© C. Grinter 2013 © C. Grinter 2013 Agriphila Pyralis Chris Grinter, July 2013 Adapted from slides by Alma Solis Pyraloidea Basics • Roughly 16,000 species worldwide with possibly 50% remaining to be described. • Vast array of life histories, many of economic importance • Concealed Feeders
Basic Characters • 8 - 80mm wingspan • Scaled proboscis • Porrect or upturned labial palpi • Tympani on the abdomen Pyraloidea Characters • Proboscis scaled basally
Alma Solis Dartmouth Electron Microscope Facility/Dartmouth College © C. Grinter 2013 Hemiplatytes (Crambidae) Pyraloidea Characters • Paired tympanal organs on the ventral surface of the 2nd abdominal segment.
Goldstein, Metz, Solis (2013) Feeding in the Pyraloidea
Crambidae Pyralidae
All photos © Alama Solis All photos © Alama Solis All photos © Alama Solis Pulvinaria vitis
Laetilia coccidivora
Eriococcus All photos © Alama Solis Jim Vargo
homesteaderbees.blogspot
All photos © Alama Solis Aquatic Larvae
Petrophila Mexico
All photos © Alama Solis Biological Control
Gary Goss
Lygodium Defoliator Moth on Old World climbing fern – introduced in 2008 (Crambidae:Musotiminae) Pyraloidea Characters • Paired tympanal organs on the ventral surface of the 2nd abdominal segment.
© Fauske, “Key to Superfamilies” ndsu.edu Two Families • Pyralidae • forewing vein R5 stalked or fused with R3+4 • forewing without oval sclerotization costad of base of vein A1+2 • bullae tympani closed cephalad • tympanum and conjunctivum in the same plane • processus tympani absent • praecinctorium absent • accessory tympana absent • male genitalia with uncus arms, (paired processes arising laterally from base of uncus) • segment A8 of larvae almost always with sclerotized ring around base of SD1 • Crambidae • forewing vein R5 free • forewing with oval sclerotization costad of base of vein A1+2 • bullae tympani open cephalad • tympanum and conjunctivum lying at a blunt angle • processus tympani present • praecinctorium present • accessory tympana present caudally of metacoxae • male genitalia without uncus arms • segment A8 of larvae without sclerotized ring around base of SD1 Pyralidae vs. Crambidae • Differences in the tympani – open vs. closed
All photos © Alama Solis
Tympanum
Crambidae – conjunctiva Pyralidae – conjunctiva in same at angle to tympanum plane as tympanum
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tym
© R. Brown, Lep Course 2012 Goldstein, Metz, Solis (2013)
Pyraloidea Molecular phylogeny subfamilies for the Pyraloid moths (2012) Pyralidae (Solis & Mitter, 1992)
Chrysauginae 437 Feeds on leaves, fruit, seeds, stems & fecal matter
Galleriinae 261 Feed on wax, stored products
Pyralinae 900 Feed on leaves, bore into stems and stored products
Epipaschiinae 572 Feed on leaves, bore into stems and fruits
Feed on leaves, stems, Phycitinae 2929 fruit, stored products & scale insects
Crambidae Chrysauginae
Clydonopteron sacculana Tosale oviplagalis
Labial palpi Galasa nigrinodis All photos © Alama Solis Galleriinae
Achroia grisella Labial palpi
Aphomia terrenella
Cacotherapia unipuncta All photos © Alama Solis Pyralinae
Labial palpi
Omphalocera munroei
Aglossa caprealis Herculia olinalis All photos © Alama Solis Pyralinae of Economic Importance Pyralis farinalis = Meal Moth
Dragiša Savić
Jim Vargo Epipaschiinae
Epipaschia superatalis Labial palpi Labial palpi
Pococera expandens Oneida lunulalis All photos © Alama Solis Epipaschiinae of Economic Importance Pococera robustella = Pine Webworm
All photos © bugguide.net Phycitinae
Acrobasis vaccinii. Labial palpi Labial palpi
Acrobasis caryivorella
Ephestia kuehniella Euzophera ostricolorella All photos © Alama Solis Phycitinae of Economic Importance Plodia interpunctella= Indian Meal Moth
Ken Chlids J.P. Marino Phycitinae of Economic Importance Cryptoblabes gnidiella = Honeydew Moth/Christmasberry Moth
Mike Wall 2009 Usually a secondary pest associated with Scale/Mealybugs but is recorded as a primary pest on Avocado, Wheat, Corn, Citrus, Grapes and stonefruits.
