© C. Grinter 2013 © C. Grinter 2013 Chris Grinter, July 2013 Adapted from slides by Alma Solis Pyraloidea Basics • Roughly 16,000 worldwide with possibly 50% remaining to be described. • Vast array of life histories, many of economic importance • Concealed Feeders

Basic Characters • 8 - 80mm wingspan • Scaled proboscis • Porrect or upturned labial palpi • Tympani on the abdomen Pyraloidea Characters • Proboscis scaled basally

Alma Solis Dartmouth Electron Microscope Facility/Dartmouth College © C. Grinter 2013 Hemiplatytes () Pyraloidea Characters • Paired tympanal organs on the ventral surface of the 2nd abdominal segment.

Goldstein, Metz, Solis (2013) Feeding in the Pyraloidea

Crambidae

All photos © Alama Solis All photos © Alama Solis All photos © Alama Solis Pulvinaria vitis

Laetilia coccidivora

Eriococcus All photos © Alama Solis Jim Vargo

homesteaderbees.blogspot

All photos © Alama Solis Aquatic Larvae

Petrophila

All photos © Alama Solis Biological Control

Gary Goss

Lygodium Defoliator on climbing – introduced in 2008 (Crambidae:Musotiminae) Pyraloidea Characters • Paired tympanal organs on the ventral surface of the 2nd abdominal segment.

© Fauske, “Key to Superfamilies” ndsu.edu Two Families • Pyralidae • forewing vein R5 stalked or fused with R3+4 • forewing without oval sclerotization costad of base of vein A1+2 • bullae tympani closed cephalad • tympanum and conjunctivum in the same plane • processus tympani absent • praecinctorium absent • accessory tympana absent • male genitalia with uncus arms, (paired processes arising laterally from base of uncus) • segment A8 of larvae almost always with sclerotized ring around base of SD1 • Crambidae • forewing vein R5 free • forewing with oval sclerotization costad of base of vein A1+2 • bullae tympani open cephalad • tympanum and conjunctivum lying at a blunt angle • processus tympani present • praecinctorium present • accessory tympana present caudally of metacoxae • male genitalia without uncus arms • segment A8 of larvae without sclerotized ring around base of SD1 Pyralidae vs. Crambidae • Differences in the tympani – open vs. closed

All photos © Alama Solis

Tympanum

Crambidae – conjunctiva Pyralidae – conjunctiva in same at angle to tympanum plane as tympanum

con

tym

© R. Brown, Lep Course 2012 Goldstein, Metz, Solis (2013)

Pyraloidea Molecular phylogeny for the Pyraloid (2012) Pyralidae (Solis & Mitter, 1992)

Chrysauginae 437 Feeds on leaves, fruit, seeds, stems & fecal matter

Galleriinae 261 Feed on wax, stored products

Pyralinae 900 Feed on leaves, bore into stems and stored products

Epipaschiinae 572 Feed on leaves, bore into stems and fruits

Feed on leaves, stems, 2929 fruit, stored products & scale

Crambidae

Clydonopteron sacculana oviplagalis

Labial palpi nigrinodis All photos © Alama Solis

Achroia grisella Labial palpi

Aphomia terrenella

Cacotherapia unipuncta All photos © Alama Solis

Labial palpi

Omphalocera munroei

Aglossa caprealis olinalis All photos © Alama Solis Pyralinae of Economic Importance = Meal Moth

Dragiša Savić

Jim Vargo

Epipaschia superatalis Labial palpi Labial palpi

Pococera expandens lunulalis All photos © Alama Solis Epipaschiinae of Economic Importance robustella = Pine Webworm

All photos © .net Phycitinae

Acrobasis vaccinii. Labial palpi Labial palpi

Acrobasis caryivorella

Ephestia kuehniella Euzophera ostricolorella All photos © Alama Solis Phycitinae of Economic Importance Plodia interpunctella= Indian Meal Moth

Ken Chlids J.P. Marino Phycitinae of Economic Importance gnidiella = Honeydew Moth/Christmasberry Moth

Mike Wall 2009 Usually a secondary associated with Scale/Mealybugs but is recorded as a primary pest on , Wheat, Corn, , Grapes and stonefruits.

