DOCSLIB.ORG

KYRGYZSTAN (Kirghizstan)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
KYRGYZSTAN (Kirghizstan) CLASSROOM COUNTRY PROFILES KYRGYZSTAN (Kirghizstan) Kyrgyzstan is among the most mountainous and the second smallest in size of the Central Asian Republics. The Tian Shan mountain region covers 80% of the country and has earned Kyr- gyzstan the title “Switzerland of Central Asia.” Kyrgyz national identity emerged in the 20th century under Soviet rule. Prior to Russian imperial rule, Kyrgyz social groupings were primarily tribal and confessional. Kyrgyzstan shares complicated border arrangements in the Ferghana Valley with Uzbekistan and Tajik- istan. Under Soviet rule, Kyrgyzstan was known as Kirghizia. Population: 5,895,100 Area: 200,000 sq. km. Capital: Bishkek (Frunze under USSR, pop. Like all countries that experienced Soviet rule, Kyrgyzstan has 937,400) universal public education made available to all citizens. Literacy Languages:Kyrgyz (official), Russian is touted somewhere in the high 19th percentile group and women are granted equal access to institutions of learning, secondary or otherwise. Secondary education tends to extend through the 11th According to official narratives, kirghiz means grade, although many students may choose to opt out after ninth “40 girls” and the Kyrgyz flag’s sunburst has grade in order to pursue a more focused vocational training track. 40 rays in honor of the story that Kyrgyz peo- Public education in Central Asian republics has always aspired to ple emerged out of 40 tribes. Kyrgyz language greater universality than actually demonstrated and many of the is mutually intelligible with Kazakh and Uzbek facts on the matter were manipulated during the Soviet period to appease Party officials and meet quotas. all of which are Turkic languages. Kyrgyzstan is less Islamic than the other Central Asian Republics, having been converted much later Kyrgyzstan celebrates many of the same holidays as other former than the less mountainous regions of Central Soviet Republics, such as May Day (May 1st) and Victory Day Asia. (May 9th) as well as the Persian new year/Spring festival Nooruz (March 21st). Kyrgyz cuisine includes plov and manti like Kazakh food, as well as the popular cold-noodle spicy vegetable dish ash- lam-foo. Marital patterns are dominated by tribal concerns, and as opposed to endogamy among many of the Central Asian tribal groups, Kyrgyz practice demands exogamy. Potential spouses are vetted in advance to determine that shared familial and tribal blood can’t be traced within seven generations. Updated: 7/24/17 . When the Soviet Union collapsed Askar Akaev led the fledgling republic for 15 years, until he was forced to flee the country in 2005 during the “Tulip Revolution.” Ethnic conflict between Uzbek minorities and Kyrgyz military have led to strong criticism from human rights groups. Concur- Church of the Transfiguration, Karelia, Russia rently, the Kyrgyz government has cracked down on critical journalism, imposing registration measures and censorship practices that have alarmed freedom watch groups. The president of Kyrgyzstan since Kyrgyz names are frequently derived 2011, Almazbek Atambayev had previously served as Prime Minister from one of the three languages that and has made promises to curb the corruption and waste widely have had the greatest influence: Persian, Turkic, and Russian. A popular Kyrgyz acknowledged to be ubiquitous in the government. Similar to many name is Jyrgal which means “happiness” countries in the region, Kyrgyzstan has seen an increase in the powers and can be used for a man or a woman, of its executive leaders. In 2016, a controversial referendum expanded or Anara, which means “pomegranate” the power of the Prime Minister. and is derived from Persian. Kyrgyzstan’s most significant physical export is gold. It also exports sig- Chinghiz Aitmatov is the most famous nificant amounts of hydroelectric energy. It is currently in midst of a literary voice of Kyrgyzstan, having grown up and written in the Communist massive development project in conjunction with Russian investment to period, his novels The Day Lasts More construct 11 new hydroelectric dams across the nation. Progress has Than A Hundred Years and Jamila im- been slow and the deal may have soured. mortalize Kyrgyz people in Kyrgyz set- tings. Bübüsara Beyşenalieva was a fa- mous ballerina born in Soviet Kyrgyzstan in 1926 she studied at the Vaganova Ballet Academy in Leningrad and earned Moscow metro station the adoration of her country, which put her face on the 5 som note after inde- pendence. A statue of her can be found in Bishkek near the opera house. Welcome…………………. Kosh kelingiz! Hello………………………………..Salam! How are you?.................... Kandaysyng? What