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An Abstract of the Thesis Of AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Kathryn Wellons for the degree of Master of Science in Horticulture presented on June 7, 2018. Title: Ecophenology and Control of European Frogbit in a Hybrid Cattail Marsh of the St. Marys River, Michigan. Abstract approved: _____________________________________________________________________ Dennis Albert Great Lakes coastal wetland communities are threatened by the impacts of invasive plants on ecosystem function and biodiversity. What allows invasive plants to become dominant in invaded communities can be hard to define and context-dependent. Traits associated with invasion success in wetland systems – rapid vegetative growth, competitive superiority in resource acquisition, and tolerance for high nutrient levels – are shared by two co-occurring invasive plants, hybrid cattail (Typha × glauca) and European frogbit (Hydrocharis morsus- ranae). European frogbit is a free-floating weed causing substantial negative impacts to native ecosystems in the Great Lakes region. It is thought to be facilitated by the presence of emergent plants like hybrid cattail, but the nature of this relationship has not been empirically demonstrated or utilized in management strategies. The purpose of this thesis was to advance understanding of the phenology, ecology, and control of European frogbit within an invaded hybrid cattail marsh along the St. Marys River, a connecting channel between Lakes Huron and Superior. This marsh was a valuable site both for investigating the relationship between hybrid cattail and European frogbit and for assessing the role of deep water in the development and control of European frogbit. In an observational study, measures of the phenological development of European frogbit were accompanied by measures of environmental variables and estimates of plant community abundances to explore associations between European frogbit development and environmental conditions during a high-water period in the Great Lakes. European frogbit reached its highest abundance and density in 65 to 80 cm of water, along the shallowest of six transects in the study site. Water depth was found to be strongly negatively correlated with hybrid cattail abundance and weakly positively correlated with European frogbit abundance. An experimental study designed and implemented by Loyola University’s Institute for Environmental Sustainability Restoration Ecology research group tested the effectiveness of combinations of European frogbit control methods with the harvest and herbicide of hybrid cattail. Univariate analyses of this study did not detect a significant effect of treatments on European frogbit abundance (p = 0.085), but the combination of below-water harvest of hybrid cattail and hand removal of European frogbit was estimated to decrease European frogbit. Multivariate analyses demonstrated that the plant community post-treatment was predominantly structured by the removal of plants from below-water harvest treatments. Results of both studies suggest that the presence of hybrid cattail increases the favorability of habitat for European frogbit, even in deep water conditions. The long-term impacts of managing hybrid cattail simultaneously with European frogbit should be evaluated. ©Copyright by Kathryn Wellons June 7, 2018 All Rights Reserved Ecophenology and Control of European Frogbit in a Hybrid Cattail Marsh of the St. Marys River, Michigan by Kathryn Wellons A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Presented June 7, 2018 Commencement June 2019 Master of Science thesis of Kathryn Wellons presented on June 7, 2018. APPROVED: _____________________________________________________________________ Major Professor, representing Horticulture _____________________________________________________________________ Head of the Department of Horticulture _____________________________________________________________________ Dean of the Graduate School I understand that my thesis will become part of the permanent collection of Oregon State University libraries. My signature below authorizes release of my thesis to any reader upon request. _____________________________________________________________________ Kathryn Wellons, Author ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis was funded in part by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources Michigan Invasive Species Grant Program (MISGP). Additional funding came from the Horticulture Graduate Program at Oregon State University through a tuition scholarship and the ARCO Swallow Fellowship. Thanks to my advisor, Dennis Albert, for sharing his knowledge of Great Lakes coastal marsh communities and his enthusiasm for plants and other natural wonders in both Michigan and Oregon. Acknowledgements also go to Shane Lishawa, Drew Monks, Brendan Carson, and other members of the Loyola University Institute of Environmental Sustainability Restoration Ecology research group (“Team Typha”) for the design and implementation of the study in Chapter 3 and for allowing me to conduct analyses on the data. Thank you also for the sound guidance and answers to my many questions. Additional collaboration on the project came from research partners at the Inland Fish & Wildlife Department of the Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians, Boise State University, and Three Shores Cooperative Invasive Species Management Area. I would like to acknowledge my committee members, Mary E. Kentula and Lloyd L. Nackley, and my Graduate Council Representative, Christopher Higgins, for their thoughtful suggestions and encouragement. Acknowledgements also go to Bruce McCune, Trevor Ruiz, Si Liu, Michael Dumelle, Shane Lishawa, and Brian Ohsowski for lending statistical and software expertise. Thanks to Phyllis Higman with the Michigan Natural Features Inventory and Dr. Anton Reznicek from the University of Michigan Herbarium for their help tracking down records of European frogbit observations in the Great Lakes. Thanks to Dennis Albert, Nicole Spehn, Kurtis Himmler, and Andy Neary for their help with data collection, and to Olivia Johnson for her unwavering enthusiasm throughout the field season. The University of Michigan Biological Station provided a home base for my data collection, and I am grateful for the generous help of Adam Schubel, Jason Tallant, and other staff members, as well as for the welcoming and inspiring community there. Thank you to my lab mates Elena del Guidice Tuttle and Elizabeth Camarata for their camaraderie and advice, and to my parents and family for their steadfast encouragement. Last, but not least, I would like to thank Andy Neary for his friendship, insight, support, and well- timed distractions, and June for ensuring that I took breaks to enjoy the sunshine (or rain) every day. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................1 Background on Hydrocharis morsus-ranae L. ........................................................................1 Overview ..........................................................................................................................1 Taxonomy and Biology ....................................................................................................2 Habitat and Distribution ...................................................................................................4 Invasiveness .....................................................................................................................6 Management .....................................................................................................................9 Overview of Thesis ................................................................................................................10 CHAPTER 2: ECOPHENOLOGY OF EUROPEAN FROGBIT ALONG THE WATER DEPTH GRADIENT OF A DELTA IN THE ST. MARYS RIVER: A CASE STUDY................12 Abstract ..................................................................................................................................12 Introduction ............................................................................................................................13 Species Traits and Phenology ........................................................................................14 Environmental Conditions .............................................................................................15 Impacts of European frogbit ..........................................................................................21 Research Questions ........................................................................................................22 Methods ..................................................................................................................................23 Study Site .......................................................................................................................23 Sampling Design ............................................................................................................25 Biological and Environmental Variables .......................................................................27 Results ....................................................................................................................................29 Phenology.......................................................................................................................29 TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED) Page
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