La Literatura En La Frontera Lingüística. El Caso De La Escritora Italo–Suiza Fleur Jaeggy

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La Literatura En La Frontera Lingüística. El Caso De La Escritora Italo–Suiza Fleur Jaeggy UNIVERSITAT DE VALÈNCIA FACULTAT DE FILOLOGIA, TRADUCCIÓ I COMUNICACIÓ DEPARTAMENT DE FILOLOGIA INGLESA I ALEMANYA LA LITERATURA EN LA FRONTERA LINGÜÍSTICA. EL CASO DE LA ESCRITORA ITALO–SUIZA FLEUR JAEGGY Programa de doctorado: 646 – 155 E TESIS DOCTORAL Presentada por: María del Pilar Soria Millán Dirigida por: Dra. Brigitte Jirku Valencia, 2012 Tesis y vida en un determinado punto acaban fundiéndose. Es un proceso natural que las personas que te animan, te ayudan y te alientan en la redacción e investigación estén al corriente del estado de tu cuerpo y alma. La primera de estas personas es mi directora de tesis, la profesora Brigitte Jirku, con quien empecé a estudiar alemán y quien me ha llevado de la mano para conseguir terminar este trabajo. Sin ella nunca lo habría conseguido, gracias infinitas. En Roma, encontré en el camino a un gran maestro tanto en lo académico como en lo humano, el profesor Francisco Lobera. Agradecerle su enseñamiento me llevaría páginas, lo resumo con un grazie di cuore. Gracias también al apoyo, la lectura, las ideas y la paciencia que me regaló el profesor Mario García de Castro, quien sacó tiempo de su dirección del Instituto Cervantes para dedicarlo a este trabajo. Mi gratitud asimismo para los profesores y amigos Francesca Leonetti, Lorenzo Blini, Norbert von Prellwitz y Ana Rosa Calero por ayudarme en el último tramo con su apoyo y revisión del texto. Y para Jose Cantos que me hizo respirar en el último momento de pánico. A lo largo de este recorrido la familia ha sido muy importante: mis padres, hermanos (Aurora y Manolo por toda la ayuda logística), mi sobrina Valeria, que no concebía por qué me pasaba tantas horas entre libros, mis primos… pero también la otra familia, la de Roma. Gracias a Barbara por dejar que fuera parte de los Amato que tan cerca han estado durante este tiempo, en particular el pequeño Andrea que con su llegada al mundo, me robó un tiempo valiosísimo pero que ahora me lo devuelve lleno de alegría. Y por último, gracias a todos los amigos de ambos países que de diferentes formas me habéis ayudado a no abandonar aunque fuera con una simple palabra, Nuria, Paco, Tino, Lorenzo, Tonino, Pino, Emma, Chus, y de entre todos ellos especialmente mis gracias a Sagrario, que nunca falla y siempre sabe estar, a Begoña que sabe lo que significa el encierro, a Raul por su infinita amistad y a Laura que acompaña siempre desde la distancia. A mis padres, Paco y Pilar, que siempre han estado y estarán «I prefer not to» Bartleby, the Scrivener Herman Melville A F. J. per tutto, in silenzio ÍNDICE Introducción....................................................................................................... 9 Capítulo 1. La literatura europea en el siglo XX. El caso de Suiza...............25 1.1. Concepto y existencia de literatura europea..............................................32 1.2. Weltliteratur y canon literario...................................................................41 1.3. El futuro de la literatura europea en el siglo XX.......................................43 1.4. El siglo XXI y la novela metafísica..........................................................48 1.5 La sociedad y la literatura suiza desde 1945 hasta los años ’70................ 52 1.5.1. Plurilingüismo....................................................................................56 1.5.2. Causas sociales...................................................................................58 1.5.3. La literatura suiza: una literatura minoritaria......................................61 1.5.4. Literatura minoritaria en lengua italiana; la literatura de frontera.......62 1.5.5. La identidad cultural del escritor suizo...............................................64 1.5.6. Asociaciones de escritores y grupos literarios....................................66 1.5.7. Literatura y política en los últimos años del siglo XX........................71 1.5.8. La temática en los escritores suizos....................................................72 1.5.9. El grupo literario de mujeres..............................................................73 Capítulo 2. Perfil bio–literario de Fleur Jaeggy: a caballo entre Suiza e Italia.................................................................................................................77 2.1. Perfil biográfico........................................................................................77 2.2. Amigos y compañeros literatos................................................................85 2.3. Perfil del escritor oculto. Entre el OULIPO y los Letraheridos................91 2.4. El eje de la producción literaria de Fleur Jaeggy....................................100 