is your name?......... Senin atyng kim? The Kyrgyz embassy shares its duties between the United States and Pleased to meet you…..Taanyshkanyma kubanychtamyn! Canada. They are currently (summer 2015) in the process of register- Good Luck ………………Ak jol kaalaym! ing Kyrgyz citizens living in the United States and Canada in order to Cheers!...............Den soolugubuz üchün! I don’t understand…. Tüshüngön jokmun determine the number of expatriates in the country, a fact as yet only approximated. The flag is comprised USEFUL LINKS of a sunburst with 40 http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16186907 rays representing the 40 tribes of Kyrgyz http://www.everyculture.com/Ja-Ma/Kyrgyzstan.html people. The cross- https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/kg.html hatch of a traditional yurt fills the center. .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Case of Kyrgyzstan CAP Paper 221, July 2019
    The Many Challenges of Native Language Journalism in Central Asia: The Case of Kyrgyzstan CAP Paper 221, July 2019 Elmurat Ashiraliev is a journalist at Kloop Media, an IWPR in Central Asia, Abahon Sultonazarov, summarizes well independent Kyrgyz media outlet that covers topics the many issues faced by Kyr- including politics, human rights, and corruption. As a gyz-language media outlets: part of the Kloop Media team, Elmurat served as the News websites in Kyrgyz were most- Kyrgyz editor for the UNDEF- and UNESCO-supported ly tabloid [yellow press]. Or they be- “Community Media Centers” projects. He is a member longed to certain politicians. They of the “Esimde” team that researches the history and could be opposition members, cur- rent and former politicians, and so memory of the Kyrgyz Republic. Elmurat earned an M.A. on. Kyrgyz is a beautiful language, in Central Asian Studies from the American University of but you know, it was used, I would like to emphasize, unfortunately, for Central Asia in 2016. blackening, uncovering who slept with whom, what they did, who is the The influence of the Russian lan- and issues varies in tone, em- relative of whom. Kyrgyz is spoken in guage is still apparent in almost phasis, content, and perspective. rural areas. The majority of people in all spheres of life in Central Asia. Russian-speaking news outlets our region [Central Asia] live in ru- Despite the new states’ policies of are more Bishkek-centric and ral areas and they are the electorate. The politicians used mass media to developing their native languag- some are likely to cover stories discredit their opponents.1 es—policies that have now been from a Russia-oriented perspec- tive, while Kyrgyz-language mass in place for nearly 30 years—Rus- Based on a study of 21 countries media are more conservative and sian remains a key language in across Europe and Eurasia, the “provincial” in the sense of doing the realms of politics, education, IREX 2018 report on media sus- more reporting on regional is- economics, culture, and informa- tainability2 ranks profession- sues.
    [Show full text]
  • Declension System of the Turkic Languages: Historical Development of Case Endings Gulgaysha S
    Bulletin of the KIH of the RAS, 2016, Vol. 23, Is. 1 Copyright © 2016 by the Kalmyk Institute for Humanities of the Russian Academy of Sciences Published in the Russian Federation Bulletin of the Kalmyk Institute for Humanities of the Russian Academy of Sciences Has been issued since 2008 ISSN: 2075-7794; E-ISSN: 2410-7670 Vol. 23, Is. 1, pp. 166–173, 2016 DOI 10.22162/2075-7794-2016-23-1-166-173 Journal homepage: http://kigiran.com/pubs/vestnik UDC 811.512.1 Declension System of the Turkic Languages: Historical Development of Case Endings Gulgaysha S. Sagidolda1 1 Ph. D. of Philology, Professor of the Kazakh Linguistics Department at L. N. Gumilyev Eurasian National University (Astana, the Republic of Kazakhstan). E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Declension system of the Turkic languages is characterized by a large number of cases and a variety of forms of cases. The research works indicate the number of cases in the Turkic languages in different ways, in some languages they are considered to be 6, and in the others 7 or 8. There are different opinions about the number of cases in the language of the ancient Turkic written monuments, known as the source of the Turkic languages. Some scholars defi ne 11 cases and some say that the number of main cases is 7. In the language of the Orkhon, Yenisei and Talas monuments there are hidden or null form of cases, as well as the meaning of cases can be given by individual words. Also, some endings correspond with the formants of other cases according to the form or comply with other formants of cases according to the meaning.