Cherre Sade Phycitinae of Economic Importance = South American Moth

J. B. Heppner

gisin.org Westward expansion

All photos © Alama Solis Pyralidae

Cybalomiinae 122 3767 Dichogaminae 19 Musotiminae 183 1824 Noordinae 7 628 594 199 Midilinae 56

Cathariinae 1 Wurthiinae 8 Linostinae 3 303 Crambidae 136 174 (Solis & Maes, 2002) 1413 Crambidae

Occur in the U.S. Occur in the Do not occur in Western the Western Dichogaminae Hemisphere, Hemisphere Evergestinae but not in the U.S. Glaphyriinae Musotiminae Linostinae Cathariinae Midilinae Schoenobiinae Noordinae Odontiinae Wurthiinae Scopariinae Cybalomiinae Acentropinae Pyraustinae Crambinae Spilomelinae Noordinae labial palpi Cybalomiinae_labial palpi

Cathariinae_labial palpi Wurthiinae_labial palpi

All photos © Alama Solis Midilinae labial palpi

Odontiinae labial palpi

Dichogaminae labial palpi

Musotiminae labial palpi

Linostinae labial palpi All photos © Alama Solis Evergestinae

Evergestinae labial palpi

Evergestis rimosalis

Evergestis rimosalis

All photos © Alama Solis Glaphyriinae

Glaphyriinae labial palpi

Glaphryia sesquistrialis

Dicymolomia julianalis adelalis

All photos © Alama Solis Schoenobiinae

Donaucaula aquilella © Alama Solis

© Alama Solis Schoenobiinae labial palpi

Donacaula longirostrella Scopariinae biplagialis Scopariinae labial palpi

Eudonia heterosalis

All photos © Alama Solis Crambinae

Chrysoteuchia topiaria luteolellus

Vaxi critica

Crambinae labial palpi

All photos © Alama Solis Crambinae of Economic Importance Sod Webworms & Grass-veneer Moths

Pediasia trisecta Agriphila ruricolellus

Crambus laqueatellus mutabilis

All photos © Jim Vargo Crambinae of Economic Importance lineolata = Neotropical Cornstalk Borer

© Ent. Museum

http://www.fao.org/ Acentropinae

Petrophila bifascialis Petrophila fulicalis

Acentropinae labial palpi

Synclita obliteralis obscuralis

All photos © Alama Solis Acentropinae of Economic Importance obliteralis = Waterlilly Leafcutter Moth

© Stephen Luk

Jim Vargo Pyraustinae acrionalis Pyrausta subsequalis

Pyrausta laticlavia

Pyraustinae labial palpi

All photos © Alama Solis Pyraustinae of Economic Importance Ostrinia nubilalis= European Corn Borer

Jim Vargo

Wikipedia Commons

Keith Weller Spilomelinae limata flavidalis

Udea rubigalis

Spilomelinae labial palpi nearctica

All photos © Alama Solis Spilomelinae of Economic Importance rubigalis = Celery Leaftier

Jim Vargo

All photos © bugguide.net Spilomelinae of Economic Importance vitrata = Bean Pod Borer

Sachin Gaurule UC Berkeley

Pantropical – severe tropical pest of legumes Spilomelinae of Economic Importance indica= Moth / Cotton

© Mississippi Ent. Museum

© ozwildlife

Native to Southern , found in /SE USA Spilomelinae of Economic Importance orbonalis = Eggplant Fruit / Brinjal Shoot Borer

www.nbaii.res.in

www.nbaii.res.in

Found throughout Asia and , minor pest in tropical Spilomelinae of Economic Importance elegantalis = Tomato Fruit Borer

© Alama Solis

South and Central America, intercepted in Europe several times

Dr Ana Elizabeth Diaz Montilla References

• Fauske, G. M. [2013]. Moth Identification. in Moths of : an online identification guide. http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/ndsu/ndmoths • Goldstein PZ, Metz MA, Solis MA (2013) Phylogenetic of Schacontia Dyar with descriptions of eight new species (, Crambidae). ZooKeys 291: 27–81. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.291.3744 • Nuss, M., B. Landry, F. Vegliante, A. Tränkner, R. Mally, J. Hayden, A. Segerer, H. Li, R. Schouten, M. A. Solis, T. Trofimova, J. De Prins & W. Speidel 2003–2013: Global Information System on Pyraloidea. - www.pyraloidea.org • REGIER, J. C., MITTER, C., SOLIS, M. A., HAYDEN, J. E., LANDRY, B., NUSS, M., SIMONSEN, T. J., YEN, S.-H., ZWICK, A. and CUMMINGS, M. P. (2012), A molecular phylogeny for the pyraloid moths (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea) and its implications for higher-level classification. Systematic , 37: 635–656. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3113.2012.00641.x • Sharma, H.C. 1998. Bionomics, host plant resistance, and management of the legume pod borer, – a review. Crop. Prot. 17: 373–386. • Solis, M. Alma (2007) Phylogenetic studies and modern classification of the Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera). Rev. Colomb. Entomol. 33(1): (read online) • Yehuda, S. B.; Wysoki, M.; Rosen, D., 1991: Phenology of the honeydew moth, Cryptoblabes gnidiella Milliere Lepidoptera: Pyralidae, on avocado in Israel. Israel Journal of Entomology1992 1992; 25-26: 149-160

• www.bugguide.net • Moth Photographers Group: http://mothphotographersgroup.msstate.edu/MainMenu.shtml