Cherre Sade Phycitinae of Economic Importance Cactoblastis cactorum = South American Cactus Moth
J. B. Heppner
gisin.org Westward expansion
All photos © Alama Solis Pyralidae
Cybalomiinae 122 Spilomelinae 3767 Dichogaminae 19 Musotiminae 183 Crambinae 1824 Noordinae 7 Acentropinae 628 Scopariinae 594 Schoenobiinae 199 Midilinae 56
Cathariinae 1 Wurthiinae 8 Linostinae 3 Odontiinae 303 Crambidae Evergestinae 136 Glaphyriinae 174 (Solis & Maes, 2002) Pyraustinae 1413 Crambidae
Occur in the U.S. Occur in the Do not occur in Western the Western Dichogaminae Hemisphere, Hemisphere Evergestinae but not in the U.S. Glaphyriinae Musotiminae Linostinae Cathariinae Midilinae Schoenobiinae Noordinae Odontiinae Wurthiinae Scopariinae Cybalomiinae Acentropinae Pyraustinae Crambinae Spilomelinae Noordinae labial palpi Cybalomiinae_labial palpi
Cathariinae_labial palpi Wurthiinae_labial palpi
All photos © Alama Solis Midilinae labial palpi
Odontiinae labial palpi
Dichogaminae labial palpi
Musotiminae labial palpi
Linostinae labial palpi All photos © Alama Solis Evergestinae
Evergestinae labial palpi
Evergestis rimosalis
Evergestis rimosalis
All photos © Alama Solis Glaphyriinae
Glaphyriinae labial palpi
Glaphryia sesquistrialis
Dicymolomia julianalis Lipocosma adelalis
All photos © Alama Solis Schoenobiinae
Donaucaula aquilella © Alama Solis
© Alama Solis Schoenobiinae labial palpi
Donacaula longirostrella Scopariinae Scoparia biplagialis Scopariinae labial palpi
Eudonia heterosalis
All photos © Alama Solis Crambinae
Chrysoteuchia topiaria Neodactria luteolellus
Vaxi critica
Crambinae labial palpi
All photos © Alama Solis Crambinae of Economic Importance Sod Webworms & Grass-veneer Moths
Pediasia trisecta Agriphila ruricolellus
Crambus laqueatellus Fissicrambus mutabilis
All photos © Jim Vargo Crambinae of Economic Importance Diatraea lineolata = Neotropical Cornstalk Borer
© Mississippi Ent. Museum
http://www.fao.org/ Acentropinae
Petrophila bifascialis Petrophila fulicalis
Acentropinae labial palpi
Synclita obliteralis Parapoynx obscuralis
All photos © Alama Solis Acentropinae of Economic Importance Elophila obliteralis = Waterlilly Leafcutter Moth
© Stephen Luk
Jim Vargo Pyraustinae Pyrausta acrionalis Pyrausta subsequalis
Pyrausta laticlavia
Pyraustinae labial palpi
All photos © Alama Solis Pyraustinae of Economic Importance Ostrinia nubilalis= European Corn Borer
Jim Vargo
Wikipedia Commons
Keith Weller Spilomelinae Pantographa limata Polygrammodes flavidalis
Udea rubigalis
Spilomelinae labial palpi Nomophila nearctica
All photos © Alama Solis Spilomelinae of Economic Importance Udea rubigalis = Celery Leaftier
Jim Vargo
All photos © bugguide.net Spilomelinae of Economic Importance Maruca vitrata = Bean Pod Borer
Sachin Gaurule UC Berkeley
Pantropical – severe tropical pest of legumes Spilomelinae of Economic Importance Diaphania indica= Cucumber Moth / Cotton Caterpillar
© Mississippi Ent. Museum
© ozwildlife
Native to Southern Asia, found in Florida/SE USA Spilomelinae of Economic Importance Leucinodes orbonalis = Eggplant Fruit / Brinjal Shoot Borer
www.nbaii.res.in
www.nbaii.res.in
Found throughout Asia and Africa, minor pest in tropical Americas Spilomelinae of Economic Importance Neoleucinodes elegantalis = Tomato Fruit Borer
© Alama Solis
South and Central America, intercepted in Europe several times
Dr Ana Elizabeth Diaz Montilla References
• Fauske, G. M. [2013]. Moth Identification. in Moths of North Dakota: an online identification guide. http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/ndsu/ndmoths • Goldstein PZ, Metz MA, Solis MA (2013) Phylogenetic systematics of Schacontia Dyar with descriptions of eight new species (Lepidoptera, Crambidae). ZooKeys 291: 27–81. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.291.3744 • Nuss, M., B. Landry, F. Vegliante, A. Tränkner, R. Mally, J. Hayden, A. Segerer, H. Li, R. Schouten, M. A. Solis, T. Trofimova, J. De Prins & W. Speidel 2003–2013: Global Information System on Pyraloidea. - www.pyraloidea.org • REGIER, J. C., MITTER, C., SOLIS, M. A., HAYDEN, J. E., LANDRY, B., NUSS, M., SIMONSEN, T. J., YEN, S.-H., ZWICK, A. and CUMMINGS, M. P. (2012), A molecular phylogeny for the pyraloid moths (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea) and its implications for higher-level classification. Systematic Entomology, 37: 635–656. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3113.2012.00641.x • Sharma, H.C. 1998. Bionomics, host plant resistance, and management of the legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata – a review. Crop. Prot. 17: 373–386. • Solis, M. Alma (2007) Phylogenetic studies and modern classification of the Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera). Rev. Colomb. Entomol. 33(1): (read online) • Yehuda, S. B.; Wysoki, M.; Rosen, D., 1991: Phenology of the honeydew moth, Cryptoblabes gnidiella Milliere Lepidoptera: Pyralidae, on avocado in Israel. Israel Journal of Entomology1992 1992; 25-26: 149-160
• www.bugguide.net • Moth Photographers Group: http://mothphotographersgroup.msstate.edu/MainMenu.shtml