    [Show full text]
  • Executive Intelligence Review, Volume 17, Number 15, April 6, 1990
    LAROUCHE So, You Wish to Leant All About BUT YOU'D BEDER EconoInics? KNOW WHAT H. Jr. HE HAS TO SAY by Lyndon LaRouche, A text on elementary mathematical economics, by the world's leading economist. Find out why EIR was right, when everyone else was wrong. The Power of Order from: Ben Franklin Booksellers, Inc. Reason: 1988 27 South King Street Leesburg, Va. 22075 An Autobiography by Lyndon H. LaRouche, Jr. $9.95 plus shipping ($1.50 for first book, $.50 for each additional book). Information on bulk rates and videotape Published by Executive Intelligence Review Order from Ben Franklin Booksellers, 27 South King St., Leesburg, VA 22075. available on request. $10 plus shipping ($1.50 for first copy, .50 for each ad,:::ional). Bulk rates available. THE POWER OF REASON 1iM.'" An exciting new videotape is now available on the life and work of Lyndon LaRouche, political leader and scientist, who is currently an American political prisoner, together with six of his leading associates. This tape includes clips of some of LaRouche's most important, historic speeches, on economics, history, culture, science, AIDS, and t e drug trade. , This tape will recruit your friends to the fight forr Western civilization! Order it today! $100.00 Checks or money orders should be sent to: P.O. Box 535, Leesburg, VA 22075 HumanPlease specify Rights whether Fund you wish Beta or VHS. Allow 4 weeks for delivery. Founder and Contributing Editor: From the Editor Lyndon H. LaRouche. Jr. Editor: Nora Hamerman Managing Editors: John Sigerson, Susan Welsh Assistant Managing Editor: Ronald Kokinda Editorial Board: Warren Hamerman.
    [Show full text]
  • ASTRA Salvensis, Supplement No. 1/2021 531 TRANSLATION INTO
    ASTRA Salvensis, Supplement no. 1/2021 TRANSLATION INTO KAZAKH LANGUAGE OF WOMEN'S IMAGE IN CH. AITMATOV'S WORKS Laura N. DAURENBEKOVA1, Bayan D. KERIMBEKOVA2, Samalbay D. DARIBAYEV3, Zhazira A. AGABEKOVA4, Yermek S. ADAYEVA4 1Department of Kazakh and Russian Philology, Eurasian Humanities Institute, Nur-Sultan, Republic of Kazakhstan 2Faculty of Philology, Suleyman Demirel University, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan 3Faculty of Philology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan 4Department of Kazakh Language and Turkic Studies, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Republic of Kazakhstan Abstract: The professional translator Kalzhan Nurmakhanov did not just translated the Kyrgyz writer Chinghiz Aitmatov's works, and turned into the spiritual well – being of the Kazakh people, but also strengthened literary ties between the two countries. The article investigated the translated into Kazakh three of Chinghiz Aitmatov’s works; the woman’s image in these three works have been compared with their original, accuracy of the translation, and methods and techniques used by the author to convey the idea. The author ascertained that in translation psychology of each character and mood have been interpreted according to Kazakh concept and the original text rhythm and storyline have been preserved. Moreover, lexical transformations used by the translator have been analyzed. Keywords: Turkic literature, literary translation, generalization, concretization, writer, translator, parallelism, composition. The creative work of Chingiz Aitmatov, a prominent Kyrgyz writer has a unique place in the world literature and has been recognized worldwide in the twentieth century. His works were translated into 191 languages and spread over 40 million copies. The works of Ch. Aitmatov have been re-published and translated by request of Kazakh readers.
