………………………………………….………... 338 V. Attachements …………………………………………………………………………………………………..………. 356 Word count: 33,581 Word count appendix: 45,371 I. General introduction Ethnography is very much a topic nowadays. We live in a multicultural, global society, where ethnicity has become very important for one’s identity. But even in ancient times there already were authors who were interested in the peoples of their world. The question asked by ethnography is of course a very vital one: ‘what does it mean to be a human’? (Gay y Blasco, Wardle 2007: 1). We must therefore not be very surprised when we see the vast production of ancient geographies, histories and ethnographies. However, all writers of whatever kind of ethnography use their own society as a starting point for understanding and representing the ‘other’ (Gay y Blasco, Wardle 2007: 17), and the ancient Greek and Roman authors were no different, as the existence of the term ‘barbarians’ indicates. Albeit writers like Herodotus, Strabo, Pausanias, Polybius and Cassius Dio lived in a society that had a polyvalent attitude towards ‘barbarians’,
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