2.5. Rozando las generaciones literarias de Fleur Jaeggy: entre lecturas y escritores.......................................................................................................110 2.5.1. El paseo literario de Jaeggy con Robert Walser...............................113 2.5.2. Roberto Calasso y Franco Battiato en la vida de Jaeggy..................115 2.5.3. La gran amiga Ingeborg Bachmann y sus allegados: Thomas Bernhard, Max Frisch, Anna María Ortese................................................117 Capítulo 3. La evolución de la obra de Fleur Jaeggy...................................125 3.1. Acercamiento a la obra de Fleur Jaeggy a través de la perspectiva histórico–literaria...........................................................................................128 3.1.1. La evolución de sus distintas etapas.................................................128 3.1.2. Los primeros escritos: ¿monólogos o diálogos sin respuesta?..........130 3.1.3. La pluma jaeggiana..........................................................................132 3.1.4. La función comunicativa entre el lector y la autora..........................135 3.1.5. La polifonía lingüística y cultural como elementos intrínsecos a la obra de Jaeggy.....................................................................................144 3.1.6. Temática de las historias..................................................................148 3.1.7. Paratexto de las obras.......................................................................163 3.2. Primera etapa: la obra novelo–dramática................................................165 3.2.1. Il dito in bocca.................................................................................167 3.2.2. L’angelo custode..............................................................................180 3.2.3. Le statue d’acqua..............................................................................191 3.3. La estructura de la narrativa toma cuerpo en las historias de Fleur Jaeggy...................................................................................................203 3.4. Segunda etapa: narrativa, literatura didáctica y literatura de mujeres.....206 3.4.1. I beati anni del castigo.....................................................................209 3.4.2. La paura del cielo............................................................................226 3.4.2.1. “Senza destino”.........................................................................229 3.4.2.2. “Una moglie”.............................................................................232 3.4.2.3. “La casa gratuita”......................................................................234 3.4.2.4. “La Promessa”...........................................................................235 3.4.2.5. “Porzia”.....................................................................................237 3.4.2.6. “I Gemelli”...............................................................................239 3.4.2.7. “La vecchia Vanesia”................................................................242 3.4.3. Proleterka.........................................................................................244 3.4.4. Vite congetturali...............................................................................251 3.5. Los cuentos dispersos. Las adaptaciones de su obra al teatro. La música como experimentación..................................................................................256 3.6. Señas de identidad y obsesiones narrativas ............................................260 3.6.1. Los personajes típicamente jaeggyanos............................................260 3.6.2 El buril de un grabador (I. Brodskij): El protagonismo de la frase simple........................................................................................................266 3.6.3. La literatura de la esencialidad. La brevedad expresiva: la concisión del epitafio.................................................................................................270 3.6.4. La literatura del silencio. El espacio otorgado a las otras lenguas....272 3.6.5. La frialdad expresiva. La huella del cuerpo de Walser.....................276 Capítulo 4. Literatura de internado y Bildungsroman.................................279 4.1. El caso Frischmuth, el peso de la religión y la juventud como enfermedad....................................................................................................287 4.2. Dos Internados reflejo de un mismo mundo: Die Klosterschule y el Bausler Institut..........................................................................................293 4.3. El género en los internados. Los internados femeninos y masculinos.....302 4.4. La homosexualidad en el Internado. ¿Literatura de género?...................304
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