    [Show full text]
  • The Politics of Language in Kyrgyzstan
    TITLE : THE POLITICS OF LANGUAGE IN KYRGYZSTAN AUTHOR : EUGENE HUSKEY, Stetson University THE NATIONAL COUNCI L FOR SOVIET AND EAST EUROPEAN RESEARC H TITLE VIII PROGRA M 1755 Massachusetts Avenue, N .W . Washington, D .C . 20036 PROJECT INFORMATION : 1 CONTRACTOR : Stetson University PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR : Eugene Huske y COUNCIL CONTRACT NUMBER : 810-28 DATE : August 1, 199 5 COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Individual researchers retain the copyright on work products derived from research funded b y Council Contract. The Council and the U .S. Government have the right to duplicate written report s and other materials submitted under Council Contract and to distribute such copies within th e Council and U.S. Government for their own use, and to draw upon such reports and materials fo r their own studies; but the Council and U.S. Government do not have the right to distribute, o r make such reports and materials available, outside the Council or U.S. Government without th e written consent of the authors, except as may be required under the provisions of the Freedom o f Information Act 5 U .S.C. 552, or other applicable law . 1 The work leading to this report was supported in part by contract funds provided by the Nationa l Council for Soviet and East European Research, made available by the U . S. Department of State under Title VIII (the Soviet-Eastern European Research and Training Act of 1983, as amended) . The analysis and interpretations contained in the report are those of the author(s) . THE POLITICS OF LANGUAGE IN KYRGYZSTAN' Eugene Huske y Official policy toward language is one of the most divisive issues in new states .
    [Show full text]
  • Vitality of the Kyrgyz Language in Bishkek
    ISSN: 2158-7051 ==================== INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RUSSIAN STUDIES ==================== ISSUE NO. 5 ( 2016/2 ) VITALITY OF THE KYRGYZ LANGUAGE IN BISHKEK SIARL FERDINAND*, FLORA KOMLOSI** Summary During the first decades after its independence from the USSR, Kyrgyzstan has intended to make of Kyrgyz a real state language. Since then, a new generation has been born and raised in the independent Kyrgyz Republic. Their linguistic behaviour may have a profound effect in the future of Kyrgyz. This study examines the linguistic situation in Bishkek. A questionnaire given to 125 students aged between 14 and 18 and direct observation in the streets were used to collect data. The preliminary results of the research show both, an almost total lack of interest in the state language by the local non-Kyrgyz students and a very weak attitude towards their national language by the young ethnic-Kyrgyz. It is expected that these results may help to create realistic and effective language policies to ensure the future of the Kyrgyz language in Bishkek and consequently in all the country in a balanced way. Key Words: Kyrgyz, language revival, Russian, bilingualism, Soviet Union, Kyrgyzstan, Bishkek. Introduction 1.1.The Kyrgyz Republic and the City of Bishkek The Kyrgyz Republic, also called Kyrgyzstan, is an ex-Soviet landlocked country situated in Central Asia. Three of its four neighbours, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan are also ex-Soviet republics while the fourth one is the People’s Republic of China. Before its independence, the territory which is currently known as Kyrgyzstan had been a part of the Russian Empire and of the International Journal of Russian Studies, No.
    [Show full text]
  • Bir Duino Kyrgyzstan on the Kyrgyz Republic's Compliance with The
    ADC “Memorial” Bir Duino Kyrgyzstan On the Kyrgyz Republic’s Compliance with the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination Alternative Report of ADC “Memorial” and the Human Rights Movement: Bir Duino Kyrgyzstan for the 95th Session of UN CERD April 24 – May 11, 2018 Mugat children in Kyrgyzstan. Photo by ADC Memorial 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Summary………………………………………………………………………………………………….3 1. An Ethnic Map of Kyrgyzstan: A Patchwork of Ethnicities in the North and Large Communities in the South………………………………………………………………………………………………..5 The Situation of the Mugat (Lyuli, Central Asian Roma)………………………………………….7 The Situation of Uzbeks in the South of Kyrgyzstan and the Problem of Overcoming the Ethnic Conflict of 2010…………………………………………………………………………………………..10 Biased Treatment of Uzbeks…………………………………………………………………….10 Difficulties Learning and Using the Uzbek Language…………………………………………11 Low Level of Representation in State Agencies, Difficulties Running Businesses……………13 Radicalization as a Result of Irrelevance in Social Life………………………………………..13 Inept Response from the Government to Hate Speech in the Media…………………………...15 The Problem of Justice in Respect of Uzbeks……………………………………………………15 The Case of Azimjan Askarov…………………………………………………………...17 The Failure to Restore Justice in Cases Concerning the Seizure of Businesses and Property: The Case of Gafurjan Dadajanov…………………………………………………….19 2. Implementation of Programs to Strengthen National Unity and Improve Ethnic Relations.……..20 Creating a “Common Civic Identity” Instead
    [Show full text]
  • 2010 Annual Language Service Review Briefing Book
    Broadcasting Board of Governors 2010 Annual Language Service Review Briefing Book Broadcasting Board of Governors Table of Contents Acknowledgments............................................................................................................................................................................................3 Preface ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................5 How to Use This Book .................................................................................................................................................................................6 Albanian .................................................................................................................................................................................................................12 Albanian to Kosovo ......................................................................................................................................................................................14 Arabic .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................16 Armenian ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................20
    [Show full text]
  • Lonely Planet Publications 150 Linden St, Oakland, California 94607 USA Telephone: 510-893-8556; Facsimile: 510-893-8563; Web
    Lonely Planet Publications 150 Linden St, Oakland, California 94607 USA Telephone: 510-893-8556; Facsimile: 510-893-8563; Web: www.lonelyplanet.com ‘READ’ list from THE TRAVEL BOOK by country: Afghanistan Robert Byron’s The Road to Oxiana or Eric Newby’s A Short Walk in the Hindu Kush, both all-time travel classics; Idris Shah’s Afghan Caravan – a compendium of spellbinding Afghan tales, full of heroism, adventure and wisdom Albania Broken April by Albania’s best-known contemporary writer, Ismail Kadare, which deals with the blood vendettas of the northern highlands before the 1939 Italian invasion. Biografi by Lloyd Jones is a fanciful story set in the immediate post-communist era, involving the search for Albanian dictator Enver Hoxha’s alleged double Algeria Between Sea and Sahara: An Algerian Journal by Eugene Fromentin, Blake Robinson and Valeria Crlando, a mix of travel writing and history; or Nedjma by the Algerian writer Kateb Yacine, an autobiographical account of childhood, love and Algerian history Andorra Andorra by Peter Cameron, a darkly comic novel set in a fictitious Andorran mountain town. Approach to the History of Andorra by Lídia Armengol Vila is a solid work published by the Institut d’Estudis Andorrans. Angola Angola Beloved by T Ernest Wilson, the story of a pioneering Christian missionary’s struggle to bring the gospel to an Angola steeped in witchcraft Anguilla Green Cane and Juicy Flotsam: Short Stories by Caribbean Women, or check out the island’s history in Donald E Westlake’s Under an English Heaven Antarctica Ernest Shackleton’s Aurora Australis, the only book ever published in Antarctica, and a personal account of Shackleton’s 1907-09 Nimrod expedition; Nikki Gemmell’s Shiver, the story of a young journalist who finds love and tragedy on an Antarctic journey Antigua & Barbuda Jamaica Kincaid’s novel Annie John, which recounts growing up in Antigua.
    [Show full text]
  • RUSSIA in GLOBAL AFFAIRS
    RUSSIA in GLOBAL AFFAIRS Vol. 3•No. 4•OCTOBER – DECEMBER•2005 Contents Passions Over Sovereignty Fyodor Lukyanov 5 Russia’s Global Strategies New Contours of the World Order Sergei Karaganov 8 The recent changes in the world situation have brought about several his- toric challenges to Russia, causing it to amend its policy. The rapid redis- tribution of forces on the world arena in favor of “New Asia” requires that Russia revise its economic and political priorities. Invigorating Russia’s Foreign Policy Sergei Kortunov 23 The Russian Federation should unequivocally and unconditionally define itself as a successor to the millennium-old Russia. It will have to assume responsibility for all of its past sins, including – unpleasant as this may be – the sins of the Soviet era. But the game is worth the candle: Russia will once again become the doer of world history, recognizable and understandable to all. Torn Between Two Choices Fyodor Shelov-Kovediayev 35 Russia’s move toward the West would be a lucrative decision, as well as nicely matching the psychological orientations of those individuals who cherish the idea of Russia’s great mission. By going West again, we will res- cue the entire European project and ourselves. An Outlook for Joint Countering of Security Threats 45 Vladimir Dvorkin For more than three decades, missile attack warning systems have been major spheres of strategic rivalry in relations between the Soviet Union/Russia and the United States. In a new environment, with enough common sense and political will, they could become a no less important fac- tor in the consolidation of efforts to meet global security challenges.
    [Show full text]
  • Berkeley Art Museum·Pacific Film Archive N Ov D E C 2 0 17
    DEC 2017 / NOV BERKELEY ART MUSEUM · PACIFIC FILM ARCHIVE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PROGRAM GUIDE KARABO POPPY MOLETSANE HAYOUN KWON CHEN HONGSHOU VERONICA DE JESUS MARTIN WONG GORDON PARKS MIYOKO ITO THE ART OF CINEMATOGRAPHY PETER METTLER MAGGIE CHEUNG GLOBAL LENS COLLECTION POLISH ANIMATION CANYON CINEMA 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 CALENDAR CALENDAR 4:30 Almost Sunrise / / NOV 5 SUN Michael Collins, Tom Voss, Anthony 19 SUN 11–7 Drop-In Art Making ART LAB Anderson, and Marty Syjuco in 11–7 Drop-In Art Making ART LAB person VETERANS DAY P. 31 1/WED 2:00 Guided Tour CHEN HONGSHOU P. 4 11:30 Meditation and Mindfulness P. 6 8:00 Angel on the Right 12:00 Theo Watson and Eric Siegel 2:00 Battleship Potemkin 2:00 Guided Tour MARTIN WONG P. 4 GLOBAL LENS P. 24 CINEMATOGRAPHY P. 18 ARTS + DESIGN P. 6 2:30 The End of the Ottoman Empire P. 26 4:00 Petropolis: Aerial Perspectives on 12:15 Guided Tour CHEN HONGSHOU P. 4 / 5:00 Whisky GLOBAL LENS P. 24 the Alberta Tar Sands 12 SUN 3:10 Manufactured Landscapes Peter Mettler in person 11–7 Drop-In Art Making ART LAB 7:00 Shaft Lecture by Peter Mettler AFTERIMAGE P. 17 Introduction by Maya Raiford 2:00 Guided Tour CHEN HONGSHOU P. 4 IN FOCUS P. 21 Cohen GORDON PARKS P. 16 7:00 Irma Vep MAGGIE CHEUNG P. 14 6:00 Jed Perl and Alexander S. C. 2:00 My Grandmother CINEMATOGRAPHY P. 18 Rower READING P. 6 20/MON / 6 MON 4:30 Hayoun Kwon’s Virtual Reality 7:00 Coding and Decoding 6:30 Josh Kun ARTS + DESIGN P.
    [Show full text]
  • Language Policy and Language Situation in Kyrgyzstan CHOLPON CHOTAEVA
    Language Policy and Language Situation in Kyrgyzstan CHOLPON CHOTAEVA Introduction General Description of Kyrgyz Historical Background: Tsarist and Soviet Language Policies Language Policy in Kyrgyzstan after 1980s Ethno-linguistic Situation Conclusion Attachments 1 Introduction Ethnic problems were of the key factors that contributed to the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Originally, the perestroika, initiated by the leadership that came to power in 1985, didn’t imply any changes in the nationality policy. However, in the late 1980s an implicit discontent with the former official ideology came out and became apparent in the field of interethnic relations. In 1987-1989 the policy of russification, carried out by the Soviet authorities, met with resistance of local ethnic elites and resulted in the legislation that made the languages of titular ethnic groups the state languages in each of Central Asian republics. Adopted on September 23, 1989, the law recognized Kyrgyz as the only state language of Kyrgyzstan. The 1989 law aimed to change inequalities, existed in functioning of Russian and Kyrgyz, and provide an exclusive use of Kyrgyz in all social-political spheres of the republic. On the eve of Kyrgyzstani independence the adoption of 1989 law was in fact a demand for sovereignty. Language plays a significant part in the formation and expression of ethnic identity. Language is a crucial part of culture, which is not isolated from the external environment. During the late 1980s the Kyrgyz language was in the core of the Kyrgyz cultural and ethnic awakening, a symbol of spiritual revival of the Kyrgyz people. Meanwhile, the implementation of the 1989 language law contradicted a real ethno-linguistic situation in Kyrgyzstan, represented by more than 100 ethnic communities and a few tens of ethnic languages.
    [Show full text]